Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Revolution francaise. Empire histoire politique. Elections"

Belfort, place de guerre de vauban, chef-lieu administratif et carrefour commercial au sud de l'alsace, se transforma de part et d'autre de la revolution. La fonction militaire de la ville fut renforcee. Dotee d'un camp retranche, la ville devint un des piliers de la defense de la frontiere du rhin et de la suisse a la veille de 1870. Son role militaire entraina le maintien de sa fonction de chef-lieu administratif. A partir de la revolution, la ville s'ouvrit plus largement sur l'interieur de la france. Traversee par des regiments desormais nationaux et recevant plus d'immigres, les uns et les autres apportant les nouvelles de la france entiere, elle vit se developper une vie politique tres active qui s'enracina sur le fond de l'ideal revolutionnaire de liberte. La garnison fut toujours le pivot de la vie economique mais la revolution favorisa l'activite des anciennes forges qui attirerent les capitaux belfortains. Une industrie textile put s'installer dans la banlieue mais avec des capitaux etrangers a la ville. A partir de 1858 le chemin de fer prit le relais de la route dont le trafic avait decline et apporta a la ville un regain d'activite. Belfort, ville bourgeoise dominee par des notables enrichis durant la revolution se democratisa peu a peu. En meme temps se developpa un esprit laic fonde sur la tolerance et favorise a partir de la revolution par l'installation de deux minorites, familles juives puis protestantes a cote des anciennes familles catholiques
Belfort a fortified town designed by vauban, an administrative and commercial centre in the region to the south of alsace, underwent great changes before and after the revolution. Because of its fortified camp, the town became one of the strongholds of french military defence along the rhine and the swiss border. Belfort's military role caused the town to retain its administrative function. After the revolution, belfort looked more towards france. With the regiments going through it, which were now composed of frenchmen, and with a growing immigration trend, the town received news from all over france and became the centre of a very active political life based largely on revolutionary ideals of liberty. The garnison remained the main support of the town's economy but the revolution favoured the activities of the old iron works that attracted local capital. The textile industry established itself in the suburbs but il relied on capital from outside the town. From 1858 on, the railway took over from the roads, where the traffic had been declining and the town enjoyed a revival of business. Belfort, originally a middle class town domined by notabilities who had made a fortune during the revolution, gradually became more democratic. And at the same time there appeared a spirit of religious tolerance, promoted after 1789 by the advent of two religious minorities, i. E. The jewish, and then the protestant communities, working side by side with the old roman catholic families

Il s'agit d'un etude des elites politiques au plus bas niveau administratif (municipalites, comites permanents de 1789, les comites revolutionnaires etc. ) dans le district de la tour-du-pin (isere). L'etude est chronologique et s'attache a mettre en evidence les ruptures et les elements de continuite a travers les differentes etapes de la revolution. Deux axes majeurs sont suivis : une etude sociale et une etude prosopographique. L'exploitation systematique des sources fiscales de la fin de l'ancien regime (capitation) et de la revolution (contribution patriotique, liste de citoyens actifs, contributions fonciere et mobiliere) permet d'etudier la composition socioprofessionnelle des equipes municipales et leur place dans la hierarchie sociale des populations communales. L'etude prosopographique permet de detecter les permanences et les eventuelles ruptures et d'observer la naissance d'une vie politique moderne (reactions face aux evenements locaux et nationaux). La permanence l'emporte tout au long de la revolution : continuite des personnes, des milieux sociaux dans lesquels se recrutent les elites, malgre les changements institutionnels et la succession des modes de designation (systeme corporatif d'ancien regime puis suffrages censitaire et universel). La terreur (1793-1794) marque une rupture pour les deux communes urbaines les plus importantes (bourgoin et cremieu) ou l'ancienne elite est remplacee par un nouveau personnel politique issu des couches populaires (artisans)
It's a study of the political elite, at the lowest level of administration (towncouncils, committes and so on) in the la tour-du-pin district. The study follows a chronological order and aims at highlighting what changed and what continued in a permanent way through the different stages of the revolution. Two major directions have been followed : a social as well as a prosopographic study. The systematical use of the revenue sources at the end of the old regime and of the revolution leads us to the study of the socioprofessional composition of the town-councils and of their position in the social hierarchy of the village populations. The prosopographic study allows us to spot what was permanent and what might have ceased to be, and to witness the coming to life of a political life of a new style (reactions toward local and national events). Permanence is pre-eminent all through the revolution : no change in the people, the social backgrounds from wich the elite was to come in spite of the institutional changes and the succession of the appointment methods (the corporate system of the old regime, followed by the suffrage based on a tax qualification and then the universal suffrage). The terror (1793-1794) was a time of complete change for the two most important cities (bourgoin and cremieu) where the former elite was replaced by a new political corps coming from the working classes

Il s'agit d'un etude des elites politiques au plus bas niveau administratif (municipalites, comites permanents de 1789, les comites revolutionnaires etc. ) dans le district de la tour-du-pin (isere). L'etude est chronologique et s'attache a mettre en evidence les ruptures et les elements de continuite a travers les differentes etapes de la revolution. Deux axes majeurs sont suivis : une etude sociale et une etude prosopographique. L'exploitation systematique des sources fiscales de la fin de l'ancien regime (capitation) et de la revolution (contribution patriotique, liste de citoyens actifs, contributions fonciere et mobiliere) permet d'etudier la composition socioprofessionnelle des equipes municipales et leur place dans la hierarchie sociale des populations communales. L'etude prosopographique permet de detecter les permanences et les eventuelles ruptures et d'observer la naissance d'une vie politique moderne (reactions face aux evenements locaux et nationaux). La permanence l'emporte tout au long de la revolution : continuite des personnes, des milieux sociaux dans lesquels se recrutent les elites, malgre les changements institutionnels et la succession des modes de designation (systeme corporatif d'ancien regime puis suffrages censitaire et universel). La terreur (1793-1794) marque une rupture pour les deux communes urbaines les plus importantes (bourgoin et cremieu) ou l'ancienne elite est remplacee par un nouveau personnel politique issu des couches populaires (artisans)
It's a study of the political elite, at the lowest level of administration (towncouncils, committes and so on) in the la tour-du-pin district. The study follows a chronological order and aims at highlighting what changed and what continued in a permanent way through the different stages of the revolution. Two major directions have been followed : a social as well as a prosopographic study. The systematical use of the revenue sources at the end of the old regime and of the revolution leads us to the study of the socioprofessional composition of the town-councils and of their position in the social hierarchy of the village populations. The prosopographic study allows us to spot what was permanent and what might have ceased to be, and to witness the coming to life of a political life of a new style (reactions toward local and national events). Permanence is pre-eminent all through the revolution : no change in the people, the social backgrounds from wich the elite was to come in spite of the institutional changes and the succession of the appointment methods (the corporate system of the old regime, followed by the suffrage based on a tax qualification and then the universal suffrage). The terror (1793-1794) was a time of complete change for the two most important cities (bourgoin and cremieu) where the former elite was replaced by a new political corps coming from the working classes

Pressee par les economistes, la regence cree les ponts-et-chaussees et commence a consolider les grands chemins, afin d'accroitre leur capacite commerciale. L'entreprise, amplifiee par louis quinze, est decriee par les philosophes, car elle delaisse les campagnes, tout en usant de la corvee paysanne et des expropriations gratuites. Sensible a ces griefs, louis seize edicte un programme vicinal, transforme la corvee en impot et regionalise l'amenagement. Plus hardie, la constituante indemnise les expropries, departementalise la gestion et accentue l'equite de la contribution routiere. Les deboires financiers detruisent cependant les intentions: la convention recentralise et requiert les riverains sur les voies militaires. Le directoire s'epuise a creer une taxe peagere pour l'entretien des chaussees. Plus solvable, le consulat herite de routes delabrees. Il endigue les degradations au moyen de la taxe directoriale et de subventions. L'empire relance les constructions d'ouvrages au moyen d'une taxe sur le sel, de credits de soutien et de centimes locaux. Fragmentaire, le sauvetage napoleonien rationalise durablement l'organisation des travaux
Pressed upon by the economists, the regency started consolidating the high ways in order to increase their trading capacity. This undertaking was developed by louis the fifteenth but decried by the philosophers because it took no account of the country and yet made use of the "corvee" and of expropriations without compensation. Louis the sixteenth enacted a local road policy, turning the "corvee" into taxes and reorganising the scheme on a local basis. The constituent assembly went even further, paying compensations to those who had been expropriated, giving the management to the departement authorities, and organising road taxes with greater fairness. And yet financial set-backs put an end to those noble designs. The national convention recentralised and summoned the people to maintain the military roads. Finally, turnpike-roads appeared in the last years of the directory. Although the roads were in a sad condition at the beginning of the consulate, a sound financial position enabled this government to stop the wear by means of tolls and subventions. Under the empire, a tax on salt, special supplies and local duties enabled road-building to start anew: road-planning was from then on organised on a rational basis

Le languedoc connaissait au dix-huitieme siecle une importante vie municipale dans un cadre provincial. La tradition d'une relative democratie villageoise, les aspirations de la petite et moyenne bourgeoisie urbaine, s'y heurtaient a de fortes tendances oligarchiques, favorisees par la desagregation des solidarites communautaires et par la politique de la monarchie administrative relayee par les etats provinciaux. La revolution, en supprimant les hierarchies et en instituant l'election, rendit plus souple l'adaptation de la representation aux mutations sociales. Elle n'enlevait rien aux attributions traditionnelles des municipalites et elargissait leur sphere d'intervention comme relais du pouvoir central. Cependant, la permanence des alienations economiques, sociales, culturelles, limita l'elargissement de la classe dirigeante locale, tandis que se developpait une contradiction entre affirmation de la souverainete nationale et manifestation d'un communalisme marque par l'esprit de localite. Malgre le poids croissant des interventions etatiques, la dynamique revolutionnaire interdit jusqu'a l'an ii de remettre en cause le principe d'un pouvoir municipal associant execution et deliberation. A partir de l'an iii, au contraire, se developpa une centralisation qui privilegiait nettement l'execution. La disparition de la province, condamnee en 1789 par son archaisme autant que par le developpement de l'ideologie nationale, a favorise cette evolution
In the eighteenth-century, languedoc possessed an active municipal life in a provincial setting. Relatively democratic village traditions and the ambitions of the petty and middling urban bourgoisie clashed with highly oligarchical tendencies favored by the policies of the administrative monarchy relayed by the provincial estates. The revolution, by suppressing the hierarchies and introducing elections, rendered more flexible the adaptation of elected representatives to social change. It took nothing away from the traditional competences of municipalities and enlarged their sphere of intervention as relays of central power. However, the persistence of economic, social and culturl alienation limited the enlargement of the local ruling class while was developing a contradiction between affirmations of national sovereignty and manifestations of a communalism marked by local spirit. In spite of the growing weight of state intervention, the revolutionary dynamic forbid, up to l'an ii, going against the principle of a municipal power associating execution and deliberation. From l'an iii, on the contrary, centralization increased, favoring execution. The disappearance of the province, condemned in 1789 for their archaism as much as by the developing of national ideology, encouraged this evolution