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Готові списки джерел за темами / Rats Physiology / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Rats Physiology"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 30 липня 2024

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1

Lai, Ching Jung, Ting Ruan, and Yu Ru Kou. "The involvement of hydroxyl radical and cyclooxygenase metabolites in the activation of lung vagal sensory receptors by circulatory endotoxin in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 98, no. 2 (February 2005): 620–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00539.2004.

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Circulatory endotoxin can stimulate vagal pulmonary C fibers and rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) in rats, but the underlying mechanisms are not clear. We investigated the involvement of hydroxyl radicals and cyclooxygenase metabolites in the stimulation of C fibers and RARs by circulatory endotoxin (50 mg/kg) in 112 anesthetized, paralyzed, and artificially ventilated rats. In rats pretreated with the vehicle, endotoxin stimulated C fibers and RARs and caused a slight increase in total lung resistance (Rl) and a decrease in dynamic lung compliance. In rats pretreated with dimethylthiourea (a

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2

Tanaka, H., M. Yanase-Fujiwara, and K. Kanosue. "Effects of centrally and systemically administered indomethacin on body temperature in exercising rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 1 (July 1, 1993): R230—R234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.1.r230.

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Subcutaneous and intracerebroventricular (icv) injections of indomethacin were used to test whether prostaglandin synthesis is essential for the exercise-induced increase in a rat's body temperature. At an air temperature of 24 degrees C, male Wistar rats ran on a treadmill at 10-15 m/min 20 min after 300-micrograms icv injection or 60 min after 15-mg/kg sc injection of indomethacin or of control vehicle. The rectal temperature (Tre) of control rats in 17 control experiments increased by 1.0 degree C during exercise, whereas the Tre of the rats pretreated with intracerebroventricular indometha

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3

Fu, Ziwei, Jiajia Hu, Li Zhou, Yanting Chen, Mokan Deng, Xiyang Liu, Jiahui Su, Aihua Lu, Xiaodong Fu та Tianxin Yang. "(Pro)renin receptor contributes to pregnancy-induced sodium-water retention in rats via activation of intrarenal RAAS and α-ENaC". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 316, № 3 (1 березня 2019): F530—F538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00411.2018.

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The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is a new component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and regulates renin activity. The objective of the present study was to test potential roles of the renal PRR and intrarenal RAAS in the physiological status of late pregnancy. Late pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were studied 19–21 days after sperm was observed in vaginal smears. Experiments were performed using age-matched virgin rats and late pregnant rats treated with the specific PRR inhibitor PRO20 (700 μg·kg−1·day−1 sc for 14 days, 3 times/day for every 8 h) or vehicle. The indices of RAAS,

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4

Asarian, Lori, and Nori Geary. "Sex differences in the physiology of eating." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 305, no. 11 (December 1, 2013): R1215—R1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2012.

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Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function fundamentally affects the physiology of eating. We review sex differences in the physiological and pathophysiological controls of amounts eaten in rats, mice, monkeys, and humans. These controls result from interactions among genetic effects, organizational effects of reproductive hormones (i.e., permanent early developmental effects), and activational effects of these hormones (i.e., effects dependent on hormone levels). Male-female sex differences in the physiology of eating involve both organizational and activational effects of androgens a

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5

Johansson, Maria E., Irene J. Andersson, Camilla Alexanderson, Ole Skøtt, Agneta Holmäng, and Göran Bergström. "Hyperinsulinemic rats are normotensive but sensitized to angiotensin II." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294, no. 4 (April 2008): R1240—R1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00493.2007.

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The effect of insulin on blood pressure (BP) is debated, and an involvement of an activated renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) has been suggested. We studied the effect of chronic insulin infusion on telemetry BP and assessed sympathetic activity and dependence of the RAAS. Female Sprague-Dawley rats received insulin (2 units/day, INS group, n = 12) or insulin combined with losartan (30 mg·kg−1·day−1, INS+LOS group, n = 10), the angiotensin II receptor antagonist, for 6 wk. Losartan-treated (LOS group, n = 10) and untreated rats served as controls ( n = 11). We used telemetry to measu

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6

Carreño, Flávia Regina, Lisa L. Ji, and J. Thomas Cunningham. "Altered central TRPV4 expression and lipid raft association related to inappropriate vasopressin secretion in cirrhotic rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296, no. 2 (February 2009): R454—R466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90460.2008.

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Inappropriate vasopressin (AVP) release causes dilutional hyponatremia in many pathophysiological states such as cirrhosis. The central molecular mechanisms that mediate inappropriate AVP release are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that changes in the expression or trafficking of TRPV4 in the central nervous system may contribute to inappropriate AVP release in the bile duct ligation (BDL) model of cirrhosis in the rat. Four weeks after surgery, BDL rats demonstrated significantly increased plasma vasopressin and plasma renin activity (PRA), hypervolemia, and decreased plasma osmolality. The

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7

Friederich-Persson, Malou, and Patrik Persson. "Mitochondrial angiotensin II receptors regulate oxygen consumption in kidney mitochondria from healthy and type 1 diabetic rats." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 318, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): F683—F688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00417.2019.

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Exaggerated activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a key feature in diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Recently, an intracellular RAAS was demonstrated with angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptors expressed in nuclei and mitochondria. Diabetes is associated with both mitochondrial dysfunction and increased intracellular ANG II concentration in the kidney cortex. The present study investigated the role of ANG II signaling in kidney cortex mitochondria isolated from control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat

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8

Wakabayashi, Y., E. Yamada, T. Yoshida, and N. Takahashi. "Effect of intestinal resection and arginine-free diet on rat physiology." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 269, no. 2 (August 1, 1995): G313—G318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1995.269.2.g313.

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The small intestine has been presumed to release citrulline as a precursor for the endogenous arginine synthesis. We studied the effect of intestinal resection and arginine-free diet on rat physiology. We maintained rats with massively resected small intestine (R rats) and those with transected intestines (T rats) on either control or an arginine-free diet. After 4 wk, R rats fed deficient diet [R(-)] lost weight by a mean of 46 g, whereas R rats fed control diet [R(+)] and T rats fed control [T(+)] and deficient diet [T(-)] gained 30-96 g. Average nitrogen balance was 150, 60, 110, and -33 mg

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9

Musch, T. I., A. Bruno, G. E. Bradford, A. Vayonis, and R. L. Moore. "Measurements of metabolic rate in rats: a comparison of techniques." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 2 (August 1, 1988): 964–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.2.964.

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Two different open-circuit techniques of measuring metabolic rate were examined in rats at rest and during exercise. With one technique ambient air was drawn through a tightly fitting mask that was secured to the rat's head, whereas with the other technique the rat was placed into and ambient air was drawn through a Plexiglas box. Two series of experiments were performed. In series I, two groups were studied that consisted of rats that had received myocardial infarctions produced by coronary arterial ligations and rats that had received sham operations. In this series of experiments O2 uptake

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10

Miranda, Carlos A., Jae Wook Lee, Chung-Lin Chou, and Mark A. Knepper. "Tolvaptan as a tool in renal physiology." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 306, no. 3 (February 1, 2014): F359—F366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00330.2013.

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For decades, the Brattleboro rat has been a useful model in kidney physiology. These animals manifest central diabetes insipidus (lack of circulating vasopressin) due to a mutation in the vasopressin-neurophysin gene. V2 receptor-mediated vasopressin actions in the kidney can be assessed in these animals by infusing the V2-selective vasopressin analog 1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP). However, the major commercial supplier in the United States has ceased production, creating the need for another reliable experimental model of V2 receptor-mediated vasopressin action in rodents. We de

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11

Barney, Christopher C. "Restrained rats and the observer effect in physiology." Experimental Physiology 96, no. 12 (November 23, 2011): 1253–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2011.061267.

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12

Kanosue, K., Y. H. Zhang, M. Yanase-Fujiwara, and T. Hosono. "Hypothalamic network for thermoregulatory shivering." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): R275—R282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.1.r275.

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Warming one side of a rat's preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus (POAH) suppresses shivering on both sides of the body, and the present study evaluated the extent to which signals mediating this suppression cross the midline within and below the POAH. Hind paw shivering during unilateral POAH thermal stimulation was measured for rats in which the POAH had been midsagittally transected and for rats in which one side of the hypothalamus had been coronally transected just caudal to the POAH. In midsagittally transected rats, unilateral warming on either side of the POAH suppressed shivering eq

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13

Kanosue, K., M. Yanase-Fujiwara, and T. Hosono. "Hypothalamic network for thermoregulatory vasomotor control." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 267, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): R283—R288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1994.267.1.r283.

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Warming one side of a rat's preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus (POAH) causes skin vasodilation on both sides of the body, and the present study evaluated the extent to which signals mediating this vasodilation cross the midline within and below the POAH. Hind paw vasomotion during unilateral POAH thermal or electrical stimulation was measured for rats in which the POAH had been midsagittally transected and for rats in which one side of the hypothalamus had been coronally transected just below the POAH. In midsagittally transected rats, unilateral POAH thermal or electrical stimulation pro

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14

Whaley-Connell, Adam, Javad Habibi, Yongzhong Wei, Alex Gutweiler, Jessica Jellison, Charles E. Wiedmeyer, Carlos M. Ferrario, and James R. Sowers. "Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism attenuates glomerular filtration barrier remodeling in the transgenic Ren2 rat." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 296, no. 5 (May 2009): F1013—F1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.90646.2008.

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Recent evidence suggests that mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonism has beneficial effects on tissue oxidative stress and insulin metabolic signaling as well as reducing proteinuria. However, the mechanisms by which MR antagonism corrects both renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) impairments in renal insulin metabolic signaling and filtration barrier/podocyte injury remain unknown. To explore this potential beneficial interactive effect of MR antagonism we used young transgenic (mRen2)27 (Ren2) rats with increased tissue RAAS activity and elevated serum aldosterone levels. Ren2 and

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15

Holloszy, John O. "Mortality rate and longevity of food-restricted exercising male rats: a reevaluation." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.2.399.

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Holloszy, John O. Mortality rate and longevity of food-restricted exercising male rats: a reevaluation. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(2): 399–403, 1997.—Food restriction increases the maximal longevity of rats. Male rats do not increase their food intake to compensate for the increase in energy expenditure in response to exercise. However, a decrease in the availability of energy for growth and cell proliferation that induces an increase in maximal longevity in sedentary rats only results in an improvement in average survival, with no extension of maximal life span, when caused by exercise. In a previo

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16

Zachar, Rikke, Ammar Al-Mashhadi, Henrik Dimke, Per Svenningsen, Boye L. Jensen та Mattias Carlström. "Hydronephrosis is associated with elevated plasmin in urine in pediatric patients and rats and changes in NCC and γ-ENaC abundance in rat kidney". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 315, № 3 (1 вересня 2018): F547—F557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00635.2017.

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Obstruction of urine flow at the level of the pelvo-ureteric junction (UPJO) and subsequent development of hydronephrosis is one of the most common congenital renal malformations. UPJO is associated with development of salt-sensitive hypertension, which is set by the obstructed kidney, and with a stimulated renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in rodent models. This study aimed at investigating the hypothesis that 1) in pediatric patients with UPJO the RAAS is activated before surgical relief of the obstruction; 2) in rats with UPJO the RAAS activation is reflected by increased abundanc

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17

Guerrero, Fr, and H. Burnet. "Effects of compression rate on rats carotid blood flow." Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 103, no. 2 (January 1995): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13813459508996133.

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18

Hidayat, Rachmat, and Patricia Wulandari. "Anatomy and Physiology of Animal Model Rats in Biomedical Research." Biomedical Journal of Indonesia 7, no. 2 (March 12, 2021): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32539/bji.v7i2.287.

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A distinguishing feature of rodents, including rats, is the absence of canines and thepresence of prominent incisors. Rats are monophydontic, meaning they grow one setof teeth in their lifetime. The enamel of the rodent incisor contains iron, which givesit its yellow-orange color. Rats are mammals and as such, possess many similaritieswith other mammals. Only the peculiarities of the rat’s anatomy are addressed. Malerats reach puberty at 40 - 60 days of age. Descent of the testes usually occursbetween days 30 - 60. Sperm counts vary by strain. The male rat has an os penis.Male rats have the fo

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19

Sokoloff, Greta, Robert F. Kirby, and Mark S. Blumberg. "Further evidence that BAT thermogenesis modulates cardiac rate in infant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 274, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): R1712—R1717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1998.274.6.r1712.

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Previous research in infant rats suggested that brown adipose tissue (BAT), by providing warm blood to the heart during moderate cold exposure, protects cardiac rate. This protective role for BAT thermogenesis was examined further in the present study. In experiment 1, 1-wk-old rats in a warm environment were pretreated with saline or chlorisondamine (a ganglionic blocker), and then BAT thermogenesis was stimulated by injection with the β3-agonist CL-316243. In experiment 2, pups were pretreated with chlorisondamine and injected with CL-316243, and after BAT thermogenesis was stimulated the in

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20

Gall, Andrew J., Alyssa M. Goodwin, Ohanes S. Khacherian, and Laura B. Teal. "Superior Colliculus Lesions Lead to Disrupted Responses to Light in Diurnal Grass Rats (Arvicanthis niloticus)." Journal of Biological Rhythms 35, no. 1 (October 17, 2019): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730419881920.

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The circadian system regulates daily rhythms of physiology and behavior. Although extraordinary advances have been made to elucidate the brain mechanisms underlying the circadian system in nocturnal species, less is known in diurnal species. Recent studies have shown that retinorecipient brain areas such as the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and olivary pretectal nucleus (OPT) are critical for the display of normal patterns of daily activity in diurnal grass rats ( Arvicanthis niloticus). Specifically, grass rats with IGL and OPT lesions respond to light in similar ways to intact nocturnal anim

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21

Monson, C. B., S. L. Patterson, J. M. Horowitz, and J. Oyama. "Thermoregulation in hypergravity-acclimated rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.1.383.

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To determine the effect of hypergravity acclimation on thermoregulation, core temperature (Tc), tail temperature (Tt), and O2 consumption (VO2) were measured in control rats (raised at 1 G) and in rats acclimated to 2.1 G. When the animals were exposed to a low ambient temperature of 9 degrees C, concurrently with a hypergravic field of 2.1 G, Tc of rats raised at 1 G fell markedly by approximately 6 degrees C (to 30.8 +/- 0.6 degrees C) while that of the rats raised at 2.1 G remained relatively constant (falling only approximately 1 degree C to 36.4 +/- 0.3 degrees C). Thus prior acclimation

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22

Olver, T. Dylan, Matthew W. McDonald, Kenneth N. Grisé, Adwitia Dey, Matti D. Allen, Philip J. Medeiros, James C. Lacefield, et al. "Exercise training enhances insulin-stimulated nerve arterial vasodilation in rats with insulin-treated experimental diabetes." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 306, no. 12 (June 15, 2014): R941—R950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00508.2013.

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Insulin stimulates nerve arterial vasodilation through a nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) mechanism. Experimental diabetes reduces vasa nervorum NO reactivity. Studies investigating hyperglycemia and nerve arterial vasodilation typically omit insulin treatment and use sedentary rats resulting in severe hyperglycemia. We tested the hypotheses that 1) insulin-treated experimental diabetes and inactivity (DS rats) will attenuate insulin-mediated nerve arterial vasodilation, and 2) deficits in vasodilation in DS rats will be overcome by concurrent exercise training (DX rats; 75–85% V̇o2 max, 1 h/d

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23

Cao, Xue, Zhijun Sun, Boya Zhang, Xueqi Li, and Hongyuan Xia. "The Effects of Ivabradine on Cardiac Function after Myocardial Infarction are Weaker in Diabetic Rats." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 39, no. 5 (2016): 2055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447901.

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Background/Aims: Plasma norepinephrine (NE) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP, termed BNP-45 in rats) are considered as essential neurohormones indicating heart failure progression. The purposes of this study were to examine the effects of ivabradine (IBD) on cardiac function and plasma NE and BNP-45 after chronic ischemic heart failure (CHF) in non-diabetic rats and diabetic rats. We further determined if sympathetic NE uptake-1 (a major pathway to metabolize NE) mechanism is responsible for the role played by IBD. Methods: We ligated rat's coronary artery to induce CHF; and injected strepto

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24

Stupka, Nicole, and Peter M. Tiidus. "Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen on ischemia-reperfusion injury in hindlimbs of female rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 1828–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1828.

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The effects of estrogen and ovariectomy on indexes of muscle damage after 2 h of complete hindlimb ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion were investigated in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were assigned to one of three experimental groups: ovariectomized with a 17β-estradiol pellet implant (OE), ovariectomized with a placebo pellet implant (OP), or control with intact ovaries (R). It was hypothesized that following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), muscle damage indexes [serum creatine kinase (CK) activity, calpain-like activity, inflammatory cell infiltration, and markers of lipid peroxidation (thi

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25

Tomohiro, A., S. Kimura, H. He, Y. Fujisawa, A. Nishiyama, K. Kiyomoto, Y. Aki, T. Tamaki, and Y. Abe. "Regional blood flow in Dahl-Iwai salt-sensitive rats and the effects of dietary L-arginine supplementation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 272, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): R1013—R1019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.272.4.r1013.

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The purpose of the present study was to determine 1) whether different organs undergo similar increase in vascular resistance in Dahl-Iwai salt-sensitive (S) rats, and 2) the effects of chronic oral L-arginine supplementation on the regional hemodynamics in S rats. Male 6-wk-old S rats and salt-resistant (R) rats were maintained on an 8% NaCl chow for 4 wk. One group (S or R rats) was maintained on tap water and the other group (S/Arg or R/Arg rats) received tap water containing L-arginine at a concentration of 1.5%. Organ blood flow and cardiac output were measured with microspheres in the co

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26

Muzi-Filho, Humberto, Larissa B. Jannuzzi, Ana C. S. Bouzan, Sarana Alves-Barros, Danilo S. Alves-Bezerra, Amaury Pereira-Acácio, Bruna S. N. Ferreira, Debora Silva-Pereira, Gloria Costa-Sarmento, and Adalberto Vieyra. "Histone Deacetylase Activity and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Key Elements in Cardiorenal Alterations Provoked by Chronic Malnutrition in Male Adult Rats." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 54, no. 6 (November 18, 2020): 1143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33594/000000306.

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BACKGROUND/AIMS: Chronic malnutrition (M) affects >1 billion people worldwide. Epidemiological data point to long-term renal and cardiovascular outcomes (e.g. arterial hypertension, cardiorenal syndromes). The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been implicated in the physiopathology of these disturbances, but M-induced alterations in RAAS-modulated renal Na+ handling and their cardiovascular repercussions are not known. Moreover, altered tissue-specific histone deacetylases (HDAC) results in arterial hypertension and the use of sodium Valproate (Val; a HDAC inhibitor) reduces b

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27

Lambert, M. I., and T. D. Noakes. "Spontaneous running increases VO2max and running performance in rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.1.400.

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The effect of spontaneous running activity on maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), running performance, and submaximal O2 consumption (VO2submax, running economy) was studied in rats to determine whether this exercise mode can produce significant training adaptations. Twenty male Long-Evans rats (300 +/- 20 g) were housed in spontaneous activity running wheels, and after 8 wk they were divided into high-, average-, and low-performing groups according to the average spontaneous running distance and tested for maximal running performance, VO2max, and VO2submax. The average-performing rats ran 52% lo

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28

Brown, D. R., D. A. Morgan, J. D. Peuler, and P. Thoren. "24-hour blood pressure recordings in Dahl rats on high- and low-salt diets." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): R1225—R1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.5.r1225.

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The goal of this study was to determine if the baroreflex abnormality previously shown in Dahl-sensitive (DS) rats would increase blood pressure and heart rate (HR) variability. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HR were sampled every 2 s for 24 h from Dahl-resistant (DR) and DS rats on low- and high-salt diets (n = 12-13 in each group). MAP +/- SD was significantly elevated in the DS rats on high-salt diets (DSH); the SD of MAP in the DSH rats was also significantly higher compared with similar measurements in rats on high-salt diets (DRH) and DS rats on low-salt diets (DSL) when SD was divided

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29

Holloszy, J. O., and E. K. Smith. "Longevity of cold-exposed rats: a reevaluation of the "rate-of-living theory"." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 5 (November 1, 1986): 1656–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.5.1656.

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It has been postulated that increased energy expenditure results in shortened survival. To test this “rate-of-living theory” we examined the effect of raising energy expenditure by means of cold exposure on the longevity of rats. Male 6-mo-old SPF Long-Evans rats were gradually accustomed to immersion in cool water (23 degrees C). After 3 mo they were standing in the cool water for 4 h/day, 5 days/wk. They were maintained on this program until age 32 mo. The cold exposure resulted in a 44% increase in food intake (P less than 0.001). Despite their greater food intake, the cold-exposed rats' bo

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Legendre, Ariadne, Emilia Papakonstantinou, Marie-Claude Roy, Denis Richard, and Ruth B. S. Harris. "Differences in response to corticotropin-releasing factor after short- and long-term consumption of a high-fat diet." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 293, no. 3 (September 2007): R1076—R1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00592.2006.

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We previously reported an exaggerated endocrine and weight loss response to stress in rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet for 5 days. Others report blunted stress-induced anxiety in rats made obese on a HF diet. Experiments described here tested whether sensitivity to stress-related peptides was changed in obese and nonobese HF-fed rats. Third ventricle infusion of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in rats made obese on HF diet (40% kcal fat) produced an exaggerated hypophagia, which is thought to be mediated by CRF2 receptors. Obese rats responded to a lower dose of CRF for a longer time than ra

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Fletcher, E. C., J. Lesske, R. Behm, C. C. Miller, H. Stauss, and T. Unger. "Carotid chemoreceptors, systemic blood pressure, and chronic episodic hypoxia mimicking sleep apnea." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 1978–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.5.1978.

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We have described a rat model that responds to repetitive episodic hypoxia (12-s infusions of nitrogen into daytime sleeping chambers every 30 s, 7 h/day for 35 days) with an increase in diurnal systemic blood pressure. We hypothesized that afferent information from the peripheral chemoreceptors may be necessary to produce diurnal blood pressure elevation in this hypoxia model. Carotid body denervation (CBD) was accomplished by severing both carotid sinus nerves in two groups of male Wistar rats (250–375 g). Group 4 CBD rats were subjected to intermittent hypoxia for 35 days (3–5% nadir ambien

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32

Gupta, A. K., R. Clark, and K. A. Kirchner. "Verapamil prevents insulin antinatriuresis in euglycemic rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 262, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): R1145—R1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.6.r1145.

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To determine whether calcium entry is necessary for insulin antinatriuresis, urinary sodium excretion was determined before and during euglycemic insulin administration in rats receiving verapamil (10 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) or vehicle. In vehicle rats, insulin reduced sodium excretion from 2.7 +/- 0.5 to 0.98 +/- 0.2 mu eq/min (P less than 0.05) without altering arterial pressure or inulin clearance. Insulin did not reduce sodium excretion in rats receiving verapamil. Baseline mean arterial pressure was lower in verapamil rats than in vehicle rats. To exclude the possibility that lower baselin

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33

Pflueger, Axel C., Timothy S. Larson, Siegfried Hagl, and Franklyn G. Knox. "Role of nitric oxide in intrarenal hemodynamics in experimental diabetes mellitus in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 277, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): R725—R733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.3.r725.

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The role of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of the intrarenal microcirculation in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus in rats is not clear. We examined renal cortical and papillary hemodynamics in STZ rats and determined the effects of systemic inhibition and stimulation of NO synthesis. Renal blood flow in cortical (QCC), and inner medullary ascending (QAV) and descending (QDV) vasa recta capillaries was measured by fluorescence videomicroscopy in STZ Munich-Wistar rats and nondiabetic control rats. Ten days after STZ injection (80 mg/kg ip), basal QCC and QDV were significantl

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34

Sahebjami, H., and J. MacGee. "Effects of starvation on lung mechanics and biochemistry in young and old rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 778–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.3.778.

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Two groups of rats (young and old) were food-deprived for 3 wk and were compared with age-matched fed groups. Final body weight and dry and wet weights of lungs were significantly reduced in both young and old starved rats. As determined by saline volume-pressure (VP) curves, lungs of young starved rats accepted significantly less volume at all pressure levels compared with lungs of young fed rats. When expressed as a percent of maximum lung volume, the VP curve in young starved rats was significantly shifted upward at low lung volumes. In the old rats, the VP curves were similar in fed and st

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35

Bouitbir, Jamal, Anne-Laure Charles, Laurence Rasseneur, Stéphane Dufour, François Piquard, Bernard Geny, and Joffrey Zoll. "Atorvastatin treatment reduces exercise capacities in rats: involvement of mitochondrial impairments and oxidative stress." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 5 (November 2011): 1477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00107.2011.

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Physical exercise exacerbates the cytotoxic effects of statins in skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial impairments may play an important role in the development of muscular symptoms following statin treatment. Our objective was to characterize mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in skeletal muscle after exhaustive exercise in atorvastatin-treated rats. The animals were divided into four groups: resting control (CONT; n = 8) and exercise rats (CONT+EXE; n = 8) as well as resting (ATO; n = 10) and exercise (ATO+EXE; n = 8) rats that were treated with atorvastatin (10 mg

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36

Madden, Christopher J., Sean D. Stocker, and Alan F. Sved. "Attenuation of homeostatic responses to hypotension and glucoprivation after destruction of catecholaminergic rostral ventrolateral medulla neurons." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291, no. 3 (September 2006): R751—R759. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00800.2005.

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This study determined the effect of destruction of rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)-C1 cells on integrated sympathetic and hormonal responses to hypotension or glucoprivation. Injection of anti-dopamine β-hydroxylase-saporin into the RVLM resulted in 29–99% depletion of RVLM-C1 neurons and ∼60% reduction in the number of A5 neurons. As in our previous study in unanesthetized rats, resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) was reduced by ∼10 mmHg in rats with >80% depletion of RVLM-C1 cells compared with control rats, although resting heart rate (HR) did not differ significantly. In the prese

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37

Thomas, E. M., and S. M. Armstrong. "Effect of ovariectomy and estradiol on unity of female rat circadian rhythms." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 257, no. 5 (November 1, 1989): R1241—R1250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.257.5.r1241.

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Sixteen rats were ovariectomized and given either a 1-cm implant of crystalline estradiol-17 beta (eight rats) or an empty implant (eight rats). A further six rats were sham ovariectomized and given empty implants, and eight rats were left unoperated. The rats were exposed to 70 days of constant dim light (LL) with a maximum illumination level of 20 lx, and circadian running and drinking rhythms were monitored. In LL, both the running and drinking activity rhythms of the ovariectomized, blank-implanted rats became markedly disrupted, whereas unoperated and sham-operated rats maintained unified

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38

Tkacs, Nancy C., and Barry E. Levin. "Obesity-prone rats have preexisting defects in their counterregulatory response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287, no. 5 (November 2004): R1110—R1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00312.2004.

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Rats that develop diet-induced obesity (DIO) on a 31% fat [high-energy (HE)] diet have defective sensing and responding to altered glucose levels compared with diet-resistant (DR) rats. Thus we postulated that they would also have defective counterregulatory responses (CRR) to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (IIH). Chow-fed selectively bred DIO and DR rats underwent three sequential 60-min bouts of IIH separated by 48 h. Glucose levels fell comparably, but DIO rats had 22–29% lower plasma epinephrine (Epi) levels during the first two bouts than DR rats. By the third trial, despite comparable Epi

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39

Saunders, P. R., N. P. Hanssen, and M. H. Perdue. "Cholinergic nerves mediate stress-induced intestinal transport abnormalities in Wistar-Kyoto rats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 273, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): G486—G490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.273.2.g486.

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We have previously reported that acute stress alters intestinal transport physiology in Wistar-Kyoto rats, a stress-susceptible strain. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the abnormalities in these rats are due to cholinergic mechanisms. Atropine- or saline-treated rats were exposed to acute restraint stress, and, subsequently, electrophysiological parameters of excised jejunal segments were assessed in Ussing chambers. Compared with the parent Wistar rat strain, Wistar-Kyoto rats demonstrated significantly greater stress-induced changes in ion secretion and permeability. The activit

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40

Yao, Xing-Hai, Li Chen, and B. L. Grégoire Nyomba. "Adult rats prenatally exposed to ethanol have increased gluconeogenesis and impaired insulin response of hepatic gluconeogenic genes." Journal of Applied Physiology 100, no. 2 (February 2006): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01115.2005.

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Rat offspring exposed to ethanol (EtOH rats) during pregnancy are insulin resistant, but it is unknown whether they have increased gluconeogenesis. To address this issue, we determined blood glucose and liver gluconeogenic genes, proteins, and enzyme activities before and after insulin administration in juvenile and adult EtOH rats and submitted adult EtOH rats to a pyruvate challenge. In juvenile rats, basal glucose; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator-1α protein and mRNA; and phospho enolpyruvate carboxykinase enzyme activity, protein, and mRNA were similar between groups.

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41

Teske, J. A., A. S. Levine, M. Kuskowski, J. A. Levine, and C. M. Kotz. "Elevated hypothalamic orexin signaling, sensitivity to orexin A, and spontaneous physical activity in obesity-resistant rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 291, no. 4 (October 2006): R889—R899. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00536.2005.

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Selectively-bred obesity-resistant [diet resistant (DR)] rats weigh less than obesity-prone [diet-induced obese (DIO)] rats, despite comparable daily caloric intake, suggesting phenotypic energy expenditure differences. Human data suggest that obesity is maintained by reduced ambulatory or spontaneous physical activity (SPA). The neuropeptide orexin A robustly stimulates SPA. We hypothesized that DR rats have greater: 1) basal SPA, 2) orexin A-induced SPA, and 3) preproorexin, orexin 1 and 2 receptor (OX1R and OX2R) mRNA, compared with DIO rats. A group of age-matched out-bred Sprague-Dawley r

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42

Odenweller, C. M., C. T. Hsu, E. Sipe, J. P. Layshock, S. Varyani, R. L. Rosian, and S. E. DiCarlo. "Laboratory exercise using "virtual rats" to teach endocrine physiology." Advances in Physiology Education 273, no. 6 (December 1997): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advances.1997.273.6.s24.

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Animal experimentation is limited in many curricula due to the expense, lack of adequate animal facilities and equipment, and limited experience of the teachers. There are also ethical concerns dealing with the comfort and safety of the animals. To overcome these obstacles, we developed a "dry laboratory" using "virtual rats." The "virtual rat" eliminates the obstacles inherent in animal experimentation, such as inadequate budgets, as well as avoiding important animal rights issues. Furthermore, no special materials are required for the completion of this exercise. Our goal in developing this

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43

Sørensen, DB, K. Mortensen, T. Bertelsen, and K. Vognbjerg. "Enriching the metabolic cage: effects on rat physiology and behaviour." Animal Welfare 17, no. 4 (November 2008): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600027901.

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AbstractMetabolic cages are used for housing rats and mice for up to five days for collection of urine and/or faeces. The small, barren area of the metabolic cage compromises animal welfare as the animals lack a solid floor, shelter, nest material and social contact. We constructed and tested a practically-applicable enrichment device designed to meet behavioural needs for environmental complexity. The influence of this device on the cage preferences and stress levels of the animals was evaluated. A box-shaped enrichment device was designed and implemented in existing metabolic cages. Male Tac

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Margiocco, M. L., M. Borgarelli, T. I. Musch, D. M. Hirai, K. S. Hageman, R. J. Fels, A. A. Garcia, and M. J. Kenney. "Effects of combined aging and heart failure on visceral sympathetic nerve and cardiovascular responses to progressive hyperthermia in F344 rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 299, no. 6 (December 2010): R1555—R1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00434.2010.

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Sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) responses to hyperthermia are attenuated in aged rats without heart failure (HF) and in young HF (YHF) rats, demonstrating that individually aging and HF alter SND regulation. However, the combined effects of aging and HF on SND regulation to heat stress are unknown, despite the high prevalence of HF in aged individuals. We hypothesized that SND responses to heating would be additive when aging and HF are combined, demonstrated by marked reductions in SND and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to heating in aged HF (AHF) compared with aged sham HF (ASHAM)

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45

Pedersen, Michael, Christian T. Brandt, Gitte M. Knudsen, Christian Østergaard, Peter Skinhøj, Niels Frimodt-Møller, and Kirsten Møller. "Cerebral blood flow autoregulation in early experimental S. pneumoniae meningitis." Journal of Applied Physiology 102, no. 1 (January 2007): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00697.2006.

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We studied cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation and intracranial pressure (ICP) during normo- and hyperventilation in a rat model of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis. Meningitis was induced by intracisternal injection of S. pneumoniae. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), ICP, cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP, defined as MAP − ICP), and laser-Doppler CBF were measured in anesthetized infected rats ( n = 30) and saline-inoculated controls ( n = 30). CPP was either incrementally reduced by controlled hemorrhage or increased by intravenous norepinephrine infusion. Twelve hours postinoculati

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Harris, Ruth B. S., Emily W. Kelso, William P. Flatt, Harvey J. Grill, and Timothy J. Bartness. "Testosterone replacement does not normalize carcass composition in chronically decerebrate male rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296, no. 6 (June 2009): R1687—R1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00019.2009.

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Chronically decerebrate (CD) rats, in which the forebrain and its descending projections are completely neurally isolated from hindbrain and rostral projections, gain substantial amounts of body fat, lose lean tissue, and have low circulating testosterone concentrations. We tested whether testosterone replacement would normalize body composition of male CD rats. Five groups of rats were used: CD placebo, CD testosterone, control placebo, castrate placebo, and castrate testosterone. Testosterone replacement was initiated at the first stage of CD surgery in both CDs and castrate controls. The se

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47

Levin, Barry E., and Ambrose A. Dunn-Meynell. "Sibutramine alters the central mechanisms regulating the defended body weight in diet-induced obese rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 279, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): R2222—R2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.6.r2222.

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Chronic administration of sibutramine lowers body weight, presumably by altering brain monoamine metabolism. Here the effect of sibutramine on sympathoadrenal function (24-h urine norepinephrine and epinephrine levels) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) neuropeptide Y (NPY) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression was assessed in diet-induced obese rats fed a low-fat diet. Chronic (10 wk) sibutramine [5 mg · kg−1 · day−1 ip; rats fed ad libitum and injected with sibutramine (AS)] lowered body weight by 15% but only transiently (3–4 wk) reduced intake compared with vehicle-treated controls [rats fed ch

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48

Şentürk, Ümit Kemal, Filiz Gündüz, Oktay Kuru, Mehmet R. Aktekin, Dijle Kipmen, Özlem Yalçin, Melek Bor-Küçükatay, Akin Yeşilkaya, and Oğuz K. Başkurt. "Exercise-induced oxidative stress affects erythrocytes in sedentary rats but not exercise-trained rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 91, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 1999–2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.5.1999.

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Oxidant stress is one of the factors proposed to be responsible for damaged erythrocytes observed during and after exercise. The impact of exertional oxidant stress after acute exhaustive treadmill running on erythrocyte damage was investigated in sedentary (Sed) and exercise-trained (ET) rats treated with or without antioxidant vitamins C and E. Exhaustive exercise led to statistically significant increments in the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) and H2O2-induced TBARS in Sed rats and resulted in functional and structural alterations in erythrocytes (plasma hemoglobin

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49

Schlenker, Evelyn H. "Dextromethorphan affects ventilation differently in male and female rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): 1911–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.5.1911.

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Schlenker, Evelyn H. Dextromethorphan affects ventilation differently in male and female rats. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 1911–1916, 1996.—Subcutaneous administration of aspartic acid results in a long-lasting but reversible depression of ventilation in male but not in female rats. Aspartic acid acts on N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. The present study tested the hypothesis that a noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor antagonist, dextromethorphan (Dex), would depress ventilation in female rats and stimulate it in male rats. Moreover, Dex administered prior to aspartic acid should prevent

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Hofer, M. A. "Nutrient control of cardiac rate in infant rats: role of arterial baroreceptors." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 249, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): R443—R448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1985.249.4.r443.

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A surgical procedure is described for the deafferentation of carotid sinus (CS) and aortic depressor (AD) baroreceptors in 2-wk suckling rats. Baroreflex testing in unanesthetized pups showed that cardiac rate responses to acute elevations of blood pressure were reduced to less than 9% of controls after combined denervation (CSAD), 28% after AD and 47% after CS denervation at 4 h. After 24 h of nutrient deprivation, resting cardiac rates of sham operated controls fell a mean of -148 beat/min, significantly more than CS, AD, or CSAD groups (P less than 0.01). Baroreflex test responses in indivi

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