Готові списки джерел за темами / Roots and routes

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Roots and routes"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 18 травня 2024

Оновлено: 19 липня 2025

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Статті в журналах з теми "Roots and routes"

Swanson, Dalene M. "Roots/Routes." Qualitative Inquiry 15, no. 1 (2008): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077800408321631.

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Swanson, Dalene M. "Roots/Routes." Qualitative Inquiry 15, no. 1 (2008): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10778004090150010402.

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Alvarez, Natalie. "Roots, Routes, RUTAS." Theatre Research in Canada 40, no. 1_2 (2019): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tric.40.1_2.27.

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Alvarez, Natalie. "Roots, Routes, RUTAS." Theatre Research in Canada 40, no. 1-2 (2020): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1068256ar.

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In this article, author Natalie Alvarez examines how the Caminos and RUTAS festivals of Toronto’s Aluna Theatre harness the interactional, mass gathering of the festival and its high visibility to form a theatrical commons grounded in a heterogeneous and intercultural Americas, one that includes Latin American, Latinx, Indigenous, and Afro-Caribbean artists that have historically been excluded both from the Eurocentric vision of “Latin America” and Canadian performance histories. With a producing mandate to foster Canadian-hemispheric cultural exchanges, Beatriz Pizano’s and Trevor Schwellnus’s curatorial practices aim to generate alternate genealogical routes of Canadian performance history for a new generation of artists to travel. The performance routes of these festivals speak to the critical role festivals can play in directing—and redirecting—transnational flows of knowledge and artistic production. But Pizano and Schwellnus’s curatorial aims are also driven by an interest in how festivals like RUTAS and Caminos can generate a structural shift in the kinds of artistic traditions that are sustained on Toronto’s stages and the ways in which they are sustained by fostering hemispheric collaborations and co-productions. The RUTAS and Caminos festivals demonstrate very powerfully the work that a theatrical commons can do to advance alternative producing structures and transnational coalitional politics.

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DeGrasse-Johnson, Nicholeen, and Christopher A. Walker. "Roots to Routes." Cultural and Pedagogical Inquiry 11, no. 3 (2019): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18733/cpi29500.

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Presented as a retrospective dialogue between the two co-authors, this essay highlights the history of the National Dance Theatre Company (NDTC), and the Visual and Performing Arts School of Dance, Edna Manley College (EMCVPA). The essay traces the post-independence evolution of modern dance in Jamaica. Furthermore, it examines the intersections, the respective roles, functions and contributions of the two major institutions which have shaped Jamaica’s distinctive, modern dance teaching and public performances. By concentrating on their lived experiences, the co-authors explore themes of identity, educational modern dance’s history and philosophies, and Jamaican dance’s cultural and aesthetic dimensions. Finally, the essay invites a reimagining of the Caribbean contemporary dance which values folk, traditional and popular dance as sources for art and scholarship.

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McClelland, Arthur G. W. "Routes to Roots." Acquisitions Librarian 16, no. 31-32 (2004): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j101v16n31_06.

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Gustafson, Per. "Roots and Routes." Environment and Behavior 33, no. 5 (2001): 667–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00139160121973188.

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Mack, Mehammed Amadeus. "ROUTES ARE ROOTS." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 25, no. 2 (2019): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10642684-7367863.

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Lim, Merlyna. "Roots, Routes, and Routers: Communications and Media of Contemporary Social Movements." Journalism & Communication Monographs 20, no. 2 (2018): 92–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1522637918770419.

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Анотація:

This monograph is an interdisciplinary analysis of the complexity of communications and media as they are embedded in the making and development of contemporary social movements, in three parts. The first part, Roots, provides a broad context for analyzing communications and media of contemporary social movements by tracing varied and multifaceted roots of the wave of global protests since 2010. The second part, Routes, maps out the routes that social movements take, trace how communications and media are entangled in these routes, and identify various key mechanisms occurring at various junctures of movements’ life cycles. The last part, Routers, explores roles of human and nonhuman, fixed and mobile, traditional and contemporary, digital and analog, permanent and temporal routers in the making and development of social movements. These analyses of roots, routes, and routers are mutually intertwined in broadening and deepening our understanding of the complexity of communications and media in contemporary social movements.

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Linden, R. Ruth, and Susan Rubin Suleiman. "Old Roots, New Routes." Women's Review of Books 14, no. 3 (1996): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4022586.

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Дисертації з теми "Roots and routes"

Lorentz, Rudy. "Roots and Routes." Thesis, Konstfack, Grafisk design & illustration, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-6338.

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The project Roots and Routes is an intergenerational narrative connecting three locations: London, Mandeville and Stockholm, focusing primarily on the histories of women and non-binary people. It looks at what affect it has on our sense of cultural identity to grow up in the diaspora, disconnected from the country of our parents or grandparents. Roots and Routes presents the search for a sense of belonging, whilst existing in the in-between. This report explores the different elements of the project, through text and image.

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Ma, Xinyi M. Arch Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "From roots to routes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/109027.

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Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2017.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 78-79).<br>Over the past two decades, more than 200 million people in China moved from rural to urban areas. These migrants fled the countryside, which is regarded as an economic wasteland in perpetual stagnation that is locked by feudal traditions and peasant values, to the largest cities. They sought to be connected to a modern China, one that is marked by a booming economy and pronounced popular culture. These rural- to-urban migrants have formed the largest peacetime inland migration in history. Mobility is a socially produced motion that often bears ideologies. It is associated with a desire for progress, freedom, and opportunity. The massive inland migration in China demonstrates the tremendous social force that aims to overcome the outdated social strata. However, as migrants move, limitations on mobility emerge. The Hukou, the household registration system in China, is an institutional framework that has entrenched the social strata for ages. Records of births, marriages, and moves identify each person with a place. As soon as migrants move from their designated origins, immobility appears: welfare exclusion, job inequity, urban transit inaccessibility, to name just a few. This thesis proposes to study this condition of mobility, immobility and estrangement in the district of Minhang, Shanghai, where 1.5 million migrants currently live and work. Scooter, an emerging fast and cheap personal vehicle, is the protagonist in this story of migrants. Linking closely to migrants' life, scooters are not only their primary means of transportation but also their means of production. Its mobility empowers migrants to move beyond their territory, while its unique scale and flexibility links to rich spatial possibilities.<br>by Xinyi Ma.<br>M. Arch.

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Joffe, Ben Philip. "Roots and routes : locating Tibetan identities in diaspora." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/14265.

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Includes abstract.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-87).<br>Cognisant of a legacy of exotification of Tibet and Tibetans, Tibetan studies scholars have argued for a certain instrumental internalisation of romantic Western portrayals by Tibetans. Exemplifying this perspective, Lopez worries that Tibetans have been forced to perpetuate limiting orientalist fantasies about themselves for political expediency. In reproducing Tibet as some hyper-real Shangri-la, it is turned into a floating signifier that loses its historical, nationalist, and political specificity. While I do not deny the relevance of such claims, I suggest that Lopez's formulation is problematic for how it risks implying that identity performed or articulated for an audience is likely to be less complex, less flexible, and to leave less room for personal innovation, socio-historical complexity and multivocality. In judging some self-representations as instrumental, the existence of a more genuine, entrenched, tacit Tibetan-ness behind such staged performances is presupposed. Seeking to problematise this position, I take as my entry-point the idea of instrumentality, and, sketching a rough trajectory of academic writing about Tibet, probe some of the dominant discourses and implicit strategies that emerge in the literature. I draw upon two months of ethnographic fieldwork where I interacted closely with the 'Office of Tibet' of South Africa (a representative organ of the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA)) and the three Tibetan families associated in various capacities with it. As a heuristic strategy, I attempt to locate 'Tibetan-ness' as it emerges (and fades from view) in a variety of contexts. Shifting from strategic and public performances of Tibetan-ness, to everyday gestures and habitus, and back again, I show how convenient distinctions between the public and the private, the local and the global, the political and the religious or cultural, are ultimately unsettled in the face of complex and contingent expressions of ethnic identity that take place in the midst of extensive transnational networks and audiences. As an alternative to a recourse to 'instrumentality,' I propose a rethinking of cultural identity as 'skilful'.

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Gholami, Zhila. "Roots and Routes: Kurdish Literature as World Literature." Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/404158.

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Over the last two decades, the literary world has seen many new works by Kurdish writers and poets who have authored works of fiction, memoir and collections of poetry in the English language. This thesis, Roots and Routes: Kurdish Literature as World Literature, is the study of this body of work. As the first comprehensive study to cover the existing and emerging Kurdish Anglophone writings, this study introduces these writings into the arena of world literatures in English. However, it also identifies these works as a new literary canon in the realm of Kurdish literature. This study is an attempt to investigate why and how these Anglophone Kurdish writings emerged, who their intended readers are, and what roles these writings play or can play. To find answer to these questions, this study examines both the contexts out of which and in which these writings have emerged. It positions them in the historical and geopolitical contexts they have emerged from and examines the new and broader cultural, literary and socio-political contexts in which they have been produced, circulated and received. Looking at these two contexts, this study finds that these writings have created and can continue to create new spaces of global engagement with the Kurdish question(s) and Kurdish people. It asserts that these writings entail a kind of activism and create an arena of struggle and Kurdish voice of resistance beyond their imposed national borders, in the wider context of the world. It is within this context that this study argues for this body of work as a new discursive space of negotiation and recognition of the Kurdish questions and Kurdish people in global and transnational contexts. In its reading of the texts, this study, drawing on various theoretical frameworks and taking a reception-based or readerly pragmatics approach, aims to explore how these texts interact with their implied readers and the ways they might be read. It seeks to explore not only why but also and more significantly how these writings of different genres bear witness to Kurdish traumatic history and act as testimony. In short, it looks at both politics and poetics of witnessing and testimony in the emerging Anglophone writings by Kurdish diaspora authors.<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc<br>Arts, Education and Law<br>Full Text

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Madyibi, Nwabisa. "Roots or routes: A case for vertical farming allotments in Dunoon quarry." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28060.

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This dissertation departs with an enduring interest in the social Milieu and the future projections of the fringes of South African major cities, specifically Cape Town, as urbanization broadens, transforms and makes the edge more complex. This document analyses this phenomenon in Dunoon Township and presents a case for vertical allotment farming in this context. The research, looks at this phenomenon as a narrative of land ownership in its most physical depictions, such as the story of the ownership of land to reap resources as the physical phenomenon of an abandoned quarry. This project acknowledges the danger and light treading around contentious environments, such as townships, which seem to create architecture that aggravates protest and vandalism, but chooses to counteract the pervasive 'headline-ing' of these areas by showing a township, Dunoon, as quotidian. This document does this by engaging with the life around the edge of the oldest quarry in the Durbanville Hills area - Once a source of great benefit and value to its immediate environment - now a fenced off cesspit for crime and superstition. An empathetic attitude towards considering material developed within the immediate environment to create value, as opposed to sourcing it from outside, is a founding precept for the design endeavour. The project can be described as a process which began by understanding the stagnant water within the basin of the quarry, what systems already exist to bring value to the urban fabric, and how the water can be best used in its mundane life. Beauty, viewed through the lens of this document, is something that brings undeniable usefulness to an area. That is the intervention of a wasted public space with rancid polluted water into clean usable water for a community suffering crippling rates of water shortage and cut-offs. It aims to put permaculture ideals into use by routing the stagnant water and making it into a system that consistently cleans itself over time. Routed water embeds a logic that becomes the catalyst for the fulfilment of a bio-inspired future -of which I emphatically advocate. This dissertation seeks to create an intervention which should encourage a new relationship with water in Dunoon. It is through a gathering of found program; farmers, NGO facilitators, walkers, joggers without tracks, children without playgrounds, women without laundry water tipping points, that the community is brought together in the water world of Dunoon quarry.

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Liu, Chunjiao. "Roots and routes a reimaging of Chinese immigrant adolescents' identity constructions in Toronto /." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:8881/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92386.

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Spence, Lynette. "Routes to roots, exploring questions of race, identities and knowing with "black" young women." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ56205.pdf.

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Kumlin, Johanna. "Disentangling sex segregation : studies on the roots and routes of labour market sex segregation /." Stockholm : Swedish Institute for Social Research (SOFI), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6810.

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Maxwell, Neil Lawrence. "Local sites/global contexts negotiating the roots/routes of identity in Asian queer diaspora /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38792230.

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Lewis, Susan. "Roots of/routes to : practice and performance of identity in the Isle of Man." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7297.

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This thesis takes as its ethnographic focus the Isle of Man, a British Crown Dependency. In the 1960s, the Manx government faced an economic crisis. The response was to open the Island to international banking, becoming an 'offshore' financial centre. The new industry sector has encouraged substantial immigration, to the extent that the Island-born are now in the minority. The Island now has economic success on one hand, but a new 'identity' crisis of cultural confidence on the other, raising the question 'what is it (now), to be Manx?' The Manx have always accepted incomers and are not, or ever have been, a clearly defined ethnic group. Rather 'Manxness' is an idea, a set of values, a way of relating to place and to each other. Defined thus, 'Manx identity' could be, and has been, shared with incomers. The current situation is, however, perceived as substantially different in its speed and volume, resulting in concerns that Manx culture and identity is disappearing under the weight of an alien cultural import. Reaction is demonstrated in renewed interest in the Manx Gaelic language and other 'traditiona1' pursuits, with individuals selecting routes to identification with place that satisfy personal motivations. Included in this performance of culture are members of the 'incomer' group blamed for its demise, while many Island-born show little concern. Through subtle analysis of this complex context, I add to anthropological understanding of 'identity' and 'way of life' by juxtaposing personal and collective responses to this process of change, and investigating the importance of scales of difference. And, in a disciplinary context that has shifted attention from bounded to boundless 'homes', I ask how far anthropological constructions go in explicating how and why our informants still struggle to strike a meaningful balance between their roots of and routes to identity.

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Книги з теми "Roots and routes"

Giri, Ananta Kumar, ed. Cross-Fertilizing Roots and Routes. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7118-3.

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J, Cooper Pamela, and Blake Cecil A, eds. Intercultural communication: Roots and routes. Allyn and Bacon, 1999.

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Giri, Ananta Kumar, ed. Roots, Routes and a New Awakening. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7122-0.

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1940-, Fox Matthew, ed. Western spirituality: Historical roots, ecumenical routes. Bear, 1987.

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1944-, Mason John, and Open University. Centre for Mathematics Education., eds. Routes to algebra, Roots of algebra. Open University Press, 1985.

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Wilson, Gary. Roots & routes: The language of life. T. Nelson, 1990.

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Karavis, Sylvia. Roots and routes : a dictionary of word derivations. Heinemann, 1999.

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Irit, Zaharoni, ed. Israel, roots & routes: A nation living in its landscape. MOD Pub. House, 1990.

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Shalṿah, Ṿail, and Research Institute for Innovation in Education (Jerusalem), eds. Roots and routes: Ethnicity and migration in global perspective. Magnes Press, Hebrew University, 1999.

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Cardiff, Brendan. Roots & routes: Memoirs and musings of a Dublin nomad. Liffey Press, 2010.

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Частини книг з теми "Roots and routes"

Stroud, Christopher, and Kathleen Heugh. "Roots and Routes." In A Sociolinguistics of the South. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315208916-5.

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Blokland, Talja. "On Roots and Routes." In Moving Cities – Contested Views on Urban Life. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-18462-9_3.

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Sarwal, Amit. "Introduction: Roots and Routes." In South Asian Diaspora Narratives. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3629-3_1.

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Vít, Ladislav. "Roots, Routes and Landscapes." In The Landscapes of W. H. Auden's Interwar Poetry. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003156628-6.

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Sterling, Cheryl. "Introduction: What Roots? Which Routes?" In African Roots, Brazilian Rites. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137010001_1.

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Nabavi, Maryam. "Identity Roots and Political Routes." In Precarious International Multicultural Education. SensePublishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-894-0_9.

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Basu, Rajsekhar. "Making a Commonsense over Roots and Routes in a Time of Emotional Turmoil: The Marwaris and the Nationalist Use of Kunti’s Suffering Self to Construct the Imagery of an Idealized Indian Womanhood." In Cross-Fertilizing Roots and Routes. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7118-3_16.

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Chimakonam, Jonathan O. "Afterword: The Intersection Between Roots and Routes." In Cross-Fertilizing Roots and Routes. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7118-3_22.

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Briesen, Detlef. "From the Danger of the Routes to the Alleged Certainty About the Roots: The Journey to India from the Early Eighteenth to the Late Nineteenth Centuries." In Cross-Fertilizing Roots and Routes. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7118-3_12.

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Farah, Abdulkadir Osman. "Transnational Communities: The Quest for Development and South-South Connections." In Cross-Fertilizing Roots and Routes. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7118-3_21.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Roots and routes"

Tachikawa, Kanta, Shota Akahori, Kohei Okuoka, Mitsuhiko Kimoto, and Michita Imai. "RoDiL: Giving Route Directions with Landmarks by Robots." In 17th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5220/0013131300003890.

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Naveed, Kanwal, Muhammad Latif Anjum, Wajahat Hussain, and Donghwan Lee. "Deeper Introspective SLAM: How to Avoid Tracking Failures Over Longer Routes?" In 2024 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iros58592.2024.10801911.

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Hosoda, M., T. Nishi, Z. Liu, and T. Fujiwara. "Simultaneous Optimization of Task Allocation and Route Planning for Multiple Mobile Robots." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ieem62345.2024.10857078.

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Xu, Michael F., Bengisu Cagiltay, Joseph Michaelis, Sarah Sebo, and Bilge Mutlu. "Robots in Family Routines: Development of and Initial Insights from the Family-Robot Routines Inventory." In 2024 33rd IEEE International Conference on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (ROMAN). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ro-man60168.2024.10731432.

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Higa, Ryota, Takuro Kato, and Florence Ho. "Dual-Process Optimization for Multi-Vehicle Route Planning and Parts Collection Sequencing." In 2024 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iros58592.2024.10802316.

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Mondal, Md Safwan, Subramanian Ramasamy, James D. Humann, et al. "An Attention-aware Deep Reinforcement Learning Framework for UAV-UGV Collaborative Route Planning." In 2024 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iros58592.2024.10801704.

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Vera, Jose R., Danny Daniels, and Mohsen H. Achour. "Under Deposit Corrosion (UDC) in the Oil and Gas Industry: a Review of Mechanisms, Testing and Mitigation." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01379.

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Abstract Over the past few years, under deposit corrosion (UDC) has been frequently cited by operators, corrosion engineers, failure forensic analysts, asset integrity authorities and Root Cause Analysis specialists as being a major player in different failures within the oil and gas operations. It has also been identified sometimes as a stand alone corrosion mechanism, separate from CO2, H2S, microbiological influenced corrosion, crevice or galvanic corrosion. This paper presents an overview of UDC definitions, commonly used laboratory testing methods as they relate to the prevalent UDC mechanism and finally proven mitigation measures. It highlights the applications and limitations of each testing method and sets the framework for the standard and the novel mitigation routes. The paper finally addresses the question whether or not UDC is a true standalone corrosion mechanism.

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Zdetsis, Aristides D. "The boron connection: Roots (routes), grounds, horizons." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2009: (ICCMSE 2009). AIP, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4771737.

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Bao, Zhibin, Haoxiang Lang, and Xianke Lin. "Efficient Sidewalk Route Planning on Aerial Images with Cost-Based A* and Mini-Max Objective Function." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-8032.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">With the growing diversification of modern urban transportation options, such as delivery robots, patrol robots, service robots, E-bikes, and E-scooters, sidewalks have gained newfound importance as critical features of High-Definition (HD) Maps. Since these emerging modes of transportation are designed to operate on sidewalks to ensure public safety, there is an urgent need for efficient and optimal sidewalk routing plans for autonomous driving systems. This paper proposed a sidewalk route planning method using a cost-based <i>A*</i> algorithm and a mini-max-based objective function for optimal routes. The proposed cost-based <i>A*</i> route planning algorithm can generate different routes based on the costs of different terrains (sidewalks and crosswalks), and the objective function can produce an efficient route for different routing scenarios or preferences while considering both travelling distance and safety levels. This paper’s work is meant to fill the gap in efficient route planning for sidewalks on aerial/HD maps.</div></div>

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Tsuji, Saburo. "Model-Guided Vision of a Mobile Robot for Monitoring a Building Environment." In Machine Vision. Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/mv.1985.fc1.

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Many research groups have studied autonomous vehicles as a challenge in Artificial Intelligence research [1–3]. These robots plan routs to the specified destination and navigate in the real world using visual or ultrasonic sensors. Most groups assume the environments are indoor but unknown, and their efforts have been concentrated on the problem of building the world model from sensory data with little prior knowledge on the environment.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Roots and routes"

Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel, and Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.

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This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.

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Aly, Radi, James H. Westwood, and Carole L. Cramer. Novel Approach to Parasitic Weed Control Based on Inducible Expression of Cecropin in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586467.bard.

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Our overall goal was to engineer crop plants with enhanced resistance to Orobanche (broomrape) based on the inducible expression of sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP). A secondary objective was to localize small proteins such as SLP in the host-parasite union in order to begin characterizing the mechanism of SLP toxicity to Orobanche. We have successfully accomplished both of these objectives and have demonstrated that transgenic tobacco plants expressing SLP under control of the HMG2 promoter show enhanced resistance to O. aegyptiaca and O. ramosa . Furthermore, we have shown that proteins much larger than the SLP move into Orobanche tubercles from the host root via either symplastic or apoplastic routes. This project was initiated with the finding that enhanced resistance to Orobanche could be conferred on tobacco, potato, and tomato by expression of SLP (Sarcotoxin IA is a 40-residue peptide produced as an antibiotic by the flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina ) under the control of a low-level, root-specific promoter. To improve the level of resistance, we linked the SLP gene to the promoter from HMG2, which is strongly inducible by Orobanche as it parasitizes the host. The resulting transgenic plants express SLP and show increased resistance to Orobanche. Resistance in this case is manifested by increased growth and yield of the host in the presence of the parasite as compared to non-transgenic plants, and decreased parasite growth. The mechanism of resistance appears to operate post-attachment as the parasite tubercles attached to the transgenic root plants turned necrotic and failed to develop normally. Studies examining the movement of GFP (approximately 6X the size of SLP) produced in tobacco roots showed accumulation of green fluorescence in tubercles growing on transformed plants but not in those growing on wild-type plants. This accumulation occurs regardless of whether the GFP is targeted to the cytoplasm (translocated symplastically) or the apoplastic space (translocated in xylem). Plants expressing SLP appear normal as compared to non-transgenic plants in the absence of Orobanche, so there is no obvious unintended impact on the host plant from SLP expression. This project required the creation of several gene constructs and generation of many transformed plant lines in order to address the research questions. The specific objectives of the project were to: 1. Make gene constructs fusing Orobanche-inducible promoter sequences to either the sarcotoxin-like peptide (SLP) gene or the GFP reporter gene. 2. Create transgenic plants containing gene constructs. 3. Characterize patterns of transgene expression and host-to-parasite movement of gene products in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.). 4. Characterize response of transgenic potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill .) to Orobanche in lab, greenhouse, and field. Objectives 1 and 2 were largely accomplished during the first year during Dr. Aly's sabbatical visit to Virginia Tech. Transforming and analyzing plants with all the constructs has taken longer than expected, so efforts have concentrated on the most important constructs. Work on objective 4 has been delayed pending the final results of analysis on tobacco and Arabidopsis transgenic plants. The implications of this work are profound, because the Orobanche spp. is an extremely destructive weed that is not controlled effectively by traditional cultural or herbicidal weed control strategies. This is the first example of engineering resistance to parasitic weeds and represents a unique mode of action for selective control of these weeds. This research highlights the possibility of using this technique for resistance to other parasitic species and demonstrates the feasibility of developing other novel strategies for engineering resistance to parasitic weeds.

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Rosen, E., M. Napierala, and N. Leymann. Using Multipoint LDP When the Backbone Has No Route to the Root. RFC Editor, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc6512.

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Gur, Amit, Edward Buckler, Joseph Burger, Yaakov Tadmor, and Iftach Klapp. Characterization of genetic variation and yield heterosis in Cucumis melo. United States Department of Agriculture, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600047.bard.

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Project objectives: 1) Characterization of variation for yield heterosis in melon using Half-Diallele (HDA) design. 2) Development and implementation of image-based yield phenotyping in melon. 3) Characterization of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional variation across 25 founder lines and selected hybrids. The epigentic part of this objective was modified during the course of the project: instead of characterization of chromatin structure in a single melon line through genome-wide mapping of nucleosomes using MNase-seq approach, we took advantage of rapid advancements in single-molecule sequencing and shifted the focus to Nanoporelong-read sequencing of all 25 founder lines. This analysis provides invaluable information on genome-wide structural variation across our diversity 4) Integrated analyses and development of prediction models Agricultural heterosis relates to hybrids that outperform their inbred parents for yield. First generation (F1) hybrids are produced in many crop species and it is estimated that heterosis increases yield by 15-30% globally. Melon (Cucumismelo) is an economically important species of The Cucurbitaceae family and is among the most important fleshy fruits for fresh consumption Worldwide. The major goal of this project was to explore the patterns and magnitude of yield heterosis in melon and link it to whole genome sequence variation. A core subset of 25 diverse lines was selected from the Newe-Yaar melon diversity panel for whole-genome re-sequencing (WGS) and test-crosses, to produce structured half-diallele design of 300 F1 hybrids (MelHDA25). Yield variation was measured in replicated yield trials at the whole-plant and at the rootstock levels (through a common-scion grafted experiments), across the F1s and parental lines. As part of this project we also developed an algorithmic pipeline for detection and yield estimation of melons from aerial-images, towards future implementation of such high throughput, cost-effective method for remote yield evaluation in open-field melons. We found extensive, highly heritable root-derived yield variation across the diallele population that was characterized by prominent best-parent heterosis (BPH), where hybrids rootstocks outperformed their parents by 38% and 56 % under optimal irrigation and drought- stress, respectively. Through integration of the genotypic data (~4,000,000 SNPs) and yield analyses we show that root-derived hybrids yield is independent of parental genetic distance. However, we mapped novel root-derived yield QTLs through genome-wide association (GWA) analysis and a multi-QTLs model explained more than 45% of the hybrids yield variation, providing a potential route for marker-assisted hybrid rootstock breeding. Four selected hybrid rootstocks are further studied under multiple scion varieties and their validated positive effect on yield performance is now leading to ongoing evaluation of their commercial potential. On the genomic level, this project resulted in 3 layers of data: 1) whole-genome short-read Illumina sequencing (30X) of the 25 founder lines provided us with 25 genome alignments and high-density melon HapMap that is already shown to be an effective resource for QTL annotation and candidate gene analysis in melon. 2) fast advancements in long-read single-molecule sequencing allowed us to shift focus towards this technology and generate ~50X Nanoporesequencing of the 25 founders which in combination with the short-read data now enable de novo assembly of the 25 genomes that will soon lead to construction of the first melon pan-genome. 3) Transcriptomic (3' RNA-Seq) analysis of several selected hybrids and their parents provide preliminary information on differentially expressed genes that can be further used to explain the root-derived yield variation. Taken together, this project expanded our view on yield heterosis in melon with novel specific insights on root-derived yield heterosis. To our knowledge, thus far this is the largest systematic genetic analysis of rootstock effects on yield heterosis in cucurbits or any other crop plant, and our results are now translated into potential breeding applications. The genomic resources that were developed as part of this project are putting melon in the forefront of genomic research and will continue to be useful tool for the cucurbits community in years to come.

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Sadot, Einat, Christopher Staiger, and Zvi Kam Weizmann. functional genomic screen for new plant cytoskeletal proteins and the determination of their role in actin mediated functions and guard cells regulation. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7587725.bard.

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The original objectives of the approved proposal were: 1. To construct a YFP fused Arabidopsis cDNA library in a mammalian expression vector. 2. To infect the library into a host fibroblast cell line and to screen for new cytoskeletal associated proteins using an automated microscope. 3. Isolate the new genes. 4. Characterize their role in plants. The project was approved as a feasibility study to allow proof of concept that would entail building the YFP library and picking up a couple of positive clones using the fluorescent screen. We report here on the construction of the YFP library, the development of the automatic microscope, the establishment of the screen and the isolation of positive clones that are plant cDNAs encoding cytoskeleton associated proteins. The rational underling a screen of plant library in fibroblasts is based on the high conservation of the cytoskeleton building blocks, actin and tubulin, between the two kingdoms (80-90% homology at the level of amino acids sequence). In addition, several publications demonstrated the recognition of mammalian cytoskeleton by plant cytoskeletal binding proteins and vice versa. The major achievements described here are: 1. The development of an automated microscope equipped with fast laser auto-focusing for high magnification and a software controlling 6 dimensions; X, Y position, auto focus, time, color, and the distribution and density of the fields acquired. This system is essential for the high throughput screen. 2. The construction of an extremely competent YFP library efficiently cloned (tens of thousands of clones collected, no empty vectors detected) with all inserts oriented 5't03'. These parameters render it well representative of the whole transcriptome and efficient in "in-frame" fusion to YFP. 3. The strategy developed for the screen allowing the isolation of individual positive cDNA clones following three rounds of microscopic scans. The major conclusion accomplished from the work described here is that the concept of using mammalian host cells for fishing new plant cytoskeletal proteins is feasible and that screening system developed is complete for addressing one of the major bottlenecks of the plant cytoskeleton field: the need for high throughput identification of functionally active cytoskeletal proteins. The new identified plant cytoskeletal proteins isolated in the pilot screen and additional new proteins which will be isolated in a comprehensive screen will shed light on cytoskeletal mediated processes playing a major role in cellular activities such as cell division, morphogenesis, and functioning such as chloroplast positioning, pollen tube and root hair elongation and the movement of guard cells. Therefore, in the long run the screen described here has clear agricultural implications.

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