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Статті в журналах з теми "Real Property Act 1858"
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Linh, NGUYỄN THỊ MỸ. "Marital Agreements in Vietnam from 1858 until Now." DÍKÉ 5, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/dike.2021.05.01.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The institution of prenuptial agreement is a founder of contractual matrimonial property regime. The possibility of concluding a marriage contract contributes to ensuring the equal rights of the spouses, as they are free to agree on their pre-marital property. Recognizing the necessity of the contractual freedom in family law, the 2014 Act on Marriage and Family of Vietnam allows couples to choose between the statutory property regime and the agreed property regime. This article presents the history of the institution of marriage agreement in Vietnam, also with regard to the development of law in European countries. 
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Choi, Choonsik. "Bilateral Title Trust Real Property Registry Act of Disposition and Deceptive Act." Journal of Humanities and Social sciences 21 11, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22143/hss21.11.2.37.
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RAWSON, ERIC. "American Poetry and Private Real Property." Journal of American Studies 47, no. 1 (December 5, 2012): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875812001363.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article examines the ways in which American poetic practice and thematics map a conception of private real property as it has developed uniquely on the North American continent. I explore how the Land Ordinance of 1790, the Preemption Act, the Homestead Act, and other land-use policies shaped a conception of the developing landscape as divisible into a vast agglomeration of private enterprises mediated primarily by the transfer of title deeds. The impact of private real property beliefs and practices, I argue, has shaped both the practice and the reception of American poetry (and other cultural products) for at least the last 150 years. I incorporate the insights of cultural geography – particularly the work of John B. Jackson, Carl Sauer, and Scott Freundschuh – to understand how the last century's building practices and the reorganization of the landscape, particularly in western metropolitan areas, find imaginative expression in poetry. Although mine is not a law-in-literature approach, I contend that modern/postmodern poetry operates in a way that depends on the very exchange values of the late capitalist property system it often critiques.
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김덕중. "Real Property Title Trust and the Revocation of Fraudulent Act." Ajou Law Review 9, no. 2 (August 2015): 47–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21589/ajlaw.2015.9.2.47.
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Rothstein, Mark A., and Laura Rothstein. "How Genetics Might Affect Real Property Rights." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 44, no. 1 (2016): 216–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110516644212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
New developments in genetics could affect a variety of real property rights. Mortgage lenders, mortgage insurers, real estate sellers, senior living centers, retirement communities, or other parties in residential real estate transactions begin requiring predictive genetic information as part of the application process. One likely use would be by retirement communities to learn an individual's genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. The federal Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination based on disability, but it is not clear that it would apply to genetic risk assessments. Only California law explicitly applies to this situation and there have been no reported cases.
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Bereza, Arkadiusz. "Glosa do wyroku Sądu Apelacyjnego we Wrocławiu z dnia 29 października 2019 r. (I ACa 698/19, niepublikowany)." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 29, no. 1 (March 29, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2020.29.1.245-259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>The Court of Appeal in Wrocław, in its judgement of 29 October 2019 (I ACa 698/19) amending the judgement of the District Court of Wrocław of 28 February 2019 (I C733/18), declared invalid the acquisition of a real property by a South Korean citizen. In its judgement, the Court of Appeal in Wrocław interpreted Article 8 (2) of the Act of 24 March 1920 on the Acquisition of Real Property by Foreigners. This provision governs the subjective scope of the exemption from the obligation to obtain the authorisation from the minister competent for interior affairs for the acquisition of real property. The Court of Appeal has concluded that a natural person who is a foreign person within the meaning of the Act on the Acquisition of Real Property by Foreigners and who is not a citizen of the European Economic Area Member State or the Swiss Confederation, even though pursues individual economic activity in the territory of the Republic of Poland, shall not be entitled to the exemption provided for in Article 8 (2) of the Act on the Acquisition of Real Property by Foreigners concerning nationals and undertakings of the Member States of the European Economic Area agreement or the Swiss Confederation, as this would be contrary to the function of the Act on the Acquisition of Real Property by Foreigners and the systemic and teleological interpretation of Article 8 (2) of this Act.</p>
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Nwabuzor, Emmanuel O. "Real Property Security Interests in Nigeria: Constraints of the Land Use Act." Journal of African Law 38, no. 1 (1994): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011426.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The modern idea of secured transactions is based on the notion of economic efficiency, which implies the minimization of transaction costs while ensuring optimal returns. The efficiency theory posits that unclear definitions and unprotected allocation of property rights inhibit the production of wealth, because they raise the transaction costs of land and impede exchange. The more precisely property rights are stated and assigned, the lower the cost of establishing ownership, and the extent of one's interest in any given piece of land.1 Proceeding from the efficiency theory, contemporary commercial practice is not willing to accommodate the ancient, unnecessarily complicated system of conveyancing, which makes the taking of security in real property expensive. Thus, an efficient regime of secured transactions should be simple, fast, cheap and predictable.
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Dalkowska, Anna. "Protection of tenants of Warsaw real properties in the light of amendment of the Actof 17 September 2020 on amending the Act about specific rules for removing legal effects of reprivatisation decisions concerning the Warsaw real properties, issued in violation of law, the Act on Commercialisation and Some Powers of Employees, as well as the Property Management Act (Journal of Laws of 2020, item 1709)." Nieruchomości@ : kwartalnik Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości IV, no. IV (December 31, 2020): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4816.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On 17 September 2020, there was adopted the amendment to the Act of 9 March 2017 about specific rules for removing legal effects of reprivatisation decisions concerning the Warsaw real properties issued in violation of law3, and the Property Management Act that entered into force as of 20 October 2020. It has fundamentally changed a complicated legal situation of tenants of the Warsaw real properties4 –in many aspects, mainly at two levels. Firstly, it gives greater indemnification guarantee with regard to damage and injuries resulting from the reprivatisation of Warsaw real properties repugnant to the law through the introduction of statutory universal succession of the Treasury in lieu of the capital city of Warsaw as an addressee of liability for damages. Secondly, it significantly extends the catalogue of prerequisites for a refusal to grant decree applications, e.g. through preclusion of reprivatisation of real property, if it is inhabited by a tenant within the meaning of Article 2 section 1 item 1 of the Act of 21 June 2001 on the protection of tenants’ rights, municipal housing reserves and on the amendment to the Civil Code5. Moreover, the Act introduces a series of significant changes organising previous provisions of the Commission Act in order to increase its effectiveness, maximise the assurance of protection of rights of real property residents, and minimise reprivatisation-related ailments.
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Piecha, Jacek. "Decyzja o zezwoleniu na lokalizację obiektów budowlanych w pasie drogowym jako źródło prawa do dysponowania nieruchomością na cele budowlane." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Seria Prawnicza. Prawo 30 (2020): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/znurprawo.2020.30.12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the problem of the interpretation of art. 3 point 11 of the polish Construction Law act. Abovementioned provision statues the definition of the notion of “right to use the real property for construction purposes”. Literal wording of art. 3 point 11 may seemingly indicate that this right may be arised only from private (civil) law’s legal relationships. This paper aims to indicate that such interpretation of the art. 3 point 11 of the Construction Law act is incorrect. The author proves that the administrative act like the permit for building structures localisation in the road lane (statued in the Public Roads Act) may be considered as independent source of the investor’s right to use the real property for construction purposes.
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Ziajka, Anna. "THE RESTRICTION ON EXECUTION OF AGRUCILTURAL REAL ESTATE AGAINST AFTER CHANGE CONDITIONS LEGISLATION TRADING AGRICULTURAL REAL ESTATE." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 2, no. XVIII (December 30, 2018): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1793.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article provides an overview and analysis of the case law of courts in the field of execution concerning agricultural real estate. In the first part shows a statutory definition of real property. Thereafter, the main part of the article presents in detail an execution concerning immovable property after entering into force on amendment act. The article points out the conditions which have to be fulfilled in order to exceptionally obtain the ownership of agricultural real estate in accordance with law. Regulation were analysed in view fact, that pursuant to the Polish legislation, the right of pre-emption is granted only to coowners of agricultural real estate.
Дисертації з теми "Real Property Act 1858"
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Esposito, Antonio Kurt. "The history of the Torrens system of land registration with special reference to its German origins." Adelaide, S.A. : School of Law, University of Adelaide, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09LM/09lme77.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Includes bibliographical references. The origins of the Torrens System of land registration are not clear. Examines the claim of Dr. Ulrich Hübbe who asserted that he collaborated with Torrens to bring about the adoption of the land law of his hometown Hamburg in the form of the Real Property Act 1858 (SA). An historical examination (collecting and analysing all relevant historical sources), shows that it is likely that Hübbe was the actual draftsman, while a comparative legal analysis (contrasting Hamburg's land law at the beginning of the 19th century with the first bill of the Act) demonstrates that there is a strong similarity between Hamburg's land registration system and the original Torrens System; and, that the outstanding differences between the systems can be explained by the natural adaptation processes which are implied by the adoption of laws.
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Geyer, Mary. "Robert Richard Torrens and the Real Property Act : the creation of a myth /." Title page, contents and conclusion only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arg397.pdf.
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Faming, Linnéa, and Emma Karlsson. "Property definition - An investigation of occurrence and use during the years 1973-2013." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147646.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A clearly defined ownership of real property is of great importance in order to support economic prosperity in society. An incentive grows for property owners to increase the value of their property and allow free transactions through investments. Property owners need to rely on property boundaries and respect their markings for the secur-ity of the property rights system not to be undermined. In Sweden it is therefore prohibited by law to move or destroy boundary markers. To for example find out where an uncertain boundary lies, a property definition can be used. With a decision of property definition the property boundaries become legally binding and registered in the Real Property Register. A property definition measure can also be used for other uncertainties surrounding properties, such as whether an easement exists and the extent to which joint facilities have. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowledge of property definitions and how they appear. Questions, such as which type of property definition that are most com-mon, who initiates the proceeding in general, and how often Real Property Formation Act ch. 14 sect. 5 and 6 applies, were examined. Interesting problems and results were also discussed. The results of the survey show that there are both areas that have not changed much at all since the Real Property Formation Act entered into force, and those who have. Results which have not changed were that, boundaries were most common to deter-mine, that property definition usually occur with another measure and that technical adjustments rarely were applied. Areas that however have been changed were that procedure costs agreements have increased and that the number of clearly docu-mented official initiative has decreased.<br>En klart definierad äganderätt till fast egendom är av stor vikt för att kunna skapa ekonomiskt välstånd i samhället. Det skapar incitament för fastighetsägare att genom investeringar öka värdet på sin fastighet och möjliggör fria transaktioner. För att tryggheten i äganderättssystemet inte ska urholkas måste fastighetsägarna ha förtro-ende för fastighetsgränser och respektera dess markeringar. I Sverige är det således enligt lag förbjudet att flytta eller ta bort gränsmarkeringar. För att ta reda på var, bland annat, en oklar gräns ligger används institutet fastighets-bestämning. Genom ett fastighetsbestämningsbeslut blir gränsen juridiskt bindande och registreras i fastighetsregistret. En fastighetsbestämningsåtgärd kan också använ-das för att reda ut andra oklarheter kring fastigheter, till exempel huruvida servitut finns och vilken omfattning gemensamhetsanläggningar har. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att öka kunskapsnivån om fastighetsbestämnings-förrättningar och hur de oftast ser ut i praktiken. I arbetet undersöks exempelvis frågor som vilken typ av fastighetsbestämning som är vanligast, vem som tar initiativ till förrättningen samt hur ofta åtgärderna i FBL 14:5 och 14:6 tillämpas. I uppsatsen förs också diskussioner kring intressanta problem och resultat. Resultaten av undersökningen visar att det både finns områden som inte har föränd-rats mycket alls sedan fastighetsbildningslagen trädde ikraft och sådana som har det. Exempel på några som inte förändrats är att det var vanligast att bestämma gränser, att fastighetsbestämning oftast sker i samband med en annan åtgärd och att FBL 14:6, teknisk jämkning sällan tillämpas. Områden som däremot har förändrats är att andelen överenskommelser om förrättningskostnader har ökat och att antalet officialinitiativ som tydligt redovisats i förrättningsakten har minskat.
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Schoenbaechler, Jessica. "Beach Drive: Public Rights and Private Property: A Documentary Film." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5345/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Texas Open Beaches Act states that the public beach extends from the water up to the line of vegetation. Once a privately-owned property is submerged, it transfers into state ownership. Because of severe erosion and the shifting nature of vegetation, the Village of Surfside has lost several rows of houses and streets and, currently, over thirty houses are located on the public beach obstructing public access in violation of the Texas Open Beaches Act. The extreme erosion in this small village on the Texas Gulf Coast puts homeowners, property owners, legislators, and beachgoers in difficult positions and many are at odds with one another. The documentary film is structured around rental property owner Russell Clinton, environmentalists Ellis Pickett and Jeff Hooton, and former State Senator A.R. "Babe" Schwartz.
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Bergvall, Therese. "Upphävande av onyttiga officialservitut vid bildande av gemensamhetsanläggningar." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14876.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Officialservitut är en rättighet där en fastighet får nyttja annans fastighet för ett speciellt behov. Sådana servitut bildas genom beslut av lantmäterimyndigheten eller domstolen. När ett servitut inte längre behövs eller används för en fastighet förfaller det inte automatiskt. Om servitutet inte upphävs blir det onyttigt. Idag finns det många onyttiga servitut som belastar fastighetsregistret och på så sätt även förrättningsverksamheten. Syftet med det här arbetet är att öka kunskapen om onyttiga officialservitut samt att bidra till att på sikt minska förekomsten av belastande officialservitut. Eftersom det bildas relativt många gemensamhetsanläggningar idag kan många servitut komma att bli onyttiga när en anläggning bildas och servitut inte upphävs. Därför är det intressant att analysera varför servitut inte alltid upphävs i en sådan situation samt om någon förändring skulle kunna göras för att minska antalet onyttiga servitut. Genom en minskning av dessa skulle förrättningar bli effektivare och kostnaderna mindre. De metoder som har använts i arbetet är: (1) en litteraturstudie där tidigare forskning, svensk lagstiftning och propositioner studerats; (2) en granskning av förrättningsakter för att analysera hur förrättningslantmätare har hanterat vägservitut som blivit onyttiga vid bildandet av gemensamhetsanläggningar; (3) en intervjustudie för att analysera hur lantmätare idag behandlar onyttiga servitut när de påträffas vid bildandet av gemensamhetsanläggningar. Resultatet visar bland annat att förrättningslantmätare inte kan ta officialinitiativ för att upphäva onyttiga servitut vid en anläggningsförrättning. För ett upphävande krävs en ansökan, överenskommelse eller ett yrkande. Det har också framkommit att fokus kanske inte ligger på att upphäva onyttiga servitut när en gemensamhetsanläggning bildas. Slutsatsen av vad som har störst påverkan på att onyttiga servitut inte alltid upphävs är enligt studien, tid och kostnad. För att på sikt minska förekomsten av onyttiga officialservitut skulle en ”pott” av anslagspengar kunna skapas som lantmätare kan nyttja för att upphäva sådana servitut. Ytterligare ett förslag kan vara att införa en ny paragraf som ger lantmätare rätt att ta eget initiativ till att upphäva servitut som blir uppenbart onödiga vid bildandet av gemensamhetsanläggningar. De berörda fastighetsägarna borde inte bli missnöjda eftersom anläggningen ska tillgodose samma rätt som servitutet gjorde.
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Andersson, Towe, and Matilda Lindgren. "Fastighetsbestämning och särskild gränsutmärkning i Sverige." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14845.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this thesis is to describe property definition and special boundary demarcation and to analyze the differences between the two cadastral procedures. Property boundaries, especially unlawfully determined boundaries created through unofficial parcelling, can create conflicts between landowners and make it diffi-cult to know which land that a property contains of. It is possible to clarify the boundary conditions through a property definition or through a special boundary demarcation re-establish boundary marks. The methods used are: (1) A literature review to collect background information, (2) A case study to summarize court cases and (3) A questionnaire study to collect opinions from cadastral surveyors. The result is summarized in two comparisons. Firstly between restoration of landmark and special boundary demarcation (which replaced restoration of landmark in a legislative change in 2010), which demonstrated that the change in the law is considered positive because special boundary demarcation gives a legal effect on the boundaries. Secondly between property definition and special boundary demarcation which demonstrated that the two procedures are similar to each other. One difference between the procedures is that special boundary demarcation only can be used when there are no uncertainties concerning the boundary. It also demonstrated that the cadastral procedure costs only can be distributed during property definition. The legal effect on the boundaries contributes with a certainty for the property owners and is also considered positive for the community development. No exact definition of what a legal uncertainty is, was found using the three methods. A definition should make it easier to know which cadastral procedure that should be used. A question to examine in future studies is the possibilities to distribute cadastral procedure costs even during special boundary demarcation.<br>Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva fastighetsbestämning och särskild gräns-utmärkning samt att analysera skillnaderna mellan de olika förrättningsåtgärderna. Fastighetsgränser, speciellt olagligen bestämda gränser som tillkommit genom exempelvis sämjedelning, kan skapa konflikter mellan markägare. Det kan exem-pelvis vara svårt att veta vilken mark som hör till vilken fastighet. För att klargöra gränsförhållanden finns det möjlighet att avgöra fastighetsgränsers sträckning med fastighetsbestämning eller återutsätta gränsmärken med särskild gränsutmärkning. Metoderna som använts för att kunna uppfylla syftet är: (1) En litteraturstudie där bakgrundsinformation samlats in, (2) en fallstudie där rättsfall sammanfattats och (3) en enkätstudie där tio frågor besvarats av förrättningslantmätare. Resultatet av metoderna sammanfattas i två jämförelser. En mellan återställande av gränsmärke och särskild gränsutmärkning (som ersatte återställande av gräns-märke vid en lagändring år 2010) som bland annat visar att lagändringen anses vara positiv eftersom gränser nu får rättskraft. Den andra jämförelsen, mellan fastighetsbestämning och särskild gränsutmärkning visar att åtgärderna till stor del liknar varandra, men att särskild gränsutmärkning endast får ske när en gräns är juridiskt klar. Den visar också att fördelning av förrättningskostnader endast är möjlig vid fastighetsbestämning. Att gränser får rättskraft innebär en säkerhet för markägare och anses även vara bra exempelvis ur samhällsutvecklingssynpunkt. Med studien har det inte gått att hitta någon exakt definition av vad en juridisk oklarhet är, vilket borde finnas för att undvika svårigheter att välja förrättningsåtgärd. Att endast den sökande måste svara för kostnaden vid särskild gränsutmärkning anses vara orättvisst, eftersom motparten kan ha orsakat behovet av åtgärden. Möjlighet att förändra detta skulle kunna vara en intressant fråga att undersöka i framtida studier.
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Lövgren, Therese, and Maria Stattin. "Onyttiga servitut i Fastighetsregistret : En studie om dagens hantering och förslag på framtida lagstiftning." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14880.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Servitut som inte uppfyller något ändamål eller inte använts under väldigt lång tid kallas onyttiga servitut. Ett onyttigt servitut försvinner inte automatiskt från Fastighetsregistret utan kvarstår och skapar en onödig belastning. Syftet med examensarbetet är att utreda hur hanteringen av servitut kan förbättras för att minska antalet onyttiga servitut i Fastighetsregistret. De metoder som används är en litteraturstudie och en intervjustudie. I litteraturstudien undersöks svensk lagstiftning och juridisk litteratur. Utdrag ur Fastighetsregistret och förrättningsakt visas för att ge praktiska exempel. I intervjustudien intervjuas en jurist och tre förrättningslantmätare. Litteraturstudien visar att Fastighetsregistret belastas av många onyttiga servitut. Det rör sig främst om kraftledningsservitut, villaservitut och servitut för skogsfång och mulbete. Förrättningslantmätarnas arbete påverkas av dessa då de fördröjer och fördyrar förrättningar. Olika förslag har lagts fram för att förbättra hanteringen och minska uppkomsten av onyttiga servitut. I februari 2013 överlämnade regeringen en proposition till riksdagen. Propositionen innebär flera olika lagförändringar som tillsammans syftar till att minska antalet onyttiga servitut i Fastighetsregistret. I intervjustudien framkommer att onyttiga servitut påverkar lantmätarnas arbete negativt. Förrättningar fördröjs och fördyras. Intervjudeltagarna tror att lagen om preklusion kommer ge störst effekt. Samtidigt finns en oro för ökad rättsförlust då servitut som inte är inskrivna kan förfalla vid överlåtelse. Denna studie visar att det finns ett stort behov av nya möjligheter att hantera onyttiga servitut. Det är viktigt att Fastighetsregistret är pålitligt då myndigheter, företag och privatpersoner använder uppgifter därifrån. Färre onyttiga servitut i Fastighetsregistret skulle minska lantmätarnas utredningstid och därmed ge lägre förrättningskostnader för sakägarna.<br>Easements that no longer fulfill a purpose or have not been used for a very long period of time are called useless easements. Useless easement are not automatically removed from the Real Property Register, they remain and creates an unnecessary load. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how to improve the handling of easements in order to reduce the number of useless easements in the Real Property Register. The methods used are literature study and interview study. The literature study investigates Swedish law text and legal literature. Extracts from the Real Property Register and cadastral dossier are presented to give practical examples. Three cadastral surveyors and one lawyer were interviewed in the study. The literature study shows that the Real Property Register contains a large number of useless easements. It mainly concerns power line easements, villa easements and easements for clearing forest. Useless easements cause delays and higher cadastral procedure costs. During the last couple of years various propositions have been presented to improve the handling of easements and decrease the number of useless easements. In February 2013 the Swedish Government presented a proposal of change of legislations to the parliament. The proposal presents a variety of changes which together aim to reduce the number of useless easements in the Real Property Register. The interview study shows that useless easements affect surveyors work in a negative way and generate higher costs for interested parties. Interview participants thinks that the proposed law to remove not renewed easements from the register will give the best effect to decrease the number of useless easements in the Real Property. At the same time they fear an increased legal loss. This study shows that there is a large need of new ways of handling useless easements. A reliable Real Property Register is very important for the users. A more reliable register would help the cadastral surveyors work and lead to lower costs for the interested parties.
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Jensen, Therese, and Philip Söderman. "The impact of building regulations on the price of a property : A study on the construction and real estate industry's views on building regulations." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-302531.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sweden is currently experiencing major population growth, focused predominantly in and around its major cities. This has created an ongoing challenge for municipalities to ensure housing supply meets demand, in turn increasing the required rate of construction. Furthermore, new property prices are increasing which has led to lower and middle-income earners being pushed out of the market. The thesis examines the relationship between the sale price and unit construction price of new condominiums, and to what degree Swedish building regulations influence construction costs. The design of both new and re-developed housing is influenced by various Swedish laws, regulations and guidelines, where the Planning and Building Act and the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning's Building Rules govern, which are all recognized nationally. According to the Planning and Building Act, it is not permitted for municipalities to set their own requirements. However, the results of the study show that developers experience different interpretations of these rules and regulations when working within different municipalities, or even between different case officers within the same municipality. This then results in projects being difficult to plan, resulting in higher costs. Sweden has, when compared to other European countries, high production costs, which according to the literature review is considered to have a direct connection to construction requirements and market competition. Additionally, the results show that the requirements make it difficult to produce and implement standard designs and construction methods. This has led to the construction industry finding it difficult to develop in regards to construction technology and from a cost perspective. Lack of predictability has driven costs up when it comes to accessibility, housing design and fire protection. Finally, the study shows that lower production costs can lead to greater competition by making it easier for more developers to establish themselves in the market. This would result in more homes being built at lower production costs, which motivates developers to invest in new projects. As the results indicate that production costs do not affect final prices – but rather the willingness of developers to invest – a greater supply of housing would push down final prices.<br>Befolkningen ökar ständigt i Sverige och framför allt i storstäderna. En pågående utmaning för landets kommuner är därför att se till att utbudet av bostäder möter efterfrågan och att det rådande underskottet på bostäder hämtas upp. För att göra det krävs en hög och jämn byggtakt. Vidare har de höga slutpriserna som i dagsläget föreligger på bostadsrätter, försatt låginkomsttagare utanför bostadsmarknaden och även skapat problem för medelinkomsttagare att förvärva en bostad. I detta examensarbete undersöks relationen mellan slutpriser på bostadsrätter och produktionskostnaderna för flerbostadshus samt om de svenska byggreglerna påverkar produktionskostnaderna. I förlängningen undersöker examensarbetet huruvida kraven i de svenska byggreglerna genererar merkostnader som i sin tur leder till dyrare priser på bostadsrätter. Hur ny- och ombyggnation ska utformas regleras i ett antal lagar, föreskrifter och allmänna råd, där Plan- och bygglagen och Boverkets Byggregler styr. Reglerna ska i sin tur verka nationellt och det är därmed enligt Plan- och bygglagen inte tillåtet för kommunerna att ställa egna särkrav. Dock visar resultatet av examensarbetet att byggbolagen upplever att det finns en viss tolkningsfrihet och lokala formuleringar av de rådande kraven. De menar att detta leder till att processen skiljer sig åt beroende på i vilken kommun nyproduktionen projekterats för samt vilken bygglovshandläggare som hanterar ärendet. Vidare resulterar detta i projekt som är svåra att planera och i vissa fall ger högre kostnader. Sverige har jämfört med övriga länder i Europa höga produktionskostnader vilket enligt litteraturöversikten anses ha en direkt koppling till bland annat kravställningarna och konkurrensen på marknaden. Dessutom presenterar resultatet att kravställningarna försvårar produktionen samt implementeringen av standardprodukter och innovationer. Detta leder till att byggbranschen generellt sett får det svårt att utvecklas industriellt, byggtekniskt och ur ett kostnadsperspektiv. Bristande förutsägbarhet är framför allt kostnadsdrivande när det handlar om tillgänglighet, bostadsutformning och brandskydd. Slutligen visar studien att lägre produktionskostnader kan leda till större konkurrens genom att det underlättar för fler byggbolag att etablera sig på marknaden. Detta skulle resultera i att fler bostäder skulle kunna byggas till lägre produktionskostnader vilket motiverar byggbolagen att investera i nya projekt. Eftersom resultatet tyder på att produktionskostnaderna inte påverkar slutpriserna utan snarare investeringsviljan hos byggbolagen, skulle också ett större utbud av bostäder pressa ned slutpriserna.
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Botha, Brink. "A critical analysis of the influence of the "Prevention of the illegal eviction from and unlawful occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998" on investment in residential income-producing property." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/321.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research will focus on the influence of legislation (as indicated in this research) on the investment decision in residential income-producing property. Assumptions, as recorded in the hypothesis of this study, indicate that the legislation had a changing influence on the investment decision in residential income-producing property in comparison to the time period prior to the promulgation of the legislation. The research methodology will be based on a comparative analysis of the current legislation and the proposed Draft Amendment Bill. This analysis will be tested by means of a case study analysis incorporating a phenomenological study based on written data. The problems, sub-problems and hypothesis will be addressed and tested in this research in conjunction with the prescribed research methodology. This research is concluded by means of a synopsis and recommendations.
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Parke, Teresia, and Theres Vidman. "Verkan på befintliga servitut vid fastighetsbildning : En studie av lagstiftningen och den praktiska tillämpningen." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-11386.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Syftet med denna uppsatts är att utreda hur befintliga servitut påverkas vid fastighetsbildning– vad som gäller enligt svenskt regelverk och hur det tillämpas praktiskt. Fastighetsbildning innebär förändring av fastigheter, genom antingen nybildning eller ombildning. Ett servitut är en begränsad rättighet som är belägen på en fastighet, som belastas av rättigheten, och som får nyttjas av en annan fastighet, som har förmån av rättigheten. I samband med fastighetsbildning kan befintliga servitut komma att påverkas på olika sätt. De metoder som använts är: (1) en litteraturgranskning där den svenska lagstiftningen studeras; (2) en fallstudie där utförda förrättningar studerats om huruvida befintliga servitut påverkats vid fastighetsbildning och (3) en intervjustudie med yrkesverksamma förrättningslantmätare som arbetar på Lantmäteriet. Undersökt litteratur visar att Jordabalken och Fastighetsbildningslagen reglerar hur befintliga servitut påverkas vid fastighetsbildning. Utredningen visar att olika typer av servitut påverkas på olika sätt, och att olika lagrum tillämpas för olika typer av fastighetsbildningsåtgärder. Resultaten från litteraturstudien presenteras i en sammanställning som kallas Lagrumsguide för hantering av befintliga servitut vid fastighetsbildning. Fallstudien uppvisar att följderna för verkan på servitut vid fastighetsbildning grundas på lagstiftningen, men det är ovanligt att laghänvisningar anges i förrättningsakterna. I intervjustudien framkommer att Lantmäteriet har egna riktlinjer för hantering av servitut, men att riktlinjerna inte direkt visar vilka lagrum som hanteringen grundar sig på. Studien uppvisar att den praktiska hanteringen av befintliga servitut vid fastighetsbildning fungerar väl inom Lantmäteriet, med undantag för att det råder tolkningssvårigheter av vissa begrepp. Lagrumsguiden som skapades kan ses som ett komplement för att underlätta arbetet för många yrkesverksamma förrättningslantmätare och vara behjälplig i utbildningssyfte, eftersom lantmätarna inte alltid är säkra på vilka lagrum som faktiskt tillämpas.<br>The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how existing easements are affected when a property is reforming, according to Swedish real estate law and how the easements actually are dealt with in practice. Property formation implies modification of property, either as creation of new property units or the change of already existing properties. An easement is a limited property right, located on a property which serves another property with an advantageous right to utilize this located area in a specific way. In connection with property formation, existing easements can be affected in different ways. The methods used are: (1) a literature study of the Swedish Real Estate Law with connected literature; (2) a case study of authority documents, in which affections of existing easements within property formation are studied; and (3) an interview study in which interviews are performed with land surveyors from the Swedish Ordnance Survey (Lantmäteriet). The results from the literature review show that different forms of easements can be affected diversely according to the Swedish Land Code (Jordabalken) and the Real Property Formation Act (Fastighetsbildningslagen), and different sections of the law are relevant for different kinds of property formation. The results from the literature study have been summarized in a quick reference guide, called Guide to sections of law for handling of existing easements within real property formation. The case study shows that the effects of the easements within property formation are grounded in the legislation, but it is unusual with references to sections of the law in the authority documents. The interview study shows that Lantmäteritet has its own guidelines for handling of the easements, but it does not show which sections of law the handling is based on. This study shows that most of the practical handling of existing easements when property is reformed is well-operated within Lantmäteriet, with the exception of some translation confusions regarding certain concepts. The reference guide which has been created can be used as a facilitating supplement for many land surveyors in their work, and that it can be helpful in education, as not everyone is sure of which part of the law that is actually used in the decisions.
Книги з теми "Real Property Act 1858"
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Federal and District of Columbia Government Real Property Act of 2005: Report of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 1838 to provide for the sale, acquisition, conveyance, and exchange of certain real property in the District of Columbia to facilitate the utilization, development, and redevelopment of such property, and for other purposes. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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Affairs, United States Congress Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental. Federal and District of Columbia Government Real Property Act of 2005: Report of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 1838 to provide for the sale, acquisition, conveyance, and exchange of certain real property in the District of Columbia to facilitate the utilization, development, and redevelopment of such property, and for other purposes. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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3
Federal and District of Columbia Government Real Property Act of 2005: Report of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, to accompany S. 1838 to provide for the sale, acquisition, conveyance, and exchange of certain real property in the District of Columbia to facilitate the utilization, development, and redevelopment of such property, and for other purposes. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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Queensland. Queensland real property legislation: Property Law Act 1974-1986, Real Property Act 1861-1986, Real Property Act 1877-1986, with index. North Ryde, N.S.W: CCH Australia, 1986.
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Stern, Jerrold J. 1993 tax act and real estate. College Station, Tex: Real Estate Center, Texas A&M University, 1994.
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C, Goyle L., India, India, and India, eds. Goyle's a commentary on the Transfer of Property Act, 1882, covering the Indian Easements Act, 1882, the Government Grants Act, 1895. 2nd ed. Calcutta: Eastern Law House, 2001.
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Malaysia. National Land Code, Act of 1965, incorporating amendments up to 13th September 1985. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Law Publishers, 1985.
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Commission, Manitoba Law Reform. Discussion paper: Towards a new Manitoba Real Property Act. Winnipeg, Man: Manitoba Law Reform Commission, 1991.
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Malaysia. Real Property Gains Tax Act 1976 (Act 169): As at 10th April 2001. Kuala Lumpur: International Law Book Services, 2001.
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Malaysia. Real Property Gains Tax Act 1976 (Act 169): As at 25th July 2007. Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan: International Law Book Services, 2007.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Real Property Act 1858"
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Lessambo, Felix I. "Foreign Investment in the Real Property Transaction Act." In International Aspects of the US Taxation System, 81–91. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94935-9_7.
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Asami, Yasushi. "Introduction: City Planning and New Technology." In New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives, 261–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_17.
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AbstractIn Part III, titled “City Planning and New Technology,” we discuss two topics, namely, compact cities and real estate technology in Japan.Promotion of compact cities is regarded as a high priority issue in urban policies in the era of population decrease. The Act on Special Measures concerning Urban Reconstruction in 2014 was revised to institutionalize the framework for the Location Normalization Plan, a plan for local governments to build compact cities to manage population decline and aging urban infrastructure while placing less burden on environment. Three chapters are devoted to issues related to this movement. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_18, Ishikawa (2020) discusses how urban functions can be guided by residents’ perspectives. To build a compact city, various day-to-day services must be placed proximal to residential areas; however, some services must be placed at a certain distance from residences because of land use restrictions. Therefore, we must determine the uses allowed in residential areas. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_19, Morimoto (2020) discusses the history of major contributions made by the development of transportation facilities to urban spread, the important role of traffic facilities to guide land use toward desirable purposes, and impact of self-driving vehicles on land use. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_20, Ogushi (2020) explains how the Location Normalization Plan in Niigata City was formed in detail.Real estate technology refers to real estate business-related services that use new technology. Several new services based on new technology have been introduced in the field of real estate in Japan. Three chapters are devoted to issues related to real estate technology. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_21, Narimoto (2020) explains the outline of real estate technology services in Japan and identifies legal problems associated with handling of information. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_22, Nishio and Ito (2020) report on creating a sky view factor calculating system that uses Google Street View. Sky view factor is a term that refers to a configuration factor for the amount of sky in a hypothetical hemisphere. In Chap.10.1007/978-981-15-8848-8_23, Kiyota (2020) explains the transition of neural network research and characteristics of deep learning and introduces a system that detects category inconsistencies in real estate property photographs submitted by real estate companies by using deep learning and a system that detects indexes associated with ease of living based on property photographs.
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Balachandran Orihuela, Sharada. "Unsettling Subjects." In Fugitives, Smugglers, and Thieves, 109–35. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640921.003.0005.
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Though the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) ostensibly extended American citizenship to the Mexican landed class at the conclusion of the Mexican American War and ensured their property rights despite the transfer of land to the U.S., they were nonetheless stripped of formal claims to their property and forced to enter into lengthy and costly legal battles to regain possession of these ranches. Hidalgos had to compete with Anglo agricultural settlers (or squatters), as well as with the railroad barons looking to expand railways in the newly annexed territories. Women are able to best navigate the unstable political economy of the borderlands through the act of squatting, understood broadly to mean the settlement of “unoccupied” land. Read alongside the significant historical events including various land laws and pre-emption acts of the mid-nineteenth century, hidalgo women perform forms of ownership that upend the racialized and gendered logics of citizenship, and the intimate ties between property and rights. The Squatter and the Don recasts the “problem” of Mexican land occupation as U.S. anxiety over territorial expansion and colonization made more complex by the presence of differently racialized populations along the borderlands.
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Balachandran Orihuela, Sharada. "The Black Market." In Fugitives, Smugglers, and Thieves, 81–108. University of North Carolina Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469640921.003.0004.
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This chapter considers varied forms of political life made possible through the framework of theft. Recognizing that the hemispheric slave trade is a piratical act in the context of the novel, these pages argue that Martin Delany and Frederick Douglass suggest that slaves too should engage in piratical economic behaviors as a response to the illegal commercial activities undergirding the peculiar institution. By exploring the economic impact of enslaved subjects as thieves, Black participation in the market emerges as a strategy that disrupts the proper operations of exchange and doubly creates a “b/Black” market. Illegal trade, in the hands of an enslaved population, is a way for enslaved bodies to stake claims to personhood and, ultimately, freedom. Read alongside the significant historical events of the mid-nineteenth century, Frederick Douglass’s My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) and Martin Delany’s Blake, or the Huts of America (1859-1862) frame an interest in the intersections of economic freedom and liberal principles as they come to bear on the enslaved Black subject in the nineteenth century.
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Breznitz, Dan. "Our Anti-Intellectual Property Rights System." In Innovation in Real Places, 139–58. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197508114.003.0010.
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The chapter explains why, properly used, intellectual property rights (IPR) are an elegant solution to the real problems of the inappropriability and indivisibility of innovation. Under free market conditions, these factors lead to a situation in which it is just not worth it to innovate, since even if successful, the innovator will not be able to enjoy high enough profits to recoup the initial investment. The theory behind IPR is that by granting them we can diminish the problems of inappropriability and indivisibility, and thus stimulate innovation. However, the positive welfare outcomes of innovation happen only when it is widely diffused and produces a lot of spillovers, which by definition do not generate profits. Accordingly, solutions that give too strong and full property rights risk slowing down innovation. As such, those solutions can become a cure that is worse than the disease. Sadly, we have come to a point where our patent, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets systems favor the incumbent and the rich and stifle innovation. For locales, existing IPR act as a punitive restriction on their companies and entrepreneurs’ freedom to operate. Accordingly, communities that wish to enjoy sustained innovation-based growth must game the system to protect their innovators’ freedom to operate. The chapter concludes with a few promising venues by which communities can transform weaknesses into strength. These examples aim to highlight the many ways to go forward even under the current conditions of a broken and dysfunctional global IPR system.
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Johnson, Trudi. "7. Defining Property for Inheritance: The Chattels Real Act of 1834." In Essays in the History of Canadian Law, edited by Christopher English. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/9781442656994-011.
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Wilson, Bart J. "What Is Right Is Not Taken Out of the Rule, but Let the Rule Arise Out of What Is Right." In The Property Species, 60–87. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936785.003.0004.
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This chapter explains the relationship between what is right in a moral claim of “This is mine” and the particular rules that make up the custom of property. What is right regarding things is not derived from the rules of property, but a rule of property arises from the collective background knowledge of what is right regarding people and things. The chapter draws from the spontaneous conversations of participants in two different economic experiments to illustrate such a distinction, beginning with what is meant by “what is right.” Resentment prompts people to act when someone takes something that they claim is theirs. Property is the moral scheduling pattern that emerges to protect members of a society from real and positive hurt.
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Schmelz, Hanna. "§ 20 The legal implementation of the principle of local residence in the Real Property Transactions Act." In Food Security, Food Safety, Food Quality, 245–56. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845273334-245.
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Cooke, Elizabeth. "What is Land Law?" In Land Law, 1–14. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198854067.003.0001.
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This chapter begins with some fundamental questions: what is property? what is real property? what is land? and what are property rights? The chapter looks at the definition of land as provided in section 205(1)(ix) of the Law of Property Act 192. It explores the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights, brought into our domestic law by the Human Rights Act 1998. The tensions and themes of land law are introduced, in particular the tension between static and dynamic security and the notion that land law is a struggle between competing categories of rights and competing values.
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Canto, Sugandhi del, and Rachel Engler-Stringer. "Prohibitive property practices: The impact of restrictive covenants on the built food environment." In A Handbook of Food Crime, 141–56. Policy Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447336013.003.0010.
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This chapter presents an overview of restrictive covenants as a corporate real estate practice that places conditions on land use, such as prohibiting the sale of food or prohibiting the development of grocery stores. Restrictive covenants are a significant barrier to establishing a new store in older neighbourhoods and the consequences are interconnected: when food stores act as anchors in a community shopping area, their closure can lead to a loss of neighbourhood-level identity and history. Rectifying existing nutrition deserts is much harder than preventing new ones. Alternative food systems are needed and should support urban agriculture, urban greenhouses and cooperative food store models, incentivise the development of mobile healthy food vending, and offer tax abatements or subsidies for healthy food retail in low-income nutrition desert neighbourhoods. Government support is needed to limit restrictive covenants and develop alternative food channels through various creative means.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Real Property Act 1858"
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Mubiru. "LOCAL GOVERNMENT RATING ACT (2005) AND PROPERTY TAX COLLECTION MAXIMIZATION IN URBAN UGANDA." In 15th African Real Estate Society Conference. African Real Estate Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/afres2015_125.
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Bulygina, Natalya. "REAL ESTATE FRAUD USING ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGIES." In Current problems of jurisprudence. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02032-6/043-050.
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The article deals with real estate fraud — a set of deliberate actions aimed at the unlawful seizure of property rights or monetary assets by fraud or breach of trust. Individual citizens, legal entities, individual entrepreneurs, as well as groups of people united by a common criminal target may act as fraudster. With the development of electronic technologies, fraud technologies are also developing.
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Rodrigues, Gustavo Simão, and Hans Ingo Weber. "Metamaterial Application in Stress Wave Mitigation Generated by Impulsive Force." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67036.
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The idea to use metamaterials to mitigate mechanical waves is recent and constitutes a technology under development. These materials have a special design, presenting characteristics not found in nature. The interesting feature is a negative effective mass density. This property is achieved by creating in the structure masses linked by springs which act as internal resonators and, as a result, it is observed that metamaterials act as mechanical filters, preventing or reducing the intensity of propagation of mechanical waves that travel in the structure, when the frequency of propagation is close to the resonance frequencies of the internal resonators. An internal combustion generates a blast wave which acts on a structure as an impulsive effort. This is a basic phenomenon in the shooting of an armament leading to this research that target to investigate the possible application of metamaterials to improve recoil mechanism technology. A recoil mechanism moderates the firing loads on the supporting structure by prolonging the time of resistance to the propellant gas forces. Depending on application of the armament, recoil can be very undesirable. Firstly, carriage mount where the armament is fixed will suffer premature wear. Secondly and more critical, if the armament is mounted onto a vehicle, its dynamics during shooting is completely affected and an accident can be caused when shooting occurs during a critical situation, like a curvilinear path for example. It is intended to use numerical simulations and experimental validation to verify the behavior of the designed metamaterial under a controlled impulse input. Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to simulate wave propagation through a common material and then through a special designed metamaterial to evaluate how this kind of pulse will be affected by internal resonators. After the simulations, a prototype adequate to validate numerical results will be investigated on a test bench. In a further development the impulse input will be adapted to real measured blast efforts.
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Brodsky, Vladimir, and Moshe Shoham. "Explicit Algorithm for Robot Manipulator Dual Dynamics." In ASME 1997 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc97/dac-4316.
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Abstract Kinematicians have used dual numbers to obtain rigid body kinematics in a compact three-dimensional form by substituting dual for real numbers in the equation of rotational motion. No such simple relation, known as ‘principle of transference’, existed however, for dynamics. The commonly used inertia binor by which dual momentum is calculated, raises the dual dynamic equations to six dimensions. In fact, the inertia binor does not act on the dual vector as a whole, but rather on its real and dual parts as two distinct real vectors. The recently introduced dual mass operator can serve as the missing link between the dual kinematic and the dual dynamic equations. It gives the mass a dual property which has a complementary sense of Clifford’s dual unit, namely, it reduces a motor to a rotor proportional to the vector part of the motor. With this definition of mass, the same equation of momentum and its time derivative, which holds for a linear motion, holds for both linear and angular motion of a rigid body if dual force, dual velocity, and dual inertia replace their real counterparts. Application of the dual inertia operator and motor transformation rule permits derivation of an explicit dynamic algorithm of a serial manipulator which has several advantages over the more conventional Newton-Euler and Lagrange formulations. Firstly, all the expressions of this algorithm are explicit parts of the dual transformation matrices and the constant link-attached inertia parameters. Secondly, this algorithm is an explicit, not a recursive one and does not require derivative of any one of its terms. It rather gives all coefficients of the dynamic equations in a simple and compact form of determinants and vector scalar product.
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Schlesinger, Dave. "Criticality of Railroad Training." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5782.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the advent of Positive Train Control (PTC), railroads have significantly expanded their communications, signaling, networking and information technology systems. This has required training for existing staff as well as new staff with experience in these areas from industries other than railroading. At the same time, railroads must ensure that maintenance and operations are supported by properly trained employees who execute their responsibilities consistent with regulatory and railroad requirements. Certainly, this is the case for the vast majority of railroad employees; however, in those rare instances when employees deviate from their training, the results can be catastrophic. This has played out recently at Metro North Railroad, which has suffered five accidents over a ten month period, resulting in six fatalities, one hundred and twenty-eight injuries and twenty-eight million dollars in property damage. The lessons from these tragedies, from the perspective of human behavior, and more specifically, training is discussed. Indeed, these accidents, in part, occurred because the railroad’s training program did not achieve its desired outcome, to mold human behavior; especially while performing safety-critical work. This is consistent with the findings of a recent Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) safety review of Metro North Railroad, which found ineffective training was at least in part to blame for the aforementioned rash of accidents. The rigorous training requirements, that are part of the Rail Safety Improvement Act of 2008 (RSIA), are detailed. These requirements are intended to ensure that employees are properly prepared to maintain and operate these complex systems and have the added benefit of helping to prepare new employees to take the place of departing, highly experienced individuals. Recognizing the criticality of this training, this paper details training best practices and how they can most effectively be leveraged by railroads. Properly applied, they can reduce accidents, stem the loss of institutional knowledge and properly prepare railroad staff to maintain and operate their new PTC systems. This paper discusses how comprehensive training programs should be built on a foundation of organizational understanding, created by conducting training needs analysis. This analysis seeks to identify the current state of knowledge of key personnel, and compares it to that needed to properly support new organizational goals, such as to maintain and operate PTC. These organizational goals, coupled with the training needs analysis findings, then drive the enhancement of existing training programs, and, in some cases, the creation of new programs. In order to maximize effectiveness of these programs, it was found that training must be conducted using real-life case studies and in a manner that is engaging and interactive.