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1
Sukhomlyn, Valentyna. "Stable word-combinations with a verbal component as the expressive means of subjective modality in german publicistic writing: the pragmatic aspect." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 22 (2020): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-22-244-250.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper is devoted to the study of stable word-combinations with a verbal component, which are seen in the context as the expressive means of subjective modality. German online texts on political, social and sports topics were analyzed in this research. In this paper the functional approach is applied to the study of the above-mentioned linguistic phenomenon. It was proved that stable word-combinations with a verbal component indicate features of phraseological unities and phraseological combinations and are quite common in German publicistic texts. The word-combinations are identified differently: the expression of subjective modality as subjective modality has different markers, splitting into deontic (markers: necessary, possibly, accidently), epistemic (markers: proved, disproved, not resolved), aletic (markers: obligatory, prohibited, allowed), axiological (markers: good, bad, neutral). In the texts under consideration, stable word-combinations with a verbal component can be seen as lexical-syntactic units that enhance the expression of axiological modality as all analyzed examples have good, bad, and neutral markers in the context. Stable word-combinations with a verbal component are linguistic expressions of the force of figurative thinking (German Bildkraft), which has two components: visibility (German Bildhaftigkeit) and imagery / colourfulness (German Bildlichkeit). Visibility, to which stable word-combinations with a verbal component apply, is related to the direct meaning of all semantically relevant words and collocations. Therefore, the wider the semantic space of such words and collocations is, the higher degree of visibility and depth of meaning of such lexical and lexical-stylistic units can be observed, because each individual meaning element defines our understanding of the topic that is described, makes this description more detailed and complements our imagination. Stable word-combinations with a verbal component constitute a complementary element expressing subjective modality that reinforces the influence on the addressee. As the means of expressing subjective modality, these lexical-syntactic units can only be considered together with other lexical units in a context.
2
Münte, Thomas F., Mike Matzke, and Sönke Johannes. "Brain Activity Associated with Syntactic Incongruencies in Words and Pseudo-Words." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 9, no. 3 (May 1997): 318–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1997.9.3.318.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Event-related brain potentials (EMS) were recorded while normal German subjects read either simple declarative sen- tences made up from real German words, or sentences that contained German pseudo-words instead of nouns and verbs. The verb (pseudo-verb) of the sentences disagreed in number with the subject noun (pseudo-noun) in 50% of the sentences. The subjects had the task either to read the sentences for an interspersed memory test (memory condition, pseudeword sentences only) or to make a syntactic judgment after each real-word/pseudo-word sentence. While in the real-word condition a late and widespread positivity resembling the previously described syntactic positive shift was found for the disagreeing verbs, a negativity with an onset latency of about 300 msec was seen for the disagreeing pseudo-verbs. In the pseudo-word conditions no positivity followed the initial negativity. This dissociation of negative and positive waves occurring in response to morphosyntactic mismatches by the pseudo/real-word manipulation suggests that the positive shift is a concomitant of a recomputation routine initiated to account for the number incongruency. This routine is based upon the semantics of the sentence and therefore is not observed in the pseudo-word conditions. The earlier negativity, on the other hand, appears to be a more direct index of morphosyntactic incongruency.
3
Nugent-Folan, Georgina. "‘Ill buttoned’ : Comparing the representation of objects in Samuel Beckett's Ill Seen Ill Said and Gertrude Stein's Tender Buttons." Journal of Beckett Studies 22, no. 1 (April 2013): 54–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2013.0058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article argues for a reconsideration of Gertrude Stein's influence on the development of Samuel Beckett's aesthetics of language, together with the overall comparability of their work. The article will demonstrate that when read through the context of Beckett's observations on Stein in the 1937 German letter, their respective approaches towards the same operation, namely the logographic representation of a word in other words, is highly comparable. The article forwards Stein's Tender Buttons as a text that can be considered highly compatible with Beckett's observations on Stein in the German letter and argues for a reconsideration of the avenues through which Beckett may have encountered Stein's work, specifically in relation to the magazine transition. The article subsequently compares Stein's representation of objects in Tender Buttons (published in transition 14), with excerpts from Beckett's Murphy and Watt, followed by an extended analysis of Ill Seen Ill Said.
4
Ignatova, E. M. "GENDER-BASED WORD DERIVATION: FEMININE VARIATIONS OF OCCUPATION TITLES AS SEEN BY MGIMO STUDENTS (EXPERIMENTAL STUDY)." Philology at MGIMO 20, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2019-4-20-40-49.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article represents the results of an experimental study conducted in the autumn of 2018 in Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University), which embraced 107 undergraduate and master degree students, studying German as the main foreign language. The study was aimed to bring out conservative and inventive trends in forming feminine gender markings (“feminatives”). An additional aim was to prove the anticipation that the morphological norms of the studied language (German) and foreign language cultural norms can transfer themselves onto the language of a student who is a Russian native speaker. For the study the method of a two-stage survey was chosen, the results of which were further processed utilizing IBM SPSS statistical software package. In the first stage the surveyed students were asked to build a feminine form for 60 denominations of professions or occupations given in a masculine form; in the second stage the surveyed were offered the list of variants to appraise through the prism of the language norm. The results obtained show that the forms belonging to the grammatical norm of the Russian language were statistically dominant. The anticipation that the norms of a studied language (German) can interfere with the speech culture of Russian native speakers was proven only partially. Occasional creative forms found in the survey replies reflect the balance existing between conservative and inventive linguistic trends.
5
Hall, T. Alan. "The analysis of Westphalian German Spirantization." Diachronica 31, no. 2 (August 5, 2014): 223–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.31.2.03hal.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Westphalian German Spirantization refers to the change from an original prevocalic long vowel to the corresponding short vowel plus fricative (i.e. [ɣ]). For example, the [ɪɣ] sequence in the Westphalian word [klɪɣə] “bran” derived historically from [iː]. The present article offers a new treatment for the historical shift from [iː] to [ɪɣ] — as well as similar ones involving other vowels — which breaks the process down into five separate changes. It is argued that each of these changes modified non-linear representations involving syllables, moras and segmental features. A crucial component of the proposed analysis is that each of the five changes is seen as a repair to a constraint.
6
Dimpel, Friedrich Michael, Katharina Zeppezauer-Wachauer, and Daniel Schlager. "Der Streit um die Birne. Autorschafts-Attributionstest mit Burrows’ Delta und dessen Optimierung für Kurztexte am Beispiel der ‚Halben Birne‘ des Konrad von Würzburg." Das Mittelalter 24, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mial-2019-0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Short epics in Middle High German are a challenge for author attribution procedures as they involve dealing with short texts, incomplete normalisation, and generic tests. Firstly, the paper discusses optimisation methods using basic form and grammar tags extracted from the ‘Mittelhochdeutsche Begriffsdatenbank’ (Middle High German Conceptual Database). As part of this, an evaluation test with normalised Middle High German texts is carried out where 20 texts with known authorship are used as ‘guessing texts’ and a further 19 works of the same authors as ‘comparison texts’. The use of grammar tags or basic forms, instead of inflected word forms leads to a deterioration of the recognition rate and the combination of basic forms or grammar tags with word forms leads to a slight improvement. Secondly, the authorship of the ‘Halbe Birne’ will be investigated with eight texts by Konrad von Würzburg, as well as a comparative corpus of 14 tales (German ‘Mären’) and seven novels. This leads to a direct calculation of which words can be specifically ascribed to Konrad von Würzburg. This method is first evaluated by determining the distinctive words on four Konrad texts; a control test on four other Konrad texts shows that a preferred use of the distinctive words leads to a significant increase in the recognition rate. Then, a Konrad-specific vocabulary is determined on the basis of eight Konrad texts. Using these distinctive words it can finally be shown that Konrad can be attributed with some certainty as the author of the ‘Halbe Birne’.
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Rajput, Nikhil Kumar, Bhavya Ahuja, and Manoj Kumar Riyal. "Alphabet usage pattern, word lengths, and sparsity in seven Indo-European languages." Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 35, no. 4 (October 26, 2019): 727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqz076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract An empirical study on about 1.7 million dictionary words from seven languages viz. English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Hindi, and German has been conducted. Three intriguing characteristic features have been analyzed. First, the alphabet usage pattern in a language was determined which can be used to give an idea on how alphabets have been employed. For instance, the alphabet ‘e’ is highly used in English, while ‘q’ is least used. Second, the average and range of word lengths in the languages were computed and seen to vary from 1 to 37. Average word lengths were computed in the range (6.665–11.14). For comparison, word lengths have been fitted using Gaussian distribution. Third, a new measure was derived; which we termed ‘Language Sparsity’; computed as one minus ratio of number of words of a particular length already existing to the total number of possible words that can be formed. Sparsity hence gives a measure of the scope of fruition in languages. Two such measures have been defined: a weighted and a nonweighted sparsity. Nonweighted sparsity was found to be minimum (0.877) for English and maximum (0.982) for Dutch. The results obtained can play a significant role in propagating the synergy of language evolution.
8
Kuroda, Susumu. "Morphologische Reanalyse: Verbbildung durch -en/-igen im Alt- und Mittelhochdeutschen." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 38 (June 25, 2018): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2017.38.09.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The German suffixes -en/-igen serve to build a verb out of a noun or an adjective as in Arbeit ‚work’ – arbeiten ‚to work’, reif ‚ripe’ – reifen ‚to ripen’, Pein ‚torment’ – peinigen ‚to torment’, rein ‚pure’ – reinigen ‚to clean’. In many cases, however, this is only possible with a preverb, as langsam ‚slow’ – *langsamen – verlangsamen ‚to slow down’, Brille ‚spectacle’ – *brillen – bebrillen ‚to bespectacle’. By using the notion of unification developed in Construction Morphology, verbs such as verlangsamen or bebrillen above can be accounted for as a direct derivation from a noun or an adjective if one assumes the existence of a ‚unified’ word formation pattern [P-[[N/A]-en]V] as a fusion of [[N/A]-en]V and P-[V]. Since the Middle High German period, the use of -igen as a functionally equivalent to -en can be seen increasingly. This suffix is also characterizable as a unification of two conversion patterns, one with the adjectivizing suffix -ig and the other with the verbalizing -en. This process should be called ‚morphological reanalysis’ for the adjectivizing function of -ig is invalidated here. The development of ‚unified’ word-formation-patterns [P-[[N/A]-en]V] as well as the pattern with -igen can be ascertained first in Middle High German.
9
Lehmann, Christian. "Roots, stems and word classes." Parts of Speech: Descriptive tools, theoretical constructs 32, no. 3 (September 3, 2008): 546–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.32.3.04leh.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The assignment of a linguistic sign to a word class is an operation that must be seen as part of the overall transformation of extralinguistic substance into linguistic form. In this, it is comparable to such processes as the transitivization of a verbal base, which further specifies a relatively rough categorization. Languages differ both in the extent to which they structure the material by purely grammatical criteria and in the level at which they do this. The root and the stem are the lowest levels at which a linguistic sign can be categorized in terms of language-specific structure. Further categorization is then achieved at the level of the syntagm. An empirical investigation comparing the categorization of roots and stems in a sample of six languages (English, German, Latin, Spanish, Yucatec Maya, Mandarin Chinese) turns up far-reaching differences. These differences in the amount of categorization that languages apply to linguistic signs at the most basic levels throw into doubt any thesis claiming universal categoriality or acategoriality for roots. Such a static view must be replaced by a dynamic one which asks for the role of categorization in linguistic activity. At the same time, these differences raise the issue of the amount of structure — or of grammar — that is necessary for a human language.1
10
Kuße, Holger. "The linguistic landscape of the coronavirus crisis in foreign language didactics by using the example of German." SHS Web of Conferences 99 (2021): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219901001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The coronavirus crisis has changed not only the practice of language teaching in higher education, but also the languages themselves; the crisis is strongly reflected in language. This can be seen in neologisms, new word formations and in the linguistic landscape in general. All these phenomena should be creatively included in foreign language didactics. Using examples from German the paper deals with several tasks and exercises concerning the language of the corona crises, i.e. word formation, word play, forms of politeness and the communication of values.
11
Каримова, Римма Хатиповна, and Оксана Анатольевна Хабибуллина. "STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF COMPOUND WORDS WITH THE KATZE COMPONENT IN GERMAN LANGUAGE." Tomsk state pedagogical university bulletin, no. 1(213) (January 11, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/1609-624x-2021-1-35-42.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Введение. Рассмотрены немецкие сложные существительные с компонентом Katze / Kater, а также прилагательные и глаголы с указанным компонентом, большое количество которых подтверждает продуктивность немецкого словосложения. Цель ‒ определить особенности семантики зоонима Katze в составе сложных слов, выявить структурный состав и тематические группы сложных слов с названным компонентом, что также даст представление о словообразовательных особенностях языка. Материал и методы. Центром значения исследуемых тематических групп сложных слов является зооним Katze / Kater. В подтверждение неоспоримой продуктивности словосложения в немецком языке в качестве материала для исследования было отобрано 172 сложных существительных с компонентом Katze и семь лексических единиц с компонентом Kater, из них 152 слова, в которых данный компонент является определительным словом, и 20 слов, где данный компонент ‒ определяющее слово. Кроме того, к этой группе слов примыкают прилагательные с указанным компонентом (17 слов) и три глагола. Номинационными признаками исследуемых сложных слов выступают метафорический и метонимический перенос, главной особенностью таких наименований является их смысловая двуплановость, т. е. «игра» переносного и буквального значений слова. Результаты и обсуждение. Показано, насколько активно компонент Katze / Kater выступает в качестве компонента немецких сложных слов. По своей структуре отобранные для исследования лексемы можно распределить на семь тематических групп, а по значению – на девять. Теоретическая значимость определяется результатами решения поставленной задачи. Исследование вносит вклад в развитие теории словообразования и семантики. Практическая ценность заключается в возможности использования результатов исследования при разработке лекционных курсов и семинарских занятий по лексикологии и истории немецкого языка, теории перевода. Заключение. Тематические группы сложных слов с компонентом Katze / Kater выражают непосредственное отношение к экстралингвистической реальности. Introduction. The article deals with the German compound nouns with the Katze / Kater component as well as adjectives and verbs with the component, a large number of which confirm the productivity of the German word composition. The purpose of the study was to determine the peculiarities of the semantics of the zoonym Katze in the composition of compound words, to identify the structural composition and thematic groups of compound words with the named component, which also gives an idea of the derivational features of the language. Material and methods. It is necessary to classify the vocabulary composition of the language to facilitate the study of it. The zoonym Katze / Kater is the center of meaning of the thematic groups of compound words studied by us. To confirm the undeniable productivity of word composition in the German language, there were selected 172 compound nouns with the Katze component and seven lexical units with the Kater component as material, this component is a definitive word of the 152 words where together with the 20 words with this component is viewed as a defining word. In addition to this group of words, adjectives with the indicated component (17 words) and 3 verbs are studied. Metaphorical and metonymic transfer are the nominal features of the studied compound words; the main feature of such names is their semantic bi-planarity, i.e. «Game» of figurative and literal meanings of the word. Results and discussion. The article shows how active the Katze / Kater is as a component of German compound words. According to their structure, the lexemes selected for the study can be divided into 7 thematic groups, and into 9 according to their meaning. The theoretical significance is determined by the results of solving the problem. The research contributes to the development of the theory of word formation and semantics. The practical value of the research is determined by the possibility of using the research results in the development of lecture courses and seminars on Lexicology and History of the German language, Translation theory. Conclusion. Thus, the results of the study confirmed the authors’ assumption that thematic groups of compound words with the Katze / Kater component express a direct relationship to extralinguistic reality.
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Fertig, David. "Morphological Change Through Phonological Analogy: 2nd Person Singular -s → -st and Related Developments in Germanic." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 31, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147054271800003x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Almost all existing accounts of the change of the 2nd person singular verbal agreement ending -s to -st in Old English and Old High German attribute the development to some combination of reanalysis of forms with enclitic subject pronouns ending in -stu and analogy based on a handful of mainly preterite-present verbs that already had 2nd person singular -st in the present indicative in Proto-(West)-Germanic. These factors retain a role in the analysis presented here, but I argue that the operative mechanisms are essentially phonological in nature, licensed ultimately by certain neutralizing processes such as degemination, rather than involving the spread of an existing -st morpheme, grammaticalization of an enclitic subject pronoun, or relocation of a morphological boundary. This analysis also sheds light on the relationship of the 2nd person singular change to the more general phenomenon of word-final t accretion seen in dozens of words such as German Axt ‘ax’ < Middle High German ackes or English against < earlier agains.*
13
Stumpf, Sören. "Passe-partout-Komposita im gesprochenen Deutsch." Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 49, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 33–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2021-2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This paper proposes an analysis of German passe-partout compounds like Straßending (street thing) and Bananendinger (banana things) as morphological constructions. The study shows that these constructions are characteristic of spoken language and must therefore be considered with respect to the particular properties of that genre. Based on the findings about the pragmatically driven word formation an argument is made for a Construction Morphology that is based on usage and speaker interaction. This proposal can be seen as an extension of the current theory of Construction Morphology (Booij 2010). The notion of pragmatically driven word formation is illustrated by a case study of the [X-Ding]N construction in spoken German. It will be shown that partially filled constructions with Ding as a determinatum have specific semantic and functional-pragmatic properties and are part of a complex family of passe-partout constructions.
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Hüning, Matthias. "Semantic niches and analogy in word formation." Languages in Contrast 9, no. 2 (October 22, 2009): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.9.2.01hun.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Word formation, like other lexical phenomena, seems to be a difficult terrain for contrastive linguistics since it hardly allows for significant and insightful generalizations about the differences between two languages, as has been stated in the literature more than once. This paper investigates one factor leading to morphological differences and contrasts between historically related languages (Dutch and German). It is argued that word formation processes often show semantic fragmentation: in the course of time they develop ‘semantic niches’, i.e. groups of words (subsets of a morphological category) kept together by formal and semantic criteria and extendable via analogy. When looking at word formation from a contrastive point of view, these niches seem to allow for better generalizations in terms of systematic correspondences and differences between two languages than the category as a whole. As a consequence, productivity should not be seen as an absolute notion, but rather as a local and gradual phenomenon. Morphology should not only account for the possibility of coining new words but also for their probability, because language comparison shows that even allegedly equivalent word formation processes often differ with respect to the probability of their use. The paper therefore argues in favour of an analogy approach that takes the existence of semantic niches seriously.
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Терехова, Діана. "The structure of Associative Fields of Stimuli природа / природа / прырода / die Natur in East Slavic and German Languages". East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 4, № 1 (27 червня 2017): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2017.4.1.ter.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The problem of the relationship between man and nature, society and nature is of current interest for many sciences. Global processes occurring in the world, also due to human activities, increasingly attract attention of community to the ecology, highlight the fragility of life in general and humans in particular. Thus, the topicality of research is determined by the need to solve the problem of harmonious coexistence of man and nature on the one hand, and the necessity to clarify the awareness of the mentioned issue by each community of people on the other. Psycholinguistic methods of research would help in a study of peculiarities of fragments of world image that hide behind the word "nature" in the linguistic consciousness of different ethnic groups. The objective of the research is the contrastive psycholinguistic analysis of associative fields of words-stimuli природа / природа / прырода / die Natur in order to reveal the general and specific features in images of linguistic consciousness of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarussians and Germans. Attitude to nature was formed by every nation in its own national cultural space, in a historical context, it reflects its value priorities. The material was obtained as a result of series of associative experiments in the early twenty-first century. The respondents were students of higher educational institutions of Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Germany: 100 representatives from each nation. The material of the free associative experiment is used in this study. Associative fields of word-stimulus природа and its correlates in Russian, Belarusian and German languages were obtained in the result of processing experimental material. Comprehensive contrastive analysis of associative fields was conducted by the method of associative gestalt, that we understand as a solid image, which has a clear structure within the association field. As a result of research we have detected the similarities in the images of linguistic consciousness of Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, and Germans that can be explained mainly due to universal human values and differences. The gestalt structure of associative fields in each language clearly demostrate the differences in images of linguistic consciousness. The differences are seen in the different number of zones in four gestalts of studied languages, in the presence of some zones only in certain gestalt unlike others, in size of zones, that define their rating and originality of structure of each associative field, in quantitative and qualitative composition of zones as well as in the cores of gestalts.
References
Markovina, I., Danilova, Ye. (2000).Spetsifika jazikovogo soznaniya russkikh i amerikantsev: opit postroyeniya assotsiativnogo geshtalta” tekstovoriginala i perevoda. [Specificity ofthe linguistic consciousness of Russians and Americans: the experience of constructing ofthe “associative gestalt” of texts of original and translation]. In:Yazikovoye Soznaniye i Obraz Mira (pp. 116–132), N. V. Ufimtseva, (ed). Moscow:Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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KLASSERT, ANNEGRET, NATALIA GAGARINA, and CHRISTINA KAUSCHKE. "Object and action naming in Russian- and German-speaking monolingual and bilingual children." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17, no. 1 (March 26, 2013): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728913000096.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present study investigates the influence of word category on naming performance in two populations: bilingual and monolingual children. The question is whether and, if so, to what extent monolingual and bilingual children differ with respect to noun and verb naming and whether a noun bias exists in the lexical abilities of bilingual children. Picture naming of objects and actions by Russian–German bilingual children (aged 4–7 years) was compared to age-matched monolingual children. The results clearly demonstrate a naming deficit of bilingual children in comparison to monolingual children that increases with age. Noun learning is more fragile in bilingual contexts than is verb learning. In bilingual language acquisition, nouns do not predominate over verbs as much as is seen in monolingual German and Russian children. The results are discussed with respect to semantic-conceptual aspects and language-specific features of nouns and verbs, and the impact of input on the acquisition of these word categories.
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Feuerhahn, Wolf. "A Specter Is Haunting Germany--the French Specter of Milieu." Contributions to the History of Concepts 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/choc.2014.090203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari, and Isabelle Stengers fought against a state-controlled form of science and saw “nomadic science/concepts” as a way to escape from it. The transnational history of the term milieu marks a good opportunity to contribute to another theory of nomadic vocabularies. Traveling from France to Germany, the word milieu came to be identified as a French theory. Milieu was seen as an expression of determinism, of the connection between the rise of the natural sciences and the rise of socialism, and it deterred the majority of German academics. Umwelt was thus coined as an “antimilieu” expression. This article defends a “transnational historical semantic” against the Koselleckian history of concepts and its a priori distinctions between words and concepts. Instead of taking its nature for granted, a transnational historical semantic investigation should analyze the terminological and national status given to the objects of investigation by the term's users.
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Freywald, Ulrike. "Total reduplication as a productive process in German." Why and How of Total Reduplication: Current Issues and New Perspectives 39, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 905–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.4.06fre.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper I discuss two types of total reduplication that prove to be productive in Contemporary German: real-X Reduplication (RXR) and Durative Reduplication (DR). The function of the former, RXR, is to restrict the meaning of a word to its prototypical content (cf. Buchbuch ‘book-book; real book, not an e-book’). Based on corpus data I address the question whether we are dealing with reduplication or with compounding here. As a result it will become apparent that the process of RXR, while showing some parallels to compounding, lacks crucial characteristics of compounding and is therefore to be seen as a case of reduplication. The latter type of total reduplication, DR, involves the doubling of a bare, inflectionless verb stem, thus encoding durativity of the denoted event or activity (cf. grummel-grummel ‘grumble-grumble, to be continuously grumbling’). Finally I sketch a path of diachronic development of the emergence of DR from ideophones.
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Schumans, Jos, Charles van Os, and Bert Weltens. "Vocabulairekennis In De Vreemde Taal Na Beëindiging Van Het Onderwijs." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 23 (January 1, 1985): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.23.09sch.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper deals with the loss of FL-vocabulary in French and German learned in formal secondary Dutch education ("VWO). Using a cross-sectional design, we investigated the development of FL-vocabulary from the end of grade 4 - the moment at which pupils can drop one or two FLs - up to the end of grade 6 - the moment when they take their final exams in the seven subjects they did choose. We compared pupils from grades 4, 5, and 6 who had either dropped the FL, or had chosen it as an exam subject. A French and a German translation task were administered in which pupils had to fill in the target word in a meaningful, but noncoercive context. The tests consisted of a productive part (translation into the FL) and a receptive part (translation from the FL). Either part consisted of 48 equivalent items, 24 high-frequent and 24 low-frequent target words. The main finding was that there was a loss of 16% for French in the second year of non-use, and a comparable loss for German in the first year of non-use. However, the loss for German was entirely redressed in the second year of non-use. It was concluded that this may have been due to the cross-sectional design, and that, therefore, longitudinal designs are to be preferred in this kind of research.
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Cassedy, Steven. "What is the Meaning of Meaning in Paul Tillich's Theology?" Harvard Theological Review 111, no. 3 (July 2018): 307–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816018000135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractOne of the most frequently occurring terms in Paul Tillich's theology is meaning (in his English writings) or Sinn (in his German writings). But Tillich used both in multiple senses, without acknowledging or even appearing to be aware that he was doing so. He wrote only in German till he immigrated to the United States at the age of forty-seven. He used the German Sinn abundantly in his native tongue, and with a variety of meanings: a universal medium for understanding the world; “sense,” as in “making sense” or what is missing in “senseless” (sinnlos) statements; “the unconditional” (“das Unbedingte”); a “thing pointed at” (in Tillich's theory of symbols and signs); a grand metaphysical quality of some undefined sort; the object-correlate of an act of cognition; and “God.” He drew on the German Sinn when he began to write in English but, because of the grammatical status of meaning as a verbal noun, the English term allowed Tillich to ascribe agency to things that in his view bear meaning, for example the thing that grasps us when we are in the state of faith. In addition, the English word meaning for Tillich meant “comprehensibility,” “value,” “direction,” from existential philosophy (what is missing when life is meaningless); “ultimate concern” (the “meaning which gives meaning to all meanings”); in the plural, something undefined that the human person “lives in”; and “God.” The change from German to English accompanied a change in his conception of faith, raising the possibility that the new language moved Tillich's theology in a new direction.
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Alessiato, Elena. "Fichte im Wilhelminischen Reich: Idealisiertes Bild, patriotische Vorbildhaftigkeit und nationale Bildung." Fichte-Studien 48 (2020): 358–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/fichte20204823.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Germany at the turn of the 20th century the interest in Fichte’s philosophy was growing remarkably.This phenomenon has to be considered as a part of a broader “German movement”, i. e. a collective cultural trend aiming at pinpointing what had been properly “German” in the last two centuries. This need became even more acute by the outbreak of the Great War.In that context Fichte’s work was used as a benchmark for creating and elaborating on the myth of “the German character.” Many intellectuals of that time interpreted Fichte’s personality and thought as representing ideas, ethical values, spiritual positions, cultural attitudes and political stances which accounted for the specificity of “Germanness”. Since these ideas and values were believed to be particular to the German culture, Fichte was celebrated all across the nation as an exemplary German.Harkening back to contemporary sources the following paper aims to illustrate how Fichte’s image was moulded in order to meet needs and issues emerging from the War and its philosophical-ideological interpretations. At the same time it suggests that the “Fichte case” from the beginning of the 20th century can be interpreted as a paradigmatic example of how philosophical and cultural issues can be ideologically (mis-) interpreted and used to give support to a particular political view.Die Jahrzehnte um die Jahrhundertwende erlebten im wilhelminischen Deutschland eine starke Zunahme des Interesses an der Philosophie Fichtes.Die kollektive Begeisterung für Fichte lässt sich auf der Folie einer ‚deutschen Bewegung‘ betrachten, deren Ziel die Suche nach dem eigentumlichen ‚Deutschen‘ in den letzten zwei Jahrhunderten war. Diese Suche intensivierte sich noch mit dem Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges.In diesem Zusammenhang wurde Fichtes Denken zu einem Bezugspunkt fur die Ausarbeitung des Mythos von der Besonderheit des deutschen Wesens. Viele Intellektuelle zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts und während der Kriegszeit wollten Fichte als Vorbild einer Persönlichkeit sehen, die edle Ideale, anspruchsvolle Vorstellungen, deutschen Geist und starken Willen vertrat gegenüber einer geistlosen, ethisch verdorbenen Welt, gegen ein intellektualisiertes Leben und die ‘zivilisierte Un-Kultur’ der modernen Menschheit.Im Bezug auf die Verflechtung von philosophischen Begriffen, idealisierter Kriegsvergeistigung, patriotischem Glauben und Willen nach nationaler Bildung setzt sich das Paper zum Ziel die Vorbildhaftigkeit, die Fichte damals zugeschrieben wurde, zur Darstellung zu bringen und quellenmäßig zu analysieren. Der ‚Fall Fichte‘ wird aber zugleich als historisch kontextualisiertes Erlebnisbeispiel des Ineinanderfließens von kulturellen Überhöhungen und politischen Anforderungen betrachtet: ein exemplarischer Fall vom ideologischen (Miss-) Verständnis des Geistigen.
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Lidner, Katrin, and Judith R. Johnston. "Grammatical morphology in language–impaired children acquiring English or German as their first language: A functional perspective." Applied Psycholinguistics 13, no. 2 (April 1992): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271640000552x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTFourteen matched pairs of German-speaking and English-speaking language-impaired children, aged 4;5–6;11, were tested for their knowledge of grammatical morphology and expressive vocabulary, using the Grammatical Closure subtest of the ITPA or its German adaptation, Grammatik in the PET, and the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test or the Aktiver Wortschatztest. Children were matched pairwise on the basis of their chronological age, nonverbal IQ, and scores in a sentence imitation and a sentence production task. As predicted, the German-speaking language-impaired children earned higher scores in grammatical morphology and vocabulary than did the English-speaking children. These findings add to a growing body of literature that documents language-specific sensitivity to particular sorts of syntactic devices. They also suggest that the morphological difficulties seen in English-speaking language-impaired children stem in part from the minor functional role played by these forms during the early language learning years.
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Bonvin, Audrey, and Amelia Lambelet. "Exploration empirique de la richesse lexicale: la perception humaine." Linguistik Online 100, no. 7 (December 18, 2019): 65–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.100.6018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We investigate how untrained readers perceive the lexical richness of short texts written by 8 to 10-year-olds in French, German and Portuguese. Seven untrained adults rated the lexical richness of a set of argumentative and narrative texts on Likert Scales while performing on a Think Aloud Protocol (TAP) task. Results show that raters consider other criteria than solely vocabulary in their assessments. Coherence, grammar and content seem to have a particular impact. Concerning vocabulary per se, (non-)repetition is mentioned regularly and other characteristics such as register, length of words, number of words appear as well. For this kind of texts, word frequency does not seem to be as salient as expected.
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H. Meurer, Peter. "Oscar Werner, S.J., and the Reform of Catholic Atlas Cartography in Germany (1884–88)." Journal of Jesuit Studies 6, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 115–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00601009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article describes a short but innovative chapter in the history of Catholic atlas making. The work was done by exiled German Jesuits in the Dutch houses after the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1872 during the Kulturkampf. The project began in 1880–81 with four maps of China and India in the Catholic journal Die katholischen Missionen by Alexander Baumgartner, S.J. (1841–1910). His work was taken over by Oscar Werner, S.J. (1849–?). Werner’s Katholischer Missions-Atlas (1884) was the first Catholic missionary atlas. Its twenty-seven maps covered the worldwide dioceses subject to the Propaganda Fide. The supplementary Katholischer Kirchen-Atlas (1888) included fourteen maps of lands with an established Catholic hierarchy. Published in a large number of copies for a low price, both atlases helped to popularize Catholic cartography. This Jesuit groundwork abruptly ended when Werner resigned from the Society in 1891. The German tradition in Catholic atlas cartography was then taken over by members of Society of Divine Word, beginning with the Katholischer Missionsatlas (1906) by Karl Streit svd (1874–1935) and continuing for over a century with the Atlas hierarchicus (1913–2011).
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Karpik, Mykola. "ANALYSIS OF PECULIARITY OF USAGE OF AUSTRIAN GERMAN IN SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT." EUREKA: Social and Humanities 6 (November 30, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5571.2019.001077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the application of sociolinguistic methods of language study. The proposed research aimed at analyzing the functions of the Austrian variant of the German language in public contexts and disclosing some peculiarities of its use. The issue was addressed by analyzing sociolinguistic and statistic data that we had acquired in 2009–2019. A work with informants was one of the stages of our research. Within the framework of the study of Austrian German we surveyed 102 Austrian respondents, native speakers of the language variant, who represent various social groups and reside in different regions of Austria. The analysis of the received responses showed that the majority of respondents comprehend the concept Austriacism not only in theory, but in practice as well for the bulk of Austriacisms, given as examples in the questionnaire, were known for the informants. The respondents gave predominantly affirmative answers to the question “Do you consider Austriacisms to be the recognized word stock of the standard language?” The use of Austriacisms is also majorly not considered obsolete, hens we can conclude, that Austrian German is a modern colloquial language. These results demonstrate the positive attitude to Austriacisms. Approximately half of the surveyed (49%) showed no awareness of Record 10 on the use of the specific Austrian terms in the German language and this result is seen quite expected. Only 7 % of the surveyed were able to name the number of expressions in this Record. Other responses allow us to address Austriacims as an intrinsic part of Austrian culture and history. A surprising response we received to the question “Would you like Austriacisms to be used by the residents of other German speaking countries?” given by 40 % of the respondents answering Yes. However, the following responses show that the Austrians consider Austriacisms a factor of identity formation, so they would object to the usage by the non-Austrians. Therefore, the hypothesis, formed at the beginning of our research, has found some evidence to support it. The results of experimental use of Austriacisms make it possible to draw the following conclusions: Austrian German is an essential however secondary means of communication in Austria; its use reflects Austrian social reality and national culture. Austrian German acts as an element of Austrian national identity, thus, a further research on its communicative role is an essential task for modern German Studies.
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Gagarina, Natalia, Stefanie Gey, and Natalie Sürmeli. "Identifying early preschool bilinguals at risk of DLD: a composite profile of narrative and sentence repetition skills." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 62 (September 12, 2019): 168–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.62.2019.448.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For this study one hundred sixty-seven Russian-/Turkish-German preschool children were tested with a battery of language proficiency tests in both languages. On the basis of 1.5 SD below monolingual norm for L2 German and 1.25 SD below bilingual mean for either home language, 9 children at risk of developmental language disorders (DLD) (mean age of 4 years and 5 months) were identified and 16 age-matched TD children were selected out of the cohort. All these children were tested with the LITMUS-MAIN and –SR tests in German. The results across TD and at risk of DLD group were compared. TD clearly outperformed at risk of DLD in SR. In elicited narratives, macrostructure and microstructure were scrutinized across groups. Similar to the previous findings, our results show significant differences between at risk of DLD und TD in the microstructure, e.g. total number of word tokens and verb-based communication units and SR. For the macrostructure, TD outperformed at risk children only for story complexity. The study expands our knowledge on the cut-off criteria for the identification of bilinguals at risk of DLD, scrutinized very early narratives for bilinguals at risk of DLD features and questions the similarity of cognitive skills in TD and at risk of DLD children.
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Tomaszewska, Magdalena. "Young ethnic German late resettlers from Poland –“(quasi)-forced nature of migration” vs. success of integration." Journal of Education Culture and Society 1, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 27–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15503/jecs20102.27.50.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
“(Late) resettlers”, or to put it in simple terms, people of German ancestry who came to Germany from Eastern Europe after World War II, constitute a peculiar case within the spectrum of German migration. On one hand, they are distinct from foreigners, on the other hand, despite having German citizenship, they stand out from the native German population.L. Wilkiewicz refers to this category as “quasi-forced resettlers”. The forced nature of the young resettlers migration may then be seen as doubly strengthened by the fact that they had no impact on their parents decision to leave the country. They were, in a sort of way, uprooted from their original environment and planted into a new, alien one. Having accepted German citizenship and having been attributed the purpose of “living as Germans among Germans”, the resettlers were expected to show a higher degree of integration with local society than “ordinary” migrants. In this study, I shall confine myself to a few selected aspects affecting the success of integration. Presented below are some of the memories that the young resettlers have of the moment of their “(quasi)-forced” migration, of their early days in Germany, of Poland as the country of their childhood, of the reasons for departure as given by their parents, and of the main factors – apart from those personality-related such as intelligence –that contributed to their successful integration.
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Brown, Kevin, Paul Allopenna, William Hunt, Rachael Steiner, Elliot Saltzman, Ken McRae, and James Magnuson. "Universal Features in Phonological Neighbor Networks." Entropy 20, no. 7 (July 12, 2018): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20070526.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human speech perception involves transforming a countinuous acoustic signal into discrete linguistically meaningful units (phonemes) while simultaneously causing a listener to activate words that are similar to the spoken utterance and to each other. The Neighborhood Activation Model posits that phonological neighbors (two forms [words] that differ by one phoneme) compete significantly for recognition as a spoken word is heard. This definition of phonological similarity can be extended to an entire corpus of forms to produce a phonological neighbor network (PNN). We study PNNs for five languages: English, Spanish, French, Dutch, and German. Consistent with previous work, we find that the PNNs share a consistent set of topological features. Using an approach that generates random lexicons with increasing levels of phonological realism, we show that even random forms with minimal relationship to any real language, combined with only the empirical distribution of language-specific phonological form lengths, are sufficient to produce the topological properties observed in the real language PNNs. The resulting pseudo-PNNs are insensitive to the level of lingustic realism in the random lexicons but quite sensitive to the shape of the form length distribution. We therefore conclude that “universal” features seen across multiple languages are really string universals, not language universals, and arise primarily due to limitations in the kinds of networks generated by the one-step neighbor definition. Taken together, our results indicate that caution is warranted when linking the dynamics of human spoken word recognition to the topological properties of PNNs, and that the investigation of alternative similarity metrics for phonological forms should be a priority.
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Scheuer, Hans Jürgen. "Zeigen und Bezeugen exorbitanter Objekte im Fastnacht- und Fronleichnamsspiel." Daphnis 43, no. 1 (December 23, 2015): 29–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-04301007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carnival and Corpus Christi Play, considered to be opposite extremes of medieval theatricality, cannot simply be divided according to their content, the one being seen as profane, the other as sacred. Focusing on the Nuremberg Vastnachtspiel vom Dreck and the series of extant German Corpus Christi plays, this essay rather argues that both forms partake in the same hyperbolic movement of representation by transforming the symbolic unity of myth and ritual. This happens either from the angle of the pointedly expressed word (iocus), set free from any ritual prescription, or from the angle of the gesture (ludus), no longer subjected to any illustrative function regarding mythical narratives. Against the backdrop of the tripartite Augustinian scheme of visionary epistemology (according to De Genesi ad Litteram) my analysis will show how both modalities, starting from their respective end of the theatrical spectrum, develop strategies in preparing mental and devotional attitudes toward the intellectual perception of God (ostensio Dei) by means of staging word or gesture (ostentatio).
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Wandruszka, Ulrich. "Zur Motivation des französischen Wortakzents." Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 136, no. 1 (March 6, 2020): 2–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrp-2020-0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractStudies of individual languages rarely discuss in any depth the question of how, or to what extent, the positioning of word stress in polysyllabic words is motivated functionally although addressing this issue would mean relating the structural levels of phonetics/phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics systematically to each other. Given that in French practically all (Latin) syllables following the syllable which carries the main stress have been muted, words and word forms are oxytones, generally carrying stress on the last syllable. As a result, endings and suffixes which constitute the morphological head of a word and are, as such, normally unstressed, now also carry stress. This can be seen in faisait or nageur, which in English would correspond to was *doíng or *swimmér or in German to *machté or *Schwimmér respectively. Since stress is normally positioned on the lexical stem, which carries more information, a morphoprosodic mismatch leading to a countericonic stress pattern obtains in French. Interestingly, this phenomenon has hardly attracted serious attention in linguistics so far, and speakers of French have apparently remained undisturbed by the mismatch. The same is true of the counter-intuitive stress placed on enclitic pronouns in prends-lé! – táke it – nímm(e)s! or vient-íl? – is he cóming? – kómmt er? Apparently, language as an instrument also works when the encoding is suboptimal or dysfunctional. The reason for this must be that language is also supported by the (lexical) content of the signs, which nevertheless makes an appropriate interpretation possible.
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Müller-Jentsch, Walther. "Seven decades of industrial relations in Germany." Employee Relations 40, no. 4 (June 4, 2018): 634–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-01-2017-0016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the development of industrial relations (IR) in Germany since the end of the Second World War and discusses the current challenges posed by economic globalisation und European integration. Design/methodology/approach Combining a political economy, identifying Germany as a coordinated market economy (social market economy), and actor-centred historical institutionalism approach, outlining the formation and strategies of the main social actors within a particular institutional setting, the paper draws on the broad range of research on IR in Germany and its theoretical debates, including own research in the field. Findings The legacy of the key institutional settings in the post-war era – primarily the social market economy, co-determination at supervisory boards, works councils and sector-based non-ideological unions with their analogously organised employer counterparts, as well as the dual system of interest representation – has shaped the German IR and still underlie the bargaining processes and joint learning processes although trade unions and employers’ associations have been weakened because of loss of membership. In consequence the coverage scope of collective agreements is now somewhat reduced. Despite being declared dead many times, the “German model” of a “conflictual partnership” of capital and labour has survived many turbulent changes affecting it to the core. Originality/value The paper presents an original, theoretical informed reconstruction of the German IR and allows an understanding of the current institutional changes and challenges in the light of historical legacies. Additionally the theoretical debates on path dependence and learning processes of collectivities are enriched through its application to the German case.
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HICKMANN, MAYA, and HENRIËTTE HENDRIKS. "Cohesion and anaphora in children's narratives: a comparison of English, French, German, and Mandarin Chinese." Journal of Child Language 26, no. 2 (June 1999): 419–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000999003785.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study is to determine universal vs. language-specific aspects of children's ability to organize cohesive anaphoric relations in discourse. Analyses examine narratives produced on the basis of two picture sequences by subjects of four ages (preschoolers, seven-year-olds, ten-year-olds, adults) in four languages: English (n = 80), German (n = 40), French (n = 40), and Mandarin Chinese (n = 40). Particular attention is placed on the impact of syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors in determining the uses of referring expressions and of word order in the maintenance of reference to the animate characters. Although subjecthood and agency determine NP position within the clause, role relations in discourse coreference account for NP form in all languages, notwithstanding some variations across languages, ages, and referents (e.g. density of coreference, null elements vs. overt pronouns, clause structures). It is concluded that the development of anaphora is determined by universal pragmatic principles and by language-specific properties characterizing how languages map discourse-internal and sentence-internal functions onto the same forms.
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Voß, Stefan, and Yvonne Blumenthal. "Assessing the Word Recognition Skills of German Elementary Students in Silent Reading—Psychometric Properties of an Item Pool to Generate Curriculum-Based Measurements." Education Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci10020035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Given the high proportion of struggling readers in school and the long-term negative consequences of underachievement for those affected, the question of prevention options arises. The early identification of central indicators for reading literacy is a noteworthy starting point. In this context, curriculum-based measurements have established themselves as reliable and valid instruments for monitoring the progress of learning processes. This article is dedicated to the assessment of word recognition in silent reading as an indicator of adequate reading fluency. The process of developing an item pool is described, from which instruments for learning process diagnostics can be derived. A sample of 4268 students from grades 1–4 processed a subset of items. Each student template included anchor items, which all students processed. Using Item Response Theory, item statistics were estimated for the entire sample and all items. After eliminating unsuitable items (N = 206), a one-dimensional, homogeneous pool of items remained. In addition, there are high correlations with another established reading test. This provides the first evidence that the recording of word recognition skills for silent reading can be seen as an economic indicator for reading skills. Although the item pool forms an important basis for the extraction of curriculum-based measurements, further investigations to assess the diagnostic suitability (e.g., the measurement invariance over different test times) are still pending.
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Mannitz, Sabine. "Turkish Youths in Berlin: Transnational Identification and Double Agency." New Perspectives on Turkey 29 (2003): 85–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600006129.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Migration research has often stressed the adverse circumstances of Turkish immigrants living in Germany. The situation of the so-called second and third generations in particular has been seen as entailing a problematic double-bind of living “between two cultures.” In this scholarship, the image of such youth trapped in a structural culture conflict creates the impression that serious personal and emotional crises are an inevitable part of Turkish migrant youths' coming of age in Germany. Moreover, former guest workers and their families have been treated with a less than hospitable attitude insofar as efforts to facilitate their incorporation, for example, by way of the German legal system. Although the hiring of foreign laborers undeniably contributed to the economic and social recovery of West Germany after National Socialism and World War II, immigration has never been treated as a favorable option in German politics. The project of hiring laborers from abroad on a temporary basis gradually developed into de facto immigration, unintended on the part of both Germans and Turks. The resulting demographic multi-nationalization has not (yet), however, become a self-evident ingredient of the German conscience collective (Schiffauer, 1993, pp. 195-98). The very ambivalence of this situation influences the prevalent conceptualizations of the various social groups, as the following brief account illustrates.
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Werle, Dirk, and Uwe Maximilian Korn. "Telling the Truth: Fictionality and Epic in Seventeenth-Century German Literature." Journal of Literary Theory 14, no. 2 (September 25, 2020): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlt-2020-2006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractResearch on the history of fiction of the early modern period has up to now taken primarily the novel into consideration and paralleled the rise of the novel as the leading genre of narrative literature with the development of the modern consciousness of fictionality. In the present essay, we argue that contemporary reflections on fictionality in epic poetry, specifically, the carmen heroicum, must be taken into account to better understand the history of fiction from the seventeenth century onwards. The carmen heroicum, in the seventeenth century, is the leading narrative genre of contemporary poetics and as such often commented on in contexts involving questions of fictionality and the relationship between literature and truth, both in poetic treatises and in the poems themselves. To reconstruct a historical understanding of fictionality, the genre of the epic poem must therefore be taken into account.The carmen heroicum was the central narrative genre in antiquity, in the sixteenth century in Italy and France, and still in the seventeenth century in Germany and England. Martin Opitz, in his ground-breaking poetic treatise, the Buch von der Deutschen Poeterey (1624), counts the carmen heroicum among the most important poetic genres; but for poetry written in German, he cites just one example of the genre, a text he wrote himself. The genre of the novel is not mentioned at all among the poetic genres in Opitz’ treatise. Many other German poetic treatises of the seventeenth century mention the importance of the carmen heroicum, but they, too, provide only few examples of the genre, even though there were many Latin and German-language epic poems in the long seventeenth century. For Opitz, a carmen heroicum has to be distinguished from a work of history insofar as its author is allowed to add fictional embellishments to the ›true core‹ of the poem. Nevertheless, the epic poet is, according to Opitz, still bound to the truthfulness of his narrative.Shortly before the publication of Opitz’ book, Diederich von dem Werder translated Torquato Tasso’s epic poem Gerusalemme liberata (1580); his translation uses alexandrine verse, which had recently become widely successful in Germany, especially for epic poems. Von dem Werder exactly reproduces Tasso’s rhyming scheme and stanza form. He also supplies the text with several peritexts. In a preface, he assures the reader that, despite the description of unusual martial events and supernatural beings, his text can be considered poetry. In a historiographical introduction, he then describes the course of the First Crusade; however, he does not elaborate about the plot of the verse epic. In a preceding epyllion – also written in alexandrine verse – von dem Werder then poetically demonstrates how the poetry of a Christian poet differs from ancient models. All these efforts can be seen as parts of the attempt to legitimate the translation of fictional narrative in German poetry and poetics. Opitz and von dem Werder independently describe problems of contemporary literature in the 1620s using the example of the carmen heroicum. Both authors translate novels into German, too; but there are no poetological considerations in the prefaces of the novels that can be compared to those in the carmina heroica.Poetics following the model established by Opitz develop genre systems in which the carmen heroicum is given an important place, too; for example, in Balthasar Kindermann’s Der Deutsche Poet (1664), Sigmund von Birken’s Teutsche Rede- bind- und Dicht-Kunst (1679), and Daniel Georg Morhof’s Unterricht von der Teutschen Sprache und Poesie (1682). Of particular interest for the history of fictionality is Albrecht Christian Rotth’s Vollständige Deutsche Poesie (1688). When elaborating on the carmen heroicum, Rotth gives the word ›fiction‹ a positive terminological value and he treats questions of fictionality extensively. Rotth combines two contradictory statements, namely that a carmen heroicum is a poem and therefore invented and that a carmen heroicum contains important truths and is therefore true. He further develops the idea of the ›truthful core‹ around which poetic inventions are laid. With an extended exegesis of Homer’s Odyssey, he then illustrates what it means precisely to separate the ›core‹ and the poetic embellishments in a poem. All these efforts can be seen as parts of the attempt to legitimize a poem that tells the truth in a fictional mode.The paper argues that a history of fictionality must be a history that carefully reconstructs the various and specifically changing constellations of problems concerning how the phenomenon of fictionality may be interpreted in certain historical contexts. Relevant problems to which reflections on fictionality in seventeenth-century poetics of the epic poem and in paratexts to epic poems react are, on the one hand, the question of how the genre traditionally occupying the highest rank in genre taxonomy, the epic, can be adequately transformed in the German language, and, on the other hand, the question of how a poetic text can contain truths even if it is invented.
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Khalilollahi, Shahla, and Maryam Mousavi. "Study of Socratic Irony and Romantic Irony in Khayyam, Abol-ala and Schopenhauer’s Quatrains." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 8, no. 5 (September 30, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.8n.5p.72.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article we are determined to review Socratic irony, romantic and ironic structures of Khayyam's quatrains and the ones attributed to him and explain the place of Khayyam as an ironist among other thinkers of the world, according to the meaning of romantic irony and Socratic irony in his quatrains. Irony is the recognition of the fact that the world itself is sick and only an ambivalent attitude can understand its paradoxical totality. Ashleh Goal believes that irony in this sense, according to its nature, is not moderating, but it means that it is endless and self-looking like Socratic wisdom. Irony is related to an aspect of speech in which the meaning of the word is placed in contrast to the literal meaning of the word. In fact, an individual mentions something which is not what he or she actually meant, or is not all of what he or she meant. Examples of these meanings can be seen in Socrates' dialogues, which one type of irony is called Socratic irony and the other type is romantic irony. This term was used in a more complicated meaning, which was our purpose in this article, by the German romantic theorists in the late eighteenth century A.D. In romantic irony, the offended artist of the events of life portrays an excerpt from reality, from the perspective of his knowledge as Khayyam created a school and after him a number of Iran's poets continued it. He constantly reminds the human suffering by offering images of the world inversion.
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Kiselyova, I. A., K. A. Potashova, and E. A. Sechenych. "Reconstruction of Creative History of Poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “They Loved Each Other for so Long and Dearly...” (1841) as a Way of Understanding the Meaning of Text." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 6 (June 29, 2020): 265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-6-265-282.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dynamic poetics is analyzed - from draft to clean manuscript - the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “They loved each other for so long and dearly ...” (1841), which is a free translation of the poem by H. Heine. Based on a comparison of the transcription of clean manuscript and two draft manuscripts of the poem, as well as the source - the German text - Lermontov’s creative process, his work on choosing the exact word and creating an integral artistic image is reconstructed. The article outlines the causes and mechanisms of Lermontov’s textual corrections that help to understand the movement of author’s thought. The process of Lermontov’s work on the text is associated with the emotional saturation of the “skeletal part” of a German source. Based on the textual analysis of the manuscripts of Lermontov’s poem from the “Notebook presented by V. F. Odoyevsky”, the semantic transformation of the source of the poem is traced, the process of enhancing the tragedy of the text achieved through its openness to eternity is revealed. The relevance of the problem is seen in the need to clarify the originality of the artistic imagery of Lermontov’s poem, to identify the reasons for the strength of its aesthetic impact on the reader, as well as the ontological meaning of the text. The semantic evidence of the text is revealed in the need for direct relations “here and now”, in understanding eternal life as a continuation of the mortal life. The novelty of the study has a factual (for the first time the creative process of composing a poem is presented in as much detail as possible) and interpretative in nature, associated with the refinement of Lermontov's worldview.
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Myjak, Krzysztof. "SCHOOL AND PARISH CATECHESIS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY IN RELATION TO CANON AND UNIVERSAL LAW." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 1, no. XXI (March 30, 2021): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.2492.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the topic of the school and parish catechesis in the Federal Republic of Germany. The author presents the legal basis of the catechesis, in the Church and in the State. The catechetic teaching is defined in the Code of Canon Law. Information on this can be found in the second chapter of the title “The Ministry of the Divine Word” in this code. After a brief outline of the legal basis the author proceeds to presenting the history of religious education in Germany. Its origins lie in the 16th century at the time of Reformation and Counter-Reformation. As Rainer Winkel stated, when one studies the history of education, there are seven fields of education to be distinguished: 1. pedagogy, 2. religion, 3. ethics, 4. economics, 5. science, 6. politics, 7. art. Each of them is based on the development of one of seven “athropina”, i. e. features that are characteristic for human beings. All in all, it can be said that the religious education must be an integral part of all-round education. In a further part of the article the author describes the current catechetic teaching in Germany. Since the 1960s we can observe a development from catechesis to religious studies in the religious education at school. Instead of forming and educating pupils religiously, knowledge of religions is imparted at school. It is taught that there are many equally valid systems of values. The truths of faith and the sacraments are omitted during lessons. Above all, it can be observed that the German society is misinformed about the sacrament of penance. Besides, the passion of Christ, its meaning for a Christian and the role of the Holy Virgin Mary are not among the topics in school. On the other hand, parish catechesis is not very popular. The reason for this is probably the disappointment of the young people about the institutional character of the Church. In addition, there is a high percentage of atheists (especially in the former East Germany). Therefore, the author claims that there is a need of a renewed evangelisation instead of catechesis in Germany, in order that people believe in Jesus and the Mother of God again.
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Höhn, Maria. "Frau im Haus und Girl im Spiegel: Discourse on Women in the Interregnum Period of 1945–1949 and the Question of German Identity." Central European History 26, no. 1 (March 1993): 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019968.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Defeat after the Second World War was complete for Germany, and life for the civilian population was grim. In one of Erich Kästner's poems, read at a 1947 theater production, a war widow laments that “ganz Deutschland ist ein Wartesaal mit Millionen von Frauen.” Indeed, in 1945 there were approximately seven million more women in Germany than men. More than three million German soldiers were killed in the war. Seven million German soldiers were still prisoners of war, leaving their wives and families to fend for themselves in the rubble heaps of the German cities. Adding to the hardship of the rural areas were the twelve million refugees who had been expelled from the territories conquered by the Soviet army and then had streamed into the American and British zones of occupation to resettle. Defeated Germany was split into four zones of occupation ruled by military governments. German men who had been promised the conquest of the world returned from the war and found their treasured patriarchy undermined in the home and in the state.
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Golkarian, Ghadir. "Nasimi's thought and effect in Comparative Literature in Foreign Resources (Analyzing with Goethe's, S. Remiev’s and Dafydd ap Gwilym)." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 29 (May 18, 2020): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.30.
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Imadeddin Nasimi is one of the mystical poets of the 14th century as a continuation of the Hurufism movement among Turkish poets. From Nasimi's point of view, ontology has been explained based on theological thought that everything is from the first force, which is equivalent to the whole new soul of the Platonists. The first appearance and the highest manifestation is the originality, the "Word" or the "Word of God," which is called the holy word. A similar view of the origins of Plotinus can found in the poems of other talented medieval and contemporary poets. Nasimi appropriately evaluated in both Eastern and Western literature. Therefore, 2019 was declared the year of Nasimi by UNESCO. He tried to understand God, not through fear, but love and conscience. The greatness of the perfect human personality for the progress of societies can be seen in Nasimi's view. In foreign sources, the philosophical aspect of Nasimi's poems is considered more than his ideological approach. But in this article, the aim of the investigation is that the literary, mystical, and worldview aspects of Nasimi and analyzing the effect of his mystical view on other poets' poems. In this context, Goethe, Dafydd ap Gwilym, Remiev's intellectual approaches, and poems would be analyzed. In the philosophy of ontology, the importance of self-knowledge is a priority. Therefore, based on comparative studies between Nasimi's mystical thought and German, Russian, and English poets, it is possible to understand the constituent elements of the commonality between them. This research will lead to the study of philosophical-mystical themes and the similarity of views between Nasimi and other poets. The use of the research method is the analytical-descriptive method, and their poems compared and criticized. The results of the analysis show that the poets of the Western World influenced by the mystical view of the Eastern world, and the approach of literary celebrities in the world is common to the definition of a perfect human being.
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Harvey, Elizabeth. "‘We Forgot All Jews and Poles’: German Women and the ‘Ethnic Struggle’ in Nazi-occupied Poland." Contemporary European History 10, no. 3 (October 26, 2001): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077730100306x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the Second World War, the Nazi regime sent thousands of German women to occupied Poland to work with the ethnic German population, comprising native ethnic Germans and resettlers from the Baltic states, eastern Poland and Romania. They were to be trained to act as model colonisers for the newly conquered territories. Meanwhile the non-German population was subjugated and terrorised. This article examines what German women witnessed in Poland and how far they can be seen as complicit in acts of violence and injustice committed against Poles and Jews. To what extent did a gendered division of labour prevent women actively being involved in or witnessing acts committed against the Polish and Jewish populations? Did a construct of ‘womanly work’ help women to ‘look away’ from the evidence of oppression and persecution?
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Van den Nest, Miriam, Benedikt Till, and Thomas Niederkrotenthaler. "Comparing Indicators of Suicidality Among Users in Different Types of Nonprofessional Suicide Message Boards." Crisis 40, no. 2 (March 2019): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000540.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Background: Little is known about linguistic differences between nonprofessional suicide message boards that differ in regard to their predominant attitude to suicide. Aims: To compare linguistic indicators potentially related to suicidality between anti-suicide, neutral, and pro-suicide message boards, and between the types of posters (primary posters, who initiate the thread, and the respective respondents). Method: In all, 1,200 threads from seven German-language nonprofessional suicide message boards were analyzed using the software Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) with regard to wording related to suicidal fantasies, aggression, and indicators of so-called suicidal constriction. Data were analyzed with ANOVA. Results: There were fewer words related to affective, social, cognitive, and communicative processes in pro-suicide message boards than in other boards. Death-related wording and aggression as well as tentative wording appeared more prevalent in pro-suicide boards. Limitations: Complex language structures cannot be analyzed with LIWC. Conclusion: The results suggest fewer emotion words and wording related to social circumstances among primary posters and respondents in pro-suicide boards as compared with other boards, and a higher use of death- and aggression-related words. These findings might signal a higher degree of suicidality or sheer differences in matters of interest or social desirability. The differences require attention in practice and research.
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Gaeta, Livio. "Umlaut extension in German Modals as natural change." Diachronica 19, no. 1 (October 22, 2002): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.19.1.02gae.
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Summary The umlauted forms of the German modals dürfen, mögen, müssen and können are unexpected from the viewpoint of the sound laws, and must be therefore explained in other ways. Despite more than one century of research, a convincing solution to this problem is still lacking. In this paper, a new solution is proposed, which attempts to consider the several factors implied by this linguistic change. As observed by Lühr (1987), mögen and müssen seem to have been the first verbs to show umlaut extension, especially in Southern dialects. This fact can be explained as a morphologically driven language change, since the two verbs were inadequate with respect to the paradigm-structure conditions of the modals inflectional class. The extension of umlaut established a stem vowel alternation between the singular and the plural of the present indicative as in all other verbs of the inflectional class. Therefore, umlaut extension can be seen as the result of a morphological change increasing the system adequacy of the verbs (cf. Wurzel 1989). Two other factors were crucial for the linguistic change. The functional neutralization of the mood opposition between the indicative and the subjunctive, typical of this verbal class, might also have played a role, because the subjunctive displayed an umlaut-triggering suffix. Moreover, umlaut extension may also be seen as the result of an additional process of phonological neutralization caused by the action of the umlaut rule in the context of a phonological word in late OHG, as already pointed out by Behaghel (1928). Résumé Les formes avec umlaut dans les verbes modaux allemands dürfen, mögen, müssen et können nont pas une origine phonétique. Après plus dun siècle de recherche on na pas encore trouvé dexplication convaincante pour ce phénomène. Dans cet article, on propose une nouvelle solution au problème, qui tente de prendre en considération les nombreux facteurs liés à ce changement linguistique. Comme la observé Lühr (1987), mögen et müssen ont été les premiers verbes à montrer lextension de lumlaut, particulièrement dans les dialectes méridionaux. Ce fait peut sexpliquer par létat morphologiquement inadéquat de ces deux verbes quant aux conditions de la structure paradigmatique de cette classe flexionnelle. En effet, lumlaut a établi une alternation de la voyelle radicale entre le singulier et le pluriel du présent de lindicatif, comme dans tous les autres verbes de cette classe flexionnelle. Dans cette optique, lextension de lumlaut serait un changement morphologique qui a amélioré la régularité du système verbal (cf. Wurzel 1989). Deux autres facteurs auraient joué un rôle décisif dans ce changement langagier. La neutralisation fonctionnelle de lopposition de mode entre lindicatif et le subjonctif, typique de cette classe verbale, peut aussi avoir joué un rôle dans ce changement, en raison de la présence dans ces verbes dun suffixe qui produisait lumlaut au subjonctif. Enfin, le phénomène dextension de lumlaut peut aussi sexpliquer comme étant le résultat de laction neutralisante de la règle phonologique de lumlaut, qui agissait en vieil-allemand dans le contexte du mot phonologique, comme lavait déjà observé Behaghel (1928). Zusammenfassung Die umgelauteten Formen der deutschen Modalverben dürfen, mögen, müssen und können sind lautgesetzlich unerwartet. Nach mehr als einem Jahrhundert Forschung, bleibt eine überzeugende Lösung noch offen. In diesem Aufsatz wird eine neue Lösung vorgeschlagen, in der die in diesem Sprachwandel miteinbezogenen verschiedenen Elemente genauer betrachtet werden. Wie von Lühr (1987) schon bemerkt wurde, sind mögen und müssen die ersten Verben gewesen, die die Umlautausdehnung, besonders in oberdeutschen Mundarten, gezeigt haben. Diese Feststellung kann dadurch erklärt werden, dass diese zwei Verben in Bezug auf die Paradigmenstrukturbedingungen ihrer Flexionsklasse unangemessen waren. Von diesem Blickpunkt hat der Umlaut eine Alternanz des Stammvokals zwischen Singular und Plural des Präsens Indikativs geschaffen, die in den anderen Verben der Flexionsklasse üblich war. In dieser Perspektive ist die Umlautausdehnung das Ergebnis eines morphlogischen Wandels gewesen, der die Systemangemessenheit der Verben verbessert hat (vgl. Wurzel 1989). Darüber hinaus müssen zwei andere Aspekte hervorgehoben werden. Die für die Modalverben typische Markiertheitsumkehrung zwischen Indikativ und Konjunktiv, wo es ein umlautauslöschendes Suffix gab, kann auch dazu beigetragen haben, die Umlautausdehnung zu begünstigen, weil eine funktionale Neutralisierung der Modusopposition in dieser Verbklasse zustande kam. Schließlich kann die Umlautausdehnung auch als das Ergebnis der neutralisierenden Auswirkung der phonologischen Umlautregel gesehen werden, die im Ahd. das phonologische Wort als Domäne hatte, wie es von Behaghel (1928) schon vorgeschlagen wurde.
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RÖGER, MAREN. "The Sexual Policies and Sexual Realities of the German Occupiers in Poland in the Second World War." Contemporary European History 23, no. 1 (January 6, 2014): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777313000490.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSexual policies were a core component of the National Socialist racial policies, both in the Altreich (territories considered part of Nazi Germany before 1938), as well as in the occupied territories. In occupied Poland the Germans imposed a ‘prohibition of contact’ (Umgangsverbot) with the local Polish population, a restriction that covered both social as well as sexual encounters. But this model of absolute racial segregation was never truly implemented. This paper attempts to show that there existed a wide range of sexual contacts between the occupiers and the local inhabitants, with the focus here being on consensual and forced contacts (sexual violence) as seen against the backdrop of National Socialist policies. This article positions itself at the intersection of the history of everyday life (Alltagsgeschichte), the history of sexuality and the gender history of the German occupation of Poland – perspectives that have rarely been used with regard to this region.
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Wallace, Peter G. "Die Grenzen im Kopf: Imagining walls, borders, frontiers, and national identity in Alsace/Elsaß." Konturen 4 (November 18, 2012): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/uo/konturen.4.0.2381.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Political geographers draw distinctions in English between borders, usually conceived of as lines on a map, and frontiers, which are seen as zones. In German, Grenze, a word borrowed from Slavic, and reflecting ethnic differences is often used for both. In French frontière with its roots in medieval warfare, covers both concepts. Beginning with some considerations of Alsace/Elsaß as a frontier zone between Germany and France, this paper will review ongoing debates among historians of nationalism on the definitions of nations, states, and frontiers. It will then trace the historical development in Europe of these concepts from antiquity into the early modern period. It was during the dynastic power struggles of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries that the concepts of nation and state took on fundamental political significance as rulers made claims to sovereignty in the name of historical nations and borders became enshrined in “international” law as the result of the peace treaties signed in Westphalia in 1648. The essay questions both the historical depth of nations, states, and borders and the teleological assumption of their inevitability and permanence in human political relations. Nations, states, and borders are mental constructs. They were imagined and can be reimagined. A close examination of Alsatian history shows the bloody historical effects of applying these concepts arbitrarily in a cultural borderland and the potential for a different political future for Europe by reimagining borders.
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Hüllen, Werner. "Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682), a little known opponent of Comenius’ Theory of Language and Language Learning." Historiographia Linguistica 23, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1996): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.23.1-2.04hul.
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Summary Concerning the methods of language teaching, Johann Joachim Becher (1635–1682), one of the encyclopedic philosophers of the 17th century, stood in opposition to Jan Amos Comenius (1592–1670), the pedagogue of Europewide influence. He published Methodus didactica (1668) and Novum organon (1672), the latter being a universal nomenclator as they were popular in the 17th century. This nomenclator is organised according to Aristotelian categories which Becher saw expressed in word-classes. It assembles groups of synonyms in Latin and German under headwords which were taken as the simple notions, i.e., the building-blocks, of the human mind. Becher demanded didactic principles to be developed out of these linguistic assumptions. Whereas Comenius shaped his teaching methods according to the situational learning abilities of the individual, Becher regarded them as being dominated by the structures of language seen as structures of the mind, thus foreshadowing Cartesian thinking.
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Niedre, Laila, and Gunta Ošeniece. "Latvijas kultūrtelpa (1930–1939) vācbaltiešu pēcteču atmiņās." Aktuālās problēmas literatūras un kultūras pētniecībā: rakstu krājums, no. 26/2 (March 11, 2021): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/aplkp.2021.26-2.181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this article is to reveal the Latvian cultural space of the 1930s, how it appears in present-day reminiscences of Baltic Germans, people with German heritage residing in Latvia, or their descendants. The data consists of extended interviews recorded as a part of the Latvian Academy of Culture project “Latvija – Heimatland” (2017–2019). One of the project objectives is to register and explore the reminiscences of this social group. The article analyses the accounts of 22 people residing in Latvia and 14 in Germany. These are accounts of events experienced either by themselves or their family members. It covers a time when the community of Latvians and Germans residing in Latvia was polarised by national interests, and the decade ended with Baltic Germans emigrating, followed by the Soviet occupation of Latvia. The Latvian cultural space of the 1930s is indirectly described by quotes from the respondents that relate to the resettlement in 1939 (Umsiedlung in German). The reminiscences illuminate cultural space components such as social practices, symbols, languages, and their use, traditions, and cuisine. The individual memories of Baltic Germans and their descendants significantly contribute to how the Latvian cultural space of the 1930s is already seen through collective memory, which includes monuments, written work, and art. They outline the lifestyle of this specific minority group, diversity of cultures, and interaction between them in Latvia, as well as a theme of Latvia as the lost motherland.
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Sanders, Ruth H., Steve Mohler, and Goetz Seifert. "German Word Order." Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German 20, no. 2 (1987): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3530094.
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Mullen, Inga. "German Word Games." Modern Language Journal 72, no. 4 (1988): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/327800.
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Janes, Jackson. "Merkel 3.0: German Foreign Policy in the Aftermath of the 2013 Bundestag Election." German Politics and Society 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 86–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2014.320306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Angela Merkel remains arguably the most powerful politician in Europe, now in her third term as chancellor. While she enjoys popularity at home, seen as pragmatic and reliable, she faces numerous outward expectations and pressures that challenge Germany's foreign policy of restraint. Some argue that Germany does not pull its weight in foreign policy, particularly militarily, or at least is reluctant to do so. This view is not only an external one, but also is shared by Germany's leaders—both Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier and President Joachim Gauck, among others, have expressed their desire for an increased German role in the world. Many politicians, however, do not see an advantage to focusing on foreign issues in their export-heavy economy. Other challenges, including disillusionment among Germans regarding their tenuous relationship with Russia and damaged trust between the U.S. and Germany as a result of the NSA scandal, will force Merkel to set an agenda that balances domestic concerns with her allies' expectations.