Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Refractometric dry matter"

In rational nutrition, vegetables play an important role due to their high biological and low energy value. The most widespread vegetables in our country belong to root vegetables. They are grown mainly for bulbs, corms, rhizomes, fleshy roots, and hypocotyl tubers. Root vegetables can be eaten raw or cooked. Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a basic representative of root vegetables. For the most valuable components counts beta-carotene – the major component of total carotenoids. This paper evaluates changes in total carotenoids, refractometric dry matter, and gravimetric dry matter in three varieties of carrot (Kamaran F1, Komarno F1, Romosa) grown in soil and climatic conditions ex-situ in Nitra. We have evaluated roots grown in non-fertilized soil, soil after application of manure, horticultural compost, and their combinations. The results show that the variants fertilized with compost and a mixture of compost and manure had the most considerable influence on the synthesis and content of total carotenoids as well as the content of dry matter and refractometric dry matter

The present study determined the physico-chemical parameters of the exotic fruit jujube (Ziziphus jujube mill) of Bulgarian origin – pH of 4.62, refractometric dry matter of 31.6 %, dry matter (in weight) of 36.78 %, TTA (total titratable acidity) – citric acid – of 0.67 %, 0.70 % malic acid, 65.95 % moisture, 0.78 % fibre, 1.41 % protein, 23.65 % carbohydrate, 0.24 % fat and energy value of 428.44 kJ/102.4 kcal. Equilibrium moisture content and monolayer moisture content were established for desorption concerning eight water activities in the 0.1 0.9 range and the temperatures of 10 °С, 25 °С and 40 °С. The coefficients of the modified Oswin, Chung-Pfost, Halsey and Henderson models were obtained statistically. The modified Halsey model is recommended as a description of the desorption isotherms of jujube (Ziziphus jujube mill) since it corresponds to the criteria for model assessment and suitability. Via BET model linearization, the values of the monolayer moisture content for desorption at the temperatures of 10 °С 5.41 % d.b., 25 °С – 4.65 % d.b. and 40 °С 5.08 % d.b were determined.

In this study, physicochemical changes occurring in the fruiting bodies of Agaricus bisporus champignons, subjected to mechanical vibrations under model conditions and a 4-day storage (shelf-life), were analysed. The experiment was conducted in two versions (applying vibrations for 3 and 6 h, at the frequencies of 46 Hz and 28 Hz). As part of physicochemical analyses, such parameters as pH, extract, dry mass, colour parameters and colour difference ∆E, polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were determined. The values of the examined physicochemical parameters changed depending on the applied frequencies and vibration time during transport under model conditions, as well as a result of short-term storage (shelf-life). The greatest total colour difference ΔE occurred in the sample subjected to vibrations for 6 h, followed by a 4-day storage. The changes in pH value, dry matter content and refractometric extract were relatively more significant in the samples subjected to 46 Hz vibrations than to those subjected to 28 Hz. The content of polyphenols and the antioxidative activity of mushrooms subjected to vibrations was higher than in the sample stored but not subjected to vibrations.

The object of the study has been a fresh leaf of green tea grown in the Lenkoran-Astara zone of the Republic of Azerbaijan, dried green and black tea and liquid and dry extract based on them. In order to study the effect of technological parameters on extractiveness, the following factors have been selected: temperature, extraction time, hydraulic module (ratio of raw material to extractant). The density of the obtained extract has been determined by the pycnometer method, the viscosity by viscometers of various diameters, and the dry matter content by the refractometric method. The results of experimental studies show that the optimum conditions for the transition of the maximum amount of extractive substances to a solvent during the extraction of black and green tea with water are 363.15 K, the extraction time is 180-200 min, and the ratio of raw material to extractant (hydraulic module) is 1:20.

Sweet sorghum can be utilized for bioethanol production because it has high sugar content (14-17%). We determined the most important nutritional values of 5 silo type sorghum lines in waxy and full maturation. The examined restorer lines were: RL 4, RL 9, RL 15, RL 18, K 1. The following nutritional parameters were examined: dry material content, refractometric total sugar content, reducing sugar content. In waxy maturation 73.85-87.37% of dry matter in stalk juice makes the total sugar. Dry material content, total and reducing sugar content of stalkdecreases from waxy mature to full maturation.There are differences between lines in dry matter (SzD5%=0.76), total sugar (SzD5%=0.79), reducing sugar content (SzD5%=0.30). RL 4 performed a decrease in total sugar content from 10.07% to 10.02% during this period, reducing sugar also decreased from 4.01% to 2.47%. RL 9 performed a decrease in total sugar content from 11.76% to 11.08% during this period. Reducing sugar also decreased from 3.17% to 2.01% in the waxymaturation. RL 15 showed a total sugar content decrease from 15.43 % to 15.36%. The reducing sugar also decreased from 3.23% to 1.71% in waxy maturation. In RL 18 total mean sugar content during waxy maturation was 13.78% which dropped to 13.26% approaching full maturation. Reducing sugar also decreased from 4.11% to 2.23% in waxy mature. K 1 performed a decrease in total sugar content from 9.35% to 6.15% during this period, while reducing sugar also decreased from 1.52% to 0.77%. These lines upcoming for experiments are perspectives since having excellent stalk juice nutritional parameters they are of great or very great height and their stalks are thick-very thick, stalk medullas are wet.

The purpose of study was to assess the rate of water loss from the strings of vines in relation to internodes position on vine chords and degree of wood maturity. The biological material was represented by Burgund vine cultivar, to which were analyzed individually all internodes distributed on the chord length (internodes number IN2-19). The rate of water loss and associated parameters (maximum rate of water loss - RWLMax, total drying time - T, time to achieve RWLMax - tRWLMax) were determined from the Burgund vine cultivar, in controlled condition. Parameters studied were associated with dry matter content (refractometric method), degree of maturity of the wood, and internodes positions on chord. RWL Max had higher values in the basal internodes (IN2; RWL Max = 0.252±0.005 g/min) and lower in the apical internodes (IN17-19; RWLMax = 0.202±0.011 g/min). RWLMax distributions values, according to the position of internodes on chord was described by a third degree polynomial function, statistical safety (R2 = 0.949, p<0.01). Dry substance content in internodes (sugar) was correlated with the total time of water loss (T; R2 = 0.945), the time to reach the maximum rate of water loss (tRWLMax; R2 = 0.855), and maximum rate of water loss (RWLMax; R2 = 0.984).

The collection, sale, and processing of non-wood forest products are becoming a significant factor in stimulating regional development and improving the economic situation, especially of poor rural communities. The fashion for a healthy lifestyle is also conducive to the growth of interest in such goods. Among them, birch sap is indicated as one of the most promising non-wood forest resources of central Europe, with very wide possibilities of its practical use, e.g., in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. The potential increase in birch sap commercial use prompts research on both the principles of its collection and the impact of various factors on its quality. In this presentation, we decided to investigate how the daily volume and selected sap parameters change depending on the location of the holes in relation to the cardinal directions. The research was conducted in April 2018, in the eastern part of Poland, in a stand with a dominant share of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) at the age of approximately 100 years, in a fresh broadleaved forest habitat. On each of the six selected trees, four holes were drilled at a height of 1 m, positioned according to the cardinal directions (N-E-S-W). Sap was collected twice, one week apart, always after 24 h of leak. In each case, the daily volume of the obtained sap was determined, and then the selected properties of the sap were tested: electrolytic conductivity (proving, among others, the content of pro-health minerals), refractometric index (proving the approximate content of sugar), pH, and the percent of dry matter. As a result of the research, it was found that the location of boreholes in the tree trunk in relation to the cardinal directions (N-E-S-W) does not affect the efficiency of the birch sap leak intensity or other tested physical sap properties: refraction, pH value, and percentage of dry matter. However, a slight effect on the electrolytic conductivity was found. Therefore, it can be summarized that the cardinal directions do not affect the usefulness of the sap for the production of birch syrup, but may affect a nutritional value.

Для повышения уровня механизации производства свеклы столовой важное значение имеет признак раздельноплодности, который позволяет исключить проведение прореживания растений в рядках. Создание раздельноплодных сортов и гибридов длительный и трудоемкий процесс, который осложняется не ясным до конца механизмом наследования этого признака. Цель исследований – создать раздельноплодный исходный материал свеклы столовой с комплексом хозяйственно ценных признаков. Исследования проводили в 2015–2020 годах во ВНИИО – филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО. Изучение и описание линий столовой свеклы проводили согласно «Методическим указаниям ВИР по изучению и поддержанию в живом виде мировой коллекции корнеплодов». Полевые опыты закладывали на Центральной части Москворецкой поймы (Раменский район Московской области). Почва аллювиальная, луговая, среднесуглинистая, хорошо окультуренная, с мощным гумусовым горизонтом. Метеорологические условия 2015–2020 годов складывались благоприятно для формирования корнеплодов и созревания семян свеклы столовой, за исключением условий 2017 и 2018 годов, которые повлияли на сроки вегетации растений, но не помешали получить посевной и посадочный материал. В качестве исходного материала использовали 5 сортов отечественной и зарубежной селекции (Бордо односемянная, Модана, Моника, Фортуна и Хавская односемянная). Агротехнические мероприятия выполнены в соответствии с требованиями, принятыми для Центрального региона Нечерноземной зоны РФ. Оценку поражения церкоспорозом проводили визуально по пятибалльной шкале Н.И. Салунской. Содержание сухого вещества в корнеплодах определяли термостатно-весовым методом; содержание сахаров в соке – рефрактометрическим методом; содержание бетанина – спектрофотометрическим методом. Уровень плодности семенных растений оценивали визуально во время бутонизации до начала цветения. Для проведения самоопыления использовали только растения с уровнем раздельноплодности 99 и 100%. Изолировали растения до начала цветения под индивидуальными изоляторами из нетканого материала спанбонд, плотностью 80 г/м². Выделено две линии из сорта Моника. Степень раздельноплодности у линии №1 составила 97%, у линии №4–90%. Эти линии характеризуются округлой формой корнеплода с темно-красной окраской мякоти. В корнеплодах содержится растворимых сахаров 6,6–6,3%, сухого вещества и бетанина – 11,2–12,8% и 133,3–130,8 мг/100 г соответственно. To increase the level of mechanization of the production of dining beet, the sign of separation is important, which allows to exclude the decimation of plants in rows. The creation of separate fruit varieties and hybrids is a long and time-consuming process, which is complicated by the mechanism of inheritance of this feature that is not fully clear. The purpose of the research is to create a separate source material of canteen beets with a complex of economically valuable features. Research was carried out in 2015–2020 in ARRIVG – branch of FSBSI FSCVG. The study and description of the dining lines of beets was carried out in accordance with the «Methodological Guidelines of the VIR for the study and living maintenance of the world collection of root crops». Field experiments were carried out on the central part of the Moskvoretskaya floodplain (Ramensky district of Moscow region). The soil is alluvial, meadow, medium-grained, well-cultured, with a powerful humus horizon. Meteorological conditions of 2015–2020 developed favorably for the formation of root crops and the ripening of beet seeds in the dining room, with the exception of the conditions of 2017 and 2018, which affected the timing of plant vegetation, but did not prevent the production of sowing and planting material. As a starting material, 5 varieties of domestic and foreign breeding were used (Bordeaux single-seeded, Modana, Monica, Fortuna and Havskaya single-seeded). Agrotechnical measures were carried out in accordance with the requirements adopted for the Central region of the Non-Black Earth Zone of RF. The cercosporosis assessment was evaluated visually on the five-point scale of N.I. Salunskaya. The content of dry matter in root crops was determined by thermostatic-weight method; sugar content in juice – by the refractometric method; betanine content – by the spectrophotometric method. The level of fertility of seed plants was assessed visually during butonization before flowering. To carry out self-pollination, only plants with a separation level of 99 and 100% were used. Plant insulation was carried out before flowering under individual insulators made of Spanbond nonwoven material with a density of 80 g/m². Two lines from the Monica variety were isolated. The degree of separation at line No1 was 97%, at line No4–90%. These lines are characterized by a rounded shape of the root fruit with a dark red color of the pulp. The root crops of soluble sugars contain 6.6–6.3%, dry matter and betanin – 11.2–12.8% and 133.3–130.8 mg/100 g accordingly.

Abstract The average vitamin C content of fresh carrots was 56 mg.kg-1. Amount of vitamin C was reduced by the length of storage and storage environment. On average, the most significant decrease in vitamin C to 24.4 mg.kg-1 under laboratory conditions was reported after 56 days when stored carrots were packed in plastic box. When stored in a refrigerator, the vitamin C content decreased to 24.7 mg.kg-1 after 126 days of storage in a plastic box. During both experimental periods in laboratory conditions, the most vitamin C was preserved while being wrapped plastic wrap. This way of packaging also enabled relatively long-term preservation of freshness in variety called “Komarno”, which was up to 60 days. The second best option in this respect is the packed carrot in microtene bags. The least convenient was to store the carrots open without packaging. In the case of refrigerated storage, the options of packaging in plastic wrap and microtene bags were also the best. The most significant decline in vitamin C was found in the variant without packaging and in the food box. Average soluble solids (refractometry dry matter) content in fresh roots reached 7.6%. During storage under laboratory conditions, the SS values increased to 14.8% after 14 days when the carrot was stored open without packaging. In the refrigerator, the soluble solids content in carrots increased to 12.7% after 28 days of storage without packaging. Increase in soluble solids content was mainly caused by transpiration process. Under laboratory conditions, evaporation and increase of soluble solids were faster compared to the variants stored in the cooler

A possible way of the development of Hungarian agriculture is the selection and growing of new fruit species and varieties featuring special qualities, with high biological nutritive and health protecting properties due to their natural composition. A reserve for such new fruits is the native dendroflora, e.g. those wild-growing trees and shrubs of Hungary, which bear edible fruits. The publication is giving a summary of chemical analyses done on the fruits of the plants listed below. The research team on the project started the work in 2001 with woody species (genera) as follows: common elder (Sambucus nigra) clone named Szcs-1, Szcs-2, Szcs-3, Szcs-4, Szcs-5, SzcsK-1, SzcsK-2 dog rose (Rosa canina) types: clones named Sz-1, Sz-2, Sz-3, Sz-4 and Sz-5 . native rowans: Sorbus dacica, S.rotundifolia, S. degenu, S.bakonyensis cv. Fánivölgy hawthorns: Crataegus monogyna, C. orientalis,C..v lavallei. cornel cherry: Cornus mas cv. Császló. The present paper is reporting on the content of the following compounds in the fruits: dry matter (refractometric values), total acid content, ascorbic acid, 13-carotene, pectin, minerals and carbohydrates. The results have shown that these wild fruits have excellent composition. Besides their curative effects, their content of minerals, ascorbic acid and 13-carotene has surpassed that of the traditional fruits. These fruits are rich in ascorbic acid, 13-carotene and pectin. The high content of the above-listed, biologically active compounds makes the new wild fruits studied suitable for the preparation (and later: mass-production) of special curative and exclusive products.

The aim of the master´s thesis was to verify the applicability of elemental analysis and molecular spectrometry for examining the authenticity of ketchup. For verify of share refractometric dry matter introduced into ketchup from tomatoes was used analysis of potassium and lycopene content. Ketchups with different tomato contents were prepared and subsequently models were created, which were used to verify the proportion of refractometric dry matter introduced into tomato ketchup in ketchups from the store. The results of the work showed that the amount of lycopene is a problematic marker for verifying the authenticity of ketchup, because during the production of ketchup, lycopene is degraded.In contrast, the amount of potassium in ketchup has been shown to be a good marker for monitoring the authenticity of ketchup. The model based on the potassium content of ketchup worked reliably, the deviations obtained from the quantity of tomatoes used for the production of ketchup indicated on the packaging were less than 10%. Higher deviations were achieved in ketchups with a minimum permitted tomato content of up to 20%. The concentration of potassium in ketchup with a lower content of used tomatoes can be significantly affected by the addition of other ingredients to the ketchup (onion, garlic, carrot, apple, etc.). In addition to the ketchup production technology used, the ripeness of tomatoes also has a significant effect on the model for verifying the authenticity of ketchup.

Investigations were carried out in 2013. A. kolomikta cv. ‘Laiba’, ‘Lankė’, ‘Landė’, ‘Paukštės Šakarva’ fruits were picked at the technical maturity stage. The amount of dry matter, soluble solids and texture parameters were established in fruits after harvesting and during storage. Fruits stored for 8 weeks in controlled atmosphere chambers with different air parameters (No. 1–21 % O2, No. 2–0.5 % O2, No. 3–1 % O2, No. 4–1 % O2 and 1 % CO2). Dry matter, soluble solids and texture analysis were done biweekly. The amount of dry matter was determined by drying the samples to the constant mass at the temperature of 105 ºC. Soluble solids content was determined by the refractometric method. Fruit texture parameters were analysed by Texture analyser. The results of chemical analysis at harvest time showed that the biggest amount of dry matter and the highest value of flesh firmness were in ‘Laiba’ fruits, soluble solids in ‘Landė’ fruits. The highest value of bio-yield point was established in ‘Paukštės Šakarva’ fruits. Results of analysis showed that dry matter content as well as soluble solids content of A. kolomikta fruits increases during storage in controlled atmosphere chambers. The highest increase in soluble solids content was in chamber No. 4 and the highest increase in dry matter content was in chamber No. 2 compared with fruits at harvest time. A. kolomikta fruits texture changes during fruit ripening with bio-yield point and flesh firmness declining. The largest decrease of bio-yield point and flesh firmness of fruits occurred in two weeks of storage.