Статті в журналах: "Sit-stand desks"

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Hall, Jennifer, Tess Kay, Alison K. McConnell, and Louise Mansfield. "Implementation of sit-stand desks as a workplace health initiative: stakeholder views." International Journal of Workplace Health Management 12, no. 5 (September 26, 2019): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-02-2019-0026.

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Purpose Prolonged workplace sitting can harm employee health. Sit-stand desks are a potential workplace health initiative that might reduce and break up the time office-based employees spend sitting in the workplace. However, little is known about the feasibility and acceptability of providing sit-stand desks. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The present study sought stakeholder employee views surrounding sit-stand desk implementation within two UK-based non-profit organisations with open-plan offices. This paper draws on qualitative semi-structured interviews with 26 stakeholder employees and 65 days of participant observations. Data were analysed using thematic analysis, and organisational cultural theory framed the study. Findings Stakeholders employees’ positioning of sit-stand desks as a workplace health initiative reflected their perceptions of the relationship between sit-stand desk provision, employee health and organisational effectiveness. Perceptions were shaped by the nature and context of the organisation and by occupation-specific processes. Relatively fixed (e.g. organisational structure) and modifiable (e.g. selecting products compatible with the environment) factors were found to restrict and facilitate the perceived feasibility of implementing sit-stand desks. Practical implications The findings offer several recommendations for workplaces to improve stakeholder employee attitudes towards sit-stand desk provision and to increase the ease and efficiency of implementation. Originality/value Whilst extant literature has tended to examine hypothetical views related to sit-stand desk provision, this study consulted relevant stakeholders following, and regarding, the sit-stand desk implementation process.

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Kim, Lawrence H., Gourab Saha, Annel Amelia Leon, Abby C. King, Matthew Louis Mauriello, and Pablo E. Paredes. "Shared Autonomy to Reduce Sedentary Behavior Among Sit-Stand Desk Users in the United States and India: Web-Based Study." JMIR Formative Research 6, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): e35447. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/35447.

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Background Fitness technologies such as wearables and sit-stand desks are increasingly being used to fight sedentary lifestyles by encouraging physical activity. However, adherence to such technologies decreases over time because of apathy and increased dismissal of behavioral nudges. Objective To address this problem, we introduced shared autonomy in the context of sit-stand desks, where user input is integrated with robot autonomy to control the desk and reduce sedentary behavior and investigated user reactions and preferences for levels of automation with a sit-stand desk. As demographics affect user acceptance of robotic technology, we also studied how perceptions of nonvolitional behavior change differ across cultures (United States and India), sex, familiarity, dispositional factors, and health priming messages. Methods We conducted a web-based vignette study in the United States and India where a total of 279 participants watched video vignettes of a person interacting with sit-stand desks of various levels of automation and answered questions about their perceptions of the desks such as ranking of the different levels of automation. Results Participants generally preferred either manual or semiautonomous desks over the fully autonomous option (P<.001). However, participants in India were generally more amenable to the idea of nonvolitional interventions from the desk than participants in the United States (P<.001). Male participants had a stronger desire for having control over the desk than female participants (P=.01). Participants who were more familiar with sit-stand desks were more likely to adopt autonomous sit-stand desks (P=.001). No effects of health priming messages were observed. We estimated the projected health outcome by combining ranking data and hazard ratios from previous work and found that the semiautonomous desk led to the highest projected health outcome. Conclusions These results suggest that the shared autonomy desk is the optimal level of automation in terms of both user preferences and estimated projected health outcomes. Demographics such as culture and sex had significant effects on how receptive users were to autonomous intervention. As familiarity improves the likelihood of adoption, we propose a gradual behavior change intervention to increase acceptance and adherence, especially for populations with a high desire for control.

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Erwin, Heather, Aaron Beighle, Ash Routen, and Ben Montemayor. "Perceptions of Using Sit-to-Stand Desks in a Middle School Classroom." Health Promotion Practice 19, no. 1 (September 4, 2017): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839917730046.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of sit-to-stand desks in a middle school classroom. Participants used sit-to-stand desks during health class. Momentary time sampling was used for physical activity and behavioral observations. Results indicate students sat 37%, stood 59%, and walked 4% of the time. Misbehaviors occurred 4% of the observed period. The following themes emerged: focus, freedom, distractions, and design. Sit-to-stand desks appear to encourage standing during instruction while simultaneously limiting misbehaviors. Students indicated some distractions but were generally positive toward desk implementation and suggested they supported learning behaviors. The teacher echoed most of the student themes.

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Chrisman, Matthew, Sangbeak Ye, Ashleigh Reddy, and William Purdy. "Assessing sitting and standing in college students using height-adjustable desks." Health Education Journal 79, no. 6 (January 23, 2020): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896920901837.

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Objective: To examine if Arduino microcontrollers and Fitbits can serve as proxy measures for the direct observation of sitting and standing time in college students using height-adjustable standing desks. The preferred type of standing desks and reasons to use the desks were also assessed. Design: Classroom-based intervention, plus cross-sectional survey. Setting: Mid-sized Midwestern US university classroom. Method: Students were randomised to either a tabletop or stand-alone height-adjustable standing desk. They followed an alternating sit/stand protocol, then completed an 11-item questionnaire on preferences and reasons for or against using the desks. Data were collected in October 2018. Results: Twenty-two students completed the protocol (16 women; 15 in third or fourth year of study). Arduinos provided accurate representation of sitting. Correlations between Fitbits and Arduinos were moderate (.23–.49). Sixteen of the 22 participants preferred tabletop (vs stand-alone) height-adjustable desks. Main reasons to use standing desks were to improve health and preferring to stand. Main reasons for not using them were being tired and preferring to sit. Conclusion: Arduinos served as an adequate stand-in for direct observation, which has implications for studying the sedentary behaviours of large numbers of students simultaneously. More research is needed on using Fitbits for assessing sitting and standing time. Student preferences and reasons for/against using standing desks provide foundational evidence for standing desk interventions in this population.

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Gilson, Nicholas D., Caitlin Hall, Angela Renton, Norman Ng, and William von Hippel. "Do Sitting, Standing, or Treadmill Desks Impact Psychobiological Indicators of Work Productivity?" Journal of Physical Activity and Health 14, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0712.

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Background:This pilot study investigated the links between psychobiological indicators of work productivity, prolonged desk sitting, and conditions whereby office workers were able to interrupt sitting using a sit–stand or treadmill desk.Methods:Twenty participants visited our laboratory and completed their own desk work in counterbalanced sit-only, sit–stand (Varidesk Pro Plus 48™), and sit–walk conditions (Infiniti TR1200-DTS™). Steady-state visually evoked potentials calculated from electroencephalography recordings during a set task at the end of the workday assessed attentional resource. Salivary cortisol samples were taken during the morning and afternoon to measure stress response. Within-subject analyses were used to compare work productivity indicators relative to condition.Results:No significant differences in mean steady-state visually evoked potential amplitude were observed, although attentional resource allocation was found to be the most effective following the sit–stand [1.01 (0.46) μV] compared with the sit–walk [0.9 (0.28) μV] and sit-only [0.91 (0.32) μV] conditions. The mean magnitude of decrease in cortisol was most apparent when workers used treadmill (1.5 nmol/L; P = .007) and sit–stand (1.6 nmol/L; P = .001) desks, and least evident in the sit-only condition (1.0 nmol/L; P = .146).Conclusions:The findings highlight the potential benefits of standing or active deskwork to the allocation of attentional resources and the regulation of stress.

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Tokarek, Nathan R., Chi C. Cho, Scott J. Strath, and Ann M. Swartz. "The Impact of Stand-Biased Desks on Afterschool Physical Activity Behaviors of Elementary School Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 7689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137689.

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The purpose of this secondary analysis was to assess whether students’ use of stand-biased desks during the school day influenced physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) during the afterschool period. By using a crossover design consisting of two 9-week intervention periods, 99 participants from grades 3, 4, and 6 were randomly assigned by their teacher to either a traditional (Group 1; sit–stand) or stand-biased (Group 2; stand–sit) desk in the classroom. The desk type then switched between intervention periods. Afterschool PA and SB were measured by accelerometry at baseline (fall) and following both intervention periods at post I (winter) and post II (spring). Independent sample t-tests and mixed-effects modeling were applied at a significance value of p < 0.05 to detect differences between groups. No significant differences in afterschool SB, light-intensity PA (LPA), or moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) were found between groups. There were also no significant two- or three-way interaction effects detected between desk assignment, time, and afterschool SB, LPA, or MVPA. Stand-biased desks in the classroom were not detrimental to children’s afterschool PA and SB.

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Sharma, Pankaj, Adam Pickens, Ranjana Mehta, Gang Han, and Mark E. Benden. "Smart Software Can Increase Sit–Stand Desk Transitions During Active Computer Use." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132438.

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The objective use of table top adjustable sit–stand desks has yet to be determined, due to the lack of an effective digital evaluation method. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of computer prompt software on table top sit–stand desks to determine if there was a difference in the frequency of desk position changes. This five month, pre-post pilot study on 47 university staff members used a novel USB accelerometer sensor and computer software reminders to continuously record and prompt increases in desk usage to promote physical activity at the workstation. During the baseline phase (3 months), desk usage data were continuously recorded for all workers. Following the baseline, the results from a two-month intervention of personalized computer reminders doubled the number of desk position changes per work day from 1 desk position change every 2 work days to 1 change every work day. Furthermore, those who changed desk positions once or twice a day increased from 4% to 36% from baseline to intervention. Overall, the intervention was encouraging, but longer intervention studies are warranted to determine if the desk usage behavior change can be improved and sustained for years and whether that change results in health gains.

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Kowalsky, Robert J., Sophy J. Perdomo, John M. Taormina, Christopher E. Kline, Andrea L. Hergenroeder, Jeffrey R. Balzer, John M. Jakicic, and Bethany Barone Gibbs. "Effect of Using a Sit-Stand Desk on Ratings of Discomfort, Fatigue, and Sleepiness Across a Simulated Workday in Overweight and Obese Adults." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2017-0639.

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Background: Limited research examines the influence of sit-stand desks on ratings of discomfort, sleepiness, and fatigue. This study evaluated the time course of these outcomes over 1 day. Methods: Adults (N = 25) completed a randomized cross-over study in a laboratory with two 8-hour workday conditions: (1) prolonged sitting (SIT) and (2) alternating sitting and standing every 30 minutes (SIT-STAND). Sleepiness was assessed hourly. Discomfort, physical fatigue, and mental fatigue were measured every other hour. Linear mixed models evaluated whether these measures differed across conditions and the workday. Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s d. Results: Participants were primarily white (84%) males (64%), with mean (SD) body mass index of 31.9 (5.0) kg/m2 and age 42 (12) years. SIT-STAND resulted in decreased odds of discomfort (OR = 0.37, P = .01) and lower overall discomfort (β = −0.19, P < .001, d = 0.42) versus SIT. Discomfort during SIT-STAND was lower in the lower and upper back, but higher in the legs (all Ps< .01, d = 0.26–0.42). Sleepiness (β = −0.09, P = .01, d = 0.15) and physical fatigue (β = −0.34, P = .002, d = 0.34) were significantly lower in SIT-STAND. Mental fatigue was similar across conditions. Conclusions: Sit-stand desks may reduce acute levels of sleepiness, physical fatigue, and both overall and back discomfort. However, levels of lower extremity discomfort may be increased with acute exposure.

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Barbieri, Dechristian França, Luiz Augusto Brusaca, Svend Erik Mathiassen, and Ana Beatriz Oliveira. "Effects of Time in Sitting and Standing on Pleasantness, Acceptability, Fatigue, and Pain When Using a Sit–Stand Desk: An Experiment on Overweight and Normal-Weight Subjects." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 17, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0328.

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Background: Sit–stand desks have been suggested as an initiative to increase posture variation among office workers. However, there is limited evidence of what would be preferable combinations of time sitting and standing. The aim of this study was to determine and compare perceived pleasantness, acceptability, pain, and fatigue for 5 time patterns of sitting and standing at a sit–stand desk. Methods: Thirty postgraduate students were equally divided into a normal-weight (mean body mass index 22.8 kg/m2) and an overweight/obese (mean body mass index 28.1 kg/m2) group. They performed 3 hours of computer work at a sit–stand desk on 5 different days, each day with a different time pattern (A: 60-min sit/0-min stand; B: 50/10; C: 40/20; D: 30/30; E: 20/40). Pleasantness, acceptability, pain, and fatigue ratings were obtained at the beginning and at the end of the 3-hour period. Results: High ratings of pleasantness were observed for time patterns B, C, and D in both groups. All participants rated acceptability to be good for time patterns A to D. A minor increase in perceived fatigue and pain was observed in time pattern E. Conclusion: For new sit–stand desk users, regardless of body mass index, 10 to 30 minutes of standing per hour appears to be an amenable time pattern.

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Chen, Yu-Ling, Keith Tolfrey, Natalie Pearson, Daniel D. Bingham, Charlotte Edwardson, Lorraine Cale, David Dunstan, Sally E. Barber, and Stacy A. Clemes. "Stand Out in Class: Investigating the Potential Impact of a Sit–Stand Desk Intervention on Children’s Sitting and Physical Activity during Class Time and after School." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094759.

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Sedentary behaviour (sitting) is a risk factor for adverse health outcomes. The classroom environment has traditionally been associated with prolonged periods of sitting in children. The aim of this study was to examine the potential impact of an environmental intervention, the addition of sit–stand desks in the classroom, on school children’s sitting and physical activity during class time and after school. The ‘Stand Out in Class’ pilot trial was a two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial conducted in eight primary schools with children from a mixed socioeconomic background. The 4.5 month environmental intervention modified the physical (six sit–stand desks replaced standard desks) and social (e.g., teachers’ support) environment. All children wore activPAL and ActiGraph accelerometers for 7 days at baseline and follow-up. In total 176 children (mean age = 9.3 years) took part in the trial. At baseline, control and intervention groups spent more than 65% of class time sitting, this changed to 71.7% and 59.1% at follow-up, respectively (group effect p < 0.001). The proportion of class time spent standing and stepping, along with the proportion of time in light activity increased in the intervention group and decreased in the control group. There was no evidence of any compensatory effects from the intervention after school. Incorporating sit–stand desks to change the classroom environment at primary school appears to be an acceptable strategy for reducing children’s sedentary behaviour and increasing light activity especially during class time. Trial registration: ISRCTN12915848 (registered: 09/11/16).

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Ryde, Gemma Cathrine, Helen Elizabeth Brown, Nicholas David Gilson, and Wendy J. Brown. "Are We Chained to Our Desks? Describing Desk-Based Sitting Using a Novel Measure of Occupational Sitting." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, no. 7 (September 2014): 1318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0480.

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Background:Prolonged occupational sitting is related to poor health outcomes. Detailed data on sitting time at desks are required to understand and effectively influence occupational sitting habits.Methods:Full-time office employees were recruited (n = 105; mean age 40.9 ± 11.5 years; BMI 26.1 ± 3.9, 65% women). Sitting at the desk and in other work contexts was measured using a sitting pad and ActivPAL for an entire working week. Employees used a diary to record work hours. Time spent at work, sitting at work and at the desk; number of sit to stand transitions at the desk; and number of bouts of continuous sitting at the desk < 20 and > 60 minutes, were calculated.Results:Average time spent at work was 8.7 ± 0.8 hours/day with 67% spent sitting at the desk (5.8 ± 1.2 hours/day), and 4% in other workplace settings. On average, employees got up from their desks 3 times/hour (29 ± 13/day). Sitting for more than 60 consecutive minutes occurred infrequently (0.69 ± 0.62 times/day), with most sit to stands (80%; 23 ± 14) occurring before 20 minutes of continual sitting.Conclusion:The findings provide highly detailed insights into desk-based sitting habits, highlighting large proportions of time spent sitting at desks, but with frequent interruptions.

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Kirschner, Mara, Rianne H. J. Golsteijn, Sanne M. Sijben, Amika S. Singh, Hans H. C. M. Savelberg, and Renate H. M. de Groot. "A Qualitative Study of the Feasibility and Acceptability of Implementing ‘Sit-To-Stand’ Desks in Vocational Education and Training." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030849.

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While it has been shown that interrupting a person’s sedentary behaviour has the potential to improve cognitive, physical and mental health, a large part of time that students spend in school is sedentary. As research has shown that approximately 80% of vocational education and training (VET) students have an unhealthy sedentary lifestyle, implementing “sit-to-stand” (StS) desks could interrupt sedentary behaviour and promote healthier behaviour. Therefore, the acceptability and feasibility of using such desks in the VET setting should be investigated. Using semi-structured focus group interviews analysed via deductive content analysis, the opinions of 33 students for the following topics were assessed: (1) usage of the standing option of the desks (2) reasons for standing in class (3) experienced effect of standing behind the desk, and (4) fostering future StS desks usage. Although VET students are aware of the potential benefits of using StS desks, they need to be actively stimulated and motivated by teachers to use them. In addition, time is needed to get into the habit of standing. Thus, for successful implementation of StS desks in the VET setting, all stakeholders (i.e., students, teachers, schoolboards) should be actively involved in stimulating the healthy behaviour of VET students.

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Sharma, Pankaj Parag, Ranjana K. Mehta, Adam Pickens, Gang Han, and Mark Benden. "Sit-Stand Desk Software Can Now Monitor and Prompt Office Workers to Change Health Behaviors." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 61, no. 5 (October 8, 2018): 816–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720818807043.

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Objective: To determine the effectiveness of a computer-based intervention designed to increase sit-stand desk usage and help reverse workplace physical inactivity. Background: Sit-stand desks have been successful in reducing workplace sedentary behavior, but the challenge remains for an effective method to increase the usage in order to experience the health and productivity benefits. Method: Data collection (1-year field study with 194 workers) used a novel method of computer software that continuously recorded objective electric sit-stand desk usage, while taking into account the time a worker spends away from their desk (breaks, meetings). During the baseline period, all workers’ desk usage was recorded by the software, and the intervention period consisted of software reminders and real-time feedback to all workers to change desk positions. Pooled means were calculated to determine desk usage patterns, and effect sizes and pairwise mean differences were analyzed to test for intervention significance. Results: The intervention doubled desk usage by increasing ~1 change to ~2 changes per work day. There was a 76% reduction in workers who never used the sit-stand function of the desk. Medium to large effect sizes from the intervention were observed in all three primary outcome measures (desk in sitting/standing position and desk position changes per work day). Conclusion: These findings demonstrate an effective intervention that increased postural transitioning and interrupted prolonged inactivity while remaining at the workstation. Application: The methods and results in this research study show that we can quantify an increase in desk usage and collect aggregate data continuously.

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Parry, Sharon, Beatriz IR de Oliveira, Joanne A. McVeigh, Joyln Ee, Angela Jacques, and Leon Straker. "Standing Desks in a Grade 4 Classroom over the Full School Year." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 3590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193590.

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School-aged children are spending increasingly long periods of time engaged in sedentary activities such as sitting. Recent school-based studies have examined the intervention effects of introducing standing desks into the classroom in the short and medium term. The aim of this repeated-measures crossover design study was to assess the sit-stand behaviour, waking sedentary time and physical activity, and musculoskeletal discomfort at the start and the end of a full school year following the provision of standing desks into a Grade 4 classroom. Accelerometry and musculoskeletal discomfort were measured in both standing and traditional desk conditions at the start and at the end of the school year. At both time points, when students used a standing desk, there was an increase in standing time (17–26 min/school day) and a reduction in sitting time (17–40 min/school day). There was no significant difference in sit-stand behaviour during school hours or sedentary time and physical activity during waking hours between the start and the end of the school year. Students were less likely to report discomfort in the neck and shoulders when using a standing desk and this finding was consistent over the full school year. The beneficial effects of using a standing desk were maintained over the full school year, after the novelty of using a standing desk had worn off.

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Roemmich, James N. "Height-Adjustable Desks: Energy Expenditure, Liking, and Preference of Sitting and Standing." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no. 10 (October 2016): 1094–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0397.

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Background:Breaking periods of sitting with standing may prevent chronic diseases and increase energy expenditure (EE). Sit-to-stand height adjustable desks may promote workplace standing, but workers have to be willing to stand for portions of the workday. Methods:For studies 1 and 2, EE was measured during word processing while sitting in a chair and while standing. Subjects scored their liking of each posture and time they would be willing to work in each posture during an 8-hour workday. Study 2 included an intervention of replacing subjects’ sitting desks with a height adjustable desk. Liking of and willingness to work in each posture were measured before and after the 12-month intervention.Results:EE was 7.5 kcal/h greater when standing than when sitting. Subjects liked sitting more than standing in study 1. In study 2, liking of postures did not differ or change across 12 months use of height adjustable desks. Perceived willingness to stand decreased from 4.5 h/d at baseline to 3.4 h/d after 12 months.Conclusions:Standing rather than sitting increased EE by 7.5 kcal/h. Use of a height adjustable desk for 12 months did not alter the hedonic value of standing or sitting, which is promising for long-term increases in standing.

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Ma, Jiameng, Dongmei Ma, Zhi Li, and Hyunshik Kim. "Effects of a Workplace Sit–Stand Desk Intervention on Health and Productivity." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 11604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111604.

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In Japan, standing while working has not yet become commonplace, and there is little evidence to support the benefits of standing during the workday. Therefore, this study assessed the relationship between the introduction of a sit–stand desk and its ability to reduce the negative effects of sitting too long and increase employees’ general health and productivity. Seventy-four Japanese desk workers participated in this three-month intervention study. Using a randomized controlled trial, the participants were divided into intervention (n = 36) and control (n = 38) groups. The participant characteristics were ascertained using a questionnaire. The intervention effectiveness was assessed by measuring health-, physical activity-, and work-related outcomes. The results indicate that the intervention group significantly decreased their sitting time at work (p = 0.002) and had reduced neck and shoulder pain (p = 0.001). There was a significant increase in subjective health (p = 0.002), vitality in work-related engagement (p < 0.001), and self-rated work performance over a four-week period (p = 0.017). These findings indicate a significant difference between the two groups, demonstrating the effectiveness of a sit–stand desk in reducing sedentary behavior and improving workers’ health and productivity. Future research can accumulate further evidence of best practice use of sit–stand desks.

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Clemes, Stacy A., Daniel Bingham, Nicola D. Ridgers, Elly Fletcher, Natalie Pearson, Jo Salmon, David W. Dunstan, and Sally E. Barber. "Reducing Children’s Classroom Sitting Time Using Sit-to-Stand Desks." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000480429.46823.ce.

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Chau, Josephine Y., Bronwyn McGill, Becky Freeman, Catriona Bonfiglioli, and Adrian Bauman. "Overselling Sit-Stand Desks: News Coverage of Workplace Sitting Guidelines." Health Communication 33, no. 12 (August 29, 2017): 1475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1359034.

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Holtermann, Andreas. "Treadmill workstations versus sit–stand desks for increasing physical activity." Lancet Public Health 3, no. 11 (November 2018): e509-e510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30198-1.

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MacEwen, Brittany T., Travis J. Saunders, Dany J. MacDonald, and Jamie F. Burr. "Sit-Stand Desks To Reduce Workplace Sitting Time In Office Workers With Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 14, no. 9 (September 2017): 710–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0384.

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Background:Sit-stand desks reduce workplace sitting time among healthy office workers; however, their metabolic and behavioral impact in higher risk populations remains unknown.Methods:25 office workers with abdominal obesity were randomized to an intervention (sit-stand workstation) or control group (seated desk) for 12 weeks. Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed before and after the intervention period in both groups.Results:In comparison with the control group, which did not change, the intervention group experienced significant reductions in workday (344 ± 107 to 186 ± 101 min/day) and total (645 ± 140 to 528 ± 91 min/day) sitting time, as well as increases in workday standing time (154 ± 108 to 301 ± 101 min/day, P < .05). There were no changes in sitting or standing time outside of work hours, steps taken each day, or any marker of cardiometabolic risk in either group (all P > .05).Conclusion:Sit-stand desks were effective in reducing workplace sedentary behavior in an at-risk population, with no change in sedentary behavior or physical activity outside of work hours. However, these changes were not sufficient to improve markers of cardiometabolic risk in this population.

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Jerome, Matthew, Kathleen F. Janz, Barbara Baquero, and Lucas J. Carr. "Introducing sit-stand desks increases classroom standing time among university students." Preventive Medicine Reports 8 (December 2017): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.10.019.

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Straker, L., R. Abbott, M. Heiden, S. Mathiassen, and A. Toomingas. "Sit-stand desks and sedentary behavior in Swedish call centre workers." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (December 2012): S194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.476.

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Bodker, Ariel, Alexis Visotcky, David Gutterman, Michael E. Widlansky, and Jacquelyn Kulinski. "The impact of standing desks on cardiometabolic and vascular health." Vascular Medicine 26, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 374–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358863x211001934.

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Sedentary behavior is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality, independent of physical activity. The biological mechanisms underlying these associations are largely unknown. We hypothesized that obese subjects with sedentary desk jobs, when assigned a sit–stand desk, will reduce daily sedentary time, and show improvement in arterial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), an early indicator of CVD. Overweight and obese subjects without known CVD were recruited at our institution and given an adjustable sit–stand desk at work. Activities were quantified with an accelerometer for 7 days at baseline and during the intervention. FMD of the brachial and superficial femoral arteries, fasting lipids, insulin and glucose labs, and anthropometrics were measured at baseline, and 12 and 24 weeks. Repeated one-way ANOVA tests were used to compare measurements over time. Fifteen participants were enrolled (93% female, mean age 40 ± 5 years, mean body mass index [BMI] 33 ± 5). Mean daily sedentary time at work decreased by 90 minutes from baseline (385 ± 49 minutes) to 12 weeks (297 ± 80 minutes, p = 0.002) and 24 weeks (295 ± 127 minutes, p = 0.015). Femoral FMD increased from baseline (4.9 ± 1.7%) to 12 weeks (6.4 ± 2.3%, p = 0.043) and further to 24 weeks (8.1 ± 3.2%, p = 0.009). Significant improvement in fasting triglycerides and insulin resistance occurred. There was no change in brachial FMD, exercise activity, step counts, weight, or BMI. A significant reduction in sedentary time during working hours was identified with utilization of a sit–stand desk and sustained over 24 weeks. Improvements in FMD, triglycerides, and insulin resistance provide insight into mechanisms of adverse health risks associated with sedentary behavior.

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Clemes, Stacy A., Daniel D. Bingham, Natalie Pearson, Yu-Ling Chen, Charlotte Edwardson, Rosemary McEachan, Keith Tolfrey, et al. "Sit–stand desks to reduce sedentary behaviour in 9- to 10-year-olds: the Stand Out in Class pilot cluster RCT." Public Health Research 8, no. 8 (May 2020): 1–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/phr08080.

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Background Sedentary behaviour (sitting) is a highly prevalent negative health behaviour, with individuals of all ages exposed to environments that promote prolonged sitting. The school classroom represents an ideal setting for environmental change through the provision of sit–stand desks. Objectives The aim of this study was to undertake a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of the introduction of sit–stand desks in primary school classrooms, to inform a definitive trial. Objectives included providing information on school and participant recruitment and retention, acceptability of the intervention, and outcome measures. A preliminary estimate of the intervention’s effectiveness on the proposed primary outcome (change in weekday sitting time) for inclusion in a definitive trial was calculated, along with a preliminary assessment of potential cost-effectiveness. A full process evaluation was also undertaken. Design A two-armed pilot cluster randomised controlled trial with economic and qualitative evaluations. Schools were randomised on a 1 : 1 basis to the intervention (n = 4) or control (n = 4) trial arms. Setting Primary schools in Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK. Participants Children in Year 5 (i.e. aged 9–10 years). Intervention Six sit–stand desks replaced three standard desks (sitting six children) in the intervention classrooms for 4.5 months. Teachers were encouraged to ensure that all pupils were exposed to the sit–stand desks for at least 1 hour per day, on average, using a rotation system. Schools assigned to the control arm continued with their usual practice. Main outcome measures Trial feasibility outcomes included school and participant recruitment and attrition, acceptability of the intervention, and acceptability of and compliance with the proposed outcome measures [including weekday sitting measured using activPAL™ (PAL Technologies Ltd, Glasgow, UK) accelerometers, physical activity, adiposity, blood pressure, cognitive function, musculoskeletal comfort, academic progress, engagement and behaviour]. Results Thirty-three per cent of schools approached and 75% (n = 176) of eligible children took part. At the 7-month follow-up, retention rates were 100% for schools and 97% for children. Outcome measure completion rates ranged from 63% to 97%. A preliminary estimate of intervention effectiveness, from a weighted linear regression model (adjusting for baseline sitting time and wear time) revealed a mean difference in change in sitting of –30.6 minutes per day (95% confidence interval –56.42 to –4.84 minutes per day) between the intervention and control trial arms. The process evaluation revealed that the intervention, recruitment and evaluation procedures were acceptable to teachers and children, with the exception of minor issues around activPAL attachment. A preliminary within-trial economic analysis revealed no difference between intervention and control trial arms in health and education resource use or outcomes. Long-term modelling estimated an unadjusted incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of Stand Out in Class of £78,986 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Conclusion This study has provided evidence of the acceptability and feasibility of the Stand Out in Class intervention and evaluation methods. Preliminary evidence suggests that the intervention may have a positive direction of effect on weekday sitting time, which warrants testing in a full cluster randomised controlled trial. Lessons learnt from this trial will inform the planning of a definitive trial. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN12915848. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 8, No. 8. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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Lin, Jia-Hua, Carisa Harris-Adamson, Stephen Bao, David Rempel, Lora Cavuoto, Michelle M. Robertson, and Meg Honan. "Alternative Workstations: Magic Pills for Office Worker Health?" Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (September 2017): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601595.

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Routine office or computer work are of public health concerns due to their sedentary nature. Sit- stand desks may be prescribed for employees based on medical or ergonomic factors. Sit-stand or active workstations, either assigned to individual workers or made available in “unassigned” office areas are also making inroads into the workplace with the goal of reducing sedentary work, varying (alternating) work postures, improving productivity, or accommodating workers with musculoskeletal symptoms. This diverse panel will present recent research and practice findings and invite audience participation in a discussion of this trending topic. Studies examining the effects of sit-stand or active workstations on physiological and cardiovascular outcomes will be reported. The effects on movement patterns, performance and productivity will also be examined. Real workplace interventions and examples of practices will be presented. The goal is to provide a forum to share our understanding about the benefits and limitations of various office workstation designs and discuss research needs.

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Shannon, Chandler, Ed Havey, and Anita Vasavada. "Sit-Stand Workstations: Relations Among Postural Sway, Task, Proprioception and Discomfort." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (November 2019): 972–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631318.

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Adjustable-height desks are promoted to reduce the detrimental effects of prolonged sitting. Musculoskeletal benefits may arise from increased postural variability, often measured as postural sway. We assessed postural sway using inertial measurement units while participants used computer workstations in seated and standing postures and during both typing and clicking tasks and related the sway data to proprioception and discomfort. Median acceleration of the head and trunk was significantly lower in typing compared to clicking tasks, but there were no significant differences between seated and standing positions. Proprioception did not change after computer work, but subjects with increased neck discomfort had greater head and neck repositioning error. The results suggest that different cognitive demands of tasks may play a larger role in postural sway than workstation configuration and that proprioception may be an effective measure to assess the development of discomfort.

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Sherry, Aron P., Natalie Pearson, Nicola D. Ridgers, William Johnson, Sally E. Barber, Daniel D. Bingham, Liana C. Nagy, and Stacy A. Clemes. "Impacts of a Standing Desk Intervention within an English Primary School Classroom: A Pilot Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (September 26, 2020): 7048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197048.

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Traditional classroom furniture dictates that children predominantly sit during class time. This study evaluated the impact of providing standing desks within a deprived UK primary school setting over 8 months using mixed-method approaches. All children within a Year 5 class (9–10-year-olds, n = 30) received an adjustable sit–stand desk, while another Year 5 class (n = 30) in a nearby school retained traditional furniture as a control classroom. At baseline, 4 months, and 8 months, activPAL monitors (PAL Technologies, Glasgow, UK) were worn for 7 days to provide time spent sitting and standing. Behavior-related mental health, musculoskeletal discomfort surveys, and a cognitive function test battery were also completed at all three timepoints. Intervention experiences from pupils and the teacher were captured using focus groups, interviews, and classroom observations. At both 4 months and 8 months, multi-level models revealed a reduction in class time sitting in the intervention group compared to the control group ((β (95%CI) 4 months −25.3% (−32.3, −18.4); 8 months −19.9% (−27.05, −12.9)). Qualitative data revealed challenges to teaching practicalities and a gradual decline in behavior-related mental health was observed (intervention vs. control: 4 months +5.31 (+2.55, +8.08); 8 months +7.92 (+5.18, +10.66)). Larger trials within similar high-priority settings are required to determine the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of providing standing desks to every child in the classroom.

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Straker, Leon, Rebecca A. Abbott, Marina Heiden, Svend Erik Mathiassen, and Allan Toomingas. "Sit–stand desks in call centres: Associations of use and ergonomics awareness with sedentary behavior." Applied Ergonomics 44, no. 4 (July 2013): 517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2012.11.001.

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Chambers, April J., Michelle M. Robertson, and Nancy A. Baker. "The effect of sit-stand desks on office worker behavioral and health outcomes: A scoping review." Applied Ergonomics 78 (July 2019): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.01.015.

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Carr, Lucas J., Maggie Swift, Alex Ferrer, and Roberto Benzo. "Cross-sectional Examination of Long-term Access to Sit–Stand Desks in a Professional Office Setting." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 50, no. 1 (January 2016): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.07.013.

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Takemoto, Michelle, Suneeta Godbole, Dori E. Rosenberg, Camille Nebeker, Loki Natarajan, Hala Madanat, Jeanne Nichols, and Jacqueline Kerr. "The search for the ejecting chair: a mixed-methods analysis of tool use in a sedentary behavior intervention." Translational Behavioral Medicine 10, no. 1 (November 25, 2018): 186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/iby106.

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Abstract Research is needed on interventions targeting sedentary behavior with appropriate behavior-change tools. The current study used convergent sequential mixed methods (QUAN + qual) to explore tool use during a edentary behavior intervention. Data came from a two-arm randomized sedentary behavior pilot intervention. Participants used a number of intervention tools (e.g., prompts and standing desks). Separate mixed-effects regression models explored associations between change in number of tools and frequency of tool use with two intervention targets: change in sitting time and number of sit-to-stand transitions overtime. Qualitative data explored participants’ attitudes towards intervention tools. There was a significant relationship between change in total tool use and sitting time after adjusting for number of tools (β = −12.86, p = .02), demonstrating that a one-unit increase in tool use was associated with an almost 13 min reduction in sitting time. In contrast, there was a significant positive association between change in number of tools and sitting time after adjusting for frequency of tool use (β = 63.70, p = .001), indicating that increasing the number of tools without increasing frequency of tool use was associated with more sitting time. Twenty-four semistructured interviews were coded and a thematic analysis revealed four themes related to tool use: (a) prompts to disrupt behavior; (b) tools matching the goal; (c) tools for sit-to-stand were ineffective; and (d) tool use evolved over time. Participants who honed in on effective tools were more successful in reducing sitting time. Tools for participants to increase sit-to-stand transitions were largely ineffective. This study is registered at clincialtrials.gov. Identifier: NCT02544867

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Grunseit, A., J. Chau, H. van der Ploeg, and A. Bauman. "“Thinking on your feet”: A qualitative evaluation of an installation of sit-stand desks in a medium-sized workplace." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (December 2012): S195—S196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.479.

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Clemes, Stacy A., Sally E. Barber, Daniel D. Bingham, Nicola D. Ridgers, Elly Fletcher, Natalie Pearson, Jo Salmon, and David W. Dunstan. "Reducing children's classroom sitting time using sit-to-stand desks: findings from pilot studies in UK and Australian primary schools." Journal of Public Health 38, no. 3 (June 14, 2015): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdv084.

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Konradt, Udo, Frank Heblich, Sabrina Krys, Yvonne Garbers, and Kai-Philip Otte. "Beneficial, adverse, and spiraling health-promotion effects: Evidence from a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of working at sit–stand desks." Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 25, no. 1 (February 2020): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000161.

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Michalchuk, Victoria F., Soo-Jeong Lee, Catherine M. Waters, Oi Saeng Hong, and Yoshimi Fukuoka. "Systematic Review of the Influence of Physical Work Environment on Office Workers’ Physical Activity Behavior." Workplace Health & Safety 70, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21650799211039439.

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Background Many American workers spend over 7 hours a day at work in primarily sedentary office work. Physical activity is a key aspect of optimizing health and preventing disease; yet, 80% of American adults do not meet the recommended guidelines for physical activity. In this systematic review, the relationship between physical work environment and physical activity among office workers was explored. Methods Of the 321 studies screened, 26 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included for evaluation in this systematic review. Results Of the 26 studies, four were cross-sectional studies, 14 were quasi-experimental studies, and eight were randomized control trials. Physical activity during the workday was measured using self-report surveys and electromechanical devices such as accelerometers. Physical work environments examined by the studies included different types of desks ( n = 16), office arrangements ( n = 5), and building design ( n = 5). In nine studies, office environments and building work environments designed to promote activity using active design principles such as stairs and flexible workspaces were associated with increased physical activity. Sit–stand desks reduced overall sitting time, but had a minimal effect on physical activity. Conclusion/Application to practice Offices and buildings designed for activity had the largest impact on physical activity among office workers. To increase physical activity in office workers, focus should be placed on opportunities to increase incidental movement that can increase physical activity throughout the workday. Occupational health nurses should advocate workspace designs that can increase physical activity in workers.

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Mantzari, Eleni, Catherine Galloway, Katrien Wijndaele, Soren Brage, Simon J. Griffin, and Theresa M. Marteau. "Impact of sit-stand desks at work on energy expenditure, sitting time and cardio-metabolic risk factors: Multiphase feasibility study with randomised controlled component." Preventive Medicine Reports 13 (March 2019): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.11.012.

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Funderburk, LesLee, Thomas Cardaci, Andrew Fink, Keyanna Taylor, Jane Rohde, and Debra Harris. "Healthy Behaviors through Behavioral Design–Obesity Prevention." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 14, 2020): 5049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145049.

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Evidence for behavior modification for improved health outcomes was evaluated for nutrition, physical activity (PA), and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). The databases searched included LISTA, PubMed, and Web of Science, with articles rated using an a priori baseline score of 70/100 to establish inclusion. The initial search produced 52,847 articles, 63 of which were included in the qualitative synthesis. Thirteen articles met inclusion for nutrition: cafeteria interventions, single interventions, and vending interventions. Seventeen articles on physical activity were included: stair use, walking, and adjustable desks. For IEQ, 33 articles met inclusion: circadian disruption, view and natural light, and artificial light. A narrative synthesis was used to find meaningful connections across interventions with evidence contributing to health improvements. Commonalities throughout the nutrition studies included choice architecture, increasing the availability of healthy food items, and point-of-purchase food labeling. Interventions that promoted PA included stair use, sit/stand furniture, workplace exercise facilities and walking. Exposure to natural light and views of natural elements were found to increase PA and improve sleep quality. Overexposure to artificial light may cause circadian disruption, suppressing melatonin and increasing risks of cancers. Overall, design that encourages healthy behaviors may lower risks associated with chronic disease.

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Hutcheson, Amanda K., Andrew J. Piazza, and Adam P. Knowlden. "Work Site–Based Environmental Interventions to Reduce Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 1 (October 25, 2016): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117116674681.

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Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to systematically review work site–based, environmental interventions to reduce sedentary behavior following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. Data Source: Data were extracted from Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science between January 2005 and December 2015. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Inclusion criteria were work site interventions, published in peer-reviewed journals, employing environmental modalities, targeting sedentary behavior, and using any quantitative design. Exclusion criteria were noninterventions and non-English publications. Data Extraction: Data extracted included study design, population, intervention dosage, intervention activities, evaluation measures, and intervention effects. Data Synthesis: Data were tabulated quantitatively and synthesized qualitatively. Results: A total of 15 articles were identified for review and 14 reported statistically significant decreases in sedentary behavior. The majority of studies employed a randomized controlled trial design (n = 7), used inclinometers to measure sedentary behavior (n = 9), recruited predominantly female samples (n = 15), and utilized sit-to-stand desks as the primary intervention modality (n = 10). The mean methodological quality score was 6.2 out of 10. Conclusion: Environmental work site interventions to reduce sedentary behavior show promise because work sites often have more control over environmental factors. Limitations of this intervention stream include inconsistent measurement of sedentary behavior, absence of theoretical frameworks to guide program development, and absence of long-term evaluation. Future studies should include clear reporting of intervention strategies and explicit operationalization of theoretical constructs.

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Frost, Jeremy, and Donna Terbizan. "Effects Of A Sit-stand Desk In A College Class." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000519415.50447.95.

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Ryde, Gemma C., Gillian Dreczkowski, Iain Gallagher, Ross Chesham, and Trish Gorely. "Device-Measured Desk-Based Occupational Sitting Patterns and Stress (Hair Cortisol and Perceived Stress)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (May 30, 2019): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111906.

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Background: Stress and poor mental health are significant issues in the workplace and are a major cause of absenteeism and reduced productivity. Understanding what might contribute towards employee stress is important for managing mental health in this setting. Physical activity has been shown to be beneficial to stress but less research has addressed the potential negative impact of sedentary behaviour such as sitting. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between device-measured occupational desk-based sitting patterns and stress (hair cortisol levels (HCL), as a marker of chronic stress and self-reported perceived stress (PS)). Methods: Employees were recruited from four workplaces located in Central Scotland with large numbers of desk-based occupations. Seventy-seven participants provided desk-based sitting pattern data (desk-based sitting time/day and desk-based sit-to-stand transitions/day), a hair sample and self-reported perceived stress. HCL were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and PS using the Cohen Self-Perceived Stress Scale. Linear regression models were used to test associations between desk-based sitting time/day, desk-based sit-to-stand transitions/day, HCL and PS. Results: There were no associations between any of the desk-based sitting measures and either HCL or PS. Conclusions: Desk-based sitting patterns in the workplace may not be related to stress when using HCL as a biomarker of chronic stress or PS. The relationship between sitting patterns and stress therefore requires further investigation.

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Taormina, John Michael, Robert J. Kowalsky, Sophy J. Perdomo, Melissa A. Jones, and Bethany Barone Gibbs. "Characteristics associated with lower blood pressure when using a sit–stand desk." Journal of Hypertension 36, no. 5 (May 2018): 1207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjh.0000000000001709.

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Egeler, Mara, Andrew Kubala, Subashan Perera, Sanjay Patel, Martica Hall, John Jakicic, Bethany Barone Gibbs, and Christopher Kline. "297 The Relationship Between Sleep and Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior in Adults with Desk Jobs." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A118—A119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.296.

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Abstract Introduction Both poor sleep and sedentary behavior lead to negative health outcomes. While some previous studies have observed an association between poor sleep and greater sedentary behavior, few studies have assessed this relationship using an objective measure of sedentary behavior. We examined the association of both self-reported and objectively-measured sleep with objectively-measured sedentary behavior. Methods In a secondary analysis of baseline data from an ongoing clinical trial, the present analysis included 157 physically inactive adults with elevated blood pressure (120–159 mmHg systolic or 90–99 diastolic) and desk jobs (82.8% white, 65.6% female, age 45.5±12.0). To assess sedentary behavior, participants wore an accelerometer/inclinometer (activPAL3 micro) on the upper thigh continuously for 7 days. Variables included total sedentary time, prolonged sedentary time (≥30 minute bouts), and sit-to-stand transitions; these were averaged across all waking hours as well as the workday. To assess sleep, participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a subsample (n=57) wore an Actiwatch Spectrum for 7 nights. Variables examined included the PSQI global score, actigraphy-based total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE). Linear regression examined associations between sleep and sedentary behavior, with adjustments for age, gender, race, body mass index, and activPAL3 wear time. Results Participants had (mean±standard deviation) 11.1±1.5 hours sedentary time per day, with 6.3±2.0 occurring in ≥30 minute bouts, and 51.3±13.4 sit-to-stand transitions. During the workday, participants had 6.6±1.3 hours sedentary time with 3.8±1.7 occurring in ≥30 minute bouts and 27.2±11.2 sit-to-stand transitions. PSQI global score was 4.9±2.9; 32.5% were classified as poor sleepers. Actigraphic TST was 6.7±0.8 hours, with SE of 85.4±6.3%.Greater SE was associated with less sit-to-stand transitions during the workday (β=-0.36, p=0.01) and during the full day (β=-0.37, p=0.01). Subjective sleep quality and actigraphic TST were not associated with sedentary behavior. Conclusion We did not find a cross-sectional association between sedentary behavior and sleep in insufficiently active adults, potentially due to restricted range of sedentary behavior and physical activity in the sample. The association between greater sleep efficiency with fewer sit-to-stand transitions is counterintuitive and warrants further exploration. Support (if any) This study was funded by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01HL134809 and R01HL147610.

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Kline, Christopher E., Robert J. Kowalsky, Sophy J. Perdomo, and Bethany Barone Gibbs. "Use of a Sit-Stand Desk Reduces Wake Time During the Subsequent Night’s Sleep." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 854–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000519306.71120.df.

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Liu, Li Li, and Lei Zhang. "Standing Office Furniture Design Based on Human-Machine Interaction Research." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.397.

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Based on the current status of the development of the market for office furniture, an entry point is to study the design of man-machine relationship, research and analyze the defects and problems about existing office furniture, Thus devise a sit, stand dual desk, It can not only achieve the basic functions of their office, but also allows to bring workers a different sports experience in the office at the same time, and improve work efficiency.

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Sharma, Pankaj Parag, Mark Benden, Ranjana K. Mehta, Adam Pickens, and Gang Han. "A Quantitative Evaluation of Electric Sit-Stand Desk Usage: 3-Month In-Situ Workplace Study." IISE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors 6, no. 2 (April 3, 2018): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24725838.2018.1521351.

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Arguello, Diego J., Gregory Cloutier, Alvin Morton, and Dinesh John. "Effects Of Sit-to-stand Desk And Treadmill Workstations On Sedentary Behavior And Physical Activity." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, Supplement (June 2019): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000563033.10545.21.

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Kowalsky, Robert J., Sophy J. Perdomo, Jeffery R. Balzer, Christopher E. Kline, and Bethany Barone Gibbs. "The Influence Of A Sit-stand Desk On Sleepiness, Physical Discomfort, Physical Fatigue And Mental Fatigue." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (May 2017): 844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000519272.36328.de.

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Carter, Sophie E., Richard Draijer, Sophie M. Holder, Louise Brown, Dick H. J. Thijssen, and Nicola D. Hopkins. "Regular walking breaks prevent the decline in cerebral blood flow associated with prolonged sitting." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 790–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00310.2018.

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Decreased cerebrovascular blood flow and function are associated with lower cognitive functioning and increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Prolonged sitting impairs peripheral blood flow and function, but its effects on the cerebrovasculature are unknown. This study explored the effect of uninterrupted sitting and breaking up sitting time on cerebrovascular blood flow and function of healthy desk workers. Fifteen participants (10 male, 35.8 ± 10.2 yr, body mass index: 25.5 ± 3.2 kg/m2) completed, on separate days, three 4-h conditions in a randomized order: 1) uninterrupted sitting (SIT), 2) sitting with 2-min light-intensity walking breaks every 30 min (2WALK), or 3) sitting with 8-min light-intensity walking breaks every 2 h (8WALK). At baseline and 4 h, middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv) and CO2 reactivity (CVR) of the MCA and carotid artery were measured using transcranial Doppler (TCD) and duplex ultrasound, respectively. Cerebral autoregulation (CA) was assessed with TCD using a squat-stand protocol and analyzed to generate values of gain and phase in the very low, low, and high frequencies. There was a significant decline in SIT MCAv (−3.2 ± 1.2 cm/s) compared with 2WALK (0.6 ± 1.5 cm/s, P = 0.02) but not between SIT and 8WALK (−1.2 ± 1.0 cm/s, P = 0.14). For CA, the change in 2WALK very low frequency phase (4.47 ± 4.07 degrees) was significantly greater than SIT (−3.38 ± 2.82 degrees, P = 0.02). There was no significant change in MCA or carotid artery CVR ( P > 0.05). Results indicate that prolonged uninterrupted sitting in healthy desk workers reduces cerebral blood flow; however, this is offset when frequent short-duration walking breaks are incorporated. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prolonged uninterrupted sitting in healthy desk workers reduces cerebral blood flow. However, this reduction in cerebral blood flow is offset when frequent short-duration walking breaks are incorporated into this sitting period. For those who engage in long periods of sedentary behavior, chronically breaking up these sitting periods with frequent active break strategies may have important implications for cerebrovascular health; however, further research should explore this hypothesis.

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Barone Gibbs, Bethany, Andrea L. Hergenroeder, Sophy J. Perdomo, Robert J. Kowalsky, Anthony Delitto, and John M. Jakicic. "Reducing sedentary behaviour to decrease chronic low back pain: the stand back randomised trial." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 5 (January 12, 2018): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104732.

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ObjectiveThe Stand Back study evaluated the feasibility and effects of a multicomponent intervention targeting reduced prolonged sitting and pain self-management in desk workers with chronic low back pain (LBP).MethodsThis randomised controlled trial recruited 27 individuals with chronic LBP, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) >10% and desk jobs (sitting ≥20 hours/week). Participants were randomised within strata of ODI (>10%–<20%, ≥20%) to receive bimonthly behavioural counselling (in-person and telephone), a sit-stand desk attachment, a wrist-worn activity-prompting device and cognitive behavioural therapy for LBP self-management or control. Self-reported work sitting time, visual analogue scales (VAS) for LBP and the ODI were assessed by monthly, online questionnaires and compared across intervention groups using linear mixed models.ResultsBaseline mean (SD) age was 52 (11) years, 78% were women, and ODI was 24.1 (10.5)%. Across the 6-month follow-up in models adjusted for baseline value, work sitting time was 1.5 hour/day (P<0.001) lower comparing intervention to controls. Also across follow-up, ODI was on average 8 points lower in intervention versus control (P=0.001). At 6 months, the relative decrease in ODI from baseline was 50% in intervention and 14% in control (P=0.042). LBP from VAS was not significantly reduced in intervention versus control, though small-to-moderate effect sizes favouring the intervention were observed (Cohen’s d ranged from 0.22 to 0.42).ConclusionAn intervention coupling behavioural counselling targeting reduced sedentary behaviour and pain self-management is a translatable treatment strategy that shows promise for treating chronic LBP in desk-bound employees.Trial registration numberNCT0224687; Pre-results.

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Garrett, Gregory, Hongwei Zhao, Adam Pickens, Ranjana Mehta, Leigh Preston, Amy Powell, and Mark Benden. "Computer-based Prompt's impact on postural variability and sit-stand desk usage behavior; a cluster randomized control trial." Applied Ergonomics 79 (September 2019): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.04.003.

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