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Готові списки джерел за темами / Psychometric tests and Hepatic encephalopathy / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Psychometric tests and Hepatic encephalopathy"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 3 червня 2025

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

Dragos, F. Voicu, Anghel Lucretia, Baroiu Liliana, and Stan Dorina. "About Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 11, No 1 Sup 1 (2020): 70–77. https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.1Sup1/30.

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Анотація:

Introduction. Hepatic encephalopathy comprises a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric manifestations, commonly encountered in patients with hepatic dysfunction, in the absence of other concomitant causes of cerebral infarction. Under these conditions, varying degrees of consciousness, neuromuscular dysfunction, cognitive, behavioral and emotional deficits coexist. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is defined by a normal neurological clinical examination but with cognitive deficits that can be highlighted by neuropsychological testing. Material and Methods. A retrospective study was conducted

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2

Davies, Mark G., Michael J. Rowan, and John Feely. "Psychometrics in assessing hepatic encephalopathy – a brief review." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 8, no. 2 (1991): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700015135.

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AbstractHepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder usually associated with severe hepatic insufficiency. It may however be divided into clinical and subclinical groupings. Psychometric testing, serial EEG's, EEG spectral analysis and event related potentials are all presently being used to quantify and differentiate between the various stages of hepatic encephalopathy. We review the use of psychometrics in hepatic encephalopathy and discuss evidence that these findings are comparable with the more objective data of electrophysiological studies. An adequate, simple and inexpensive as

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3

Dr., Abdul Haque Khan* Dr. Muhammad Adnan Bawany Dr. Mukhtiar Hussain Jaffery Dr. Aida Nasar Dr. Hamid Nawaz Ali Memon Dr. Abdul Subhan Talpur and Dr. Muhammad Ayyaz and Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Qutrio Baloch. "EVALUATION OF SUB-CLINICAL HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY BY PSYCHOMETRIC TESTS." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 10 (2017): 3698–701. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1036536.

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Objective: To evaluate the sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy by psychometric tests. Patients and Methods: The cross sectional study of six months was conducted at the tertiary care hospital Hyderabad. The inclusion criteria were the patients of ≥12 years of age, either gender, diagnosed to have cirrhosis of liver by history, clinical examination, laboratory findings, ultrasonography and liver biopsy and spare from the medications the impaired the cognitive function. A detailed clinical history, physical examination including neuropsychological tests [NCT and DST] and the baselines and specif

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4

Weissenborn, Karin. "Psychometric tests for diagnosing minimal hepatic encephalopathy." Metabolic Brain Disease 28, no. 2 (2012): 227–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-012-9336-4.

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5

Salkhidinovna, Bekmuradova Makhsuda. "ASSESSMENT OF THE DYNAMICS OF HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS BEFORE AND AFTER IN-HOSPITAL TREATMENT." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 04, no. 03 (2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume04issue03-02.

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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent complication of liver dysfunction, including acute liver failure and cirrhosis. HE presents with a sHEctrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms ranging from mild cognitive impairment to coma. The diagnosis of HE is based on the characteristic anamnestic, clinical and paraclinical findings and requires the exclusion of other causes of encephalopathy . Psychometric tests are widely used in clinical practice for the early diagnosis of HE: number-letter, number- line, handwriting, arithmetic etc. The sensitivity of psychometric tests in detecting HE is 70-80%. Al

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6

Mohamed, Alaa Aboud, Mostafa M. Elkholy, Ola O. Mangoud, Ahmed R. N. Ibrahim, Marwa O. Elgendy, and Ali M. Abdel Fattah. "Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Tests and Electroencephalogram Results Among Cirrhotic Patients." Medicina 60, no. 11 (2024): 1861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina60111861.

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Background and Objectives: Patients with cirrhosis who seem normal during physical examinations may still have abnormalities in their electroencephalogram (EEG) or show pathological results in neuropsychological tests. This study aimed to investigate the progression of minimal hepatic encephalopathy, its effects on quality of life, its prognostic value, and its significance for daily functioning. Materials and Methods: This study involved 50 patients with confirmed cirrhosis (28 Child A, 12 Child B, 10 Child C) who were assessed for psychological symptoms and underwent several tests: the Minim

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7

Stinton, Laura M., and Saumya Jayakumar. "Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 27, no. 10 (2013): 572–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/547670.

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Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is the earliest form of hepatic encephalopathy and can affect up to 80% of cirrhotic patients. By definition, it has no obvious clinical manifestation and is characterized by neurocognitive impairment in attention, vigilance and integrative function. Although often not considered to be clinically relevant and, therefore, not diagnosed or treated, MHE has been shown to affect daily functioning, quality of life, driving and overall mortality. The diagnosis of MHE has traditionally been achieved through neuropsychological examination, psychometric tests or the

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8

Minenko, I. A., I. A. Chigakova, and O. A. Strokova. "Diagnostic testing of patients with hepatic encephalopathy (review)." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 4 (April 20, 2024): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2404-05.

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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious complication of the hepatobiliary region. One of the main consequences of the pathology is dysfunction of the brain. Diagnosis of this condition can be challenging due to the variety of clinical manifestations and severity. The key to preventing the HE progression and improving the patient’s quality of life is diagnosis in the early stages of the disease. The use of psychometric tests appears promising in determining HE due to their high sensitivity and low cost. It should be noted that results may vary depending on a number of factors, including the ag

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9

Fiaz, Raja Omer, Farooq Hanif, Shahzad Latif, Usman Chaudhary, and Tariq Waseem. "EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL GLUTAMINE CHALLENGE TEST IN DIAGNOSING MINIMAL HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHYIN LIVER CIRRHOSIS PATIENTS." Journal of Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College 03, no. 01 (2021): 32–36. https://doi.org/10.51127/jamdcv03i01oa01.

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Background: Due to the lack of agold standard test, it is difficult to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Oral glutamine challenge has been found to increase blood ammonia inpatients withcirrhosis. This study was aimed to investigate the accuracy of the oral glutamine challenge testin diagnosing minimal hepatic encephalopathyMaterial and Methods:Thisvalidationstudy was performed at the gastroenterology unit, East Medical Ward, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, fromSeptember 2016 to November 2018by using the non-probability convenience samplingtechnique.All patients included in the study had undergo

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10

Alemam, Aktham Ismail, Mohamed Ahmad Shaaban, and Mohamed Ahmad Abdelhafez. "Electroencephalography Versus Psychometric Tests in Diagnosis of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy." Journal of Neurology Research 6, no. 4 (2016): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jnr391w.

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11

MUKHAMETOVA, D. D., Е. S. BODRYAGINA, А. V. GORN, et al. "Clinical significance of blood ammonium level for diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver diseases." Practical medicine 20, no. 6 (2022): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32000/2072-1757-2022-6-85-92.

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The paper presents the results of a survey of 35 patients with liver diseases of various etiologies hospitalized in Gastroenterology Department of Republic Clinical Hospital in Kazan. The patients were distributed according to etiology: liver cirrhosis — 28 (80%), acute hepatitis — 5 (14.3%), after liver transplantation — 2 (5.7%). The patients underwent a complete clinical examination, and psychometric tests were additionally used to assess the stage of hepatic encephalopathy. Blood ammonium level was determined in all patients using the PocketChem BA PA-4140 blood ammonia meter. Connect-the-

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12

Hartmann, I. J. C., J. C. Quero, and S. W. Schalm. "Diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: Spectral-leg versus standard psychometric tests." Gastroenterology 108, no. 4 (1995): A1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(95)28623-3.

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13

Kappus, Matthew R., and Jasmohan S. Bajaj. "Assessment of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy (with Emphasis on Computerized Psychometric Tests)." Clinics in Liver Disease 16, no. 1 (2012): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cld.2011.12.002.

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14

Kumbara, Cokorde Istri Yuliandari Krisnawardani, I. Dewa Nyoman Wibawa, and I. Gde Raka Widiana. "The Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score for Diagnosis of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Liver Cirrhosis Patient." Indonesian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Digestive Endoscopy 25, no. 1 (2024): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24871/251202440-46.

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Introduction: The psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) is a tool that can be considered as a gold standard for detecting minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in liver cirrhosis patients. The PHES must be standardized based on the local healthy population before it can be used. The purpose of this study is to standardize the PHES with Indonesian local populations and set the cutoff point of PHES so it can be used to detect MHE in liver cirrhosis patients.Methods: PHES were administered to all enrolled subjects, which are healthy subjects and cirrhosis without overt encephalopathy su

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15

Thanapirom, Kessarin, Monton Wongwandee, Sirinporn Suksawatamnuay, et al. "Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score for the Diagnosis of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Thai Cirrhotic Patients." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 2 (2023): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12020519.

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The psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) is the gold standard for diagnosing minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). Screening for MHE is frequently overlooked in clinical practice due to time constraints. Furthermore, the simplified animal naming test (S-ANT1) is a new simple tool for evaluating MHE in cirrhotic patients. The purpose of this study was to standardize the PHES in a healthy Thai population, assess the prevalence of MHE, and validate the S-ANT1 in detecting MHE in patients with cirrhosis. The study included 194 healthy controls and 203 cirrhotic patients without overt H

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16

Direkze, Shamindra, and Rajiv Jalan. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Low-Grade Hepatic Encephalopathy." Digestive Diseases 33, no. 4 (2015): 562–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000375350.

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Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (mHE) is common among patients with cirrhotic liver disease and causes significant morbidity and mortality. It may present as cognitive impairment, behavioural changes and, less frequently, with neurological symptoms which make diagnosis of the disease challenging. A history of falls and accidents may also be suggestive of mHE. Diagnosis primarily relies on at least two positive psychometric tests of which the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) is essential. Alternatively, PHES and an electroencephalogram may be used to establish a diagnosis. Bioche

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17

Savlan, Ilona, Valentina Liakina, and Jonas Valantinas. "Diagnosis and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy." Acta medica Lituanica 20, no. 1 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.6001/actamedica.v20i1.2621.

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Background. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric complication of liver cirrhosis which symptoms may vary from imperceptible to severe ones. In recent years, there have been some changes of fundamental hepatic encephalopathy pathogenesis and treatment. The early HE on the stage of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is rarely diagnosed and treatable condition worldwide and in Lithuania as well, however, this HE stage is responsible for the cognitive disorders which impair the quality of life of cirrhotic patients. According to resent data, MHE can be diagnosed in up to 70% of cirr

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18

Podder, Mrinmay Kumar, Hafeza Aftab, Md Musab Khalil, et al. "Determination of normative value of Psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score in Bangladeshi volunteers." Journal of Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons 41, no. 4 (2023): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v41i4.68883.

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Background and Objectives: The psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) is a composite score of five different neuropsychological tests. It is considered as gold standard test to diagnose Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy(MHE). But one problem with PHES is that it needs normative value of its five components as they vary from population to population. So population based normative value should be derived before it is applied to that population. MHE is diagnosed when variation from this normal value occur, provided other criteria are fulfilled. The aim of this study is to find out the norm

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19

Ehrenbauer, Alena Friederike, Hannah Schneider, Lena Stockhoff, et al. "Are psychometric tests helpful for the prediction of hepatic encephalopathy after TIPS insertion?" Journal of Hepatology 77 (July 2022): S624—S625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8278(22)01567-7.

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20

NIE, Yu Qiang, Yu Yuan LI, Wei Hong SHA, et al. "Prevalence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis determined by psychometric tests." Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases 3, no. 4 (2002): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1443-9573.2002.00096.x.

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21

Ridola, Lorenzo, Jessica Faccioli, Silvia Nardelli, Stefania Gioia, and Oliviero Riggio. "Hepatic encephalopathy: Diagnosis and management." Journal of Translational Internal Medicine 8, no. 4 (2020): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2020-0034.

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Abstract Type C hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a brain dysfunction caused by severe hepatocellular failure or presence of portal-systemic shunts in patients with liver cirrhosis. In its subclinical form, called “minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), only psychometric tests or electrophysiological evaluation can reveal alterations in attention, working memory, psychomotor speed and visuospatial ability, while clinical neurological signs are lacking. The term “covert” (CHE) has been recently used to unify MHE and Grade I HE in order to refer to a condition that is not unapparent but also non ove

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22

Gazda, Jakub, Peter Drotar, Sylvia Drazilova, et al. "Artificial Intelligence and Its Application to Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy Diagnosis." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 11 (2021): 1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11111090.

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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a brain dysfunction caused by liver insufficiency and/or portosystemic shunting. HE manifests as a spectrum of neurological or psychiatric abnormalities. Diagnosis of overt HE (OHE) is based on the typical clinical manifestation, but covert HE (CHE) has only very subtle clinical signs and minimal HE (MHE) is detected only by specialized time-consuming psychometric tests, for which there is still no universally accepted gold standard. Significant progress has been made in artificial intelligence and its application to medicine. In this review, we introduce how art

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23

Podymova, S. D., E. V. Vinnitskaya, and T. Yu Khaimenova. "Hepatic encephalopathy: modern aspects of diagnosis and treatment." Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology, no. 7 (September 27, 2021): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-191-7-90-98.

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A new approach to the diagnosis of PE has been the identification of latent and overt PE in recent years. The detailed assessment of the stages of PE presented in the paper actually reflects the severity of the disease. The diagnosis of latent PE is established based on the results of at least two psychometric tests repeated in dynamics, and the data of one computerized test. The diagnosis of apparent PE is often made by “excluding” other possible causes of brain dysfunction. It is shown that effective therapy of PE is based not only on the features of the pathogenesis, but is impossible witho

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24

Bakulin, I. G., and K. N. Ivanova. "Up-to-date diagnostic and treatment approaches to minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis." Russian Medical Inquiry 6, no. 5 (2022): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2022-6-5-272-277.

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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the most common and dangerous complications of cirrhosis. HE is considered a predictor of death within the first year after onset in more than 60% of patients. Recently, studies have focused on minimal HE (MHE) which is characterized by medical, social, and clinical relevance. MHE patients are a risk group for cirrhosis complications and hospital admission. This demonstrates the need for early therapeutic and preventive measures for MHE. This paper provides information on current diagnostic and treatment tools for MHE in cirrhosis and illustrates the effic

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25

Ivchenko, Gleb S., Natela N. Lobzhanidze, Daria S. Rusina, Evgeniya V. Denisova, and Anna A. Ivchenko. "Mild post-COVID syndrome in young patients." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 95, no. 8 (2023): 674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/00403660.2023.08.202349.

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Background. Many COVID-19 survivors suffer from post-COVID syndrome, which significantly worsens the quality of life. Its presentation is quite diverse, with cognitive disorders being of particular importance. Liver injury due to the direct virus action and the treatment of the new coronavirus infection can persist for a long time during the recovery period and lead to hyperammonemia, which can cause cognitive disorders, including minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Aim. To study cognitive disorders in post-COVID syndrome and the possibility of their treatment with L-ornithine-L-aspartate.&#

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26

Pérez-Matos, Maria Camila, Z. Gordon Jiang, and Elliot B. Tapper. "Factors That Affect Results of Psychometric Tests to Identify Patients With Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy." Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 16, no. 11 (2018): 1836–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2018.03.010.

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Thabut, Dominique, Kiyoka Kinugawa, and Nicolas Weiss. "Diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: Should we bury psychometric tests?" Hepatology 59, no. 6 (2014): 2428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.26967.

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Savlan, Ilona, Valentina Liakina, and Jonas Valantinas. "Value of computerized inhibitory control test and blood tests in minimal hepatic encephalopathy diagnosis." Acta medica Lituanica 20, no. 3 (2013): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.6001/actamedica.v20i3.2726.

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Background. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) can be diagnosed by “paper-pencil” tests, computerised inhibitory control or critical flicker frequency tests, but for clinical practice more convenient methods of diagnosis are being searched. The aim of the study was to assess the value of inhibitory control test (ICT) and laboratory blood tests (leucocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, bilirubin, albumin, SPA, INR, glucose, ammonia, IL-6) for MHE diagnosis. Materials and methods. 62 cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy were enrolled in the study. The control

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29

Faccioli, Jessica, Silvia Nardelli, Stefania Gioia, Oliviero Riggio, and Lorenzo Ridola. "Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy Affects Daily Life of Cirrhotic Patients: A Viewpoint on Clinical Consequences and Therapeutic Opportunities." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 23 (2022): 7246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11237246.

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Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is a frequent complication of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and can affect up to 80% of patients with liver cirrhosis. It is characterized by the lack of obvious clinical signs and the presence of alterations detectable using psychometric or electrophysiological testing focused on attention, working memory, psychomotor speed and visuospatial ability. Ideally, each patient should be tested for this condition because, despite the absence of symptoms, it has severe repercussions on daily life activities. It may be responsible for an inability to drive, sleep dis

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Coubard, Olivier A., Kinga M. Ober, Marie Gaumet, et al. "Standardization of the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score in a French population." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (2021): e0257136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257136.

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The Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) has previously been standardized in thirteen countries on three continents, confirming its status of gold standard test to detect minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). In the meantime, performance has also been shown to vary with variables such as age, education, and barely sex. The present study aimed at standardizing the PHES in a French population. One hundred and ninety-six French healthy participants completed a French version of the paper-and-pencil PHES, involving five tests and six measures. Importantly, the balance was perfect betwe

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31

Stawicka, Agnieszka, Jerzy Jaroszewicz, Justyna Zbrzeźniak, et al. "Clinical Usefulness of the Inhibitory Control Test (ICT) in the Diagnosis of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 10 (2020): 3645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17103645.

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Background: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) refers to a number of neuropsychiatric and neurophysiological disorders in patients with cirrhosis who do not show abnormalities on physical examination or in clinical tests. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and predictive value of minimal hepatic encephalopathy and the usefulness of the inhibitory control test (ICT) in the diagnosis. Methods: Seventy patients (mean age 53 years, range 24−77) with liver cirrhosis were enrolled in the study. MHE was diagnosed based on PHES (psychometric hepatic encephalopathy s

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Gupta, Tarana, Sahaj Rathi, and Radha K. Dhiman. "Managing Encephalopathy in the Outpatient Setting." Euroasian Journal of Hepato-Gastroenterology 7, no. 1 (2017): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1211.

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ABSTRACT In cirrhosis of liver, hepatic encephalopathy (HE) has an important impact on health-related quality of life. It is important to define whether HE is episodic, recurrent, or persistent; types A, B, or C; overt HE or covert HE; and spontaneous or precipitated. The overt HE is clinically evident and needs hospitalization. Nonabsorbable disaccharides, rifaximin, and probiotics are proven to be useful in the treatment of overt HE. Covert HE includes both minimal HE and grade I HE. It is not apparent on routine clinical examination. Presence of poor work productivity, increased accidental

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Calvo Córdoba, Alberto, Cecilia E. García Cena, and Carmina Montoliu. "Automatic Video-Oculography System for Detection of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy Using Machine Learning Tools." Sensors 23, no. 19 (2023): 8073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23198073.

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This article presents an automatic gaze-tracker system to assist in the detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy by analyzing eye movements with machine learning tools. To record eye movements, we used video-oculography technology and developed automatic feature-extraction software as well as a machine learning algorithm to assist clinicians in the diagnosis. In order to validate the procedure, we selected a sample (n=47) of cirrhotic patients. Approximately half of them were diagnosed with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), a common neurological impairment in patients with liver disease

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Felipo, Vicente. "Non invasive blood flow measurement in cerebellum detects minimal hepatic encephalopathy earlier than psychometric tests." World Journal of Gastroenterology 20, no. 33 (2014): 11815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11815.

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Luo, Ming, Rui Mu, Jian-Fang Liu, and Fei-Hu Bai. "Novel computerized psychometric tests as primary screening tools for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy." World Journal of Clinical Cases 8, no. 16 (2020): 3377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v8.i16.3377.

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Lauridsen, M. M., L. Poulsen, C. K. Rasmussen, et al. "Effects of common chronic medical conditions on psychometric tests used to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy." Metabolic Brain Disease 31, no. 2 (2015): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11011-015-9741-6.

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Zaccherini, Giacomo, Manuel Tufoni, Carmen Serena Ricci, Alessandra Tovoli, Lucia Napoli, and Marco Domenicali. "A look at the hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis." Reviews in Health Care 4, no. 1 (2013): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/rhc.4474155-74.

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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome complicating acute and chronic liver failure and characterized by a wide range of manifestations, in absence of other brain disease. HE is very frequent in course of cirrhosis and even mild forms involve a great additional burden on patients, their families and health-care resources. Its onset affects subsequent survival of patients. Historically, pathophysiology of HE was connected to several substances (mostly ammonia) produced in the gut and normally metabolized by the liver, but more recently other factors such as inflammation, bac

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38

Zaccherini, Giacomo, Manuel Tufoni, Carmen Serena Ricci, Alessandra Tovoli, Lucia Napoli, and Marco Domenicali. "A look at the hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis." Reviews in Health Care 4, no. 1 (2013): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/rhc.v4i1.447.

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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome complicating acute and chronic liver failure and characterized by a wide range of manifestations, in absence of other brain disease. HE is very frequent in course of cirrhosis and even mild forms involve a great additional burden on patients, their families and health-care resources. Its onset affects subsequent survival of patients. Historically, pathophysiology of HE was connected to several substances (mostly ammonia) produced in the gut and normally metabolized by the liver, but more recently other factors such as inflammation, bac

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39

Dr, Huma Masood Dr Humna Fatima Dr Sharoon Shahzad. "STUDY TO EVALUATE ROLE OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MINIMAL HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY AND EFFECT OF ITS ERADICATION AT MAYO HOSPITAL LAHORE." INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES o6, no. 08 (2019): 14955–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3372699.

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<strong><em>Background and Aim</em></strong><em> Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria’s main activity is to convert urea to ammonia, but in patients with liver cirrhosis it has been implicated in causation of hepatic encephalopathy. There has not been enough research in studying the role of H. pylori infection in causation of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). We looked at the relationship of H. pylori infection with MHE and hyper- ammonemia in patients with liver cirrhosis and the effects of anti-H. pylori treatment in patients with MHE and H. pylori infection.</em> <strong><em>M

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40

Sharma, BarjeshChander, ShivKumar Sarin, and Praveen Sharma. "Prevalence of abnormal psychometric tests and critical flicker frequency after clinical recovery of overt hepatic encephalopathy." Neurology India 58, no. 2 (2010): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0028-3886.63797.

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41

Das, Saurav, Sajjadh M. J. Ali, James Seward, and Jayanthi Venkataraman. "The Mind and Liver Test: A New Approach to the Diagnosis of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Resource-Poor Settings." International Journal of Hepatology 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/475021.

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Background and Aims. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is diagnosed using neuropsychometric tests or neurophysiological tests that are either inapplicable to illiterate patient population in resource-poor settings or require sophisticated and expensive equipment. The available tests assess discrete domains of mental impairment. Our aim was (a) to design a neuropsychometric test that measures all domains of mental impairment in MHE using one metric; (b) to evaluate its sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility.Methods. The mind and liver test (MALT), a psychometric test assessing cogniti

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42

Luo, Ming, Ping Ma, Lei Li, and Wu-Kui Cao. "Advances in psychometric tests for screening minimal hepatic encephalopathy: From paper-and-pencil to computer-aided assessment." Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology 30, no. 5 (2019): 398–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/tjg.2019.18226.

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43

Antonicelli, D., T. Francavilla, O. Difruscolo, et al. "PO.22 VALUE OF PSYCHOMETRIC AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL TESTS FOR THE DETECTION OF MINIMAL HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN CIRRHOTICS." Digestive and Liver Disease 40 (March 2008): S178—S179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1590-8658(08)60476-4.

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44

Giménez-Garzó, Carla, Alessandra Fiorillo, María-Pilar Ballester-Ferré, et al. "A New Score Unveils a High Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (2021): 2806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132806.

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Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may show mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The neurological functions affected remain unclear. The aims were to: (1) Characterize the neuropsychological alterations in NAFLD patients; (2) assess the prevalence of impairment of neurological functions evaluated; (3) develop a new score for sensitive and rapid MCI detection in NAFLD; (4) assess differences in MCI features between patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); and (5) compare neuropsychological alterations in NAFLD patients with cirrhotic

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45

Khodadoostan, Mahsa, Sina Sadeghian, Ali Safaei, et al. "Detection of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Iranian Patients with Cirrhosis." Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases 10, no. 4 (2018): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/mejdd.2018.115.

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BACKGROUND Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is the mildest type of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Patients with MHE have normal clinical and physical examination but they show some neurocognitive dysfunctions that affect their quality of life negatively. The aim of the current study is to diagnose MHE in patients with cirrhosis and its associated factors. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study on 120 known cases of cirrhosis referred to hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during 2014-17. The patients’ cirrhosis severity was evaluated using la

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Rega, Dalia, Mika Aiko, Nicolás Peñaranda, et al. "Patients with Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy Show Altered Thermal Sensitivity and Autonomic Function." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2 (2021): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020239.

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Cirrhotic patients may experience alterations in the peripheral nervous system and in somatosensory perception. Impairment of the somatosensory system could contribute to cognitive and motor alterations characteristic of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), which affects up to 40% of cirrhotic patients. We assessed the relationship between MHE and alterations in thermal, vibration, and/or heat pain sensitivity in 58 cirrhotic patients (38 without and 20 with MHE according to Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score) and 39 controls. All participants underwent attention and coordination tests

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Rega, Dalia, Mika Aiko, Nicolás Peñaranda, et al. "Patients with Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy Show Altered Thermal Sensitivity and Autonomic Function." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2 (2021): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020239.

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Cirrhotic patients may experience alterations in the peripheral nervous system and in somatosensory perception. Impairment of the somatosensory system could contribute to cognitive and motor alterations characteristic of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE), which affects up to 40% of cirrhotic patients. We assessed the relationship between MHE and alterations in thermal, vibration, and/or heat pain sensitivity in 58 cirrhotic patients (38 without and 20 with MHE according to Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score) and 39 controls. All participants underwent attention and coordination tests

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48

Sharma, Praveen, Ajay Kumar, Shweta Singh, Pankaj Tyagi, and Ashish Kumar. "Inhibitory control test, critical flicker frequency, and psychometric tests in the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis." Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology 19, no. 1 (2013): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1319-3767.105924.

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Ahmed, Shireen, Md Golam Azam, Indrajit Kumar Datta, Md Nazmul Hoque, and Tareq M. Bhuiyan. "Factors associated with non-response to lactulose therapy in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy." IMC Journal of Medical Science 12, no. 1 (2018): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/imcjms.v12i1.35172.

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Background and objectives: Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) impairs health related quality of life and predicts overt hepatic encephalopathy (HE) in cirrhotic patients. Lactulose is effective in the treatment of MHE. But the response to lactulose treatment depends on several factors. This study was aimed to find out the contributing factors to non-response to lactulose therapy.Materials and methods: The study was carried out at the BIRDEM general hospital from September, 2013 to March, 2015. Sixty patients were enrolled to assess the response of lactulose therapy in cirrhotic patients with

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50

AMODIO, P., P. VALENTI, F. DELPICCOLO, et al. "P300 latency for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: Evidence that spectral EEG analysis and psychometric tests are enough." Digestive and Liver Disease 37, no. 11 (2005): 861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2005.06.009.

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