Книги: "Sharia principles"

1

Faccenna, Domenico. Il fregio figurato dello stūpa principale nell'area sacra buddhista di Saidu Sharif I (Swat, Pakistan). Roma: IsIAO, 2002.

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2

1943-, Boadway Robin W., and Shah Anwar, eds. Intergovernmental fiscal transfers: Principles and practices. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2007.

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3

Anwar, Shah, ed. Fiscal federalism: Principles and practices in decentralized governance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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4

Slater, Jim. The Zulu principle: Making extraordinary profits from ordinaryshares. London: Orion, 1992.

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5

Blount, Paul. Job sharing in academic libraries: An examination of principles and practice. Brighton: Council of Polytechnic Librarians, 1991.

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6

Blount, Paul. Job sharing in academic libraries: An examination of principles and practice. Brighton: COPOL, 1991.

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7

The Zulu principle: Making extraordinary profits from ordinary shares. Petersfield: Harriman House, 2008.

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8

The Zulu principle: Making extraordinary profits from ordinary shares. London: Orion, 1992.

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9

Frost, A. J. Elliott wave principle: Key to market behavior. 2nd ed. Gainesville, Ga: New Classics Library, 1998.

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10

Rougelot, Prechter Robert, ed. Elliott wave principle: Key to stock market profits. 5th ed. Gainesville, Ga: New Classics Library, 1985.

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11

Feuser, Stefan, Stephanie Merten, and Katharina Wesselmann, eds. Teaching Classics in the Digital Age. Kiel: Universitätsverlag Kiel | Kiel University Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38072/2703-0784/v2.

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The papers and videos presented here are the result of the international conference 'Teaching Classics in the Digital Age' held online on the 15 and 16 June 2020. As digital media provide new possibilities for teaching and outreach in Classics, the conference 'Teaching Classics in the Digital Age' aimed at presenting current approaches to digital teaching and sharing best practices by bringing together different projects and practitioners from all fields of Classics (including Classical Archaeology, Greek and Latin Studies and Ancient History). Furthermore, it aimed at starting a discussion about principles, problems and the future of teaching Classics in the 21st century within and beyond its single fields.

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12

Che Arshad, Noraziah, and Abdul Ghafar Ismail. Paramaterizing the shariah rulings for partnership financial transactions. UUM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789670474236.

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Partnership-based was widely practised in the pre-Islamic period.The practice was so commonly prevalent among the muslim and non-muslim.This book is hoped to be of assistance to those who wish to discover the shariah contracts for partnership and the methods of structuring the current Islamic financial products and instruments through adopting either an existing Islamic contract or by combining two or more thereof.As for students and lecturers, this book is sought to be a reference for Islamic banking and finance related courses.It can also be a reference to the general members of the public who are interested to learn about the basic principles in the paramaterizing the shariah rulings for Islamic partnership contracts and to obtain issues about the Islamic banking and financial products.All readers may realize, that the first two chapters have briefly discussed the introduction to fiqh and shariah and the rule-making process of the areas in Islamic law.The main purpose of the book is to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the principles and basis of adopting the shariah contracts for Islamic financial products, as well as enabling the harmonization of the Islamic financial practices into shariah parameters of each contract.Nevertheless, the basic and important discussion on fiqh, shariah and the procedure of law-making process is believed tobe sufficiently covered in this book.

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13

Mohamed Naim, Asmadi, Mohamad Yazid Isa, and Mohd Liki Hamid. Islamic finance: legal frameworks, practices and shariah criteria review. UUM Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789672210924.

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The book provides comprehensive compilation on Islamic legal documents related to Islamic financial system consists of legal statutes, frameworks, guidelines, circulars and internal compliant manual covering Islamic banking, takaful and Islamic capital markets. Brief description of those documents are laid down to assist non-legal background readers in having comprehensive view of Islamic finance legal system.Few special focuses are done to Shariah screening methodologies for stocks, Islamic fund and real estate with special review on few sukuk issuances as to familiarize reader with the principle terms and conditions (PTC) of the sukuk. Islamic finance is not just a system but it is a way to achieve the spirit of Shariah i.e. maqasid Shariah in providing prosperity to the society in blessing ways avoiding all prohibited elements as stated in Islamic law.

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14

The Zulu Principle. Texere Publishing, 2001.

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15

The Zulu Principle. Texere Publishing,US, 1997.

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16

Slater, Jim. The Zulu Principle. Texere Publishing, 2001.

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17

Burton, Alison. Recommended universal components by age across the UK. Edited by Alan Emond. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198788850.003.0028.

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Each nation in the UK has a child health programme, based on the principle of proportionate universalism. This chapter covers the common shared themes and principles, and summarizes the four individual programmes and their policy context. An appraisal of the evidence underpinning the programmes is not included.

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18

Lê, Jane, and Rebecca Bednarek. Paradox in Everyday Practice. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.24.

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This chapter explores the shared ontological basis of the paradox and practices perspectives to advance the emerging “practice turn” in paradox. The authors outline the practice-theoretical approach to studying paradox by articulating four main principles that define its research agenda. These principles are social construction, everyday activity, consequentiality, and relationality. They describe each theoretical principle, explain its implications for the way paradox is understood and studied, and illustrate it with an example of existing work. Finally, they use these principles to reflect on the potential of a practice-based view of paradox, highlighting avenues for future research. Herein the authors review, integrate, and develop a foundation for practice-based studies of paradox.

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19

May, Simon Căbulea. Exemptions for Conscience. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794394.003.0014.

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The Moral Conscience principle claims that a conflict between the demands of a law and the demands of an individual’s sincere moral conscience provides her with a defeasible moral entitlement to an exemption. This chapter argues that this principle is vulnerable to an unfairness objection. There is nothing special about moral conscience that would justify granting an exemption, it claims, that is not shared by a variety of non-moral projects. Thus, there is no principled moral reason for a defeasible entitlement to moral conscience-based exemptions that is not an equally good reason for a defeasible entitlement to non-moral project-based exemptions. Since the chapter assumes that people are not defeasibly entitled to such project-based exemptions, it advocates scepticism about the Moral Conscience principle.

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20

Charles, Proctor. Part G Islamic Finance, 49 Islamic Finance—Principles and Structures. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199685585.003.0049.

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This chapter first discusses the foundations of Islamic finance. It then covers the rules governing Islamic finance transactions; structures which have been developed for Islamic-compliant financial products, namely customer funding and deposits; and conventional financing structures that could be acceptable from a Shariah perspective.

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21

Slater, Jim. The Zulu Principle: Making Extraordinary Profits from Ordinary Shares. Trafalgar Square, 1995.

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22

Frost, A. J., and Robert R. Prechter. Elliot Wave Principle. 5th ed. New Classics Library, 1985.

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23

Austin, Allan W. The “Friendly Principle of Brotherhood”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037047.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter considers the complicated history of Quaker interracial activism. It specifically looks at the complex relationship between the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) and race, charting both the successes and shortcomings of the organization's activist work. The story of the AFSC, the chapter asserts, is a complex one—best told not as one of minority or white agency alone but instead as one of attempted cooperation, even if halting and awkward at times. While AFSC activists saw the necessity of working in concert with nonwhite Americans from the start, they rarely if ever achieved a color-blind perfection. Indeed, the history of the Service Committee and race during the first half of the twentieth century might best be seen as an ongoing struggle to understand better how shared agency might function in an imperfect and often racist world.

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24

Schmitz, Hans Peter. Transnational Human Rights Networks: Significance and Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.354.

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Transnational human rights networks refer to a form of cross-border collective action that seeks to promote compliance with universally accepted norms. Principled transnational activism began to draw sustained scholarly attention after the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 and the creation of a new type of information-driven and impartial transnational activism, embodied in organizations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. Scholarship on transnational human rights networks emerged during the 1990s within the subfield of International Relations and as a challenge to the state-centric and materialist bias of the field. In their 1998 book Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics, Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink describe the key role that transnational human rights groups play in global affairs. Focusing on rights-based activism, Keck and Sikkink show how transnational advocacy networks (TANs) can influence domestic politics. The concept of TANs is dominated by the purposeful activism of nongovernmental organizations and driven by shared principles, not professional standards. A number of studies have challenged the core assumptions about the effectiveness of principled human rights activism, arguing that international support plays no significant role compared to the autonomous efforts of domestic activists. One way to overcome these challenges and criticisms is for the transnational activist sector, as well as other types of non-state actors, to move beyond the principles/interests dichotomy and take a closer look at the internal dynamics of participant NGOs.

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25

George, Walker, Purves Robert, and Blair Michael. Part III Financial Sectors and Activities, 23 Islamic Financial Services. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793809.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses the regulatory regime for Islamic financial services. It begins by providing a background on Islamic finance firms (IFFs), which are governed by the Shari'a, and the services they offer. It then considers the scope and limits of Islamic financial services regulation before analysing the regulation of IFFs in the UK by the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority as well as the regulation of Islamic capital markets. It also looks at international bodies that have been established to set and develop regulatory and Shari'a standards for IFFs, focusing in particular on the Accounting and Auditing Organisation for Islamic Financial Institutions and the Islamic Financial Services Board. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Islamic finance regulation in other jurisdictions; the legal effect of international standards on IFFs; Shari'a principles, including those relevant to Islamic finance; and the listing and public offer of Shari'a-compliant securities.

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26

Craig, Paul. EU Administrative Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831655.001.0001.

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The third edition of EU Administrative Law provides comprehensive coverage of the administrative system in the EU and the principles of judicial review that apply in this area. This revised edition provides important updates on each area covered, including new case law; institutional developments; and EU legislation. These changes are located within the framework of broader developments in the EU. The chapters in the first half of the book deal with all the principal variants of the EU administrative regime. Thus there are chapters dealing with the history and taxonomy of the EU administrative regime; direct administration; shared administration; comitology; agencies; social partners; and the open method of coordination. The coverage throughout focuses on the legal regime that governs the particular form of administration and broader issues of accountability, drawing on literature from political science as well as law. The focus in the second part of the book shifts to judicial review. There are detailed chapters covering all principles of judicial review and the discussion of the law throughout is analytical and contextual. It begins with the principles that have informed the development of EU judicial review. This is followed by a chapter dealing with the judicial system and the way in which reform could impact on the subject matter of the book. There are then chapters dealing with competence; access; transparency; process; law, fact and discretion; rights; equality; legitimate expectations; two chapters on proportionality; the precautionary principle; two chapters on remedies; and the Ombudsman.

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27

Prechter, Robert Rougelot, and Robert R. Prechter Jr. Elliott Wave Principle: Key to Market Behavior. 2nd ed. New Classics Library., 1998.

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28

Collins, Charles J., Robert R. Prechter, and A. J. Frost. Elliott Wave Principle: Key to Market Behavior. New Classics Library, 2022.

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29

Trevarthen, Colwyn, Aline-Wendy Dunlop, and Jonathan Delafield-Butt. The spirit of the child inspires learning in the community: How can we balance this promise with the politics and practice of education? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747109.003.0017.

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Our contributors offer inspiring stories—from a psychology of early childhood and teaching experience that appreciates the spiritual values that young children affirm in shared enjoyment of life. We confirm that every child has motives of an affectionate learner, seeking companions for an active and imaginative life. Each boy and girl, with their individual characters and interests, wants to take part in the ‘common sense’ world of a community with its treasured moral and artistic values, sharing joy in the discovery of a natural and meaningful world. They do not just need to be taught how to use material possessions, and how to obey social and cultural rules. We seek principles for early education and care to support responsive teachers in the years before formal school begins. Scotland’s kindergarten tradition and its contemporary policies for transition to school offer a distinguished history of curriculum reformation, following the spirit of the child.

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30

Garate, Teresa. Accidental Community Psychologist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190457938.003.0004.

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In this chapter, the author shares the impact that community psychology has had on her professional life over the last 23 years and how its principles are embedded through her varied career experiences. She explains how her mentors, both community psychologists and their community of scholars, along with her many years of collaboration, transformed her from a special education teacher into a community psychologist. The chapter outlines how the principles of CP helped the author influence large institutions and government agencies to make systemic changes. Community psychology principles most relevant to the author’s career experience have been participatory action research, evaluation, and a deep understanding of community, broadly defined.

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31

Amin, Hanudin. Lectures in Islamic Banking. UMS Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/lecturesinislamicumspress2019-978-967-2166-62-7.

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In the contemporary practice of Islamic banking, everyone is given an equal chance to understand, feel and appreciate it accordingly. In fact, everyone is an Islamic banking scientist if he intends to establish a cogent knowledge pertinent to the Islamic banking industry and shares it with everyone else in his social circle. The industry is opened to everyone provided Shariah principles and existing Shariah governance are meticulously observed. In response to this concern, this book provides sufficient guidance at least for undergraduate students to observe these requirements and who really intend to advance their career in the industry and contribute significantly. This book provides a short but comprehensive overview pertinent to Islamic banking and finance where historical perspectives are brought into play. The coverages of the book are provided as follows: Islamic banking deposits after the introduction of the Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 (IFSA), new concepts of Islamic investment accounts that key differences between Islamic fixed deposits and Islamic investment accounts, Islamic financing concepts including some interesting discussions pertaining to Islamic debt policies presently implemented in some Islamic banks in Malaysia, Islamic automobile financing, Islamic personal cash financing, Islamic home financing, historical background of Islamic window and Islamic subsidiary in Malaysia, Islamic pawn financing and how it is distinct compared with its conventional peer; and financing evaluation and pricing from the context of Islamic banks. Some calculations are provided to expose students with an improved understanding of the Base Rate and how it is related to Islamic financing products.

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32

Rodriguez, Andrea, Shannon Polson, Declan Cairns, Niall McGoldrick, Matthew Fancourt, Camila Biazus-Dalcin, Evelyn Kidd, et al. Oral Health and Public Engagement. University of Dundee, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001246.

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This comic shows the importance of understanding and undertaking public engagement with responsiveness. Research driven by the commitment to engage with different stakeholders reflects a principle where we all learn by creating and sharing knowledge.

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33

O'Callaghan, Casey. Perception and Multimodality. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0005.

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The article presents some findings concerning multimodality, and the philosophical implications of these findings. One of the findings is that crossmodal illusions show that perception involves interactions among processes associated with different modalities. Patterns of crossmodal bias and recalibration reveal the organization of multimodal perceptual processes. Multimodal interactions obey intelligible principles, they resolve conflicts, and they enhance the reliability of perception. Multimodal processes also demonstrate a concern across the senses for common features and individuals, for several reasons such as the intermodal biasing and recalibration responsible for crossmodal illusions requires that information from sensory stimulation associated with different senses be taken to be commensurable. The commensurable information from different senses shares, or traces to, a common source since conflict resolution requires a common subject matter. One important lesson of multimodal effects is that an analog of the correspondence problem within a modality holds between modalities. Spatio-temporal unity, objectual unity, and integration are tied to the capacity to detect constancies and solve correspondence problems across modalities. Solving crossmodal correspondence problems requires a common modal or multimodal code that is shared among modalities.

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34

Ghannouchi, Rached. Public Freedoms in the Islamic State. Translated by David L. Johnston. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300211528.001.0001.

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The author of this book has long been known as a reformist or moderate Islamist thinker. In this book he argues that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights—in its broad outlines—meets with wide acceptance among Muslims if their interpretation of Islamic law is correct. Under his theory of the purposes of Shariʻa, justice and human welfare are not exclusive to Islamic governance, and the objectives of Islamic law can be advanced in multiple ways. The book examines the Western concept of freedom and the Islamic perspective on freedom and human rights, basic democratic principles, the basic principles of an Islamic political system, the concept of tyranny across three different schools of thought, and concludes with an examination of the solutions in Islamic thought that can curb state tyranny, for the benefit of freedom, justice, and the human rights of citizens.

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35

Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr, and Wiener Michael, Dr. The Underlying Principles of Freedom of Religion or Belief—Towards a Holistic Conceptualization. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0001.

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This chapter discusses the underlying principles of freedom of religion or belief. While having its specific features as well as specific areas of application, the right to freedom of religion or belief epitomizes the very same principles which define the human rights approach in general: respect for human dignity, normative universalism, freedom, and equality. Highlighting these principles, which freedom of religion or belief shares with other human rights, is important against the background of a growing perception (or rather: misperception) that freedom of religion or belief allegedly stands in an uneasy relationship to other human rights, in particular freedom of expression or claims of gender emancipation. This chapter presents systematic arguments which underline a holistic understanding of freedom of religion or belief as an indispensable part of human rights in general. In order for the State to fulfil its task as formal guarantor of everyone’s right to freedom of religion or belief without discrimination, an inclusive secular constitution may provide the most suitable conditions.

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36

French, Derek, Stephen W. Mayson, and Christopher L. Ryan. 10. Distributions and the maintenance of capital. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198778301.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the controls imposed on return of a company’s capital to its members, first by considering the common law general principle that return of capital to shareholders is illegal unless permitted by statute. It then discusses the problem of how to distinguish between a legal distribution of profits and an illegal return of capital; transfer of profits to a capital redemption reserve and use of profits to pay up bonus shares; company’s issuance and redemption of redeemable shares or purchase of its own shares; purchased shares as treasury shares; and how a company may reduce its issued share capital by special resolution. The chapter also looks at capitalisations and employees’ share schemes before concluding with an analysis of three court cases that are particularly significant to distributions and the maintenance of capital.

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37

French, Derek. 10. Distributions and maintenance of capital. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815105.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the controls imposed on return of a company’s capital to its members, first by considering the common law general principle that return of capital to shareholders is illegal unless permitted by statute. It then discusses the problem of how to distinguish between a legal distribution of profits and an illegal return of capital; transfer of profits to a capital redemption reserve and use of profits to pay up bonus shares; company’s issuance and redemption of redeemable shares or purchase of its own shares; purchased shares as treasury shares; and how a company may reduce its issued share capital by special resolution. The chapter also looks at capitalisations and employees’ share schemes. It includes analysis of three court cases that are particularly significant to distributions and the maintenance of capital.

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38

Eisenberg, Melvin A. Shared Mistaken Factual Assumptions (“Mutual Mistakes”). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199731404.003.0043.

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Chapter 43 concerns mutual mistakes, or more accurately, shared mistaken factual assumptions. In analyzing this type of case it is useful to begin with shared mistaken factual assumptions that are made explicit in a contract. If a contract is explicitly based on a shared factual assumption that turns out to have been mistaken, normally the mistake should furnish a basis for relief as a matter of interpretation. The general principle that should govern shared mistaken factual assumptions that are not made explicit in a contract is as follows: Where a shared mistaken factual assumption would provide a basis for relief to the adversely affected party if the assumption was made explicit, so too should the assumption provide a basis for relief to the adversely affected party if the assumption is tacit.

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39

Arntfield, Shannon, and Kathryn Hynes. Narrative Medicine in Postgraduate Medical Education. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190849900.003.0003.

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This chapter presents a practically minded conceptualization of the field of narrative medicine (NM) as it relates to postgraduate educators. To assist educators implement and deliver NM education to residents, the practices, principles, and paradoxes of NM are reviewed. The practices of NM are made explicit because educators have a fundamental responsibility to understand them when offering training in this discipline. Practices include sharing a narrative, close reading, and reflective writing. The principles of NM are discussed because, when applied, they fortify the practices and enable more success and enjoyment. The principles of NM stipulate the work should be experiential, relational, and programmatic. The paradoxes of NM are identified and explored because they can stymie the efforts of educators to teach and can have major consequences to the outcomes of the work. The implementation paradox, the credibility paradox, and the legitimacy paradox are discussed.

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40

Sonja, Meier. Ch.11 Plurality of obligors and of obligees, s.1: Plurality of Obligors, Art.11.1.13. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0226.

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This commentary analyses Article 11.1.13 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the joint and several obligor's inability to recover contribution from a co-obligor. The contributory claims by the performing obligor against its co-obligors under Art 11.1.10 are separate: each obligor has to render contribution only in the amount of its internal share. Art 11.1.13 provides for an increase in the shares of the obligors not only in the event of the insolvency of one of them, but in all cases where the performing obligor is unable to recover contribution from another obligor. Where contribution cannot be recovered from one or more obligors, the shares of the remaining obligors have to be recalculated. The loss is spread in proportion to the respective shares, not equally.

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41

Sonja, Meier. Ch.11 Plurality of obligors and of obligees, s.2: Plurality of obligees, Art.11.2.4. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0231.

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This commentary analyses Article 11.2.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the allocation of shares between obligees with joint and several claims. Joint and several obligees usually provide for an apportionment so that each obligee has the right to receive its internal share of the obligation. Under Art 11.2.4, joint and several obligees are entitled to equal shares, unless the circumstances indicate otherwise. An obligee who has received more than its share must transfer the excess to the other obligees to the extent of their respective shares. The size of each obligee's share is determined by the contract between the obligees. This commentary considers the measure of apportionment, the obligee's obligation to transfer excess share to the other obligees, and apportionment in other cases.

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42

Marcus, Smith, and Leslie Nico. Part I The Nature of Intangible Property, 7 Intellectual Property. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198748434.003.0007.

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This chapter examines intellectual property. The governing principles relating to intellectual property are very different from the principles that underlie other choses, like rights under contracts or debts. Like shares, intellectual property rights are characterized by specific statutory rules relating to their creation, as well as to their transfer. Intellectual property rights can be divided under six heads: patents; copyright; moral rights; industrial design rights; trademarks; and confidential information. In each case, the holder of the right is able—by virtue of ownership—to prevent others from doing what they otherwise could do. Each of these intellectual property rights has four different aspects: the intellectual property right itself; rights of action for infringement; validity challenges; and licensing.

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43

French, Derek, Stephen W. Mayson, and Christopher L. Ryan. 6. Shares. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198778301.003.0006.

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This chapter considers one way of becoming a shareholder of a company with a share capital: by taking shares from the company in exchange for a contribution of capital. The number and class of shares of the company that the member holds determines the extent of his or her undertaking to contribute capital, and of entitlement to share in distributions and vote at meetings. Share allotment in exchange for a capital contribution is explained, and the need for public companies to have a minimum contributed capital is emphasised. The chapter also looks at possible remedies available to a person who has been induced to take an allotment of shares by a misrepresentation, including rescission of contract. Finally, it examines ways of altering a company’s share capital. The principles of financial accounting are briefly addressed in order to appreciate the subjects discussed.

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44

Roberts, Fred. Ear, nose, and throat surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0026.

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This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of ear, nose, and throat surgery (otolaryngological surgery). It begins with a discussion of relevant general principles (including the shared airway) and covers airway obstruction and sleep apnoea. Surgical procedures covered include grommet insertion, tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, myringoplasty, stapedectomy, tympanoplasty, nasal cavity surgery, microlaryngoscopy, tracheostomy, laryngectomy, pharyngectomy (including glossectomy), radical neck dissection, and parotidectomy. It concludes with a series of vignettes of other ear, nose, and throat procedures.

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45

Roberts, Fred. Ear, nose, and throat surgery. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198719410.003.0026_update_001.

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Анотація:

This chapter discusses the anaesthetic management of ear, nose, and throat surgery (otolaryngological surgery). It begins with a discussion of relevant general principles (including the shared airway) and covers airway obstruction and sleep apnoea. Surgical procedures covered include grommet insertion, tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, myringoplasty, stapedectomy, tympanoplasty, nasal cavity surgery, microlaryngoscopy, tracheostomy, laryngectomy, pharyngectomy (including glossectomy), radical neck dissection, and parotidectomy. It concludes with a series of vignettes of other ear, nose, and throat procedures.

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46

Beebe, James R., and Jake Monaghan. Epistemic Closure in Folk Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815259.003.0003.

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This chapter reports the results of four empirical studies that investigate the extent to which an epistemic closure principle for knowledge is reflected in folk epistemology. Previous work by Turri (2015a) suggested our shared epistemic practices may only include a closure principle that applies to perceptual beliefs but not to inferential beliefs. The chapter argues that the results of these studies provide reason for thinking individuals are making a performance error when their knowledge attributions and denials conflict with the closure principle. When the chapter authors used research materials that overcome proposed difficulties with Turri’s original materials, they found that participants did not reject closure. Furthermore, when they presented Turri’s original materials to non-philosophers with expertise in deductive reasoning, they endorsed closure for both perceptual and inferential beliefs. These results suggest that an unrestricted closure principle provides a better model of folk patterns of knowledge attribution than a source-relative one.

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47

Hemmelgarn, Anthony L., and Charles Glisson. Introducing the ARC Organizational Strategies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455286.003.0004.

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This chapter describes the ARC model of three core strategies for developing effective human service organizations. These include (1) embedding guiding organizational principles, (2) providing organizational component tools for identifying and addressing service barriers, and (3) developing shared mental models. ARC’s strategies provide the tools and the reasoning to guide behaviors and processes among organizational members that ensure improved service quality and outcomes. These strategies are reviewed as part of ARC’s orchestrated and structured process to improve OSC (i.e., the cultures and climates that influence attitudes, decision making and behavior in organizations). The chapter identifies mechanisms of change that highlight the alignment of organizational priorities with the ARC principles, fostering relationships that provide availability, responsiveness, and continuity, as well as developing innovation capacity to adopt new technologies and approaches.

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Van Shoelandt, Chad, and Gerald Gaus. Political and Distributive Justice. Edited by Serena Olsaretti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199645121.013.34.

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To most philosophers, unmet claims based on distributive justice imply a political injustice—some have a complaint of justice against their political system. This article explores a variety of views about how this connection may be grounded or qualified: political institutions may be one tool among others to realize an independent good, distributive principles might regulate the distributive activities of political institutions, or distributive principles might apply in light of a special relation of a political institution and its members. We also consider a view prevalent in the social contract tradition that, in light of reasonable disagreement, one cannot demand that shared political institutions conform to one’s own contentious distributive theory: members must seek terms with which all can live, even though such terms may not be anyone’s most preferred possibility.

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49

Hawker, Gillian, Anne Lyddiatt, Linda Li, Dawn Stacey, Susan Jaglal, Sarah Munce, and Esther Waugh. Patient information strategies for decision-making and management of osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0021.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, disabling disease that warrants care that aligns with the principles of ‘chronic disease management’. Central to the success of chronic disease management is the ‘informed, activated patient’. Patient information strategies, including the use of patient decision aids, are essential to enabling patients with OA to self-manage their disease and engage in informed, shared decision-making. Such strategies are best delivered by a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers and adapted to the characteristics, preferences, and values of the individual OA patient. Patients actively involved in their own disease management, that is, ‘self-management’, including shared goal-setting and decision-making about treatment interventions, are, on average, more adherent to treatment recommendations, have enhanced self-efficacy and, ultimately, experience better health outcomes.

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50

Holmes, Andrew R. Union and Presbyterian Ulster Scots. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736233.003.0008.

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This chapter explores the relationship between literature and union among Presbyterian writers in nineteenth-century Ulster. It examines the work of the poet William McComb and the journalist James McKnight, who together were responsible for the publication of The Repealer Repulsed (1841), a collection of reportage and literary fancy written in response to Daniel O’Connell’s campaign to repeal the 1800 Act of Union. Their various publications employed a shared Ulster–Scottish Presbyterian heritage to express opposition to the imposition of English Protestant forms and principles, and to highlight the importance and distinctiveness of Presbyterian Scots and Ulster-Scots within the United Kingdom. It demonstrates that Presbyterian writers saw Robert Burns as only one part of a broader literary culture that they shared with Britain and that was usually expressed in standard English, included prose as well as poetry, employed a number of literary genres, and sometimes drew upon a shared Gaelic heritage.

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