Статті в журналах: "Sacrificial dilemmas"

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Carron, Robin, Nathalie Blanc, and Emmanuelle Brigaud. "Contextualizing sacrificial dilemmas within Covid-19 for the study of moral judgment." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 22, 2022): e0273521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273521.

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"Sacrificial dilemmas" are the scenarios typically used to study moral judgment and human morality. However, these dilemmas have been criticized regarding their lack of ecological validity. The COVID-19 pandemic offers a relevant context to further examine individuals’ moral judgment and choice of action with more realistic sacrificial dilemmas. Using this context, the purpose of the present study is to investigate how moral responses are influenced by the contextualization of the dilemma (i.e., contextualized or not within the Covid-19 pandemic). By comparing two versions of one dilemma, Experiment 1 revealed that the more realistic version (the one contextualized within the Covid-19 pandemic) did not elicit more utilitarian responses than the less realistic version (the one not contextualized within the Covid-19 pandemic). In Experiment 2, we examined more specifically whether both the perceived realism of the dilemma and the plausibility of a utilitarian action influence moral responses. Results confirmed that the contextualization of the dilemma does not make any difference in moral responses. However, the plausibility of an action appears to exert an influence on the choice of action. Indeed, participants were more inclined to choose the utilitarian action in the plausible action versions than in the implausible action versions of the dilemma. Overall, these results shed light on the importance for future research of using mundane and dramatic realistic dilemmas displaying full information regarding a sacrificial action and its consequences.

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Kirova, Alena, Ying Tang, and Paul Conway. "Are people really less moral in their foreign language? Proficiency and comprehension matter for the moral foreign language effect in Russian speakers." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 10, 2023): e0287789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287789.

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Previous work has demonstrated that people are more willing to sacrifice one person to save five in a foreign language (FL) than in their native tongue. This may be due to the FL either reducing concerns about sacrificial harm (deontological inclinations) or increasing concerns about overall outcomes (utilitarian inclinations). Moreover, proficiency in a foreign language (FL) may moderate results. To test these possibilities, we investigated the moral foreign language effect (MFLE) in a novel sample of Russian L1/English FL speakers. We employed process dissociation (PD)—a technique that independently assesses concerns about rejecting harm and maximizing outcomes in sacrificial dilemmas, and we assessed measures of objective and subjective foreign language proficiency and of dilemma comprehension. Results replicated the pattern of increased acceptance of sacrificial harm in FL demonstrated in earlier studies, but a PD analysis showed no evidence of increased concerns for utilitarian outcomes in a FL; instead, this pattern was driven by reduced concerns regarding sacrificial harm. However, people who reported better dilemma comprehension in the FL demonstrated both stronger deontological and utilitarian responding, and people with higher objective proficiency displayed stronger utilitarian responding in the FL than those with lower proficiency. These findings show that utilitarian inclinations are affected by reading dilemmas in a foreign language mainly in low-proficiency speakers, and that while emotional concerns for sacrifice are reduced in FL, better comprehension can increase such concerns as well as concern for outcomes.

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Aktas, Büsra, Onurcan Yilmaz, and Hasan G. Bahçekapili. "Moral pluralism on the trolley tracks: Different normative principles are used for different reasons in justifying moral judgments." Judgment and Decision Making 12, no. 3 (May 2017): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005891.

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AbstractThe psychological correlates of utilitarian choices in sacrificial moral dilemmas are contentious. In the literature, some research (Greene, et al., 2001) suggested that utilitarianism requires analytic thinking while other research (Kahane et al., 2015) showed that utilitarianism is correlated with psychopathy. In the present research, we looked at the relation of several normative views with analytic cognitive style (ACS), psychopathy and real-world utilitarianism in three Turkish samples. In Study 1 (n = 269), we used four ethical dilemmas and asked participants to select one normative principle as the grounds for their judgment in the dilemma: fatalism, virtue ethics, utilitarianism, deontology and amoralism. The results showed that the majority selected the deontological principle. Additionally, there was a considerable amount of fatalistic and virtue ethical justifications. Utilitarianism and psychopathy had a significant positive correlation. In Study 2 (n = 246), we replicated Study 1 and showed a significant relation between ACS and moral minimalism (the view that the sacrificial act is permissible but not necessary). In Study 3, the results showed that the utilitarian option in the sacrificial dilemmas was positively correlated with both real-life utilitarianism and psychopathy, but the latter two variables were not correlated with each other. All in all, the results suggest that some people choose the utilitarian option in moral dilemmas from psychopathic tendencies (as Kahane argued), while others due to real-life utilitarian reasons (as Greene argued). The findings also indicate that virtue ethical and fatalistic justifications cannot be ignored in understanding lay people’s moral judgments.

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4

Rosas, Alejandro, Juan Pablo Bermúdez, and David Aguilar-Pardo. "Decision conflict drives reaction times and utilitarian responses in sacrificial dilemmas." Judgment and Decision Making 14, no. 5 (September 2019): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s193029750000485x.

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AbstractIn the sacrificial moral dilemma task, participants have to morally judge an action that saves several lives at the cost of killing one person. According to the dual process corrective model of moral judgment suggested by Greene and collaborators (2001; 2004; 2008), cognitive control is necessary to override the intuitive, deontological force of the norm against killing and endorse the utilitarian perspective. However, a conflict model has been proposed more recently to account for part of the evidence in favor of dual process models in moral and social decision making. In this model, conflict, moral responses and reaction times arise from the interplay between individually variable motivational factors and objective parameters intrinsic to the choices offered. To further explore this model in the moral dilemma task, we confronted three different samples with a set of dilemmas representing an objective gradient of utilitarian pull, and collected data on moral judgment and on conflict in a 4-point scale. Collapsing all cases along the gradient, participants in each sample felt less conflicted on average when they gave extreme responses (1 or 4 in the UR scale). They felt less conflicted on average when responding to either the low- or the high-pull cases. The correlation between utilitarian responses and conflict was positive in the low-pull and negative in the high-pull cases. This pattern of data suggests that moral responses to sacrificial dilemmas are driven by decision conflict, which in turn depends on the interplay between an objective gradient of utilitarian pull and the moral motivations which regulate individual responsiveness to this gradient.

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Crone, Damien L., and Simon M. Laham. "Multiple moral foundations predict responses to sacrificial dilemmas." Personality and Individual Differences 85 (October 2015): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.041.

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Brigaud, Emmanuelle, and Nathalie Blanc. "When dark humor and moral judgment meet in sacrificial dilemmas: Preliminary evidence with females." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 17, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.2417.

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The influence of dark humor on moral judgment has never been explored, even though this form of humor is well-known to push the boundaries of social norms. In the present study, we examined whether the presence of dark humor leads female participants to approve a utilitarian response (i.e., to kill one to save many) in sacrificial dilemmas. The effects of two types of humorous contexts were compared (i.e., dark vs. nondark) on dilemmas, which differed according to whom benefits from the crime (i.e., oneself and others vs. others only). In addition to collecting moral responses, individuals’ emotional states were assessed at three critical steps: Before and after reading the jokes and also after performing the moral judgment task. Our results revealed that dark and nondark humor similarly elicited a positive emotional state. However, dark humor increased the permissiveness of the moral violation when this violation created benefits for oneself. In self and other beneficial dilemmas, female participants in the dark humorous condition judged the utilitarian response more appropriate than those in the nondark condition. This study represents a first attempt in deepening our understanding of the context-dependent nature of moral judgment usually assessed in sacrificial dilemmas.

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7

Goldstein-Greenwood, Jacob, Paul Conway, Amy Summerville, and Brielle N. Johnson. "(How) Do You Regret Killing One to Save Five? Affective and Cognitive Regret Differ After Utilitarian and Deontological Decisions." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 9 (January 28, 2020): 1303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219897662.

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Sacrificial moral dilemmas, in which opting to kill one person will save multiple others, are definitionally suboptimal: Someone dies either way. Decision-makers, then, may experience regret about these decisions. Past research distinguishes affective regret, negative feelings about a decision, from cognitive regret, thoughts about how a decision might have gone differently. Classic dual-process models of moral judgment suggest that affective processing drives characteristically deontological decisions to reject outcome-maximizing harm, whereas cognitive deliberation drives characteristically utilitarian decisions to endorse outcome-maximizing harm. Consistent with this model, we found that people who made or imagined making sacrificial utilitarian judgments reliably expressed relatively more affective regret and sometimes expressed relatively less cognitive regret than those who made or imagined making deontological dilemma judgments. In other words, people who endorsed causing harm to save lives generally felt more distressed about their decision, yet less inclined to change it, than people who rejected outcome-maximizing harm.

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8

Rosas, Alejandro, and David Aguilar-Pardo. "Extreme time-pressure reveals utilitarian intuitions in sacrificial dilemmas." Thinking & Reasoning 26, no. 4 (October 23, 2019): 534–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546783.2019.1679665.

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9

Antoniou, Rea, Tobias Haeusermann, Alissa Bernstein Sideman, Celeste Fong, Patrick Callahan, Sherry Chen, Bruce L. Miller, Winston Chiong, and Katherine P. Rankin. "62 Moral Reasoning Through the Eyes of Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (November 2023): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723003806.

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Objective:Persons with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) have been shown to exhibit altered morality, manifested as atypical utilitarian tendencies towards sacrificial moral dilemmas. This takes the form of endorsing harmful actions towards single individuals, including vulnerable or relationally close individuals (e.g. children, loved ones), in order to promote the greater good for the community or society as a whole. The dual process model of moral cognition interprets such tendencies as deriving from a lack of emotional engagement, whereas moral emotion theory views them as selective impairment in prosocial sentiments. We hypothesized that both the widespread neuropsychological practice of using sacrificial moral dilemmas to evaluate moral reasoning, and these tests' overreliance on quantitative results, inadequately represent how persons with bvFTD reason and feel while responding to moral dilemmas. To evaluate this hypothesis, we applied a mixed-methods approach to identify the reasoning, motivations, and emotional experiences of bvFTD persons during their deliberation about moral scenarios.Participants and Methods:We conducted semi-structured interviews with 14 participants: 7 persons with bvFTD & 7 older healthy controls. Transcripts were coded in Atlas 5.0 to characterize the underlying reasoning, emotions, response processes, and values that emerged when responding to a structured set of moral dilemmas. Our dilemmas measured utilitarian reasoning holistically by incorporating both sacrificial and impartial/altruistic components, as suggested by the 2-dimensional model of utilitarianism.Results:Unexpectedly, bvFTD persons articulated a prosocial compass when asked about their values, stating they were organizing their choices predominantly around kindness and altruism, even when they were making choices to harm loved ones or vulnerable individuals to promote the greater good. During moral deliberation, persons with bvFTD showed significantly less metacognition (bvFTD = 10%, HC = 90%) but reported more positive emotions (joy; bvFTD = 83%, HC = 17%) than negative (frustration; bvFTD = 30 %, HC = 70 %) compared to controls. Qualitatively, this observed emotional outlook was typically coupled with a more rigid, simplistic viewpoint (e.g., "I felt great, it was a no brainer"), suggesting a moral understanding lacking emotional nuance and complexity.Conclusions:Our data showed that bvFTD persons' utilitarian responses to moral dilemmas did not arise from an emotionally flat or antisocial cognitive perspective, but instead were guided by positive emotionality, simplistic reasoning, and prosocial values. These findings challenge the current understanding of the reasoning processes and experiences of persons with bvFTD and highlight the importance of incorporating mixed method approaches in dementia research that take into consideration the viewpoint of the cognitively compromised individual.

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10

Navarick, Douglas J. "Question framing and sensitivity to consequences in sacrificial moral dilemmas." Journal of Social Psychology 161, no. 1 (April 8, 2020): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2020.1749019.

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11

Chu, Yueying, and Peng Liu. "Machines and humans in sacrificial moral dilemmas: Required similarly but judged differently?" Cognition 239 (October 2023): 105575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105575.

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12

Simpson, David, and Kyle Nash. "Applying process dissociation to self-sacrificial moral dilemmas: Extending the dual-process model." Cognition 250 (September 2024): 105873. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105873.

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13

Landy, Justin F., Benjamin A. Lemli, Pritika Shah, Alexander D. Perry, and Rebekah Sager. "Moral preference reversals: Violations of procedure invariance in moral judgments of sacrificial dilemmas." Cognition 252 (November 2024): 105919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105919.

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14

Bauman, Christopher W., A. Peter McGraw, Daniel M. Bartels, and Caleb Warren. "Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology." Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8, no. 9 (September 2014): 536–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12131.

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15

Crone, Damien L., and Simon M. Laham. "Utilitarian preferences or action preferences? De-confounding action and moral code in sacrificial dilemmas." Personality and Individual Differences 104 (January 2017): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.022.

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Young, April D., and Andrew E. Monroe. "Autonomous morals: Inferences of mind predict acceptance of AI behavior in sacrificial moral dilemmas." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 85 (November 2019): 103870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103870.

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Awad, Edmond, Sohan Dsouza, Azim Shariff, Iyad Rahwan, and Jean-François Bonnefon. "Universals and variations in moral decisions made in 42 countries by 70,000 participants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 5 (January 21, 2020): 2332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911517117.

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When do people find it acceptable to sacrifice one life to save many? Cross-cultural studies suggested a complex pattern of universals and variations in the way people approach this question, but data were often based on small samples from a small number of countries outside of the Western world. Here we analyze responses to three sacrificial dilemmas by 70,000 participants in 10 languages and 42 countries. In every country, the three dilemmas displayed the same qualitative ordering of sacrifice acceptability, suggesting that this ordering is best explained by basic cognitive processes rather than cultural norms. The quantitative acceptability of each sacrifice, however, showed substantial country-level variations. We show that low relational mobility (where people are more cautious about not alienating their current social partners) is strongly associated with the rejection of sacrifices for the greater good (especially for Eastern countries), which may be explained by the signaling value of this rejection. We make our dataset fully available as a public resource for researchers studying universals and variations in human morality.

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Bostyn, D. H., J. De Keersmaecker, J. Van Assche, and A. Roets. "Bright mind, moral mind? Intelligence is unrelated to consequentialist moral judgment in sacrificial moral dilemmas." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 27, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 392–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01676-9.

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Kahane, Guy. "Sidetracked by trolleys: Why sacrificial moral dilemmas tell us little (or nothing) about utilitarian judgment." Social Neuroscience 10, no. 5 (March 20, 2015): 551–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2015.1023400.

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Kahane, Guy, Jim A. C. Everett, Brian D. Earp, Miguel Farias, and Julian Savulescu. "‘Utilitarian’ judgments in sacrificial moral dilemmas do not reflect impartial concern for the greater good." Cognition 134 (January 2015): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.10.005.

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Bostyn, D. H., and A. Roets. "Sequential decision-making impacts moral judgment: How iterative dilemmas can expand our perspective on sacrificial harm." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 98 (January 2022): 104244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104244.

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Maranges, Heather M., Susan K. Chen, and Paul Conway. "Insecure and insensitive: Avoidant and anxious attachment predict less concern for others in sacrificial moral dilemmas." Personality and Individual Differences 185 (February 2022): 111274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.111274.

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Druică, Elena, Toni Gibea, Rodica Ianole-Călin, and Emanuel Socaciu. "Do Moral Judgments in Moral Dilemmas Make One More Inclined to Choose a Medical Degree?" Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 6 (June 5, 2023): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13060474.

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The role of moral intuitions and moral judgments has become increasingly prominent in educational and academic choices. The present research aims to examine if the moral judgments elicited in sacrificial trolley dilemmas have a distinct pattern for the decisions made by junior medical students, in comparison to those of senior high school students. We work with this sample because it represents the population out of which medical students are recruited in the case of Bucharest, Romania. Our findings show that moral judgments are indeed a significant predictor for a respondent’s status as medical students. This result, albeit with limitations, bears multiple practical implications, from developing empirically informed medical ethics courses in medical schools to evidence-based policy designs which consider factors such as morality alongside financial outcomes and incentives.

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Takamatsu, Reina, and Jiro Takai. "With or Without Empathy: Primary Psychopathy and Difficulty in Identifying Feelings Predict Utilitarian Judgment in Sacrificial Dilemmas." Ethics & Behavior 29, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2017.1367684.

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Rosas, Alejandro, Hugo Viciana, Esteban Caviedes, and Alejandra Arciniegas. "Hot utilitarianism and cold deontology: Insights from a response patterns approach to sacrificial and real world dilemmas." Social Neuroscience 14, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2018.1464945.

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Sharma Kandel, Bhanu Bhakta. "Grace of Sacrifice: A Study of Henry James’ The Wings of the Dove." Literary Oracle 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2024): 46–62. https://doi.org/10.70532/lodec2404.

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The Wings of the Dove, a novel by Henry James, is rich with themes of love, sacrifice, and moral ambiguity. Central to its narrative is the character of Milly Theale, a wealthy American heiress stricken with a fatal illness, whose fortune attracts the attention of Kate Croy and Merton Densher, two lovers entangled in a complex web of desire and ambition. This article explores the concept of sacrifice embodied by Milly’s character, examining how her impending death catalyzes profound emotional and ethical dilemmas for those around her. Milly’s sacrificial nature serves as a lens through which James critiques individuals’ moral compromises in pursuit of their desires, highlighting the tension between self-interest and altruism. Through Milly’s story, James delves into the complexities of human relationships, revealing the profound impact of sacrifice on the sacrificial giver and its beneficiary. James claims that he has used his theory of the ‘Art of Fiction’ to deal with the actual happenings in his novels, which have made his novels real rather than realistic. This article attempts to see whether he has successfully applied his theory in his creations and whether the representation of ‘life-lived’ is possible in literature, as he claims. It is qualitative research based on library material. The study’s finding is that it is neither possible to create a formula for reading and writing fiction nor is it possible to represent real life in literature.

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Reynolds, Caleb J., Anastasia Makhanova, Larissa Nikonova, Lisa A. Eckel, and Paul Conway. "Testosterone and cortisol do not predict rejecting harm or maximizing outcomes in sacrificial moral dilemmas: A preregistered analysis." Hormones and Behavior 136 (November 2021): 105063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105063.

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Zhang, Zhiyu. "Gender Bias and the Power Shaping: An Analysis of Female Characters in the Film Ne Zha 2." International Journal of Education and Humanities 19, no. 1 (April 14, 2025): 128–31. https://doi.org/10.54097/v4x5ec49.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the four female characters in the film Ne Zha 2 -Lady Yin, Crane Girl, Ao Run, and Lady Shiji-by exploring the ways in which their roles are presented in the film, it reveals how traditional gender biases and societal expectations affect women's position in the power structure.Lady Yin, as a mother and female general, is marginalized as a sacrificial character in the story despite her leadership.Crane Girl has a high status among the divine attendants, yet remains as a subordinate to the male characters, reflecting a clear gender hierarchical order.The characters of Ao Run and Lady Shiji also present different gendered behaviors and dilemmas, demonstrating the invisible limitations of women in power struggles in traditional Chinese culture.This paper argues that these female role settings reflect deeper social gender norms and contribute to gender bias in contemporary media.

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Pletti, Carolina, Lorella Lotto, Giulia Buodo, and Michela Sarlo. "It's immoral, but I'd do it! Psychopathy traits affect decision-making in sacrificial dilemmas and in everyday moral situations." British Journal of Psychology 108, no. 2 (July 2, 2016): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12205.

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Chen, Xiyou, Zhihui Wu, Bin Zhan, Daoqun Ding, and Xiangyi Zhang. "Effects of Alexithymia on Moral Decision-Making in Sacrificial Dilemmas: High Alexithymia is Associated with Weaker Sensitivity to Moral Norms." Psychology Research and Behavior Management Volume 16 (June 2023): 2315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s407744.

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Bordera, Juan, Alberto Coronel, and Alejandro Pedregal. "Green New Dilemmas. Inercias autoritarias y límites de la democracia." Ecología Política. Cuadernos de debate internacional 64, no. 64 (December 27, 2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.53368/ep64npvop01.

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El artículo explora los tres principales dilemas a los que se enfrentan los llamados Green New Deals (GND): el dilema biofísico que plantean sus costes energéticos y materiales; el dilema político derivado de sus inercias extractivistas, coloniales y autoritarias, y, por último, el dilema cultural vinculado a los imaginarios sociales, electorales y discursivos que estas propuestas refuerzan. En el centro del triángulo formado por estos Green New Dilemmas el texto sitúa la que considera la mayor limitación de estas propuestas: la indecisión estratégica y estructural respecto de su relación con el modo de producción capitalista. Como puerta de salida a estos dilemas, defendemos un decrecimiento democrático e internacionalista que no fomente una esperanza política y un optimismo tecnológico basados en la creación y abstracción discursiva de grandes «zonas de sacrificio verde».

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Zeigler-Hill, Virgil, Avi Besser, Sinead Cronin, and Jennifer K. Vrabel. "Pathological Personality Traits and Utilitarian Moral Judgments." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 37, no. 3 (March 2018): 182–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.3.182.

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Recent research has highlighted important individual differences in moral judgment. The present study extends these findings by examining the associations between pathological personality traits and utilitarian moral judgments. This was accomplished by asking 2,121 Israeli community members to complete self-report measures concerning their pathological personality traits and evaluate the acceptability of utilitarian moral judgments in various sacrificial dilemmas (is it acceptable to intentionally kill one person in order to save several other people?). The results showed that the pathological personality traits of antagonism and disinhibition were positively associated with the endorsement of personal utilitarian moral judgments (i.e., those decisions requiring the individual to directly inflict harm on the would-be sacrificed individual), whereas negative affectivity was negatively associated with personal utilitarian moral judgments. Antagonism was the only pathological personality trait associated with impersonal utilitarian moral judgments (i.e., those decisions that did not require the individual to directly inflict harm on the would-be sacrificed individual). Discussion focuses on the implications of these findings for understanding the associations between pathological personality traits and moral judgments.

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Barbosa, Sergio, and William Jiménez-Leal. "It’s not right but it’s permitted: Wording effects in moral judgement." Judgment and Decision Making 12, no. 3 (May 2017): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005908.

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AbstractThis study aims to provide evidence about two widely held assumptions in the experimental study of moral judgment. First, that different terms used to ask for moral judgment (e.g., blame, wrongness, permissibility…) can be treated as synonyms and hence used interchangeably. Second, that the moral and legal status of the judged action are independent of one another and thus moral judgment have no influence of legal or other conventional considerations. Previous research shows mixed results on these claims. We recruited 660 participants who provided moral judgment to three identical sacrificial dilemmas using seven different terms. We experimentally manipulated the explicit legal status of the judged action. Results suggest that terms that highlight the utilitarian nature of the judged action cause harsher moral judgments as a mechanism of reputation preservation. Also, the manipulation of the legal status of the judged action holds for all considered terms but is larger for impermissibility judgments. Taken as a whole, our results imply that, although subtle, different terms used to ask for moral judgment have theoretically and methodologically relevant differences which calls for further scrutiny.

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Majid, M. Kharis, and Siti Maulida Nur Azizah. "Redemption of Sins in Christianity: Analysis of the Holy Bible Texts." Journal of Comparative Study of Religions 4, no. 01 (May 19, 2024): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21111/jcsr.v4i01.11092.

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Sin has been a frequently discussed topic in the context of Christianity. The concept of inherited sin is viewed as a barrier between humans and God. Christians believe in the redemption of this sin through the sacred blood of Jesus Christ. This concept was prophesied in the Old Testament and fulfilled in the New Testament. This research focuses on the fundamental question regarding the forgiveness of sins through the blood of Jesus, which, over time, evolved from the practice of redemption through priests to the inclusion of indulgences. The objective of this study is to examine and comprehend the sacredness of Jesus Christ's blood, which is the centerpiece of Christian belief, where His blood is seen as the means of sin redemption. A critical descriptive analysis method is employed to explore these the means of sin redemption. A critical descriptive analysis method is employed to explore these viewpoints, revealing various dilemmas arising from Paul's interpretation of this concept. The research findings indicate that the concept of sin in Christianity is a core element of Christian faith, wherein inherited sin can only be absolved through the sacrificial blood of Jesus. However, contemporary Christian teachings have undergone transformations that alter original aspects of the doctrine, where Paul's interpretations, seen as introductions to Christian teachings, influence the original meanings and give rise to the practice of indulgences, which have become part of the evolving Christian doctrine.

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Li, Tao, and Yuan Sihan. "The Ethical Dilemma in The Mill on the Floss: The Struggle between ‘Antigone’ and ‘Creon’." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 21, no. 1 (April 24, 2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v21.n1.p1.

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George Eliot views Antigone as a microcosm of social ethics, reflecting the clash between individuals and established rules. In <em>The Mill on the Floss</em>, Maggie, a mortal “Antigone,” struggles against the “established laws” embodied by her brother Tom, ultimately sacrificing herself for family interests. While Creon and Antigone represent a choice between human and divine law, Tom and Maggie symbolize tradition versus freedom. Through Maggie, Eliot highlights the triple ethical dilemmas faced by Victorian women. This paper, based on ethical criticism, reveals three key findings: First, Maggie faces a familial ethical dilemma between conforming to traditional female roles and pursuing self-realization. Second, she experiences a social ethical dilemma between maintaining family status and personal emotional choices, causing ethical anxiety. Third, the moral ethical dilemma between traditional morals and romantic pursuit forces Maggie to compromise, leading to her tragic end. Under Victorian moral standards, mortal “Antigones” clash with the “angel in the house” ideal, becoming victims of these triple ethical dilemmas.

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Fagan, Shawn E., Liat Kofler, Sarah Riccio, and Yu Gao. "Somatic Marker Production Deficits Do Not Explain the Relationship between Psychopathic Traits and Utilitarian Moral Decision Making." Brain Sciences 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10050303.

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In moral dilemma tasks, high levels of psychopathic traits often predict increased utilitarian responding—specifically, endorsing sacrificing one person to save many. Research suggests that increased arousal (i.e., somatic marker production) underlies lower rates of utilitarian responding during moral dilemmas. Though deficient somatic marker production is characteristic of psychopathy, how this deficit affects the psychopathy–utilitarian connection remains unknown. We assessed psychopathic traits in undergraduates, as well as behavioral performance and skin conductance level reactivity (SCL-R; a measure of somatic marker production) during a moral dilemma task. High psychopathic traits and low SCL-R were associated with increased utilitarian decisions in dilemmas involving direct personal harm. Psychopathic traits were unrelated to SCL-R, nor did SCL-R mediate the relationship between psychopathy and utilitarianism. The present study did not find evidence that somatic marker production explains the connection between utilitarianism and psychopathy in a college population. Further research is necessary to identify the neural mechanisms relating psychopathy and moral decision-making in nonclinical samples.

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Christen, Markus, Darcia Narvaez, Julaine D. Zenk, Michael Villano, Charles R. Crowell, and Daniel R. Moore. "Trolley dilemma in the sky: Context matters when civilians and cadets make remotely piloted aircraft decisions." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): e0247273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247273.

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Crews operating remotely piloted aircrafts (RPAs) in military operations may be among the few that truly experience tragic dilemmas similar to the famous Trolley Problem. In order to analyze decision-making and emotional conflict of RPA operators within Trolley-Problem-like dilemma situations, we created an RPA simulation that varied mission contexts (firefighter, military and surveillance as a control condition) and the social “value” of a potential victim. We found that participants (Air Force cadets and civilian students) were less likely to make the common utilitarian choice (sacrificing one to save five), when the value of the one increased, especially in the military context. However, in the firefighter context, this decision pattern was much less pronounced. The results demonstrate behavioral and justification differences when people are more invested in a particular context despite ostensibly similar dilemmas.

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Białek, Michał, Jonathan Fugelsang, and Ori Friedman. "Choosing victims: Human fungibility in moral decision-making." Judgment and Decision Making 13, no. 5 (September 2018): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s193029750000872x.

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AbstractIn considering moral dilemmas, people often judge the acceptability of exchanging individuals’ interests, rights, and even lives. Here we investigate the related, but often overlooked, question of how people decide who to sacrifice in a moral dilemma. In three experiments (total N = 558), we provide evidence that these decisions often depend on the feeling that certain people are fungible and interchangeable with one another, and that one factor that leads people to be viewed this way is shared nationality. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants read vignettes in which three individuals’ lives could be saved by sacrificing another person. When the individuals were characterized by their nationalities, participants chose to save the three endangered people by sacrificing someone who shared their nationality, rather than sacrificing someone from a different nationality. Participants do not show similar preferences, though, when individuals were characterized by their age or month of birth. In Experiment 3, we replicated the effect of nationality on participant’s decisions about who to sacrifice, and also found that they did not show a comparable preference in a closely matched vignette in which lives were not exchanged. This suggests that the effect of nationality on decisions of who to sacrifice may be specific to judgments about exchanges of lives.

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Krueger, Joachim I., and Melissa Acevedo. "Why cooperate? Social projection as a cognitive mechanism that helps us do good." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 25, no. 2 (April 2002): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x02390058.

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The mother sacrificing herself while rescuing someone else's child is a red herring. Neither behaviorism nor cognitivism can explain it. Unlike behaviorism, however, the cognitive process of projection can explain cooperation in one-shot social dilemmas.

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Dahl, Fredrik Andreas, and Gry Oftedal. "Trolley Dilemmas Fail to Predict Ethical Judgment in a Hypothetical Vaccination Context." Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 14, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556264618808175.

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We investigated whether the responses of 68 ethics committee members and staff to trolley dilemmas could predict their responses to research ethics problems concerning vaccine trials. Trolley dilemmas deal with the issue of sacrificing some for the benefit of many, which is also a core issue in the vaccination trial dilemmas. The subjects’ responses to trolley dilemmas showed no statistically significant correlation with their responses to our vaccination trial dilemmas. We concluded that, if there is a component of transferable intuition between the contexts, it must be small and dominated by other factors. Furthermore, the willingness to sacrifice some for many was larger in the trolley context, despite a more favorable risk/reward ratio and the voluntary participation of the subjects at risk in the vaccination situations. We conclude that one’s general willingness to trade lives in the trolley context may be an artifact that is due to its unrealistic setting.

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Denny, Brian S. "The Warden's Dilemma as Nested Game: Political Self-Sacrifice, Instrumental Rationality, and Third Parties." Government and Opposition 56, no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 82–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2019.9.

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AbstractInspired by the famous Prisoner's Dilemma game theory model, Karin Marie Fierke introduced the Warden's Dilemma to explain self-sacrifice and compromise in asymmetric interactions and to show that such an explanation requires a social ontology. She applied her model to Irish Republican Army hunger strikes in 1980–1981. Her model, however, closely resembles what game theorists call a ‘nested game’. This article (re)introduces the nested Warden's Dilemma, focuses on the tripartite relationship inherent to the model and examines hunger strikes as part of a strategy potentially informed by instrumental rationality and knowledge of the Warden's Dilemma dynamic. After briefly discussing the implications of approaching self-sacrificial behaviour from a rationalist perspective, a case study of strategic non-violence in Myanmar (Burma) demonstrates how third parties can both diffuse instrumental rationality regarding political self-sacrifice and facilitate patterns of resistance that appear to capitalize on the Warden's Dilemma dynamic.

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Khairatun Hisan, Urfa. "Ethical Dilemma in Patients Selection during COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: Choosing Who Shall Live or Die." Journal of Health Sciences and Medical Development 2, no. 02 (May 10, 2023): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.56741/hesmed.v2i02.336.

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Debates surrounding the patient selection criteria for medical resources rationing have been sparked since decades ago. The arrival of COVID-19 has, once again, raised this debate. Due to its abrupt arrival, rapid infection rate, and unknown pathophysiology, COVID-19 has overwhelmed everyone, including healthcare stakeholders, causing a shortage of medical resources (e.g., beds, ventilators, oxygen supplies, drugs and medicines, and even personal protective equipment). Subsequently, resource rationing through patient selection is inevitable. This article comprehensively summarized the ethical dilemmas in patient selection during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in Indonesia. We divide the dilemma into two major groups: the elderly and important people. We also present a scientific discussion covering the patients' selection approaches (first-come-first-served (FCFS)-based, severity-based, age-based, time-division/future prediction, equality-based, and random rationing). We reveal that there is no perfectly ideal approach for patient selection without sacrificing any factors. Since decades ago, patient selection policy has placed the elderly groups in an unfavorable position. The COVID-19 pandemic has, once more, showing us that elderly groups are still given lower priorities in the scarce medical resource setting. Lastly, until we are able to provide sufficient healthcare resources, this condition might be, and will always be, a bitter pill to swallow.

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Braun, Antonia, Petra Kemter-Hofmann, and Johannes Wendsche. "Selbstständige im Dilemma: Arbeiten oder erholen?" ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2025, no. 04 (March 28, 2025): 218–20. https://doi.org/10.17147/asu-1-433336.

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Self-employed in a dilemma: To work or to recover? Self-employed individuals face the challenge of balancing demanding workloads and sufficient recovery. A new study reveals that recovery significantly enhances well-being without sacrificing performance. For this purpose, 255 self-employed people from various industries were surveyed. These findings provide valuable insights into promoting recovery and well-being in self-employment.

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Landabur Ayala, Rodrigo Antonio, and Gonzalo Javier Miguez Cavieres. "Dilemas morales: ¿Pueden evaluar la teoría utilitarista?" Andamios, Revista de Investigación Social 20, no. 51 (July 24, 2023): 413–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.29092/uacm.v20i51.1013.

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Deontología y utilitarismo, actuar por el deber según determinados principios, y maximizar la felicidad para la mayoría, respectivamente, se evalúan mediante dilemas (por ejemplo, ¿se debe sacrificar una persona para salvar a cinco?). Se ha cuestionado si las respuestas a estos dilemas reflejan dichas posturas morales. El presente estudio analizó si la aceptación del daño refleja una postura utilitarista. Revisamos estudios que relacionaban la respuesta a los dilemas con indicadores del utilitarismo según cinco criterios que establecimos. Concluimos que las respuestas reflejaron utilitarismo según algunos de los criterios, pero se requieren análisis de mayor validez que incluyan las variables que afectan las respuestas a los dilemas. Propusimos condiciones para evaluar si las respuestas reflejan el utilitarismo en futuros estudios.

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Oftedal, Gry, Ingrid H. Ravn, and Fredrik A. Dahl. "No Correlation Between Ethical Judgment in Trolley Dilemmas and Vaccine Scenarios for Nurse Specialist Students." Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 15, no. 4 (March 19, 2020): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556264620911234.

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We tested whether responses to trolley problems by nurse specialist students correlated with their responses to hypothetical vaccine problems, as a follow-up to a similar study on ethics committees. No statistically significant correlation was found between the trolley and vaccination scores. These results confirmed and strengthened the finding of a very weak correlation (possibly zero), and the point estimate was even lower than for the ethics committees. Hence, the nurse specialists’ responses to the trolley problems cannot be used to indicate any direction for their responses to the vaccine problems, although there is a common core issue of sacrificing some for many. The respondents reported a relatively high willingness to push one man in front of a trolley to save five. They also reported a high willingness to act in trolley dilemmas compared with vaccination dilemmas, although the dimensions of risk–reward ratios and consent heavily favored the latter.

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Natali, Marcos P. "O sacrifício da literatura." Alea : Estudos Neolatinos 15, no. 1 (June 2013): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1517-106x2013000100013.

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Partindo da leitura de um trecho da Circonfissão de Jacques Derrida, o trabalho revisita a questão do sacrifício, agora tendo em vista sua possível contribuição para uma reflexão sobre os estudos literários no presente. Se o sacrifício é o anúncio de uma escolha, a estrutura sacrificial pode ser útil para pensar a literatura em suas relações com demandas de diversas naturezas, ressaltando eventuais semelhanças entre a teoria literária e a teologia em suas respostas à diferença. A leitura do livro de Derrida, texto escrito durante doença de sua mãe, permite que se avalie como o autor imagina que a literatura responde a dilemas éticos presentes na escrita de qualquer texto.

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Kawai, Nobuyuki, Kenta Kubo, and Namiko Kubo-Kawai. "“Granny dumping”: Acceptability of sacrificing the elderly in a simulated moral dilemma." Japanese Psychological Research 56, no. 3 (February 25, 2014): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12049.

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Bostyn, Dries H., Subramanya Prasad Chandrashekar, and Arne Roets. "Deontologists are not always trusted over utilitarians: revisiting inferences of trustworthiness from moral judgments." Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (January 30, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-27943-3.

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Abstract Recent research has looked at how people infer the moral character of others based on how they resolve sacrificial moral dilemmas. Previous studies provide consistent evidence for the prediction that those who endorse outcome-maximizing, utilitarian judgments are disfavored in social dilemmas and are seen as less trustworthy in comparison to those who support harm-rejecting deontological judgments. However, research investigating this topic has studied a limited set of sacrificial dilemmas and did not test to what extent these effects might be moderated by specific features of the situation described in the sacrificial dilemma (for instance, whether the dilemma involves mortal or non-mortal harm). In the current manuscript, we assessed the robustness of previous findings by exploring how trust inference of utilitarian and deontological decision makers is moderated by five different contextual factors (such as whether the sacrificial harm is accomplished by an action or inaction), as well as by participants’ own moral preferences. While we find some evidence that trust perceptions of others are moderated by dilemma features, we find a much stronger effect of participants’ own moral preference: deontologists favored other deontologists and utilitarians favored utilitarians. Protocol registration The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 21 September 2022. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21325953.

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Carron, Robin, Emmanuelle Brigaud, Royce Anders, and Nathalie Blanc. "Being blind (or not) to scenarios used in sacrificial dilemmas: the influence of factual and contextual information on moral responses." Frontiers in Psychology 15 (October 28, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1477825.

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IntroductionTraditionally, human morality has been largely studied with classical sacrificial dilemmas. A way to advance current understandings of moral judgment and decision-making may involve testing the impact of contexts that are made available to individuals presented with these archetypal dilemmas. This preliminary study focused on assessing whether the availability of factual and contextual information delivered through classical scenarios would change moral responses.MethodA total of 334 participants were presented with sacrificial dilemmas either with a scenario or without a scenario before performing two moral tasks: one consisted in moral judgment (e.g., is it acceptable to sacrifice one person to save five?) and one was related to choice of action (e.g., would you sacrifice one person to save five?). In the condition with a scenario, participants were presented with a story describing the dilemma, its protagonists, their roles, the location and some background details of the situation, before answering to the two moral tasks. In the condition without a scenario, participants were only asked to perform the two moral tasks without any additional contextual elements usually provided by the scenario. Participants’ emotions were also measured before and after completing the two moral tasks.ResultsThe results indicated that the presence of a scenario did not affect moral judgments. However, the presence of a scenario significantly increased utilitarian action choices (i.e., sacrificing one person in the interest of saving a greater number) and this effect was partially mediated by an increase in the perceived plausibility of the sacrificial action. Regarding emotional reaction to dilemmas, no differences were observed between the two conditions, suggesting that emotions are mainly based on the two moral tasks.DiscussionThese findings underscore the value of carefully considering the role of factual and contextual information provided by the scenarios in moral dilemmas.

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Bacchini, Dario, Grazia De Angelis, Mirella Dragone, Concetta Esposito, and Gaetana Affuso. "Individual and Environmental Correlates of Adolescents’ Moral Decision-Making in Moral Dilemmas." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (November 24, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.770891.

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While extensive research has been conducted on adults’ judgments in moral sacrificial dilemmas, there is little research on adolescents. The present study aimed at: (1) adding further empirical evidence about adolescents’ moral decisions (deontological vs. utilitarian) in sacrificial moral dilemmas and (2) investigating how these moral decisions relate with gender, school grade, emotional traits (callous-unemotional traits), context-related experiences (perceived parental rejection and community violence exposure), and moral-related factors (moral disengagement and universalism value). A sample of 755 Italian adolescents (54.7% females; Mean age=16.45, SD=1.61) attending the second and the fifth year of secondary school took part in the study. Two sacrificial trolley-type dilemmas (where harmful actions promote the greater good) were presented. In the “switch” scenario (impersonal sacrificial dilemma), the choice is whether to hit a switch to save five people killing only one person. In the “footbridge” scenario (personal sacrificial dilemma), the choice is whether to push a large man off a footbridge saving five persons. For each scenario, participants had to indicate whether the proposed action was “morally acceptable” or not. Data were analyzed performing generalized linear mixed models. Our results showed that: (1) Adolescents were more likely to indicate as admissible to hit the switch rather than to push the large man; (2) male adolescents, compared to females, were more likely to say it was morally acceptable to intervene in the footbridge dilemma, whereas younger adolescents said it was morally acceptable both in the switch and the footbridge situations; and (3) higher levels of callous-unemotional traits, perceived parental rejection, and moral disengagement, on the one hand, and lower levels of universalism, on the other hand, were associated to higher admissibility to intervene in the footbridge scenario. Higher community violence exposure was associated with a lower propensity to intervene in the switch scenario. Overall, the present study expands the research on sacrificial dilemmas involving a sample of adolescents. The findings support previous studies concerning the role of emotions in making moral decisions but, at the same, open new perspectives regarding the role of contextual experiences and moral-related factors.

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