Готові списки джерел за темами / Rational attitudes

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Rational attitudes"

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Опубліковано: 19 червня 2021

Оновлено: 14 лютого 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Rational attitudes":

WESTEFELD, JOHN S., CHARLOTTE SIKES, TIM ANSLEY, and HYUN-SOOK YI. "ATTITUDES TOWARD RATIONAL SUICIDE." Journal of Loss and Trauma 9, no. 4 (October 2004): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325020490517682.

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Gerber, Alan, and Donald P. Green. "Rational Learning and Partisan Attitudes." American Journal of Political Science 42, no. 3 (July 1998): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2991730.

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Suthakaran, V., Scott Wright, Elise Simpson, Melissa Marra, and Devin Sonner. "The Impact of Information-Processing Styles on College Students' Attitudes toward People with Disabilities." Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling 42, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0047-2220.42.4.19.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between information- processing styles, as defined by using Epstein's (1994) cognitive-experiential self-theory (CEST), and college students' attitudes toward people with disabilities (PWD). The ability and favorability to process information experientially or rationally were measured using the Rational Experiential Inventory (REI), and attitudes toward PWD were measured using the Attitudes Towards Disabled Persons Scale-Form O (ATDP-O). Undergraduate students (N = 163) from a psychology subject pool participated in this study. Results indicated that favoring an experiential style of information processing was positively related to attitudes toward PWD. The ability to process information experientially or rationally and the favoring of a rational style of information processing were not found to be related to attitudes toward PWD. Implications for rehabilitation counselors are discussed.

Lee, Wooram. "Reasoning, rational requirements, and occurrent attitudes." European Journal of Philosophy 26, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 1343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12342.

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Hubbs, Graham. "Answerability Without Answers." Journal of Ethics and Social Philosophy 7, no. 3 (June 5, 2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26556/jesp.v7i3.74.

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The classical ethical questions of whether and to what extent moral criticism is a sort of rational criticism have received renewed interest in recent years. According to the approach that I refer to as rationalist, accounts of moral responsibility are grounded by explanations of the conditions under which an agent is rationally answerable for her actions and attitudes. In the sense that is relevant here, to answer for an attitude or action is to give reasons that at least purport to justify it. To hold someone answerable for an attitude or action is thus to hold her rationally liable for it. T. M. Scanlon’s view is perhaps the most well-known example of this approach. The rationalist approach has recently been attacked by David Shoemaker for being too narrow: the charge is that attitudes exist for which an agent is responsible even though she cannot, in the relevant sense, answer for them. If there are morally significant attitudes that are attributable to an agent even though she cannot answer for them, then it would seem incomplete, misguided, or worse to treat morality as fundamentally a matter of demanding and giving reasons. By developing some remarks based on G. E. M. Anscombe’s Intention, I defend the rationalist approach against this critique. I show how an agent may be answerable for an attitude even though she cannot answer for it. The objective of this paper is thus twofold: to contribute to the discussion of the connection between rational liability and ethical responsibility, and to provide an example of the broad relevance of Anscombe’s thought to contemporary practical philosophy.

Sapp, Stephen G. "NON-RATIONALITY IN BELIEF SETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE THEORY OF RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.4.337.

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Although much research supports the proposition contained within the theory of expectations that a causal relationship exists between beliefs and attitudes, little is known about the extent to which logical consistency exists among beliefs about objects in relation to beliefs about reasonable substitutes for them, and the effect of this potential inconsistency on estimates of the belief-attitude relationship. This study tested the logical consistency of 364 Japanese consumers' expressions of beliefs and attitudes regarding eating beef produced by three different countries. The results, which demonstrate significant inconsistency — or non-rationality — in belief sets, are discussed with respect to their implications for estimating belief-attitude relationships.

Rogers, James R., Christine M. Gueulette, Jodi Abbey-Hines, Jolynn V. Carney, and James L. Werth. "Rational Suicide: An Empirical Investigation of Counselor Attitudes." Journal of Counseling & Development 79, no. 3 (July 2001): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2001.tb01982.x.

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Ellis, Albert. "Rational-Emotive Approaches to Peace." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 6, no. 2 (January 1992): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.6.2.79.

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Psychotherapy supposedly influences people’s values and actions and directly and indirectly affects their attitudes toward peace and war. This paper suggests that psychotherapy in general, and rational-emotive therapy (RET) in particular can directly help clients and their close associates, as well as indirectly help many members of the public, to acquire attitudes and behaviors to make them more peaceful toward themselves, toward their families and neighbors, and ultimately toward different ethnic, political, and foreign groups. RET has a specific theory and practice regarding how people inevitably have differences and disagreements and how, mainly by demanding that others absolutely must see how right they are and commanding that they have to agree with them, they frequently and needlessly construct self-defeating and society-sabotaging arguments and fights about their disagreements. A number of RET cognitive, emotive, and behavioral methods of achieving peaceful relationships are presented in this article.

Shorkey, Clayton T., Ruth G. Mc Roy, and Juan Armendariz. "Intensity of Parental Punishments and Problem-Solving Attitudes and Behaviors." Psychological Reports 56, no. 1 (February 1985): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.1.283.

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This study examined the relationship between the intensity of parental punishment procedures and problem-solving attitudes and behaviors of mothers of young children in day care. A sample of 40 mothers (12 Mexican American, 15 white, and 13 black) were administered the Intensity of Parental Punishment Survey, the Problem-solving Inventory, and the Rational Behavior Inventory. The Parental Punishment Survey was scored for the External scale, with high scores indicating greater intensity of actual punishment. The Problem-solving Inventory and Rational Behavior Inventory were scored so high scores indicate successful problem-solving attitudes and behaviors, and rational beliefs. Analysis of variance of survey scores and racial/ethnic status, income, marital and employment statuses yielded no significant differences. When problem-solving scores of the 14 mothers with the highest and lowest scores on the punishment survey were compared by t test, mothers in the high intensity of punishment group had significantly lower scores on the measure of problem-solving attitudes and behaviors than mothers in the low group. A significant correlation was found between scores of problem-solving attitudes and behaviors and rational thinking.

Eiser, J. Richard. "The dynamical hypothesis in social cognition." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 5 (October 1998): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98331738.

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Research in attitudes and social cognition exemplifies van Gelder's distinction between the computational and dynamical approaches. The former emphasizes linear measurement and rational decision-making. The latter considers processes of associative memory and self-organization in attitude formation and social influence. The study of dynamical processes in social cognition has been facilitated by connectionist approaches to computation.

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Дисертації з теми "Rational attitudes":

Davies, Gregory Bryn. "Pure risk : the role of rational and behavioural risk attitudes in decision making." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423920.

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Littler, Mark. "The rational extremist : reconciling religion, attitudes to politics, and support for violent protest in the UK." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-rational-extremist-reconciling-religion-attitudes-to-politics-and-support-for-violent-protest-in-the-uk(229c0b77-d3bb-41e3-8cc9-6f3219f9865b).html.

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This thesis is an investigation into support for terrorism and political violence in the UK. It has two principal aims: to advance a new application of rational choice theory capable of providing an explanation of support for violence that accommodates the impact of religion, and to test it using quantitative data. Drawing on existing work from criminology and political science, it hypothesizes that amongst those with a political grievance violence will be supported most often where the benefits of democratic political engagement are viewed unfavourably. More than this, it argues that regular exposure to those holding extreme religious views may deplete political trust, and thus lower the favourability of these perceptions, thereby increasing the likelihood of an individual supporting violence. Two distinct approaches were adopted to test this theory. The first employed multivariate analysis of secondary data, drawing on the European Values Study (EVS) and the Ethnic Minority British Election Study (EMBES) to test for a relationship between attitudes to democratic political engagement and support for violence in the British population at large, and to explore the impact of religion on these attitudes amongst a sample of British Muslims. The second approach sought to build on these findings, using data from an experiment conducted over the social networking site Facebook to explore whether attitudes towards democratic political engagement could be manipulated to trigger a shift in support for violence. The results of these analyses offered limited support for my theory, with outputs from both the EVS and EMBES data showing a significant relationship between attitudes to democratic political engagement and support for violence, despite the failure of the experiment to find evidence supportive of a causal relationship. Analysis of the EMBES data similarly affirmed a role for regular exposure to those holding extreme religious reviews in predicting both attitudes to democratic politics and support for violence, though this was shown to be non-linear. The implications of these findings for existing scholarship on - and policy responses to - extremism and support for violence were considered, alongside the limitations of my approach. The opportunities for future research were then presented alongside a summation of my key findings.

Beeson, Eric T. "Death and Suicide: An Exploration of Attitudes among Counseling Students." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1395222772.

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Ek, Lina, and Sanna Ström. "Organizational AI Readiness : Evaluating Employee Attitudes and Management Responses." Thesis, Jönköping University, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53412.

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Background - As a result of the latest advances in artificial intelligence (AI), the world ofbusiness is facing a major transformation where basic organizational principlesare redefined initiating a new era. It is predicted that AI in the coming decadeswill make a significant imprint and organizations aiming to stay at the forefrontcannot afford not to change. AI adoption can bring great benefits to organizationswhere a crucial factor is to establish AI readiness. However, as in any change,different perceptions are raised among employees which can either hinder orfoster organizational AI readiness, placing leaders in a crucial position. Purpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate how managers can foster organizationalAI readiness by understanding distinctive features of employee AI attitudes. Byidentifying how employees develop change attitudes towards AI, the opportunityto explore how managers should respond to these attitudes in order to achieve AIreadiness opens. Method - To gain a greater understanding of the phenomenon managing AI attitudes and tofulfil the purpose of the study, a mix of a qualitative and quantitative researchmethodology was used. The empirical data were abductively collected through asingle case study via a survey containing 80 respondents and through a focusgroup including six participants holding different roles affected by an AIimplementation. The empirical data were processed using thematic analysis andfurther analysed through systematic combining. Conclusions - The conclusions in this study confirm already existing theory. It also expands itas the phenomenon managing attitudes towards AI change was placed in a newcontext. The research results indicate that employees’ change attitudes towardsAI are affected by the organizational AI maturity, personal interest, and personaland organizational AI knowledge. They also indicate that employees develop theirchange attitudes towards AI depending on how managers handle or not handletheir attitudes. Finally, four dimensions along which leaders should manageemployee change attitudes to promote AI readiness were elaborated.

Dugaich, Valéria Cristina Brumati. "Jogos como possibilidade para a melhoria do desempenho e das atitudes em relação às frações e aos decimais nos anos finais do ensino fundamental /." Bauru, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192109.

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Orientador: Nelson Antonio Pirola
Resumo: Tendo em vista que o desempenho em matemática de significativo percentual de alunos do 9º ano do ensino fundamental da Rede Estadual de Ensino no Sistema de Avaliação de Rendimento Escolar do Estado de São Paulo-SARESP, é ruim, no presente estudo, investigou-se a relação entre o uso de jogos pedagógicos, as atitudes e o desempenho em matemática. Teve como objetivo geral pesquisar e criar jogos como ferramenta pedagógica com potencial para criar situações e experiências favoráveis ao ensino das diferentes representações de um número racional, podendo impactar positivamente nas atitudes dos alunos dos anos finais do ensino fundamental em relação a esses números, bem como no desempenho em tarefas relacionadas a eles. Para tanto, foi necessário investigar: o desempenho desses alunos em matemática no SARESP; suas atitudes em relação à matemática e de modo específico, às frações e aos números decimais; como o uso dos jogos pode contribuir para o ensino e a aprendizagem dos números racionais, sobretudo para o reconhecimento das diferentes representações de um número racional; construir, testar e apresentar um caderno de jogos e por fim, avaliar o possível impacto que os mesmos podem produzir sobre as atitudes e aprendizagem de conceitos e procedimentos pertinentes aos números racionais. Realizou-se, então, uma pesquisa quanti-qualitativa sendo utilizados para a coleta de dados: questionário informativo do aluno; escalas de atitudes em relação à matemática, às frações e aos números d... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In view of the fact that the performance in mathematics of a significant percentage of students in the 9th grade of elementary school in the State Education Network in the School Performance Assessment System of the State of São Paulo-SARESP is poor, in the present study, we investigated the relationship between the use of educational games, attitudes and performance in mathematics. Its general objective was to research and create games as a pedagogical tool with the potential to create situations and experiences favorable to the teaching of different representations of a rational number, which may positively impact the attitudes of students in the final years of elementary school in relation to these numbers, as well as performance on related tasks. Therefore, it was necessary to investigate: the performance of these students in mathematics at SARESP; their attitudes towards mathematics and specifically, fractions and decimal numbers; how the use of games can contribute to the teaching and learning of rational numbers, especially to the recognition of different representations of a rational number; build, test and present a game book and, finally, evaluate the possible impact that they can have on attitudes and learning concepts and procedures relevant to rational numbers. Then, a quantitativequalitative research was carried out and used for data collection: student's questionnaire; scales of attitudes towards mathematics, fractions and decimal numbers (validated in the scop... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Zakrzewski, Jennifer. "Effect of Interactive Digital Homework with an iBook on Sixth Grade Students' Mathematics Achievement and Attitudes when Learning Fractions, Decimals, and Percents." Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5611.

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Over the past decade, technology has become a prominent feature in our lives. Technology has not only been integrated into our lives, but into the classroom as well. Teachers have been provided with a tremendous amount of technology related tools to educate their students. However, many of these technologically enhanced tools have little to no research supporting their claims to enhance learning. This study focuses on one aspect of technology, the iBook, to complete homework relating to fractions, decimals, and percents in a sixth grade classroom. An iBook is a digital textbook that allows the user to interact with the book through various features. Some of these features include galleries, videos, review quizzes, and links to websites. These interactive features have the potential to enhance comprehension through interactivity and increased motivation. Prior to this study, two pilot iterations were conducted. During each pilot study, students in two sixth grade classrooms used the iBook to supplement learning of fractions, decimals, and percents. A comparison group was not included during either iteration, as the goal was to fine-tune the study prior to implementation. The current study was the third iteration, which included a comparison and treatment group. During this study, three research questions were considered: 1) When learning fractions, decimals, and percents, in what ways, if any, do students achieve differently on a unit test when using an interactive iBook for homework as compared to students who have access to the same homework questions in an online static PDF format? 2) What are students' perceptions of completing homework regarding fractions, decimals, and percents with an interactive iBook compared to students who complete homework in an online static PDF format? 3) In what ways does students' achievement on homework differ when completing homework related to fractions, decimals, and percents from an interactive iBook and a static PDF online assignment? Thirty students from a small charter school in southeast Florida participated in the third iteration of this study. Fifteen students were in the comparison group and fifteen were in the treatment group. Students in both groups received comparable classroom instruction, which was determined through audio recordings and similar lesson plans. Treatment group students were provided with a copy of the iBook for homework. Comparison group students were provided with a set of questions identical to the iBook questions in a static digital PDF format. The comparison group students also had access to the textbook, but not the iBook nor the additional resources available within the iBook. The study took place over three weeks. At the commencement of the study, all students were given a pretest to determine their prior knowledge of fractions, decimals, and percents. Students were also asked to respond to questions regarding typical homework duration, level of difficulty, overall experience, and additional resources used for support. During the study, both classes received comparable instruction, which included mini lessons, manipulative based activities, mini quizzes, and group activities. Nightly homework was assigned to each group. At the conclusion of the study, both groups were given a posttest, which was identical to the pretest. Students were asked identical questions about their homework perceptions as prior to the study, but were asked to respond in regards to the study alone. All participating students completed a questionnaire to describe their perceptions of completing homework regarding fractions, decimals, and percents with an iBook as opposed to static digital PDF homework. Lastly, six students from the comparison group participated in a focus group and six students from the treatment group participated in a separate focus group. Data were collected from the pretest and posttest, pre and post homework responses, collected homework, mini quizzes, audio recordings, teacher journal, questionnaires, and the focus group. No difference in achievement was found between the two groups. However, both groups improved significantly from the pretest to posttest. Based on the questionnaires and focus groups, both groups of students felt they learned fractions, decimals, and percents effectively. However, the questionnaire data showed the treatment group found the iBook more convenient than the comparison group did the textbook. Data from this study provide a baseline for future studies regarding iBooks in middle school mathematics. Although the data show no difference in achievement between the two groups, further studies should be conducted in regards to the iBook. Questionnaire and focus group data suggest, with modifications, students may be more inclined to use the resources within the iBook, which may enhance achievement with fractions, decimals, and percents.

Floderus, Johan. ""Men det får man väl inte säga i det här landet" : Ett experiment i politisk korrekthet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-266436.

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The aim of this study is to quantify the extent to which political correctness, understood as an implicit social convention of restraint on public expression, operates within a community. Due to a scarcity of prior experimental research in the area, a new method was developed for the purpose of the study. Using random selection, the treatment consists of exposing groups averaging 10 individuals to a survey on diversity and immigration matters. The effect is measured as the discrepancy in attitudes that is revealed between anonymous and non-anonymous responses to the treatment survey. Control groups are similarly exposed to a survey on traditional left-right matters. The discrepancies are then compared. The results are controlled for possible influence by factors including group size, sex ratio, and length of study. The general effect of the treatment is not statistically significant, possibly as a result of small sample size. Further analysis shows a significant positive correlation between the proportion of women and the extent of attitude discrepancy. On one interpretation, this means that women in the population are on average more responsive to political correctness than men. Due to the population’s skewed characteristics, the results are not generalised. Future researchers in the area are advised to draw their sample from a more representative population, to investigate additional subject matters and to collect more sophisticated data, in particular on the level of the individual.

Moore, Budd A. "The Efficacy Of Group Counseling Interventions Employing Short-Term Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy In Altering The Beliefs, Attitudes, And Behaviors Of At-Risk Adolescents." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27073.

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An experimental, randomized, control-group, pretest-postest design was employed in this study to examine the efficacy of the use of two short-term group counseling interventions employing Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy with at-risk adolescents in changing their beliefs, altering their attitude toward school, and moderating behaviors that are problematic in an educational setting. Forty-eight subjects were included in this study from an alternative evening high school setting and were assessed in the initial stage of treatment using The Idea Inventory and The Majoribanks Attitude-To-School Inventory. The School Social Behavior Scale was employed at this beginning point to observe these students by teachers and administrators with regard to social competence and anti-social behaviors. Subjects were selected from a pool of regularly attending students in an alternative high school program and randomly assigned to three groups, one employing REBT concepts and techniques alone, one using REBT concepts and techniques in conjunction with the therapeutic board game, Letâ s Get Rational, and a control group. The treatment and control group designations were also randomly assigned to the counseling groups. Ten weekly 50 minute group counseling sessions were conducted by two masterâ s level counselors employing the tenets of REBT with adolescents. Group participants had the opportunity to learn new interpersonal skills and behaviors that may be helpful to them in staying in school. At the conclusion of the 10 week treatment group sessions, the subjects in the three groups were re-assessed employing the same instruments mentioned before to determine if the activities in the group sessions made significant differences in the rational thinking, attitude to school, and school social behaviors of these at-risk students in an alternative setting. Data were analyzed using descritpive statistics in addition to a factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) to measure the pretest and posttest performance and understanding of the subjects. Results revealed that the differences in the scores of the treatment groups were significant the REBT group employing the game, Letâ s Get Rational, contributing to students learning and understanding of the tenets of REBT at the .05 alpha level on the four dependent variables. There were no significant differences between genders regarding the four dependent variables, and there was a lack of a significant interaction between the intervention approach taken and the gender of the group member. There was no significant interaction between the gender of the subject and the treatment group placement. The results from both REBT groups support the efficacy of using the tenets of REBT with school aged populations who are at risk for failure. Appropriate conclusions and recommendations based upon the study findings were made. Implications for secondary school counselors and those counselors working with at-risk students were delineated.
Ed. D.

Tong, Lai-ching Charmy, and 唐麗貞. "The implementation of a classroom guidance programme in a Hong Kong secondary school." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31960479.

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Hand, Cameron M. "Vaccines and the anti-vaccinationist rationale." Thesis, Boston University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12414.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University
Vaccines have been one of the greatest modern achievements within the fields of medicine and public health. Since their development they have prevented millions. from becoming infected and saved countless lives. Over the years though there have been various instances of anti-vaccinationist movements, which will raise concerns about vaccine safety but then eventually fade away once the virtues of the vaccine are proven greater than the possible opposed reaction or side effect. These movements have create significant drops in vaccination rates regionally and have put many at unnecessary risk of infection. However, over the last decade there has been a general increasing public distrust of vaccinations, which has continued to propagate even after the initial concerns were addressed. This paper aims to evaluate if there is significant justification for the current anti-vaccinationist movement within modernized societies by examining the proposed and eventually discredited link between autism and the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine that was initially suggested in the 1998 Wakefield et al. paper in The Lancet. This study will also evaluate opposing studies on the same to determine if any remaining concerns of a link between autism and the vaccine are justified while also evaluating the anti-vaccinationist rationale even though researchers have presented an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence showing the safety and efficiency of the vaccinations. Finally this study will look into how public health organizations can attempt to better efficiently deal with such movements in the future. The research for this paper is based on the analyzation of multiple recent research articles, as well as the evaluating trends obtained from public health records. [TRUNCATED]

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Книги з теми "Rational attitudes":

Dumas, Bernard. What can rational investors do about excessive volatility and sentiment fluctuations? Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Dumas, Bernard. What can rational investors do about excessive volatility and sentiment fluctuations? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Bagby, Meredith E. Rational exuberance: The influence of generation X on the new American economy. New York: Dutton, 1998.

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Werth, James L. Rational suicide?: Implications for mental health professionals. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis, 1996.

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Zimmer, Lena Maria. Gewerkschaften und die Trittbrettfahrer-Problematik: Eine qualitative Analyse gewerkschaftlicher Mitgliedschaftsmotive. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag GmbH, 2012.

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Shiller, Robert J. Measuring bubble expectations and investor confidence. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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Barry, Robert Laurence. Breaking the thread of life: On rational suicide. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994.

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Vellakkal, Sukumar. Adverse selection and private health insurance coverage in India: A rational behaviour model of insurance agents under asymmetric information. New Delhi: Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, 2009.

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Jacques, Roy. Entre la classe et les McJobs: Portrait d'une ge ne ration de ce ge piens. Que bec: Les Presses de l'Universite Laval, 2008.

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Weirich, Paul. Rational Responses to Risks. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190089412.001.0001.

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A philosophical account of risk, such as this book provides, states what risk is, which attitudes to it are rational, and which acts affecting risks are rational. Attention to the nature of risk reveals two types of risk, first, a chance of a bad event, and, second, an act’s risk in the sense of the volatility of its possible outcomes. The distinction is normatively significant because different general principles of rationality govern attitudes to these two types of risk. Rationality strictly regulates attitudes to the chance of a bad event and is more permissive about attitudes to an act’s risk. Principles of rationality governing attitudes to risk also justify evaluating an act according to its expected utility given that the act’s risk, if any, belongs to every possible outcome of the act. For a rational ideal agent, the expected utilities of the acts available in a decision problem explain the agent’s preferences among the acts. Maximizing expected utility is just following preferences among the acts. This view takes an act’s expected utility, not just as a feature of a representation of preferences among acts, but also as a factor in the explanation of preferences among acts. It takes account of an agent’s attitudes to an act’s risk without weakening the standard of expected-utility maximization. The view extends to evaluations of combination of acts, either simultaneous or in a sequence. Applications cover hedging, return-risk evaluation, professional advice, and government regulation.

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Частини книг з теми "Rational attitudes":

Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "Be Comprehensive in Examining Attitudes." In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 207–11. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-79.

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Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "Teach The Full Distinction between Flexible/Non-Extreme Attitudes and Rigid/Extreme Attitudes." In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 57–60. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-20.

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Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "Focus On Core Rigid/Extreme Attitudes." In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 140–42. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-53.

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Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "Be Mindful of Goals While Examining Attitudes." In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 205–6. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-78.

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Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "Construct and Strengthen Flexible/Non-Extreme Attitudes." In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 220–21. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-82.

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Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "REBT is not only Concerned with Changing Attitudes." In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 109–10. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-42.

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Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "Guard Against Insensitivity when Examining Rigid/Extreme Attitudes." In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 146–48. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-55.

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Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "Be Meaningful, Vigorous and Persistent in Examining Attitudes." In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 212–14. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-80.

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Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "Encourage The Examination of Others’ Rigid/Extreme Attitudes." In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 225–27. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-84.

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Dryden, Windy, and Michael Neenan. "Explain the Cognitive Consequences of Rigid/Extreme Attitudes and the Effects that Bringing these Attitudes to Situations have on Inferences at A." In Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy, 65–68. Third edition. | London ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: 100 key points: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003132493-23.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Rational attitudes":

Van Bossuyt, Douglas, Lucila Carvalho, Andy Dong, and Irem Y. Tumer. "On Measuring Engineering Risk Attitudes." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47106.

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Theories of rational decision making hold that decision makers should select the best alternative from the available choices, but it is now well known that decision makers employ heuristics and are subject to a set of psychological biases. Risk aversion or risk seeking attitude has a framing effect and can bias the decision maker towards inaction or action. Understanding decision-makers’ attitudes to risk is thus integral to understanding how they make decisions and psychological biases that might be at play. This paper presents the Engineering-Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (E-DOSPERT) test to measure the risk aversion and risk seeking attitude that engineers have in four domains of engineering risk management: identification, analysis, evaluation and treatment. The creation of the instrument, an analysis of its reliability based on surveying undergraduate engineering students in Australia and the United States, and the validity of the four domains are discussed. The instrument is found to be statistically reliable to measure engineering risk aversion and risk seeking, and to measure engineering risk aversion and risk seeking to risk identification and risk treatment. However, factor analysis of the results suggest that four other domains may better describe the factors in engineers’ attitude to risk.

Van Bossuyt, Douglas, Chris Hoyle, Irem Y. Tumer, Andy Dong, Toni Doolen, and Richard Malak. "Toward Considering Risk Attitudes in Engineering Organizations Using Utility Theory." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70399.

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Design projects within large engineering organizations involve numerous uncertainties that can lead to unacceptably high levels of risk. Practicing designers recognize the existence of risk and commonly are aware of events that raise risk levels. However, a disconnect exists between past project performance and current project execution that limits decision-making. This disconnect is primarily due to a lack of quantitative models that can be used for rational decision-making. Methods and tools used to make decisions in risk-informed design generally use an expected value approach. Research in the psychology domain has shown that decision-makers and stakeholders have domain-specific risk attitudes that often have variations between individuals and between companies. Risk methods used in engineering such as Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Fault Tree Analysis (FTA), and others are often ill-equipped to help stakeholders make decisions based upon risk-tolerant or risk-averse decision-making conditions. This paper focuses on the specific issue of helping stakeholders make decisions under risk-tolerant or risk-averse decision-making conditions and presents a novel method of translating engineering risk data from the domain of expected value into a domain corrected for risk attitude. This is done by using risk utility functions derived from the Engineering-Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (E-DOSPERT) test. This method allows decisions to be made based upon data that is risk attitude corrected. Further, the method uses an aspirational measure of risk attitude as opposed to existing lottery methods of generating utility functions that are based upon past performance. An illustrative test case using a simplified space mission designed in a collaborative design center environment is included. The method is shown to change risk-informed decisions in certain situations where a risk-tolerant or risk-averse decision-maker would likely choose differently than the dictates of the expected value approach.

Lim, Weng Marc, Pei-Lee Teh, and Pervaiz K. Ahmed. "Message sequencing of rational and emotional appeals: A study on consumer brand and product attitudes." In 2014 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2014.7058863.

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"The Effect of Rational Based Beliefs and Awareness on Employee Compliance with Information Security Procedures: Case Study of a Financial Firm [Abstract]." In InSITE 2019: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Jerusalem. Informing Science Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4258.

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Aim/Purpose: This paper examines the behavior of financial firm employees with regard to information security procedures instituted within their organization. Furthermore, the effect of information security awareness and its importance within a firm is examined. Background: The study focuses on employees' attitude toward compliance with information security policies (ISP), combined with various norms and personal abilities. Methodology: A self-reported questionnaire was distributed among 202 employees of a large financial institution. Contribution: As far as we know, this is the first paper to thoroughly examine employees' awareness of information system procedures, among financial organizations in Israel and also the first to develop operative recommendations for these organizations aimed at increasing ISP compliance behavior. Findings: Our results indicate that employees' attitudes, normative beliefs and personal capabilities to comply with firm's ISP, have positive effects on the firm's ISP compliance. Also, employees' general awareness of IS, as well as awareness to ISP within the firm, positively affect employees' ISP compliance. Impact on Society: This study offers another level of understanding of employee behavior with regard to information security in organizations and comprises a significant contribution to the growing knowledge in this area. The research results form an important basis for IS policymakers, culture designers, managers, and those directly responsible for IS in the organization. Future Research: Future work should sample employees from other financial institutions and also institutions from other fields and also should apply qualitative analysis to explore other pillars of behavioral patterns related to the subject matter.

Callaghan, Alison R., and Kemper E. Lewis. "A 2-Phase Aspiration-Level and Utility Theory Approach to Large Scale Design." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/dtm-14569.

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Abstract The ability to make rational decisions is one of mankind’s unique attributes. A characteristic of the formal techniques that have been used for decision making is the selection of the best alternative with respect to a certain figure of merit. One of the most critical problems in engineering design is making early decisions on a sound basis. However, the early stages of design are also the most uncertain, and obtaining precise information upon which to base design decisions is usually impossible. The need for a methodology to represent and manipulate imprecision is greatest in the early, preliminary stages of engineering design, where the designer is most unsure of the final dimensions and shape, material properties, and performance of the completed design. Utility Theory provides an analytical way to aid the decisions in engineering design. By exchanging from objective to attribute and expressing these attitudes mathematically, a utility based attribute function (Utility Function) can be set up to describe the attitude of a decision-maker with regard to his/her preference. In this work, the Aspiration-level Interactive Method (AIM), a goal-seeking method based on identifying non-dominated solutions, is used along with Utility Theory to compensate for the limitations of utility theory in forming a meaningful group preference. This work is an initial attempt to integrate two methodologies from the field of decision theory in order to provide rational decision support for design problems where a hierarchy of decision making is required. The hierarchy, in this paper, is characterized by multiple designers at the lower level who report to one manager. The designers each have different preferences and values, while the manager is driven by project goals and specifications. The approach presented generates feasible and preferred design combinations for further analysis in the detailed design phase.

Somova, Oksana, and Pavel Vladimirov. "The problem of intersubjectivity in Western philosophy: Boundaries of the communicative approach." In 6th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.06.08095s.

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The article defines the meaning of the phenomenological approach to the analysis of the concept of intersubjectivity in the context of social and philosophical problems of the balance of the Self and the Other. The discourse is based on the correlation of phenomenological orientation and communicative action in determining the mechanisms of identity of the Self in relation to the Other in the inseparability of social reality. A sequential analysis of prerequisites and research approaches aimed at testing the problem of intersubjectivity is carried out. The focus is placed on social phenomenological research of A. Schutz and the theory of communicative action of J. Habermas, which are aimed at understanding the correlation between the peculiarities of human existence, his life-world and the area of social relations or the inevitability of establishing overindividual patterns. Relevance of the research lies in elaborating the issue of establishing intersubjectivity under the fundamental non-identity of the subjects of communication and their predetermined attitudes. The article concludes by outlining the feasibility of expanding the rational predetermination of the subject-subjective structure of communicative action with the research area of social phenomenology.

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De, Prasanta K., and Ashok Iyer. "Rational Fraction Approach and Attitude Control of Spinning Satellite using Gyrotorquer." In 1989 American Control Conference. IEEE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.1989.4790439.

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Wolff-Boenisch, Domenik. "A case study on student perception of online lecturing." In Seventh International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head21.2021.12710.

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This case study looks at implications of transitioning live to recorded lectures, a subject that has acquired an acute importance given COVID19 and the unexpected need to move lectures online. Over a period of six years, from 2015 to 2020, a questionnaire was handed out at the end of a ‘unit’ on environmental geoscience; a ‘unit’ at Australian universities represents a ‘course’ in the European and American tertiary system. This is a 2nd semester, 3rd year core unit of an Applied Geology course meaning that (most of) the polled students were about to acquire a bachelor of science finishing their undergraduate studies. The students were asked multiple questions related to iLectures and their attitude towards this asynchronous content delivery approach as integral part of a flipped classroom. Provided that such a STEM unit with 40-120 students can be deemed representative of the wider student community, the findings indicate that students in general have come to terms with online lectures, way before COVID19 gave them no other choice. Acceptance rates for iLectures were over 50 % across all years, except for 2020, a clear indication that COVID19 marred the online experience, probably due to oversaturation and isolation. The majority of the students saw benefits in this asynchronous lecturing approach, irrespective of whether the rationale behind it had been explained in detail. Despite seeing benefits of the flipped classroom and recorded lectures, one out of three students preferred live lectures. This number has increased after COVID19 to 40 %, yet another sign of the negative impact of the pandemic on online lecturing. This inference is unrelated to the quality of the recordings which was deemed high. Other than the conspicuous pandemic effect, the data show enough scatter to rule out any sustained trend of student attitudes across the years. This demonstrates the heterogeneous demographics of the students taking this unit. Finally, the importance of meaningful extended lecture notes to complement the recordings is highlighted.

Huang, Tzu-Yang, and Chih-Hsiung Ku. "THE PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGY IN EAST TAIWAN AREA: AN EXAMPLE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY." In 3rd International Baltic Symposium on Science and Technology Education (BalticSTE2019). Scientia Socialis Ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/balticste/2019.71.

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The purpose of the research was to understand the public’s social Image of emerging technology—nanotechnology. Furthermore, the differences among different major students and the decision-making style in “self-evaluation and other-evaluation” were analyzed too. In this research, the social image was defined by three phases, “general image of nanotechnology”, “business decision behavior of nanotechnology”, and “free recall of nanotechnology”. The research instrument was a self-designed questionnaire “college student’ social image of nanotechnology”. The participants were 256 college students selected using convenience sampling from one university in the east Taiwan area. The main findings were: (1) Students tended to agree that nanotechnology is better than other general-tech. (2) The college students believed that they have more rational attitude and behavior to make decision than others. (3) Most college students’ association related "nanotechnology image" with "high tech" in thinking. Keywords: nanotechnology image, public understanding, social image.

Звіти організацій з теми "Rational attitudes":

Kofler, Jakob, Elisabeth Nindl, Dorothea Sturn, and Magdalena Wailzer. Participatory Approaches in Research, Technology and Innovation (RTI) Policy and their Potential Impact. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2021.518.

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The present article reviews various concepts of participatory science and research and discusses their potential to exhibit impact on the relationship between science and society. Starting with an overview of rationales, concepts and challenges, different forms and intensities of participatory approaches in research and innovation are discussed. We then look at the situation in Austria and sort selected Austrian funding programmes and initiatives into a diagram according to the intensity of participation as well as the social groups involved in each case. Finally, we try to gain more precise indications of the impact of participatory programmes on the relationship between science and society. Many questions remain unanswered, as precise analyses and evaluation results are usually lacking. While different surveys provide insights into society’s level of information on a general level, interest, involvement and attitude towards science and research, approaches for impact assessment are fragmented and remain on the surface. We therefore propose to develop an analytical framework based on existing approaches and to include collaboratively developed indicators in it.