Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Quasi-flat objects"

We define the projective stable category of a coherent scheme. It is the homotopy category of an abelian model structure on the category of unbounded chain complexes of quasi-coherent sheaves. We study the cofibrant objects of this model structure, which are certain complexes of flat quasi-coherent sheaves satisfying a special acyclicity condition.

We have made a polarimetric survey of 84 quasi-stellar objects, to supplement published polarization measurements for two samples of quasars identified with flat-spectrum (core-dominant) radio sources in 5 GHz surveys made at Bonn (Kühr 1980) and at the VLA (Perley 1982). The observations were made using the McDonald 2.1m Struve reflector and the polarimeter described by Breger (1979); the typical accuracy is 0.5% for an 18 mag object after half an hour. Earlier surveys, such as those by Stockman, Moore and Angel (1984), included objects of various radio spectral types, and only a small fraction of the objects showed high polarization (> 3%), but our sample of flat-spectrum quasars reveals many more (about half) of the objects to be highly polarized. Some of them are, expectedly, of the BL Lac class, but many of them have strong broad emission lines. There are two striking correlations among the results: (1)The degree of polarization is strongly correlated with the dominance of the radio core - specifically, with the ratio, R, of core to lobe luminosity (Fig. 1). For example, about 75% of the objects with log R > 1.25 and redshift z < 1 have p > 3%. This relation implies that if the radio core radiation is beamed, as seems likely, then so is the optical synchrotron component.(2)The fraction of objects with p > 3% is inversely correlated with redshift (e.g. Fig. 2). The most likely interpretation of this result is that quasars' degree of polarization decreases with decreasing rest wavelength, and the shorter wavelengths are shifted into our wide observational passband at higher redshifts.

Let [Formula: see text] be a symmetric monoidal closed exact category. This category is a natural framework to define the notions of purity and flatness. When [Formula: see text] is endowed with an injective cogenerator with respect to the exact structure, we show that an object [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text] is flat if and only if any conflation ending in [Formula: see text] is pure. Furthermore, we prove a generalization of the Lambek Theorem (J. Lambek, A module is flat if and only if its character module is injective, Canad. Math. Bull. 7 (1964) 237–243) in [Formula: see text]. In the case [Formula: see text] is a quasi-abelian category, we prove that [Formula: see text] has enough pure injective objects.

Flat objects lying on a surface are hard to grasp, but could be manipulated by sliding along the surface in a non-prehensile manner. This strategy is commonly employed by humans as pre-manipulation, for example to bring a cell phone to the edge of a table to pick it up. To endow robots with a similar capability, we introduce a mathematical model of planar sliding by means of a soft finger. The model reveals various aspects of interaction through frictional contacts, which can be used for planning and control. Specifically, using a quasi-static analysis we are able to derive a hybrid dynamical system to predict the motion of the object and the interaction forces. The conditions for which the object sticks to the friction patch, pivots, or completely slides against it are obtained. It is possible to find fixed points of the system and the path taken by the object to reach such configurations. Theoretical as well as comprehensive experimental results are presented.

The study of prevalent orbits in galactic subsystems can help us understand galactic structure and clarify its history. The classical analysis of flat orbits and metallicities of old stars led Eggen et al. (1962) to formulate the rapid collapse of the primordial Galaxy. On the other side Yoshii & Saio (1979) studied three-dimensional orbits that separate in spherical coordinates. They found the Galaxy contracted quasi-stationary after the formation of halo objects. Here we shall briefly discuss the results of numerical orbit calculations (with Merson's method) for selected galactic subsystems. The axially symmetrical two-component model of the Galaxy (Kutuzov, Ossipkov 1989) was adopted. One-component models (Barkhatova et al. 1987, Kutuzov 1988) were used also but no significant difference in orbit elements was found (Kutuzov & Ossipkov 1992). Pericenter and apocenter distances, Rp and Ra, and the maximal height of objects over the galactic plane, zm, were used as orbit elements as well as dimensionless quantities e = (Ra — Rp)/(Ra + Rp) (eccentricity) and c = 2zm/(Ra — Rp) (the flatness of box filled by orbit projection on the meridional plane).

Starting from the concept of invariant KAM tori for nearly-integrable Hamiltonian systems with periodic or quasi-periodic nonautonomous perturbation, the paper analyzes the “analogue” of this class of invariant objects when the dependence on time is aperiodic. The investigation is carried out in a model motivated by the problem of a traveling wave in a channel over a smooth, quasi- and asymptotically flat (from which the “transient” feature) bathymetry, representing a case in which the described structures play the role of barriers to fluid transport in phase space. The paper provides computational evidence for the existence of transient structures also for “large” values of the perturbation size, as a complement to the rigorous results already proven by the first author for real-analytic bathymetry functions.

In this paper is provided mathematical analysis related to a particular case for a point quasi-rotation around a curve of an elliptical axis. The research complements the previous works in this direction. Has been considered a special case, in which the quasi-rotation correspondence is applied to a point located at the elliptical axis’s focus. This case is special, since the quasi-rotation center search is not invariant and does not lead to determination of four quasi-rotation centers, as in the general case. A constructive approach to the rotation center search shows that any point lying on the elliptical axis can be the quasi-rotation center. This feature leads to the fact that instead of four circles, the quasi-rotation of a point lying in the elliptical axis’s focus leads to the formation of an infinite number of circle families, which together form a channel surface. The resulting surface is a Dupin cyclide, whose throat circle has a zero radius and coincides with the original generating point. While analyzing are considered all cases of the rotation center location. Geometric constructions have been performed based on previously described methods of rotation around flat geometric objects’ curvilinear axes. For the study, the mathematical relationship between the coordinates of the initial set point, the axis curve equation and the motion trajectory equation of this point around the axis curve, described in earlier papers on this topic, is used. In the proposed paper has been provided the derivation of the motion trajectory equation for a point around the elliptic axis’s curve.

The non-pneumatic tire (NPT) is a type of wheel whichdevelopment is related to the beginning of automotive development. The non-pneumatic tire (NPT) is a type of tire that does not contain compressed gases or fluid to provide directional control and traction. Nowadays, this type of wheel is more and more often used in special purpose vehicles, e.g., in military vehicles and working machines. The main feature of the non-pneumatic tire is a flexible support structure (including the part of the wheel between the tread and the rim). This paper presents the results of research aimed at determining the influence of the geometry of the NPT’s (intended for All-Terrain Vehicle–ATV/Utility Task Vehicle–UTV) load-bearing structure on its quasi-static directional characteristics. The experimental tests included the determination of the radial stiffness of research objects on a non-deformable flat surface and on a single obstacle, as well as the determination of the degree of deformation for the elastic structure and belt. The significant influence of the elastic structure’s shape and the elastomer, as the material forming the NPT, on its radial stiffness was revealed.

We prove that quasi-static pushing with a sticking contact and ellipsoid approximation of the limit surface is differential flat. Both graphical and algebraic derivations are given. A major conclusion is that the pusher–slider system is reducible to the Dubins car problem where the sticking contact constraints translate to bounded curvature. Planning is as easy as computing a Dubins curve with the additional benefit of time-optimality. For trajectory stabilization, we design closed-loop control using dynamic feedback linearization or open-loop control using two contact points as a form of mechanical feedback. We conduct robotic experiments using objects with different pressure distributions, shape, and contact materials placed at different initial poses that require difficult switching action maneuvers to the goal pose. The average error is within 1.67 mm in translation and 0.5° in orientation over 60 experimental trials. We also show an example of pushing among obstacles using a RRT planner with exact steering.

We compile from literature the broadband SEDs of twelve TeV blazars observed simultaneously or quasi-simultaneously with Fermi/LAT and other instruments. Two SEDs are available for each of the objects and the state is identified as a low or high state according to its flux density at GeV/TeV band. The observed SEDs of BL Lac objects (BL Lacs) are fitted well with the synchrotron + synchrotron-self-Compton (syn+SSC) model, whereas the SEDs of the two flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs) need to include the contributions of external Compton scattering. In this scenario, it is found that the Doppler factor δ of FSRQs is smaller than that of BL Lacs, but the magnetic field strength B of FSRQs is larger than that of BL Lacs. The increase of the peak frequency of the SEDs is accompanied with the increase of the flux for the individual sources, which seems opposite to the observational phenomena of the blazar sequence. We refer this phenomenonto blazar anti-sequence of spectral variability for individual TeV blazars. However, both the blazar sequence from FSRQs to BL Lacs and blazar anti-sequence of the spectral variability from low state to high state are accompanied by an increase of the break Lorentz factor of the electron's spectrum γ b and a decrease of B. We propose a model in which the mass accretion rate Ṁ is the driving force behind both the blazar sequence for ensembles of blazars and the blazar anti-sequence for individual blazars. Specifically we suggest that the differences in 〈Ṁ〉 of different blazars produce the observed blazar sequence, but ΔṀ in each blazar results in the observed blazar anti-sequence.

Les objets quasi-plans sont obtenus à partir d’une matrice qui définit des caractéristiques spécifiques observables dans leur gravure. Les exemples de ce type d’objets incluent les timbres à sec, les timbres amphoriques ou encore les pièces de monnaies anciennes. Les objetsquasi-plans sont par conséquent des formes très plates sur lesquelles un relief caractéristique est inscrit. Reconnaître de tels objets est une tâche compliquée car de nombreux verrous entrent en jeu. Le relief d’objets quasi-plans est sujet à des déformations non rigides et les conditions lumineuses influencent la façon dont ils sont perçus. De plus, ces objets ont pu subir diverses détériorations menant à l’occlusion de certaines parties de leur relief. Dans cette dissertation, nous adressons le problème de la reconnaissance d’objets quasi-plans. Cette thèse est articulée autour de trois grands axes. Le premier axe vise à créer un modèle adapté pour représenter l’objet en exposant ces caractéristiques et en prenant en compte les divers verrous précités. Dans ce but, le concept de carte d’énergie lumineuse est introduit. Les deuxième et troisième axes introduisent des stratégies de reconnaissance. D’un côté, nous proposons l’utilisation de contours de l’objet en tant que données caractéristiques. Ceux-ci sont représentés via un modèle de signature à partir duquel sont calculés des descripteurs. Afin de stocker, retrouver et comparer ces descripteurs, une structure de donnée basée sur des tableaux associatifs, les LACS, est présentée ; elle permet une reconnaissance rapide de contours similaires. D’un autre côté, l’utilisation de textures comme descripteurs de l’objet est envisagée. Dans cette partie, l’étude est centrée sur l’emploi de régions 2D et leur description comme moyen de reconnaissance. Un angle similaire est adopté pour stocker et retrouver l’information ; une structure de donnée proche de celle précédemment décrite, mais plus complexe, est introduite
Quasi-flat objects are obtained from a matrix which defines specific features observable in their engraving. Some examples of these are dry stamps, amphora stamps or ancient coins. Quasi-flat objects are subsequently understood as very flat shapes onto which a characteristic relief is inscribed. Recognizing such objects is not an easy feat as many barriers come into play. The relief of quasi-flat objects is prone to non-rigid deformations and the illumination conditions influence the perception of the object’s relief. Furthermore, these items may have undergone various deteriorations, leading to the occlusion of some parts of their relief. In this thesis, we tackle the issue of recognizing quasi-flat objects. This work is articulated around three major axes. The first one aims at creating a model to represent the objects both by highlighting their main characteristics and taking into account the afore mentioned barriers. To this aim, the concept of multi-light energy map is introduced. The second and third axes introduce strategies for the recognition. On the one hand, we propose the use of contours as main features. Contours are described via a signature model from which specific descriptors are calculated. In order to store, retrieve and match those features, a data structure based on associative arrays, the LACS system, is introduced, which enables a fast retrieval of similar contours. On the other hand, the use of textures is investigated. The scope here is centered on the use of specific 2D regions and their description in order to perform the recognition. A similar angle is taken to store and retrieve the information as a similar, yet a more complex data structure is introduced

The free falling of objects is a phenomenon that has been observed in the nature. The Pendulous Installation Method (PIM) of heavy devices is an example of free falling which occurs in the installation of heavy offshore devices on sea bed. Hence, the motivation of the present research is to study the fluttering and tumbling (autorotation) motions that may occur during the free fall of object. The fluttering is a periodic or chaotic oscillation of body about a vertical axis. On the other hand, the tumbling is end-over-end rotation of body. In order to access the main physical aspects, the present work decided to attack a more fundamental problem and describes the investigations on fluttering and autorotation motions of the interaction of uniform current and freely rotating plate about a fixed vertical axis. A quasi-steady model is suggested to model the trajectories of flow induced rotation phenomenon and a stability analysis performed to gain insight into the nature of the bifurcation from fluttering to autorotation. At first, the fixed points for different models of motion is obtained and each point analyzed by using the linearized equation. Secondly, the phase diagrams as a function of angular velocity and angle of rotation have been presented for different dynamic models.