Готові списки джерел за темами / Residual austenite

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Residual austenite"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 28 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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Статті в журналах з теми "Residual austenite"

Hedström, Peter, Jonathan Almer, Ulrich Lienert, and Magnus Odén. "Evolution of Residual Strains in Metastable Austenitic Stainless Steels and the Accompanying Strain Induced Martensitic Transformation." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.821.

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The deformation behavior of metastable austenitic stainless steel AISI 301, suffering different initial cold rolling reduction, has been investigated during uniaxial tensile loading. In situ highenergy x-ray diffraction was employed to characterize the residual strain evolution and the strain induced martensitic transformation. Moreover, the 3DXRD technique was employed to characterize the deformation behavior of individual austenite grains during elastic and early plastic deformation. The cold rolling reduction was found to induce compressive residual strains in the austenite along rolling di

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Shiekhelsouk, M. N., Véronique Favier, Karim Inal, Sebastien Allain, Olivier Bouaziz, and M. Cherkaoui. "Residual and Internal Stress States in Duplex Steel with TWIP Effect." Materials Science Forum 524-525 (September 2006): 833–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.524-525.833.

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A new variety of duplex steels with superior mechanical properties has been studied. They exhibit a very interesting combination of strength (tensile strength of 680 MPa) and ductility values (more than 45% total elongation) due to the competition between different plasticity mechanisms. These steels contain two phases: austenite and ferrite and are characterized by low stacking fault energy at room temperature. In this work, four duplex steels with different chemical composition and phase volume fraction are studied. Residual and internal stresses in each phase were determined using the class

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Stone, H. J., M. J. Peet, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia, P. J. Withers, S. S. Babu, and E. D. Specht. "Synchrotron X-ray studies of austenite and bainitic ferrite." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 464, no. 2092 (2008): 1009–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2007.0201.

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High-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction has been used to conduct in situ studies of the temporal evolution of phases during the isothermal growth of bainite. Two populations of austenitic material were identified: one corresponding to the initial austenite and the other to the carbon-enriched austenite associated with the bainitic ferrite. The observed lattice parameters and the asymmetry of the peaks from the residual austenite have been interpreted in terms of the carbon partitioning due to the transformation. The results are contrasted with an earlier study in which the austenite unit

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Bobir, S. V., I. Yu Prikhodko, D. V. Loshkarev, S. S. Zakharchuk, and P. V. Krot. "Analysis of the amount of retained austenite in the structure of steel rolls for sheet rolling." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 34 (2020): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2020-34-256-264.

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The amount of residual austenite in martensitic roll steels is an important technological parameter of heat treatment, which affects the performance properties of the rolls. But determining its amount in roll steels is a complex and not fully solved scientific and technical problem. The aim of the work was to comparatively analyze the amount of residual austenite in the structure of alloy steel rolls by X-ray diffraction, ultrasonic methods and metallography analysis. However, the qualitative difference of microstructures in the content of the light phase - austenite, confirms the results of X

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Katemi, Richard, and Jérémy Epp. "In-situ Observation of Retained Austenite and Residual Stress Evolutions during Tempering of carbonitrided DIN 1.6587 Alloy Steel." Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology 41, no. 2 (2022): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52339/tjet.v41i2.785.

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This paper investigates the evolution of retained austenite and residual stresses during and after tempering of carbonitrided 18CrNiMo7-6 low alloy steel carried out using in-situ X-ray diffraction technique. In this case, two carbonitriding treatments with different surface the retained austenite contents of 20 and 54 mass.-% are investigated. The tempering is carried out in a continuous heating mode to 650°C as well as in isothermal mode at holding temperature of 170, 240, and 300°C for 2 hours. During continuous heating at a heating rate of 10°C/min, the retained austenite started to decomp

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Lopata, V., M. Chernovol, E. Solovuch, and O. Dudan. "Use of structural anomalies in steel gas-thermal coatings during increased wear-out." Problems of tribology 102, no. 4 (2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2079-1372-2021-102-4-61-67.

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The structure of gas-thermal coatings made of wire materials has been studied by determining the most efficient methods of controlling the process of structure formation to achieve the highest physical and mechanical properties of renewable surfaces of vehicle parts. The effect of formation of anomaly amount of residual austenite in sprayed steel coatings was established. Technologies of application of the “austenitic effect” is suggested here to increase a coating wear-resistance. It is determined that the main factors influencing the content of residual austenite in hardened steel are the co

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Piesova, Marianna, Andrej Czan, Michal Sajgalik, Tatiana Czanova, and Robert Cep. "Experimental Analysis of the Austenitic Phase in Steels by the Application of X-Ray Diffractometry." Technological Engineering 13, no. 2 (2016): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/teen-2016-0020.

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Abstract Uniform austenite remaining in the microstructure of the martensitic transformation is called the residual austenite. It is undesirable structure in components, due to its slow decay causes dimensional instability in these components and reducing the hardness. There is a change in volume and it generate internal stress which often appear as cracks. The residual austenite is highly undesirable component in the molded parts, as well as the production of gears and bearing components. The article deals with quantification of residual austenite in steels by using the Average peak method by

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Northwood, Derek O., Lily He, Erin Boyle, and Randy J. Bowers. "Retained Austenite - Residual Stress - Distortion Relationships in Carburized SAE 6820 Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4464–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4464.

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SAE 8620 steel is typically used in the carburized condition for powertrain applications in the automotive industry, e.g. gears, roller bearings, camshafts. Such steels always contain retained austenite to varying degrees in the as-hardened and also in the tempered microstructures. As well as retained austenite, heat treatment can produce residual stresses, which lead to distortion (size and shape). The intent of this study was to investigate the effect of heat treatment parameters on the amount of retained austenite, residual stress and distortion in carburized SAE 8620 steel. A specially des

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Yao, Shun, Kuo Cao, Di Wang, Junming Chen, and Aimin Zhao. "Effect of Intermediate Annealing Before Cold Rolling on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medium Manganese Steel and Mechanism of Phase Transformation Plasticity." Metals 15, no. 5 (2025): 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15050500.

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To address the issue of cracking in cold-rolled medium manganese steel caused by the formation of a large amount of martensite after hot rolling, intermediate annealing was conducted prior to cold rolling. The research results indicate that after 1 h of intermediate annealing at a temperature of 700 °C, some martensite is replaced by ferrite and residual austenite, leading to a reduction in rolling stress. The dissolution of cementite leads to an increase in the solubility of the alloying elements in austenite. This increases the volume fraction and carbon content of austenite. Following cold

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Clark, Andrew, Randy J. Bowers, and Derek O. Northwood. "Heat Treatment Effects on Distortion, Residual Stress, and Retained Austenite in Carburized 4320 Steel." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.692.

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The effects of heat treatment on distortion, residual stress, and retained austenite were compared for case-carburized 4320 steel, in both the austempered and quench-and-tempered condition. Navy C-ring samples were used to quantify both size and shape distortions, as well as residual stress. The austempering heat treatment produced less distortion and a higher surface residual stress. Both hoop and axial stresses were measured; the difference between them was less than seven percent in all cases. Depth profiles were obtained for residual stress and retained austenite from representative C-ring

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Residual austenite"

Malmberg, Andreas. "The influence of carbonitriding on hardness, retained austenite and residual stress in 52100 steel." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173804.

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High rolling contact fatigue parts are vital for the long service life of fuel pumps. Cummins Fuel Systems are currently using an M2 tool steel for one of the most important roller bearing application in their pumps, namely the cam follower. The future design of the cam follower is a pin-less tappet roller. The wear and fatigue properties of the roller is vital to ensure reliability of the fuel system. M2 tool steel is an expensive material and becomes even more so if diamond like coating (DLC) is needed to decrease the friction coefficients. To cut costs of the fuel pump it might be possible

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Katemi, Richard Jackson [Verfasser], Franz [Akademischer Betreuer] Hoffmann, Franz [Gutachter] Hoffmann, and Udo [Gutachter] Fritsching. "Influence of Carbonitriding Process on Phase Transformation during Case Hardening, Retained Austenite and Residual Stresses / Richard Jackson Katemi ; Gutachter: Franz Hoffmann, Udo Fritsching ; Betreuer: Franz Hoffmann." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1199003603/34.

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Сербалюк, І. В. "Дослідження впливу термічної обробки на властивості корозійностійких сталей аусенітно-мартенситного класу". Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86857.

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Сербалюк, І. В. Дослідження впливу термічної обробки на властивості корозійностійких сталей аустенітно-мартенситного класу : робота на здобуття кваліфікаційного ступеня магістра : спец. 132 – матеріалознавство / наук. кер. І. В. Юскаєв. Суми : СумДУ, 2021. 83 с.

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Iyer, Venkatramani S. "Effect of residual stress gradients in austenitic stainless steels on stress corrosion cracking." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42119.

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<p>The effect of the residual stresses developed during simulated weld heat affected zone in austenitic stainless steel specimen on the stress corrosion cracking susceptibility was studied. Residual stresses was measured using X-ray diffraction technique. Boiling Magnesium Chloride was used as corrosive environment. Compressive stresses developed in the HAZ of the specimen and in regions away from the HAZ stress free values were obtained. The magnitude of the stress gradient decreased as the peak temperature attained during simulated welding decreased. Transgranular cracks were observed in the

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Manfrinato, Marcos Dorigão. ""Influência da nitretação a plasma no comportamento em fadiga dos aços inoxidáveis austeníticos AISI-SAE 304 e 316"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-15112006-221004/.

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Os aços inoxidáveis austeníticos são materiais atrativos para serem utilizados em vários setores industriais que operam sob meios corrosivos, como por exemplo: indústria química, alcooleira, petroquímica, de papel e celulose, na prospecção de petróleo e nas indústrias têxtil e farmacêutica. Contudo, apresentam propriedades tribológicas pobres. No sentido de melhorar essas propriedades, como aumentar a dureza superficial, a resistência ao desgaste e a resistência à fadiga, vários métodos de tratamentos superficiais vêm sendo utilizados. Dentre eles, o mais eficiente é a nitretação por plasma. E

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Moturu, Shanmukha Rao. "Characterization of residual stress and plastic strain in austenitic stainless steel 316L(N) weldments." Thesis, Open University, 2015. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54875/.

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Fusion welding processes commonly involve the localized input of intense heat, melting of dissimilar materials and the deposition of molten filler metal. The surrounding material undergoes complex thermo-mechanical cycles involving elastic and plastic deformation. This processing history creates large residual stress in and around the weld bead, which can be particularly detrimental in reducing the lifetime of fabricated structures, increasing their susceptibility to stress corrosion, fatigue and creep crack growth as well as reducing the fracture load. It is very important to have. a proper k

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Nöbauer, Henrik. "Residual stresses and distortions in austenitic stainless steel 316L specimens manufactured by Selective Laser Melting." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för svetsteknologi (SV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-12771.

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Residual stresses are one of the major challenges in additive manufacturing of metallic materials today. They are induced during manufacturing because of the rapid local heating and cooling and may cause distortions, cracking and delamination between layers. The magnitude of the residual stresses depends on factors such as manufacturing technology, material, part geometry, scanning strategy, process parameters, preheating temperature and density of the component. In the present work, the magnitudes of residual stresses and distortions in austenitic stainless steel 316L components manufactured

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Shapiro, Karen Naomi. "'The effect of residual stress and surface condition on the stress corrosion cracking of austenitic stainless steel'." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499863.

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McCluskey, Robert. "Residual stress effects on the fracture toughness behaviour of a narrow-gap austenitic stainless steel pipe weld." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/residual-stress-effects-on-the-fracture-toughness-behaviour-of-a-narrowgap-austenitic-stainless-steel-pipe-weld(7cc3ac9b-ff15-4fca-88ff-313d48f8858b).html.

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Automated narrow-gap girth-butt welds are replacing conventional welding methods to join sections of austenitic stainless steel pipe in the primary circuit of Pressurised Water Reactors, to reduce manufacturing costs and improve quality. To ensure the safe operation of these systems, reliable structural integrity assessments have to be undertaken, requiring the mechanical properties of welded joints to be characterised alongside the weld residual stress magnitude and distribution.This research project characterised, for the first time, the weld residual stress field and the tensile and ductile

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Clitheroe, Linda Suzanne. "The physical and microstructural properties of peened austenitic stainless steel." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-physical-and-microstructural-properties-of-peened-austenitic-stainless-steel(2576543d-5d47-4a41-9490-09eb1caf7204).html.

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Surface treatments used to improve the life of a material known as peening are already extensively used in industry. The main aim of peening is to introduce compressive resiudal stress to the surface and subsurface of a metallic material, however literature also includes a number of microstructural and mechanical effects that peening introduces to a material when the compressive residual stress is established. The aim of this dissertation is compare and contrast the mechanical and microstructural effects of a current industrial peening method called shot peening, with three new increasingly co

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Більше джерел

Частини книг з теми "Residual austenite"

Ooi, S. W., Y. R. Cho, J. K. Oh, and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia. "Carbon Enrichment in Residual Austenite during Martensitic." In ICOMAT. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118803592.ch25.

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Matteazzi, Paolo, and Stefano Martelli. "Retained Austenite and Residual Stress Profiles in a Cold Rolled Dual-Phase Steel, Strip." In International Conference on Residual Stresses. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1143-7_123.

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Ruud, C. O., G. H. Pennington, E. M. Brauss, and S. D. Weedman. "Simultaneous Residual Stress and Retained Austenite Measurement by X-Ray Diffraction." In Nondestructive Characterization of Materials. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84003-6_48.

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Northwood, Derek O., Lily He, Erin Boyle, and Randy Bowers. "Retained Austenite - Residual Stress - Distortion Relationships in Carburized SAE 6820 Steel." In THERMEC 2006. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-428-6.4464.

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Wierszyllowski, Ignacy, and Jerzy Rys. "Application of the DTA to the Analysis of the Residual Austenite Transformation During Tempering." In Nondestructive Characterization of Materials II. Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5338-6_30.

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Ando, Kotoji, Hirohito Eto, and Katsuyuki Matsui. "Influence of Retained Austenite, Strain-Induced Martensite and Bending Stress upon Shot Peening-Induced Residual Compressive Stresses." In Shot Peening. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527606580.ch26.

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Uebing, S., D. Brands, L. Scheunemann, et al. "Residual Stresses in Hot Bulk Formed Parts—A Phenomenological Approach for the Austenite-to-Martensite Phase Transformation." In Forming the Future. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75381-8_196.

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Wesselmecking, Sebastian, Marc Ackermann, Charline Blankart, et al. "Toward Holistic Digital Material Description During Press-Hardening." In Internet of Production. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98062-7_22-1.

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AbstractPress hardening of manganese-boron steels is one of the most widely used production processes for high-strength automotive components. The low residual formability of these parts is a decisive disadvantage. The low formability originates from a strong, but brittle martensitic microstructure transformed during quenching in the press-hardening tool. In contrast, medium manganese steels (MMnS) contain high fractions of ductile retained austenite improving press-hardened parts toward promising candidates for crash-relevant car body components. Disadvantages include a more complex alloy des

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Smith, G. M., and J. F. Riley. "Residual Stresses in Austenitic Generator End-Rings." In International Conference on Residual Stresses. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1143-7_122.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Residual austenite"

Chauveau, Eric, Diana Koschel, Nicole Bouvier, and Thiago J. Mesquita. "Influence of Metallurgy and Chemical Composition on the Sulphide Stress Cracking Resistance of Two Supermartensitics Stainless Steels." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01284.

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Abstract The sulphide stress cracking resistance of two supermartensitics UNS17400 and 1.4418(1) stainless steel bars was studied at different pH’s using the NACE method A. The study showed the very high sensitivity of this parameter on the Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) resistance. Concerning the metallurgy, the influence of two parameters on the SSC resistance of the 1.4418 is studied: the hardness and the content of residual austenite. The SSC resistance is discussed in a large range of mechanical properties from 650 up to about 1000 MPa. Bibliographic research showed that the content of re

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Niessen, Frank, Matteo Villa, and Marcel A. J. Somers. "Residual Stress Measurement across the Scales." In IFHTSE 2024. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ifhtse2024p0234.

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Abstract Residual stresses are unavoidable in heat treatment and surface engineering and their presence can be advantageous or disastrous for the performance of components. Residual stresses cannot be measured directly, but are determined from strain measurements, either non-destructively from diffraction-based methods, or destructively from relaxation-based methods. In this presentation, three examples of stress determination from strain measurements showcase some of the possibilities. In the first example lattice strains are determined with energy dispersive analysis with synchrotron radiati

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Gooch, T. G., and R. N. Gunn. "Welding Duplex Stainless Steels for Maximum Corrosion Resistance in Chemical Process Industry Applications." In CORROSION 1994. NACE International, 1994. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1994-94385.

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Abstract Fabrication of process plant, pipework etc in ferritic-austenitic steels commonly entails fusion welding. The weld thermal cycle can significantly influence material corrosion behaviour and hence service performance. The paper reviews the situation, with emphasis on arc welding as most commonly employed by industry. An outline is given of the major metallurgical changes due to welding which take place in the heat affected zone in base steel and in the fused weld metal. The weld thermal cycle experienced alters the ferrite/austenite structure from that in the parent material, and can i

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Yang, Di, Preet M. Singh, and Richard W. Neu. "Effect of Low Frequency Cyclic Stresses on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 in Chloride and White Liquor Solutions." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01613.

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Abstract Low frequency cyclic stresses are experienced by the materials in a number of applications. Effect of low frequency cyclic stresses on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of duplex stainless steel (DSS) 2205 was investigated in this study. Previous work has suggested that the two phases (austenite and ferrite) of DSSs have different residual stresses, and different SCC susceptibilities in acidic chloride and caustic white liquor (WL) environments. To understand the effect of low frequency fatigue on SCC initiation and propagation, tests were performed on the as-received DSS 2205 in two di

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Pettersson, Rachel, Mikael Johansson, and Elin M. Westin. "Corrosion Performance of Welds in Duplex, Superduplex and Lean Duplex Stainless Steels." In CORROSION 2013. NACE International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2013-02697.

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Abstract To achieve good corrosion resistance in a weld is much more challenging than for plate or sheet material, which has undergone controlled rolling, heat treatment and pickling processes in the steel mill. The choice of weld procedure and parameters, filler metal and shielding gas all play important roles. For duplex and lean duplex grades it is essential to ensure that an adequate amount of austenite is formed in the weld metal and heat affected zone, in order to fulfil requirements in terms of austenite-ferrite phase balance, but also to avoid the precipitation of detrimental phases su

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Teixeira, J., K. Jeyabalan, G. Geandier, et al. "In Situ High-Energy XRD Determination and Modeling of Internal Stresses during Heat Treatment of Carburized and Carbonitrided Low-Alloyed Steels." In IFHTSE 2024. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ifhtse2024p0316.

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Abstract Thermochemical treatments like carburizing and carbonitriding allow to improve the properties in low-alloyed steels, which depend mainly on the distributions of residual stresses and microstructures. As the fatigue properties depend mainly on the latter, a fundamental understanding must be established regarding their formation during the cooling after the enrichment treatment. This study introduces an experimental and simulation analysis of microstructure and internal stresses evolutions and their couplings. Influence of the carbon and nitrogen enrichments is highlighted. An original

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Carragher, Matthew, Harold Brody, and Lesley Frame. "Influence of Time and Temperature on Decarburization Rates for AISI 52100 Steel." In IFHTSE 2024. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ifhtse2024p0208.

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Abstract Decarburization of steel parts during heat treating results in a lower surface hardness, undesirable residual stress profiles, and poor part performance. Significant effort has been made towards preventing decarburization and determining the impact of annealing time and temperature on decarburization rate. Much of the published research has focused on medium carbon steels, ranging from 0.3wt% C to the eutectoid composition. The goal of the current research is to determine decarburization rates for steels with carbon concentrations above the eutectoid concentration. AISI 52100 steel wa

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Tanous, Benjamin H., Kip O. Findley, Robert L. Cryderman, et al. "Effects of Surface Induction Hardening on the Torsional Fatigue Performance of Previously Carburized Modified 4121 Steel." In IFHTSE 2024. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ifhtse2024p0288.

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Abstract Carburizing and induction hardening are two surface heat treatments commonly used to increase wear resistance and fatigue performance of steel parts subject to cyclical torsional loading. It was originally hypothesized that performing an induction surface hardening heat treatment on parts previously carburized could provide further increased fatigue life, however initial torsional fatigue results from previous work indicated the opposite as the as-carburized conditions exhibited better torsional fatigue strength than the carburized plus induction surface hardened conditions. The aim o

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Mesquita, Thiago J., Martin Monnot, Eric Chauveau, and Nicole Bouvier. "Developments on a Modified 15Cr5Ni0.8Mo Stainless Steel for Oil & Gas Industry." In CORROSION 2015. NACE International, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2015-05510.

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Abstract The good mechanical properties as well as the large range of corrosion resistance justify the use of super martensitics in oil and gas production fields. Nevertheless with UNS 17400, which is largely used, some in-service failures have occurred. In this context, the super martensitic stainless steel 15Cr5Ni0.8Mo, which has good mechanical and corrosion properties, could be a good candidate to replace it. In this work, different alloying elements are studied with laboratory heats to optimize its chemical composition for oil & gas application. The control of microstructure eliminate

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Eidhagen, Josefin, Ulf Kivisäkk, Nicolas Larché, Sandra Le Manchet, and Hervé Marchebois. "UNS S32707 Combinded to UNS S31266." In CORROSION 2017. NACE International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2017-09421.

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Abstract In the process industry, seawater is commonly used when available to cool process fluids. However chlorination of the seawater is widely used to limit any microbial activity; that makes the environment quite aggressive. Chlorination oxidizes and increases the corrosion potential to approximately +600mVSCE for stainless steels and leads to higher susceptibility to localized corrosion. Super duplex stainless steels, PRENw &gt;40, in seawater-cooled heat exchangers can be used at limited temperatures otherwise Ti Gr.2 shall be used for equipment integrity over the service life. Recen

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