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Статті в журналах з теми "Size reduction of materials – Cost control":
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Biglari, Hamed, and Vahid Fakhari. "Edgewise vibration reduction of small size wind turbine blades using shunt damping." Journal of Vibration and Control 26, no. 3-4 (September 24, 2019): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319877706.
Анотація:
Edgewise vibration in wind turbine blades is one of the important factors that results in reducing the performance of wind turbines. Therefore, control or reduction of the mentioned vibrations can be of great help in increasing the efficiency of wind turbines. In this paper, the shunt damping method is proposed to reduce the edgewise blade vibration of horizontal axis wind turbines. For this purpose, partial differential equations governing dynamics of the system are derived using the Lagrange method. These equations are completely nonlinear and linearization is not performed to avoid possible errors in the analysis. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed shunt damping method in vibration reduction of the wind turbine blade, obtained results by applying shunt damping method are compared with corresponding results obtained by employing a conventional method known as a tuned mass damper (TMD). For better comparison, by considering proper cost functions, the shunt damper and TMD parameters are optimized using a genetic algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of optimized shunt damper in vibration reduction of the blade is compared with optimized TMD by presenting simulation results.
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Yoon, Young Ok, Hyung Ho Jo, Jin Kyu Lee, Dong In Jang, and Shae K. Kim. "Microstructural Control of 7075 Al Wrought Alloys through Thixoextrusion Route." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.362.
Анотація:
Thixoextrusion, one of the thixoforming processes, has advantages of high productivity, reduction of the extrusion pressure, extension of the die life, and cost saving owing to its low energy consumption compared with the conventional extrusion processes. Especially, thixoextrusion process is expected to be very effective for hard-to-form materials with high strength. The present study focuses on 7075 Al wrought alloy to investigate the potential industrial applications of the thixoextrusion process. The microstructural evolution of 7075 Al wrought alloy for thixoextrusion was investigated with respect to isothermal holding temperature and time in the partially remelted semisolid state. The results showed that the liquid fraction increased with increasing isothermal holding temperature and time while the average grain size was inversely proportional to isothermal holding temperature and time up to 5min. However, there was no big change of liquid fraction and average grain size with respect to isothermal holding temperature and time. The important fact that the liquid fraction and average grain size were almost uniform after 5 min holding time is considered very useful for thixoextrusion in terms of process control.
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Nogueira, Danielly Negrão Guassú, Franciane Maria da Silva Curan, Alexandrina Aparecida Maciel Cardelli, Rosângela Aparecida Pimenta Ferrari, Tatiane Tokushima, and Rodrigo Antônio Carvalho Andraus. "Low- level laser: cost of therapy fornipple trauma." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 21, no. 1 (March 2021): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042021000100008.
Анотація:
Abstract Objectives: to measure the micro-cost of local laser therapy (LL) and transcutaneous laser therapy application by Irradiation Laser Intravascular of Blood (ILIB) to treat nipple trauma and compare the most effective and efficient alternative treatment. Methods: a cross-sectional analytical and quantitative study with analysis on the micro absorption cost, implemented as a clipping, from a randomized clinical trial that used two types of laser therapy to treat nipple trauma due to breastfeeding. The sample consisted of 101 nipple lesions. Patients were randomized into three groups (Control - CG, Local Laser -LLG and ILIB-ILIBG). Materials used, direct labor (DL) and laser equipment were predictors of costs. The delta calculation (effect size) was the indicator for measuring effectiveness and efficiency. Results: after three sessions, the average final cost was R$ 40.04for CG, R$ 53.55for LLG and R$ 67.29for ILIBG. After three sessions of treatment, ILIBG showed a great reduction in the lesion area, but with a higher cost (p<0.05). Conclusions: ILIBG had a better effect on healing the nipple trauma when compared to CG and LLG, even though it is more expensive, it suggests a positive cost-benefit and the most effective and efficient alternative treatment.
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Wang, Xin Yu, Ze Wei Lin, Yan Qing Jiao, Jian Cong Liu, and Rui Hong Wang. "Super-Dispersed Fe–N Sites Embedded into Porous Graphitic Carbon for ORR: Size, Composition and Activity Control." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082106.
Анотація:
Searching for high-efficient, good long-term stability, and low-cost electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is highly desirable for the development of sustainable energy conversion devices. Iron–nitrogen doped carbon (Fe–N/C) catalysts have been recognized as the most promising candidates for traditional Pt-based catalysts that benefit from their high activity, excellent anti-poisoning ability, and inexpensiveness. Here, a super-dispersed and high-performance Fe–N/C catalyst was derived from chemically Fe-doped zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) by directly bonding Fe ions to imidazolate ligands within 3D frameworks. It produced a series of catalysts, whose sizes could be tuned in the range from 62 to over 473 nm in diameter. After rationally regulating the component and heating treatment, the best ORR activity was measured for the catalyst with a size of 105 nm, which was obtained when the Fe3+/Zn2+ molar ratio was 0.05 and carbonization temperature was 900 °C. It exhibited a high onset potential (Eonset = 0.99 V) and half-wave potential (E1/2 = 0.885 V) compared with a commercial 20% Pt/C catalyst (Eonset = 0.10 V, E1/2 = 0.861 V) as well as much better durability and methanol resistance in an alkaline electrolyte.
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Sohail, Manzar, Nimra Tahir, Anosha Rubab, Matthias Beller, and Muhammad Sharif. "Facile Synthesis of Iron-Titanate Nanocomposite as a Sustainable Material for Selective Amination of Substitued Nitro-Arenes." Catalysts 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10080871.
Анотація:
The fabrication of durable and low-cost nanostructured materials remains important in chemical, biologic and medicinal applications. Particularly, iron-based nanomaterials are of central importance due to the ‘noble’ features of iron such as its high abundance, low cost and non-toxicity. Herein we report a simple sol–gel method for the synthesis of novel iron–titanium nanocomposite-based material (Fe9TiO15@TiO2). In order to prepare this material, we made a polymeric gel using ferrocene, titanium isopropoxide and THF precursors. The calcination of this gel in air at 500 °C produced Fe-Ti bimetallic nanoparticles-based composite and nano-TiO2 as support. Noteworthy, our methodology provides an excellent control over composition, size and shape of the resulting nanoparticles. The resulted Fe-based material provides a sustainable catalyst for selective synthesis of anilines, which are key intermediates for the synthesis of several chemicals, dyes and materials, via reduction of structurally diverse and functionalized nitroarenes.
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Zhou, Jiong, and Xiaojun Ma. "Cost-benefit analysis of craniocerebral surgical site infection control in tertiary hospitals in China." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9, no. 02 (February 19, 2015): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.4482.
Анотація:
Introduction: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common postoperative complications. This study aimed to determine the cost of SSIs and to evaluate whether SSI control can reduce medical costs under the current medical payment system and wage rates in China. Methodology: Prospective surveillance of craniocerebral surgery was conducted between July 2009 and June 2012. SSI patients and non-SSI patients were matched with a ratio of 1:2. Terms such as medical costs and length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups. Based on the economic loss of hospital infection, which causes additional expenditures and a reduction in the number of patients treated, the benefits of hospital infection control were estimated. The costs of human resources and materials of hospital infection surveillance and control were also estimated. Finally, the cost-benefit rates in different medical contexts and with different SSI-case ratios were calculated. Results: The incidence of SSIs in this study was 4%. SSIs significantly prolonged hospital stay by 11.75 days (95% CI: 6.24–22.52), increased medical costs by US $3,412.48 (95% CI: $1,680.65–$5,879.89). The direct economic loss was $114,903 in a 40-bed ward. The cost of implementing infection control in such a unit was calculated to be approximately $5,555.47 Conclusions: Under the current fee-for-service healthcare model in China, the control of SSIs can hardly yield direct economic benefits, but can yield social benefits. With the implementation of a total medical cost pre-payment system, SSI control will present a remarkable benefit-cost ratio for hospitals.
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Shabatina, Tatyana I., Yurii N. Morosov, Andrey V. Soloviev, Andrey V. Shabatin, Olga I. Vernaya, and Michail Y. Melnikov. "Cryochemical Production of Drug Nanoforms: Particle Size and Crystal Phase Control of the Antibacterial Medication 2,3-Quinoxalinedimethanol-1,4-dioxide (Dioxidine)." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2021): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061588.
Анотація:
Increasing the effectiveness of known, well-tested drugs is a promising low-cost alternative to the search for new drug molecular forms. Powerful approaches to solve this problem are (a) an active drug particle size reduction down to the nanoscale and (b) thermodynamically metastable but kinetically stable crystal modifications of drug acquisition. The combined cryochemical method has been used for size and structural modifications of the antibacterial drug 2,3-quinoxalinedimethanol-1,4-dioxide (dioxidine). The main stage of the proposed technique includes the formation of a molecular vapor of the drug substance, combined with a carrier gas (CO2) flow, followed by a fast condensation of the drug substance and CO2 molecules on a cooled-by-liquid nitrogen surface of preparative cryostate. It was established that the molecular chemical structure of the drug substance remained unchanged during cryochemical modification; however, it led to a significant decrease of the drug particles’ size down to nanosizes and changes in the crystal structures of the solid drug nanoforms obtained. Varying carrier gas (CO2) flow led to changes in their solid phase composition. A higher dissolution rate and changes in antibacterial activity were demonstrated for cryomodified dioxidine samples in comparison to the properties of the initial pharmacopeia dioxidine.
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Castoldi, Lidia. "An Overview on the Catalytic Materials Proposed for the Simultaneous Removal of NOx and Soot." Materials 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 3551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13163551.
Анотація:
Vehicular pollution has become a major problem in urban areas due to the exponential increase in the number of automobiles. Typical exhaust emissions, which include nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), soot, and particulate matter (PM), doubtless have important negative effects on the environment and human health, including cardiovascular effects such as cardiac arrhythmias and heart attacks, and respiratory effects such as asthma attacks and bronchitis. The mitigation measures comprise either the use of clean alternative fuels or the use of innovative technologies. Several existing emission control technologies have proven effective at controlling emissions individually, such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and lean NOx trap (LNT) to reduce NOx and diesel particulate filter (DPF) specifically for PM abatement. These after-treatment devices are the most profitable means to reduce exhaust emissions to acceptable limits (EURO VI norms) with very little or no impact on the engine performances. Additionally, the relative lack of physical space in which to install emissions-control equipment is a key challenge for cars, especially those of small size. For this reason, to reduce both volume and cost of the after-treatment devices integrated catalytic systems (e.g., a sort of a “single brick”) have been proposed, reducing both NOx and PM simultaneously. This review will summarize the currently reported materials for the simultaneous removal of NOx and soot, with particular attention to their nature, properties, and performances.
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Picraux, S. T., E. Chason, and T. M. Mayer. "Ion-Assisted Surface Processing of Electronic Materials." MRS Bulletin 17, no. 6 (June 1992): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400041476.
Анотація:
Why are low-energy ions relevant to the surface processing of electronic materials? The answer lies in the overriding trend of miniaturization in microelectronics. The achievement of these feats in ultrasmall architecture has required surface processing capabilities that allow layer addition and removal with incredible precision. The resulting benefits of greater capacity and speed at a plummeting cost per function are near legendary.The ability of low-energy ions to enhance the precision of surface etching, cleaning, and deposition/growth processes (Figure 1) provides one basis for the interest in ion-assisted processes. Low-energy ions are used, for example, to enhance the sharpness of side walls in plasma etching and to improve step coverage by metal layers in sputter deposition. Emerging optoelectronic applications such as forming ridges for wave-guides and ultrasmooth vertical surfaces for lasers further extend piesent requirements, and low-energy ions again provide one tool to help in this area of ultraprecise materials control. Trends associated with the decreased feature size include the movement from wet chemical processing to dry processing, the continuing need for reductions in defect densities, and the drive toward reduced temperatures and times in process steps.How do the above trends focus interest on studies of low-energy ion-assisted processes? In current applications, these trends are driving the need for increased atomic-level understanding of the ion-enhancement mechanisms, for example, in reactive ion etching to minimize defect production and enhance surface chemical reactions.
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Prusakova, Valentina, Giovanni Giusti, Cristian Collini, Giancarlo Pepponi, Mario Barozzi, Leandro Lorenzelli, Salvatore Iannotta, Roberto Verucchi, and Sandra Dirè. "Merging the Sol–Gel Technique with the Pulsed Microplasma Cluster Source Deposition to Improve Control over the Memristive Response of TiO2 Thin Films." Coatings 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030348.
Анотація:
Metal oxide thin films show promising resistive switching properties, making them materials of reference for the development of memristive devices. TiO2 is probably one of the most studied materials and is being synthesized using various techniques, each of them having specific optimizable characteristics. In this paper, we report on an innovative approach by combining the sol–gel and the pulsed microplasma cluster source (PMCS) methods, exploiting the low temperature and low cost of the former process and precise control over nanocristallinity of the latter. We show that this approach overcomes the reported limitations that each technique shows in fabricating memristive devices when independently used. A side-by-side comparison of the TiO2 thin films produced by the PMCS, sol–gel, and PMCS/sol–gel hybrid methods (HM) demonstrates an improvement of the memristive properties and a reduction of the electrical shorts in the TiO2 based devices.
Дисертації з теми "Size reduction of materials – Cost control":
1
Hecker, Rogelio Lorenzo. "Part surface roughness modeling and process optimal control of cylindrical grinding." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16704.
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Thage, Rorisang Gomolemo. "A theoretical analysis of the implications of comminution practices on open pit mine planning." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27517.
Анотація:
The implications of comminution practices on the planning of a typical open pit mine was investigated in this study by means of computer simulation. The objective was to assess the effects of mining costs as well as processing costs on the production plan of a typical open pit mine.
For the purpose of the research, MineLib, an open library of ore body models was consulted. This led to the selection of a copper-gold ore body named “Newman1” for use in the strategic mine optimisation. Various scenarios were considered in order to highlight the contribution of comminution costs to the mine plan. In all the simulated scenarios, the objective function was to maximise the Net Present Value (NPV). And in terms of simulation setup, the comminution costs and cut-off grades were systematically varied from 70 % to 140 %. It was hence possible to investigate their effects on the NPV of the Newman1 ore body using SimSched, a freeware for mine optimisation and planning.
Results showed that there is a great opportunity to increase the NPV of the Newman1 block model by adjusting the contribution of processing costs in general and comminution costs in particular. This can be achieved for instance by controlling the policy of cut-off grades, lowering production costs, and increasing throughput.Civil and Chemical Engineering
M. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)
Книги з теми "Size reduction of materials – Cost control":
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László, Keviczky. Mathematics and control engineering of grinding technology: Ball mill grinding. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.
Частини книг з теми "Size reduction of materials – Cost control":
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Saito, F., M. Baron, and J. Dodds. "Morphology Control in Size Reduction Processes." In Morphology Control of Materials and Nanoparticles, 3–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08863-0_1.
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Gautam, Ravindra Kumar, Shivani Soni, and Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya. "Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation." In Materials Science and Engineering, 705–41. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1798-6.ch028.
Анотація:
Water pollution by anthropogenic activities is proving to be of critical concern as the heavy metals affect aquatic organisms and can quickly disperse to large distances. This poses a risk to both human health and the aquatic biota. Hence, there is a need to treat the wastewater containing toxic metals before they are discharged into the water bodies. During recent years, magnetic nanoparticles came to the foreground of scientific interest as a potential adsorbent of novel wastewater treatment processes. Magnetic nanoparticles have received much attention due to their unique properties, such as extremely small size, high surface-area-to-volume ratio, surface modifiability, multi functionality, excellent magnetic properties, low-cost synthesis, and great biocompatibility. The multi-functional magnetic nanoparticles have been successfully applied for the reduction of toxic metal ions up to ppb level in waste-treated water. This chapter highlights the potential application of magnetic nanoparticles for the removal of heavy metals.
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M. Mansour, Mohamed, and Haruichi Kanaya. "Tunable Zeroth-Order Resonator Based on Ferroelectric Materials." In Multifunctional Ferroelectric Materials. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98475.
Анотація:
Tunable microwave devices have the benefits of added functionality, smaller form factor, lower cost, and lightweight, and are in great demand for future communications and radar applications as they can extend the operation over a wide dynamic range. Current tunable technologies include several schemes such as ferrites, semiconductors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and ferroelectric thin films. While each technology has its own pros and cons, ferroelectric thin film-based technology has proved itself as the potential candidate for tunable devices due to its simple processes, low power consumption, high power handling, small size, and fast tuning. A tunable Composite Right Left-Handed Zeroth Order Resonator (CRLH ZOR) is introduced in this chapter and it relies mainly on the latest advancement in the ferroelectric materials. It is common that for achieving optimum performance for the resonant structure, this involves the incorporation of an additional tuning by either mechanical means (i.e. with tuning screws) or other coupling mechanisms. The integration between electronic tuning and High-Temperature Superconducting (HTS) components yields a high system performance without degradation of efficiency. This leads not only low-loss microwave components that could be fine-tuned for maximum efficiency but will provide a tunable device over a broadband frequency spectrum as well. The dielectric properties of the ferroelectric thin film, and the thickness of the ferroelectric film, play a fundamental role in the frequency or phase tunability and the overall insertion loss of the circuit. The key advantages of using ferroelectric are the potential for significant size-reduction of the microwave components and systems and the cabibility for integration with microelectronic circuits due to the utilization of thin and thick ferroelectric film technology. In this chapter, ZOR is discussed and the conceptual operation is introduced. The ZOR is designed and simulated by the full-wave analysis software. The response is studied using electromagnetic characteristics with the applied electric field, ferroelectric thickness, and the operating temperature.
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Gamal Mahmoud, Mohamed, Yasser Zedan, Agnes-Marie Samuel, Victor Songmene, Herebert W. Doty, and Fawzy H. Samuel. "Applications of Rare Earth Metals in Al-Si Cast Alloys." In Advances in High-Entropy Alloys - Materials Research, Exotic Properties and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96011.
Анотація:
The present article reviews a large number of research publications on the effect of mischmetal (MM), rare earth metals (RE), La or Ce, and combinations of La + Ce on the performance of Al-Si cast alloys mainly 319, 356, 380, 413, and 390 alloys. Most of these articles focused on the use of rare earth metals as a substitute for strontium (Sr) as a eutectic silicon (Si) modifier if added in low percentage (< 1 wt.%) to avoid precipitation of a significant amount of insoluble intermetallics and hence poor mechanical properties. Other points that were considered were the affinity of RE to react with Sr., reducing its effectiveness as modifier, as well as the grain refining efficiency of the added RE in any form. None of these articles mentioned the exact composition of the RE used and percentage of tramp elements inherited from the parent ore. Using high purity La or Ce proved to have no effect on the Si shape, size or distribution, in particular at low solidification rates (thick sections). However, regardless the source of the RE, its addition to Sr-modified alloys reduced the modification effect. As for grain refining, apparently a high percentage of RE (> 1 wt.%) is required to achieve a noticeable reduction in grain size, however at the cost of alloy brittleness.
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Ramesh, M. "Case-Studies on Green Corrosion Inhibitors." In Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors, 204–21. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901496-9.
Анотація:
Corrosion in metals and its alloys is an inevitable phenomenon but can be controlled by suitable classical methods like process control, cathode protection, surface treating methods, impurity reduction in metals and addition of metals to form alloys. Nevertheless, the employment of corrosion inhibitors is still a noteworthy and simplest of all the above processes in protecting the metals and alloys especially in acidic media. Protection of metals against corrosion not only prevents corrosion but also is beneficial in terms of money loss as far as industrial equipment, surfaces and vessels are concerned. Since the use of organic and inorganic inhibitors are highly discouraged due to their high cost and toxicity, necessity has adequately aroused the development of corrosion inhibitors which are natural and green. Trends, nowadays, focussed in controlling corrosion in various metals and alloys through green corrosion inhibitors consisting of natural elements alone. In contrast to the inorganic inhibitors, green corrosion inhibitors are characterized by biodegradability, low cost and meagre toxicity. Several researchers are now turning themselves towards the research of green inhibitors which are of no threat to humans and the ecosystem. The current discussion is focussed on the fundamentals of corrosion, corrosion inhibition, materials used for it and case studies of green inhibitors used for corrosion control in various conventional and monolithic metals.
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Marcinkowski, Bartosz, Sebastian Narojczyk, Dariusz Nowak, and Vasyl Zalizko. "Modern methods used in production-operations management." In Production–operation management. The chosen aspects, 137–81. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-059-3/05.
Анотація:
Climate change, resource depletion, technical progress, growing consumer awareness and changing requirements causes companies to look for new production methods. They may concern various areas of the company’s activity, starting from product design, procurement organization, optimization of production processes, control of manufactured products and services, through improvement of work organization and reduction of production costs, and ending with the implementation of modern solutions based on digital technologies. The purpose of implementing new production methods is to improve labour mobility, optimization of the use of raw materials and resources, costs reduction, increase efficiency, productivity, etc. In the literature, there are many different types of methods that can be used by modern enterprises. It is practically impossible to present all methods in this study. The authors focused on the presentation of selected methods, which are characterized on the one hand by innovation and, on the other hand, by the possibility of implementation. Particular attention should be paid to methods focused on environmental aspects. This group presents basic information on environment-conscious manufacturing (ECM), life-cycle assessment (LCA) and waste management and recycling. These methods allow to implement the concept of sustainable development and are directly related to the 17 goals set out in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and adopted by UN member states. In the group of methods related to next generation production management, the focus was on Matrix shop floor control and cooperative manufacturing. Of particular importance is cooperative management, because cooperation in practice is considered as a specific resource and one of the most important factors of a competitive position. The next group of methods concerned production planning and control. Drum Buffer Rope (DBR) and theory of constraints (TOC) were discussed as part of it. From the company’s point of view, methods related to manufacturing processes are very important, including group technology (GT) and cellular manufacturing (CM). Another group focused on commercial aspects, including demand chain management (DCM) and competitive intelligence (CI). The chapter also presents methods related to auxiliary software support, advanced organizational manufacturing and focused on product design. In the first case, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) was discussed, in the second, virtual enterprises (VE) and World Class Manufacturing (WCM) were presented, and in the third, the assumptions concerning the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and House of Quality (HOQ) method were shown. Additionally, Statistical Process Control (SPC) and Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP) are discussed within the framework of methods focused on cost and quality manufacturing.
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"litter used. The advandages derived fran using peat depend greatly on the qualiity of the peat. The absorption capacity of dry peat is best exploited in cowsheds were all the urine is absorbed by the litter. In this case, the amount of peat required is far less than that of either straw or sawdust. In cowsheds with a urine well, the use of peat as litter permits some reduction in the size of the well. The economic advandage of using peat lies in the better utilization of nutrients. At 1984 prices, the saving achieved by retaining the nutrients is about 6 Finnish marks (about 0.9 USD), per cubic meter of peat used. The price of peat liitter is about 20 marks/m3 (3 USD). Additional benefit is derived frcm the soil improvement effect resulting from long-term use, and frcm the lower cost of constructing the building if the urine well can be made smaller or emitted altogether. References 1. KYTO, M., SIPILA, K. & THUN, R. 1983. Pintaturve maanparannusaineena ja kuivikkeena. Sumnary: Weakly decomposed peat for soil improvement and litter. Technical Research Centre of Finland. Research notes 240. 2. KEMPPAINEN, E. 1984. Kuivikkeen vaikutus lannan arvoon. Effect of litter on value of manure (in Finnish). Kasikir-joitus. Manuscript. 15 p. 3. TUQRILA, P. 1929. Bindungsvermogen verschiedener Torfarten fur Stickstoff in Form von Ammoniak. Ability of different peat types to bind nitrogen in the form of ammonia (in German). Sucmen Suovilj. yhd. julk. 9. 4. PELTOLA, I. 1984. Kuivikkeiden nesteenpidatyskyvyt testissa. Summary: The absorptivity of different litters. Tyotehoseu-ran rakennustiedotus 200. 6 p. 5. PELTOLA, I. 1984. Kuivikkeen vaikutus navettailmaan. Summary: The effect of dry litter upon tying-stall shed air. Tyoteho-seuran maataloustiedotus 317. 4 p." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 201–2. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-89.
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Phee, Lynette, and David Wareham. "Detecting Antimicrobial Resistance." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0056.
Анотація:
● To optimize antimicrobial therapy for the management of individual patient’s infection. ● For surveillance purposes, which in turn inform local/national/international clinical guidelines. ● For the management of infection control and prevention. Broadly speaking, resistance is detected by observing its phenotypic expression (activity of the candidate drug(s) against the target bacterium) or detecting the underlying genotypic determinant (resistance genes). Commonly used methods in clinical diagnostic laboratories generally fall under the ‘phenotypic’ category. These share similar traits— ease of use, reproducibility, scalability, quick turnaround of results and relative low cost of materials/reagents required. Moreover, decades of experience and fine-tuning have seen them established as methods of choice in most microbiology laboratories. Most phenotypic test methods are reliant on the use of clinical breakpoints set by national and international bodies (e.g. EUCAST and CLSI) to determine susceptibility/resistance. These guidelines are regularly subject to updates with input from leading experts and latest research findings. It is important for clinical diagnostic laboratories to adhere to best practice guidance set out by these bodies and keep up-to-date with the latest guidelines. Growth characteristics (on artificial media) of the bacterium of interest are extremely important in conventional phenotypic methods. As this presents a big obstacle for slow growers and ‘unculturable’ pathogens (e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycoplasma spp.) it has led to the introduction of genotypic methods of resistance detection in the clinical diagnostic laboratory. meteoric rise in the world of microbiology. Compared with conventional phenotypic methods, molecular genotypic-based tests are better suited for automation and reduce dependence on skilled workers for result interpretation. They therefore deliver the rapid turnaround demanded by modern medicine. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (ASTs) is a term used to describe a range of phenotypic methods that employ direct observation of the action of antimicrobials against a target microorganism. This is the most commonly used method in clinical diagnostic laboratories for detecting resistance in bacteria. A. Disc diffusion Growth medium: Standardized agar plates (usually unsupplemented, but addition(s) may be necessary for bacteria with specific growth requirements). Antibacterial component: Fixed dose in standard size circular paper discs or tablets.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Size reduction of materials – Cost control":
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Cournoyer, Michael E., Archie E. Nixon, Keith W. Fife, Arnold M. Sandoval, Vincent E. Garcia, and Robert L. Dodge. "Transuranic (TRU) Waste Volume Reduction Operation at a Plutonium Facility." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40132.
Анотація:
Programmatic operations at the Los Alamos National Laboratory Plutonium Facility (TA-55) involve working with various amounts of plutonium and other highly toxic, alpha-emitting materials. The spread of radiological contamination on surfaces, airborne contamination, and excursions of contaminants into the operator’s breathing zone are prevented through use of a variety of gloveboxes (the glovebox, coupled with an adequate negative pressure gradient, provides primary confinement). Size-reduction operations on glovebox equipment are a common activity when a process has been discontinued and the room is being modified to support a new customer. The Actinide Processing Group at TA-55 uses one-meter or longer glass columns to process plutonium. Disposal of used columns is a challenge, since they must be size-reduced to get them out of the glovebox. The task is a high-risk operation because the glass shards that are generated can puncture the bag-out bags, leather protectors, glovebox gloves, and the worker’s skin when completing the task. One of the Lessons Learned from these operations is that Laboratory management should critically evaluate each hazard and provide more effective measures to prevent personnel injury. A bag made of puncture-resistant material was one of these enhanced controls. We have investigated the effectiveness of these bags and have found that they safely and effectively permit glass objects to be reduced to small pieces with a plastic or rubber mallet; the waste can then be easily poured into a container for removal from the glovebox as non-compactable transuranic (TRU) waste. This size-reduction operation reduces solid TRU waste volume generation by almost 2-1/2 times. Replacing one-time-use bag-out bags with multiple-use glass crushing bags also contributes to reducing generated waste. In addition, significant costs from contamination, cleanup, and preparation of incident documentation are avoided. This effort contributes to the Los Alamos National Laboratory Continuous Improvement Program by improving the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and formality of glovebox operations. In this report, the technical issues, associated with implementing this process improvement are addressed, the results discussed, effectiveness of Lessons Learned evaluated, and waste savings presented.
2
Amend, John R., and Hod Lipson. "FreeLoader: An Open Source Universal Testing Machine for High-Throughput Experimentation." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48296.
Анотація:
We present a low cost, desktop size, open source, universal testing machine, designed for inexpensive high-throughput material testing. The tester can apply tensile and compressive loads up to 5 kN at rates ranging from 2 mm/min to 30 mm/min. Force measurements are achieved with ±1.8 N accuracy. The parts list for this machine represents an order of magnitude reduction in the cost per testing unit as compared to commercial systems. We describe the design and construction of the tester and validate its performance. The design, parts list, control software, and user manual are made available freely online under the open source BSD license.
3
Herrera, Guillermo A., Geoffrey P. McKnight, Xiujie Gao, Nancy Johnson, and Alan L. Browne. "Use of Intrinsic Electrical Resistance Changes in Shape Memory Alloys as Robust Actuator State and Fault Detection Sensors." In ASME 2011 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2011-5000.
Анотація:
Shape memory alloy (SMA) used as electrically controlled on-demand actuators provide engineers new opportunities to create lighter automated components and devices in vehicles due to their compact size, silent operation, and inherently low mass. Outstanding and critical issues are cost-effective and robust control and protection of the SMA actuator element within the device to achieve long lasting service. SMA responds autonomously to external conditions such as temperature and stress and exhibit many property changes during excitation, but many current devices only use SMA as compact actuators; not making use of their intrinsic sensing capabilities. Inherent SMA property changes during use can provide significant utility for improved optimal control strategies. The motivation for this work is to create a robust control method for electrically controlled SMA actuation to simplify device implementation and improve reliability by using intrinsic material property changes. The current work demonstrates the use of electrical resistance feedback in an integrated controller to allow reduction of parasitic mass, cost, and complexity in 2-position devices. Using signal processing and algorithm logic states, we create virtual sensors that successfully identify start of the actuation, end of actuation, reset, and stress overload events. Using electrical resistance to sense the start of actuation allows successful/repeatable performance over a wide range of environmental conditions. Sensing the end of actuation and reset readiness prevents overheating and allows for shorter actuation cycle times, respectively without additional position and state sensors. While many previous efforts have examined the use of resistance in control schemes, one critical need not addressed in previous controllers is the ability to detect stress overload of the SMA during excitation. To protect against unintentional blocked deployment, many current devices include bulky mechanical overload protection systems that prevent stress spikes and SMA damage accumulation. Using resistance feedback, we demonstrate the detection of stress overloads thus extending device lifetime without the need for external mechanisms. The time derivative of the electrical resistance, logic state of the controller, and detection and use of peak/valley widths and thresholds define control events. These events become software based sensors that can augment or replace dedicated external sensors. Software based sensors were successfully employed to control an SMA wire actuator under various environmental temperatures and stress conditions. The control algorithm is not affected to changes in electrical contact resistance, material degradation and other noise sources yielding a powerful method for simple control of two position SMA devices without the need of external sensors.
4
Ilangovan, Karthik, Mazlan Dindi, Alexander Fuglesang, and Bastiaen Van Der Rest. "Qualification and Application of All Electric and Topside Less Subsea Multiphase Pump Technology in Subsea Factory Mission to Minimise the Life Cycle Cost." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21803-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract In recent years, various operating companies have been working on the processes of "Simplification, Standardization, Automation, Digitalization, and Optimization in several elements". To achieve this, there are tremendous subsea technology developments going on all over the world in many areas such as; design in terms of size and weight, improvement in reliability, advanced materials, flow assurance, digital tools, real time condition monitoring and control, installation and operation. The development of Subsea technology continues to be an important part of subsea field development projects to reduce the life cycle costs, increase recovery, provide solution to long tieback problems and challenges. PETRONAS ("the Company") is pursuing an Upstream Life Cycle Cost (CAPEX/OPEX) reduction approach under the Facilities of Future (FOF) program and mission called "Subsea Factory". The FOF target is to reduce Upstream life cycle cost by 40% starting from 2025 and Subsea Factory is one of the enablers to contribute to the reduction. There are four primary technologies focused on Subsea Factory: Subsea Separation, Subsea Multiphase Pump, Water Injection and Subsea Storage. The Subsea Multiphase Pump is one of the prioritized technologies for Subsea Factory to contribute to a 40% reduction. Subsea multiphase pump technology has great potential to reduce the CAPEX/OPEX and increase oil recovery, but due to the high equipment cost, huge topside space requirement, reliability and operating issues become very challenging and limit its application to operating companies. The Company collaborates with FASTsubsea AS on a Joint Industry Project to develop and qualify "the World first All Electric & Topside-less Subsea Multiphase Pump Technology". The uniqueness about this technology compared to commonly installed subsea pump is that it requires much less topside space as there is no need for variable speed drives or barrier fluid hydraulic power units. This paper describes the qualification and application of All-electric & Topside-less subsea multiphase pump technology in the Company - Subsea Factory mission, including: pain point with conventional subsea multiphase pumpthe Joint Industrial Project initiative with respect to technology development to pilot test to maturityimplementation of this technology and value creation in upcoming field development projectthe case study and potential of this technology for the Company future field development project
5
Pohl, Martin, Johannes Riemenschneider, and Hans Peter Monner. "Design and Experimental Investigation of a Flexible Trailing Edge for Wind Energy Turbine Blades." In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2256.
Анотація:
Abstract The demand of affordable, renewable electric energy is still increasing. Wind energy is seen as one of the most promising resources for future electric energy supply. To reduce the cost of wind energy the dimensions of wind energy turbines are still increasing. This leads to higher power output due to the larger rotor diameters, but also due to the higher wind speeds above the boundary layer. This increase in rotor diameter is achieved at the expense of much higher structural loads especially in the rotor blade root. These loads consist of bending moments, that are mainly caused by gravity, wind shear, gusts and the tower influence to the blade. A reduction of these root bending moments would allow a further increase of the rotor diameter, a longer lifetime or a lighter design and therefore be advantageous for the turbine. Load reduction can be achieved by using a trailing edge flap at the outer region of the blade, comparable to control surfaces of aircraft. This trailing edge is capable of moving several times per blade revolution and allows the manipulation of the flow to alleviate changes in the aerodynamic loading. In contrast to aircraft, sealing against environmental media, such as rain, dust, insects and so on is much more important to allow a high lifetime and low maintenance effort. Therefore, a flexible and gapless morphing trailing edge has been designed within the SmartBlades projects at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) for the mentioned purpose. Based on this design, a demonstrator was built, which was tested in a wind tunnel and on a rotational test site for its performance. The paper will present the approach beginning with some design and modeling considerations of the flexible trailing edge and the demonstrator, which was used for testing. Main focus of the paper is the presentation of results obtained from a wind tunnel experiment at Oldenburg University and the rotational experiment at the field research site of the Technical University in Denmark (DTU). In these experiments, the effectiveness of the trailing edge flap could be demonstrated in the wind tunnel as well as in free field. Based on pressure taps and force sensors, the change in the lift of the airfoil due to the deflection of the flexible trailing edge was measured and the resulting polars are shown in this paper. Furthermore, the result of different simple control strategies for the trailing edge in terms of load reduction at the rotating test rig will be presented.
6
Perry, Philip A., James A. Van Laar, George Touchton, and Stanley E. Pace. "Application of State-of-the-Art Power Plant (SOAPP) Workstation for Combustion Turbine Emissions Control." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-217.
Анотація:
The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has been conducting a broad research and development effort over the last ten years to provide better designs and materials for fossil fuel power plants. To facilitate transferring this advanced design and technology knowledge to the power industry for the next generation of power plants, EPRI and Sargent & Lundy (S&L) are creating the State-of-the-Art Power Plant (SOAPP) Workstation. The SOAPP Workstation will be available to the industry as a powerful tool that can be used to screen advanced technologies for appropriateness to specific sites; obtain design guidelines for advanced technologies; and generate site-specific conceptual designs, including conceptual design drawings, heat balances, cost estimates, and schedules. The technology transfer components of this project are a series of individual software modules that will be integrated into the SOAPP Workstation. This paper discusses two software modules that have recently been developed for combustion turbine power plant emission control. The Combustion Turbine Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Combustor Control Strategies technology module presents state-of-the-art technologies that are commercially available to reduce NOx emissions during combustion, including water injection, steam injection, and dry low NOx combustors. The second technology module, Combustion Turbine Postcombustion NOx/CO Control Strategies, examines selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and carbon monoxide (CO) oxidation technologies for reducing postcombustion NOx and CO emissions. These two technology modules, operating within the SOAPP Workstation, will allow appropriate decisions to be made concerning combustion turbine emission control.
7
Taylor, Jay K., Carolyn L. Ren, and G. D. Stubley. "Numerical and Microfluidic-Based Cell-Sorting Devices." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-41329.
Анотація:
The development of Lab-on-a-Chip devices with integrated bio-analysis functions requires a complex network of microfluidic transport and processes. Many of these functions call for the isolation or separation of specific bio-particles or cells. The design of a miniaturized cell-sorting device for handheld operation must follow the strict parameters associated with Lab-on-a-Chip technology. The limitations include applied voltage, high efficiency of cell-separation, repeatability, size, flow control, and cost, among others. Currently used designs have achieved successful levels of cell-isolation. However, further improvements in the microfluidic chip design are important for incorporation into larger systems. This study evaluates specific design modifications that contribute to the reduction of required applied potential aiming for developing portable devices, improved operation reliability by minimizing induced pressure disturbance when electrokinetic pumping is employed and incorporating online filters to reduce channel blockage, and improved flow control by incorporating directing streams achieving dynamic sorting and counting. The chip designs fabricated in glass and polymeric materials include asymmetric channel widths for sample focusing, nonuniform channel depth for minimizing induced pressure disturbance, directing streams to assist particle flow control, and online filters for reducing channel blockage. Fluorescence-based visualization of electrokinetic focusing, flow field phenomena, and dynamic cell-sorting demonstrate the advantages of the chip design. Numerical simulations in COMSOL are validated by the experimental data and used to investigate the effects of channel geometry and fluid properties on the flow field.
8
Mancovsky, Justin, and Jarod Ferriera. "Optimizing Bolting Configurations in a Pressure Vessel." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11561.
Анотація:
Abstract Control valve standards and guidelines (specifically ASME B16.34), which have been in place for over 50 years, have undergone incremental changes. These standards are important as they prevent field failure by maintaining system performance and ensuring the safety of workers and other components in proximity to valves. New control valve technologies represent a significant alteration in valve geometry and operating characteristics. During the development, the valve body geometry and design requirements were closely examined. The authors have identified opportunities for adjustments to ASME B16.34 design requirements through the review of related standards and the process of design optimization. Specifically, this paper reviews the design requirements for valve body joints and their bolting configurations. It examines bolt properties, including yield stress, proof strength, and allowable stress, through the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code [1], ASME B16.34 [2], ASME B16.5 [3], and ASME B31.3 [4]. It is proposed that the design requirements found in ASME B16.34 Section 6.4, Valve Joints, be adjusted such that the allowable stress limit for high strength bolts can be fully utilized. Finite Element Analysis is performed to examine those dynamic loading scenarios that are accounted for in the determination of allowable stress - temperature gradients (which cause pipe expansion and contraction), cyclic fatigue, vibration, impact (flashing or hydraulic shock), seismic events, and live loads (ice/snow). Data from the analysis is presented to show that the modified bolting configuration can withstand the maximum pressure and temperature requirements. Alternative bolting configurations can be shown to conform to the allowable stress requirements, allowing for design optimizations that reduce the overall size and weight of a valve. Modifications to ASME B16.34 and ASME B16.5 are therefore recommended. When the proposed bolting configuration was applied to a DN25 valve, we were able to achieve weight savings of 4 lbs., along with a 0.6” reduction in outer diameter. These optimizations allow for manufacturing cost savings including cost of hardware, raw materials, and machining. This optimization can be extrapolated for greater savings with larger valve designs.
9
Sanchez, Nuria, Özlem E. Güngör, Martin Liebeherr, and Nenad Ilić. "Development of X80M Line Pipe Steel for Spiral Welded Pipes With Low Temperature Toughness and Excellent Weldability." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33502.
Анотація:
The unique combination of high strength and low temperature toughness on heavy wall thickness coils allows higher operating pressures in large diameter spiral welded pipes and could represent a 10% reduction in life cycle cost on long distance gas pipe lines. One of the current processing routes for these high thickness grades is the thermo-mechanical controlled processing (TMCP) route, which critically depends on the austenite conditioning during hot forming at specific temperature in relation to the aimed metallurgical mechanisms (recrystallization, strain accumulation, phase transformation). Detailed mechanical and microstructural characterization on selected coils and pipes corresponding to the X80M grade in 24 mm thickness reveals that effective grain size and distribution together with the through thickness gradient are key parameters to control in order to ensure the adequate toughness of the material. Studies on the softening behavior revealed that the grain coarsening in the mid-thickness is related to a decrease of strain accumulation during hot rolling. It was also observed a toughness detrimental effect with the increment of the volume fraction of M/A (martensite/retained austenite) in the middle thickness of the coils, related to the cooling practice. Finally, submerged arc weldability for spiral welded pipe manufacturing was evaluated on coil skelp in 24 mm thickness. The investigations revealed the suitability of the material for spiral welded pipe production, preserving the tensile properties and maintaining acceptable toughness values in the heat-affected zone. The present study revealed that the adequate chemical alloying selection and processing control provide enhanced low temperature toughness on pipes with excellent weldability formed from hot rolled coils X80 grade in 24 mm thickness produced at ArcelorMittal Bremen.
10
Bulgarino, Nicole A. "Savannah River Site Biomass Cogeneration Facility." In ASME 2013 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2013-98160.
Анотація:
Ameresco & Department of Energy Savannah River partnered together to install three biomass fueled energy plants. The main plant is a 20 megawatt steam power plant and the other two smaller plants are thermal heating plants. All three facilities are located on the Department of Energy Savannah River Site (SRS). These facilities were developed and financed under an Energy Savings Performance Contract (ESPC), which utilizes energy and operational savings to fund the capital investment and operations cost over the performance period. Ameresco was fully responsible for the design, installation, oversight, management, safety, environmental compliance, and continues to be responsible for the operations and maintenance of the Biomass Cogeneration Facility. This is the largest biomass facility installed under ESPC in the federal government. The facilities have the capacity to combust 385,000 tons of forest residue annually. In the first year alone, the energy and operation cost savings at SRS is in excess of $34 million. Clean biomass and bio-derived fuels (such as tire derived fuel and untreated pallets) is the primary fuel source for all of the new boilers. Biomass is used to fuel two steam boilers capable of producing 240,000 lb. /hr. of high-pressure steam and to power a steam turbine capable of generating up to 20 MW of electricity. The smaller thermal plants provide biomass-produced steam for the areas’ heating and industrial processes. These plants satisfy winter steam requirements for both domestic heat and process steam and is fueled solely with biomass wood chips, utilizing fuel oil as backup source of fuel. Key benefits of the SRS biomass project include: • Over 2,000,000 MBtu/yr. of thermal renewable energy production and a minimum of generation of 77,000,000 kWh of green power • Annual Energy Reductions of approximately 500,000 MBtu/yr. • No-cost Renewable Energy Credits retained by the DOE SR • Support of the South Carolina Biomass Council Goals • Decrease of water intake from the Savannah River by 1,400,000 kgal/yr., supporting water conservation efforts in the region • Reduction of 400 tons/yr. of Particulate Matter (PM) emissions • Reduction of 3,500 tons/yr. of Sulfur Dioxide emissions • Reduction of 100,000 tons/yr. of Carbon Dioxide emissions The smaller heating plants include the main boiler systems and live bottom trailer fuel storage. The Biomass Cogeneration Facility includes the biomass boiler systems, the steam turbine generation system, and the facility auxiliary systems as well as the site infrastructure within these boundaries. The Facility has been designed, built, and tested per industrial/commercial codes for cogeneration facilities. The main components of the Facility are listed below: • Fuel Yard – Material Unloading & Storage and Delivery System ○ Biomass Fuel Chip unloading system ○ Fuel Storage Area ○ Transfer conveyors ○ Fuel Screening System ○ Tire Derived Fuel Storage & Unloading Area ○ Whole Log Chipping System & Storage • Water Treatment System – Water treatment system to treat river water for use in boilers as well as cooling tower for condensing turbine • Boiler Systems – (2) Boiler Island from metering bin, water side and flue gas side, pollution control devices and stacks • Chemical Treatment System – Chemical skids, injection skids for cooling tower and boiler treatment • Steam Turbine Generator System & Turbine Cooling System – (1) steam turbine and generator & Cooling Tower with cooling tower pumps • Emergency Generator System – (1) back diesel generator • Plant Control System – Master SCADA system which integrates all systems and balance of plant equipment I/O into one control system