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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Sand pile"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 червня 2025

Оновлено: 2 серпня 2025

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Статті в журналах з теми "Sand pile"

Li, Zheming, Malcolm D. Bolton, and Stuart K. Haigh. "Cyclic axial behaviour of piles and pile groups in sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 9 (2012): 1074–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-070.

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Piled foundations are often subjected to cyclic axial loads. This is particularly true for the piles of offshore structures, which are subjected to rocking motions caused by wind or wave actions, and for those of transport structures, which are subjected to traffic loads. As a result of these cyclic loads, excessive differential or absolute settlements may be induced during the piles’ service life. In the research presented here, centrifuge modelling of single piles and pile groups was conducted to investigate the influence of cyclic axial loads on the performance of piled foundations. The inf

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Lee, Su-Hyung, and Choong-Ki Chung. "An experimental study of the interaction of vertically loaded pile groups in sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42, no. 5 (2005): 1485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t05-068.

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The interactions among closely located piles and a cap in a pile group are complex. The current design practice for vertically loaded pile groups roughly estimates their overall behavior and generally yields conservative estimations of the group capacity. For a proper pile group design, factors such as the interaction among piles, the interaction between cap and piles, and the influence of pile installation method all need to be considered. This paper presents the results of the model test, which can be used to better understand the interactions of vertically loaded pile groups in granular soi

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Bralović, Nemanja, Iva Despotović, and Danijel Kukaras. "Experimental Analysis of the Behaviour of Piled Raft Foundations in Loose Sand." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (2022): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010546.

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This paper presents the experimental analysis that was conducted on small-scale 1g physical models of piled raft foundation structures with a group of 2 × 2 piles in loose sand. The purpose of the piles was to reduce the settlement of the raft. The test program included twelve experiments, three of which were conducted on a raft alone and nine on piled rafts at pile distances of 3d, 4d, and 5d and pile lengths of 10d, 20d, and 40d, where d is pile diameter. The test results show that the current conventional approach to design of piled raft foundations, at a high safety load factor in piles th

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Alawneh, Ahmed Shlash, Abdallah I. Husein Malkawi, and Husein Al-Deeky. "Tension tests on smooth and rough model piles in dry sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, no. 4 (1999): 746–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t98-104.

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In order to delineate the significant variables affecting the ultimate uplift shaft resistance of a pile in dry sand, a testing program comprising 64 pullout tests was conducted on open- and closed-ended rough and smooth model piles of two sizes (41 and 61 mm outside diameter). The model piles were installed in medium dense and dense sand to an embedded depth of 0.8 m using two methods of pile placement, static jacking and driving. A rigid steel box measuring 1.1 × 1.1 × 1.3 m was used as a sand container. The results obtained from this study indicated that pile placement method, initial sand

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Wan, Zhihui, Heng Liu, Feng Zhou, and Guoliang Dai. "Axial Bearing Mechanism of Post-Grouted Piles in Calcareous Sand." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (2022): 2731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052731.

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Post-grouted piles, as a foundation form for large-span and large-scale structures on calcareous sand, are expected to provide a high bearing capacity, but research on the response of post-grouted piles subjected to axial load in calcareous sand is still in the exploratory stage. In this paper, a model test is constructed for static pressure piles in calcareous sand under axial loading. The response of axial compressive piles, with and without post-grouting, in calcareous sand were investigated, and the test results were compared with those of axial compressive piles, with and without post-gro

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Elsawwaf, Mostafa, Marwan Shahien, Ahmed Nasr, and Alaaeldin Magdy. "The behavior of piled rafts in soft clay: Numerical investigation." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 31, no. 1 (2022): 426–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0050.

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Abstract This research aims to investigate the applicability and performance of piled rafts in soft clay. This aim has been achieved by studying how the pile length, pile number, raft-soil relative stiffness, and presence of a sand cushion beneath the raft would affect piled raft settlement, differential settlement, and load sharing. Piled rafts have been numerically simulated using PLAXIS 3D software. Experimental testing results were used to verify the numerical simulation. The portion of the load carried by the piles to the total applied load was represented by the load sharing ratio (GPR).

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Sastry, V. V. R. N., and G. G. Meyerhof. "Behaviour of flexible piles in layered sands under eccentric and inclined loads." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 31, no. 4 (1994): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t94-060.

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The lateral soil pressures, bending moments, pile displacements at ground surface, and bearing capacity of instrumented vertical single flexible model piles in layered sands consisting of loose sand overlying compact sand under vertical eccentric and central inclined loads have been investigated. The results of these load tests are compared with theoretical estimates based on the concept of an effective embedment depth of equivalent rigid piles. Reasonable agreement has been found between the observed and predicted behaviour of flexible piles. The analyses are also compared with the results of

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Joshi, R. C., Gopal Achari, and Shenbaga R. Kaniraj. "Effect of loading history on the compression and uplift capacity of driven model piles in sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 2 (1992): 334–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-038.

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Model piles were tested in dry uniform sand to study the effect of loading history on the behaviour of piles in compression and tension. A sand bed was prepared by the raining technique, and a smooth cylindrical instrumented pile was driven into the sand. Load tests on piles were conducted at a constant rate of penetration of 0.5 mm/min. The effects of length to diameter (L/D) ratio and sand density were also investigated. The load transfer along the pile surface was studied for an L/D ratio of 33. The pile tip resistance was measured for model piles with L/D ratios of 20–33 and was generally

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Al-Neami, Mohammed, and Mariam Wasmi. "Influence of cyclic loading on performance of steel piles in sandy soil." MATEC Web of Conferences 162 (2018): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816201012.

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This paper introduces an experimental study to clarify the response of steel pile models exposed to the cyclic loading. Thirty six models of two types of steel piles are tested (open ended pile and H-pile) with lengths equal to (30, 40, and 50) cm. Three diameters (2.5, 3.5, and 4.1) cm for open ended pipe pile and three flange widths (2.6, 3.6, and 4.4) cm for H-pile are investigated. Jacking technique is employed to installed piles models in dry sandy samples with two different relative densities (60% for medium sand 80% for dense sand). It is found that the pile geometry (diameter and lengt

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B., M. Kalbande, I. Dhatrak A., and W. Thakare S. "Experimental Assessment of Performance of XCC Pile in Sand." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 3 (2020): 4346–51. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.C6244.029320.

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XCC (X-Section Cast in place Concrete) pile is new type of pile developed on the basis of cast-in-place pile from the conventional circular pile and capable of resisting displacement. In this study, an attempt is made to investigate the performance of XCC Pile under different loading conditions viz., vertical loading, lateral loading and uplift loading. Experimental investigation is carried out on small scale model piles embedded in sand, by changing type of loading and distance between arc to diameter ratio of the pile. The relative density of soil, type of soil and spacing between the piles

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Дисертації з теми "Sand pile"

Cuthbertson-Black, Robert. "The interaction between a flighted steel pipe pile and frozen sand." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57528.pdf.

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Shublaq, E. W. "A study of model pile group-sand interaction." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375520.

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Burali, d'Arezzo Francesca. "Installation effects due to pile surging in sand." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709370.

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Al-Hadid, Tareq N. M. "Pull-out tests on bent piles in sand." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358951.

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Abdelaziz, Gamal. "An axisymmetrical model for a single vertical pile in sand." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ59226.pdf.

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Gui, Meen-Wah. "Centrifuge and numerical modelling of pile and penetrometer in sand." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361612.

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Wilson, Daniel W. "Soil-pile-superstructure interaction in liquefying sand and soft clay /." Davis, Calif. : Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, 1998. http://cgm.engr.ucdavis.edu/download/html.

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Al-Defae, Asad Hafudh Humaish. "Seismic performance of pile-reinforced slopes." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2013. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/829dd554-a7e9-4c61-9206-01909793666c.

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Shallow embankment slopes are commonly used to support elements of transport infrastructure in seismic regions. In this thesis, the seismic performance of such slopes in non-liquefiable granular soils has been investigated and an extensive programme of centrifuge testing was conducted to quantify the improvements to seismic slope performance which can be achieved by installing a row of discretely spaced vertical precast concrete piles. This study focussed on permanent movement and dynamic response at different positions within the slope, especially at the crest, which would form key inputs int

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Su, Dong. "Centrifuge investigation on responses of sand deposit and sand-pile system under multi-directional earthquake loading /." View abstract or full-text, 2005. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202005%20SU.

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Han, Jie. "An experimental and analytical study of the behavior of fiber-reinforced polymer piles and pile-sand interactions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20296.

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Книги з теми "Sand pile"

Khalloussi, Mohammad Abdul-Karim. The behaviour of single micro pile in sand. University of Birmingham, 1991.

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Iskander, Magued. Behavior of Pipe Piles in Sand. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13108-0.

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Klaus-Ullrich, Schmidt, ed. El libro de la piel sana. Tikal, 1996.

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Khan, Ahmed Mukhtar. Foundation piles in cemented marine sands. University of Birmingham, 1997.

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Outcalt, Kenneth W. An old-growth definition for sand pine forests. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1997.

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Outcalt, Kenneth W. An old-growth definition for sand pine forests. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1997.

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Outcalt, Kenneth W. An old-growth definition for sand pine forests. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1997.

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Outcalt, Kenneth W. An old-growth definition for sand pine forests. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1997.

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Outcalt, Kenneth W. An old-growth definition for sand pine forests. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1997.

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Durahman, Duduh. Ajalna sang bentang pilem: 12 carita detektif Sunda. Kiblat Buku Utama, 2004.

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Частини книг з теми "Sand pile"

Li, Guowei, Ruyi Liu, Chao Zhao, Yang Zhou, and Li Xiong. "Compaction Effect Due to Single Pile Driving in PHC Pile Treated Soft Clayey Deposit." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_26.

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AbstractThe compaction effect of extra-long prestressed high-strength concrete (PHC) piles in deep soft soil foundation was studied by field test. The pore water pressure gauge, inclinometer were embedded in different plane positions or different depths of the foundation to monitor the pore pressure and deformation of the foundation when driving pile. The research shows that the magnitude of excess pore water pressure caused by single pile installation is mainly related to buried depth of the measuring point and the linear distance between the pile tip and the measuring point. The shorter the

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Read, Jane. "From gutter to sand pile." In The Routledge International Handbook of Froebel and Early Childhood Practice. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315562421-43.

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Liu, Ruey-Tarng. "Frequency Distributions of Sand Pile Models." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02469-6_51.

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Zang, Wanjun, and Jiang Wen. "Analysis of Slurry Ratio of Rotary Digging Pile in Deep Sand Layer." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1748-8_11.

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AbstractSlurry ratio is a crucial link in the construction of bored pile, which directly determines the quality of bored pile. In order to determine the key performance parameters of the slurry required to form piles in the deep sand layer, relying on Huizhou north station engineering, an orthogonal test of slurry proportioning was designed and carried out, and SPSS statistical analysis software was used to carry out bivariate correlation analysis and multivariate stepwise analysis of the test results, combined with the slurry performance index test regression equation and using MATLAB softwar

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Iskander, Magued. "Load Tests Using the Double–Wall Pipe Pile in Sand." In Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13108-0_9.

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Yabe, Hiroshi, Hidekatsu Takeuchi, Futoshi Ogata, and Kenji Harada. "Sand Compaction Pile Method Utilizing Recycled Materials." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9227-0_25.

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Brucy, F., and J. Meunier. "Pile resistances at a dense sand site." In Application of Stress-Wave Theory to Piles. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137544-10.

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Ciantia, Matteo Oryem. "Micromechanics of Pile Cyclic Response in Sand." In Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64518-2_62.

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Perrot, Kévin, and Eric Rémila. "Avalanche Structure in the Kadanoff Sand Pile Model." In Language and Automata Theory and Applications. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21254-3_34.

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White, D. J., and M. D. Bolton. "Soil deformation around a displacement pile in sand." In Physical Modelling in Geotechnics. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203743362-118.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Sand pile"

Kessler, Richard J., Rodney G. Powers, and Ivan R. Lasa. "Zinc Mesh Anodes Cast into Concrete Pile Jackets." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96327.

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Abstract A sacrificial anode cathodic protection system has been designed to provide corrosion control to the splash area as well as the submerged portion of reinforced concrete bridge pilings in marine environments. The system consists of a two piece stay in place fiberglass form provided with a internally placed expanded zinc mesh anode and filled with a portland cement-sand mortar to protect the splash area of the pile. The submerged portion of the pile is protected using a standard zinc bulk anode. The experimental system was installed by the Florida Department of Transportation on two cor

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Millán, Luis, Luis Ángel Vargas, and Mauricio Coto. "Dynamic Load Tests at drilled shafts in sandy soil deposits to bedrock, Central Pacific, Costa Rica: strategic learnings for the construction methods." In IABSE Congress, San José 2024: Beyond Structural Engineering in a Changing World. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2024. https://doi.org/10.2749/sanjose.2024.1484.

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<p>The foundation of a new building located on the shore of Central Pacific of Costa Rica, a second phase of a complex with existing lower rise buildings, was designed to be supported on 1.2 m diameter short-drilled shafts. The soil profile is a fine sand deposit with high piezometric level due to sea tides, over bedrock. (4) dynamic load tests (DLT) were performed on existing piles not used for the first phase, which have about 2-3 m of rock socket, and new piles with 4 m sockets. However (3) of these tests, (2) existing and (1) new, presented insufficient capacity with null end bearing

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Das, B. "Uplift Capacity of Piles and Pile Groups in Sand." In OCEANS '86. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans.1986.1160513.

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Westgate, Z., A. Rahim, A. Senanayake, et al. "The Piling in Glauconitic Sands (PIGS) JIP: Reducing Geotechnical Uncertainty for U.S. Offshore Wind Development." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/35483-ms.

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Abstract This paper presents insights from the Piling in Glauconitic Sand (PIGS) Joint Industry Project (JIP). Established in 2021, the JIP investigates geotechnical behavior of glauconite sands in relation to pile installation and long-term performance as relevant to offshore wind energy development along the U.S. Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The JIP comprises five energy developers and is led by the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute. The scope of work comprises (i) characterization of an onshore glauconite test site in New Jersey and glauconite/glauconitic sands from offshore lease

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Ozsu, Erdem, An-Ninh Ta, Bruno Stuyts, and Christophe Jaeck. "Optimizing Pile Driving Fatigue for Offshore Foundations in Very Dense Sand: A Case Study." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10664.

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With the rapid development of offshore wind energy in Europe, a large number of piled structures are being installed. Driven pipe piles are adopted as a foundation solution for the majority of offshore wind turbine support structures. In soils consisting of very dense sand, pile driving induces large-amplitude stress cycles in pile material, which have to be accounted for in fatigue calculations. These stress cycles can be calculated using one-dimensional wave equation analysis. Different ways of reducing pile driving damage are presented. Depending on the soil surrounding the pile and the tar

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Yenigul, N. B., Y. Yan, L. C. H. Braakenburg, and V. M. Thumann. "Evaluation of Pile Drivability Predictions in Sand." In Innovative Geotechnologies for Energy Transition. Society for Underwater Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3723/gpcs7406.

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Pile driveability is a critical component of pile design process to ensure that the selected impact hammer has sufficient energy to drive piles to final depth, without refusal, and acceptable fatigue damage during driving. Pile driving records often show considerable scatter because of variations in soil conditions and behaviour, pile dimensions, and set up during interruptions in driving. However, representative pile drivability prediction remains a challenge. Over the past decade, Seaway7 have installed numerous foundations for offshore wind turbine generators. Recent Seaway7 experience in N

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Cho, Y., T. H. Lee, J. B. Park, D. J. Kwag, E. S. Chung, and S. Bang. "Field Tests on Suction Pile Installation in Sand." In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28179.

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A series of field suction pile installation tests have been conducted inside the Onsan harbor located in southeastern Korea during the summer of 2001. The suction piles were made of steel, having inside diameters ranging from 0.5 meters to 2.5 meters and the length of five meters. The seafloor soil condition at the site is predominantly silty sand. Instrumentation includes the detailed measurement of the applied pressure vs. pile penetration and retrieval length relationships; the pile alignment during installation through a tiltmeter; and the pore water pressures both inside and outside the p

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Unsever, Y. S., M. Kawamori, T. Matsumoto, and S. Shimono. "Cyclic Horizontal Load Tests Of Single Pile,Pile Group And Piled Raft In Model Dry Sand." In 18th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference (18SEAGC) & Inaugural AGSSEA Conference (1AGSSEA). Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-4948-4_044.

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Ismael, Nabil F. "Lateral Load Tests on Bored Piles and Pile Groups in Sand." In Seventh International Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40940(307)5.

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Spill, Severin, Tulio Quiroz, and Aligi Foglia. "Influence of Different Pile Installation Methods on Dense Sand." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-96109.

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Abstract A current investigation subject of geotechnical modelling is the realistic representation of the installation process of offshore piles and its influences on the surrounding soil. Depending on the soil conditions piles can be installed with different installation technologies like impact driving, vibratory driving or jacking. The soil disturbances produced as a consequence of the pile installation affect the pile capacity. The dimension of the affected region depends on the installation process itself and its parameters as well as the soil initial state and the pile geometry. Currentl

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Звіти організацій з теми "Sand pile"

Wang, Yao, Jeehee Lim, Rodrigo Salgado, Monica Prezzi, and Jeremy Hunter. Pile Stability Analysis in Soft or Loose Soils: Guidance on Foundation Design Assumptions with Respect to Loose or Soft Soil Effects on Pile Lateral Capacity and Stability. Purdue University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317387.

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The design of laterally loaded piles is often done in practice using the p-y method with API p-y curves representing the behavior of soil at discretized points along the pile length. To account for pile-soil-pile interaction in pile groups, AASHTO (2020) proposes the use of p-multipliers to modify the p-y curves. In this research, we explored, in depth, the design of lateral loaded piles and pile groups using both the Finite Element (FE) method and the p-y method to determine under what conditions pile stability problems were likely to occur. The analyses considered a wide range of design scen

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Khosravifar, Arash. COMBINED EFFECTS OF LATERAL SPREADING AND SUPERSTRUCTURE INERTIA. Deep Foundations Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37308/cpf-2020-drsh-2.

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The seismic behavior of a RC pile with a diameter of 0.25 m subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading was investigated using a shake table experiment that was conducted at the University of California, San Diego by Professor Ahmed Elgamal and Dr. Ahmed Ebeido (Ebeido and Elgamal 2019). A sinusoidal motion was applied at the base of a model that was inclined by 4 degrees. The loose and dense sand layers liquefied during the test, resulting in a permanent lateral spreading displacement of approximately 0.4 m (Figure E1). The pile was subjected to the combined effects of inertial loads

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Deaton and Frost. L51571 Pipe-Soil Interaction Tests on Sand and Soft Clay. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010291.

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This project was performed to establish a basis for developing pipe-soil interaction models suitable for PRCI's pipeline design program: "PIPEDYN". Full-scale pipe-soil tests on loose and dense sand and soft clay were performed at the Norwegian Hydrotechnical Laboratory, affiliated with SINTEF. The program tested soil resistance to lateral motions of full-scale (0.5 m and 1.0 m OD) pipe sections on loose and dense sand and soft clay. A test rig was used with a soil flume 12.5 m long, 1.8 m wide, and 0.6 m high, and containing 13.5 m3 of sand or soft clay. Three control signals were applied to

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Outcalt, Kenneth W. An Old-Growth Definition for Sand Pine Forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-012.

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Outcalt, Kenneth W. An Old-Growth Definition for Sand Pine Forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-12.

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Rockwood, D. L., B. Yang, and K. W. Outcalt. Stand-yield prediction for managed Ocala sand pine. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-rp-003.

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McNab, W. Henry, Kenneth W. Outcalt, and Raymond H. Brendemuehl. Weight and Volume of Plantation-Grown Choctawhatchee Sand Pine. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/se-rp-252.

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Zand, Benjamin. PR-218-104509-R02 Field Validation of Surface Loading Stress Calculations for Buried Pipelines Milestone 2. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011477.

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In this work, the Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA) equation for prediction of hoop stress in a buried pipeline was validated using the Milestone 1 experimental data. The Milestone 1 testing program included a 24-inch outside diameter (OD), 0.25-inch wall thickness (WT) pipe specimen in sand (24-inch Sand); a 12.75-inch OD, 0.5-inch WT pipe specimen in clay (12-inch Packed Clay); and a 24-inch OD, 0.25-inch WT pipe specimen in clay (24-inch Dumped Clay). Two different depths of cover (DOC) values of 2 and 3 feet were used in the testing and the test specimens were crossed by a variet

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Lieng, Sotberg, and Brennodden. L51570 Energy Based Pipe-Soil Interaction Models. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010091.

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The purpose of this project was to complete a handbook with practical design procedures for submarine pipeline on-bottom stability. The remaining part of the handbook was primarily a description of the interaction between non-trenched pipelines and the seabed where the pipelines were free to move under environmental loading. The objective of this project was to determine the lateral soil resistance forces on a pipeline moving cyclically during hydro-dynamic loading. To meet the goal, full-scale pipe-soil interaction tests were conducted. The models presented in this report are based on the res

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