Статті в журналах: "SMA’s"

1

Available, None. "SMA’s 2020 Southern Regional Assembly Abstract Presentations." Southern Medical Journal 113, no. 12 (December 2020): 661–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.14423/01.smj.0000724304.14754.c8.

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2

Malukhin, K., and K. Ehmann. "Material Characterization of NiTi Based Memory Alloys Fabricated by the Laser Direct Metal Deposition Process." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 128, no. 3 (December 29, 2005): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2193553.

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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are used in a wide variety of applications including medical stents, couplings, actuators, jointless monolithic structures for actuation and manipulation, etc. Due to the SMA’s poor machinability it is advantageous to use rapid prototyping (RP) techniques for the manufacturing of SMA structures. However, the influence of the RP process on the properties of the SMA is not fully explored yet. A laser based direct metal deposition (DMD) RP process was used in this work to manufacture NiTi SMA samples and to investigate their physical properties using optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), chemical analysis with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). DSC analysis has shown that the thermally treated parts possess smooth and pronounced reversible martensite-austenite transformation peaks that are the prerequisite for the shape memory effect (SME) in SMAs. DSC has also shown that quenching affects the peaks. The density of the produced parts was close to the theoretical density of the material as determined by porosity measurements. Finally, SIMS depth profile analysis has shown very low amounts of contamination in the material manufactured by DMD. The major conclusion is that the DMD RP process can be used to manufacture high-quality SMA structures from SMA powders.

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3

Lai, Zhi Peng, and Shao Hua Guo. "Mechanism Analysis on Concrete Column’s Recovery Strengthening." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 707–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.707.

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This paper deals with the behavior of concrete columns actuated by SMA wires winding around the column’s cylindrical surface, when the concrete column are constrained and driven in circumferential direction by the SMA wires, the column’s ultimate bearing capacity and axial deformation are mainly studied. Both theoretical research and finite element simulation are carried out. The results indicate that, the SMA’s limited recovery in reverse transformation by heating can generate circumferential prestress, which will improve the concrete column’s ultimate bearing capacity and control its deformation, so as to realize the concrete column’s recovery strengthening.

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4

Jia, Ying-Qi, Chao Wang, Rui-Fu Zhang, Ling-Zhi Li, and Zhou-Dao Lu. "A Double Shape Memory Alloy Damper for Structural Vibration Control." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 21, no. 07 (April 21, 2021): 2150098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021945542150098x.

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Shape memory alloy (SMA) dampers are widely investigated passive control systems for structural vibration mitigation. However, the damping robustness of conventional austenite SMA dampers may be affected by environmental temperature. In this study, an innovative double SMA damper (DSD) system is presented to improve the temperature robustness of the SMA dampers. In the proposed system, double SMA hysteretic elements with different phase transition temperatures are arranged in parallel, where the SMA element with lower transition temperature behaves as austenite under room temperature, and the other with higher transition temperature behaves as martensite. To study the vibration control effect, both single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) and multiple-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structures with DSD systems are employed. The thermal and mechanical behaviors of the SMA elements and the working principle of DSD are also introduced. Thereon, the equivalent linearization method for SMA’s output force and the motion-governing equations for SDOF structure with DSD are derived. Moreover, parametric studies are conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed DSD system in both frequency and time domains. Also, numerical analysis for the MDOF structure with DSD systems is carried out to illustrate the trend in response reduction with an increasing number of degrees of freedom. The analytical results show that the DSD can mitigate the structural seismic response more effectively than the conventional one with acceptable residual deformation, and is capable of delaying the degradation of SMA’s energy dissipation capacity. Less SMA material is required for the proposed DSD to fulfill the same mitigation requirement, and it is suitable for general applications for temperature robustness.

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5

West, Liam Richard, and Julie Pham. "Quality International Education and Academic Prizes: SMA’s Annual Conference in Perth has it all!" British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 14 (June 28, 2018): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099615.

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6

S. Kawate, Saurabh, Chethan K N, Laxmikant G Keni, Anand Pai, and Padmaraj N H. "Innovations and recent trends in Shape Memory Alloy: a review." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4 (September 16, 2018): 2172. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.11445.

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Smart materials are materials, which have a definite response to stimulus provided through a change in pressure, temperature and termed as shape memory alloys (SMA). In this review, the general concept of SMA’s has been discussed along with shape memory effects. Shape memory material properties depend on phase shifting phenomena, which consist of pseudoelasticity and thermoelasticity. The basic SMA such as Ni-Ti (Nickel-Titanium) alloys, Copper (Cu) based SMA, Iron (Fe) based SMA are commonly used in the industry, Ni-Ti alloys are expensive but it has good super elasticity and superior mechanical properties. Cu and Fe based are economical as compared to the Ni-Ti alloys. The various fabrication techniques and common composition of the alloys have been discussed with in detail.

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7

Chiu, Min Chie, Long Jyi Yeh, and Tz Chi Hung. "The Development of Wrist Rehabilitation Assistive Devices Using a Shape Memory Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 740 (August 2013): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.408.

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For the purpose of wrist rehabilitation, a new type of SMA (Shape memory alloy) wrist rehabilitation device is developed. The palm will be actuated/lifted by the SMA’s driving force when the shape memory alloy is heated up. Four wires of the shape memory alloy (SMA-Ti50Ni45Cu5 with 1.0mm in ψ) are bundled and passed through a fixed plastic block. The whole set of the SMA wrist rehabilitation devices can give support to the palm’s bending mechanism. A 500(g) adult palm is presented in the experimental work. In order to actuate/lift the palm at a sufficient rehabilitation angle, an electrical circuit of 10(A) is adopted. Consequently, the issue, here, is to present a new type of SMA wrist splint that is used to provide a specified rehabilitation angle for the wrist.

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8

Oliveira, H. S., A. S. de Paula, and M. A. Savi. "Dynamical Jumps in a Shape Memory Alloy Oscillator." Shock and Vibration 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/656212.

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The dynamical response of systems with shape memory alloy (SMA) elements presents a rich behavior due to their intrinsic nonlinear characteristic. SMA’s nonlinear response is associated with both adaptive dissipation related to hysteretic behavior and huge changes in properties caused by phase transformations. These characteristics are attracting much technological interest in several scientific and engineering fields, varying from medical to aerospace applications. An important characteristic associated with dynamical response of SMA system is the jump phenomenon. Dynamical jumps result in abrupt changes in system behavior and its analysis is essential for a proper design of SMA systems. This paper discusses the nonlinear dynamics of a one degree of freedom SMA oscillator presenting pseudoelastic behavior and dynamical jumps. Numerical simulations show different aspects of this kind of behavior, illustrating its importance for a proper understanding of nonlinear dynamics of SMA systems.

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9

Velvaluri, P., M. S. Pravdivtseva, R. Lima de Miranda, J. B. Hövener, O. Jansen, and E. Quandt. "Design Characterization of Thin Film Flow Diverter Stents (FDS) Based on SMA’s: FEA, CFD and MRI Study." Shape Memory and Superelasticity 5, no. 3 (June 20, 2019): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40830-019-00223-8.

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10

Tarng, Wernhuar, Chia-Jung Chen, Chi-Young Lee, Chih-Ming Lin, and Yu-Jun Lin. "Application of Virtual Reality for Learning the Material Properties of Shape Memory Alloys." Applied Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 10, 2019): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9030580.

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A shape memory alloy (SMA) is an alloy which can eliminate deformation at lower temperatures and restore its original shape upon heating. SMAs have been receiving considerable attention in the research field of materials science, and their applications include robotics, automotive, aerospace, and biomedical industries. Observing the SMA’s shaping and restoration processes is important for understanding its working principles and applications. However, the transformation of its crystal structure with temperature can only be seen using special equipment, such as a transmission electron microscope (TEM), which is an expensive apparatus and the operation requires professional skills. In this study, a teaching module is designed using virtual reality (VR) technology and research results of an SMA to show its shape memory properties, shaping and restoration processes, as well as the real-life applications in an immersive and interactive way. A teaching experiment has been conducted to analyze students’ learning effectiveness using the teaching module (the experimental group) compared with that of using real SMA materials as the teaching aids (the control group). Two classes of students in the Department of Materials Science (one as the experimental group and the other as the control group) were selected as the samples by convenience sampling from a university in North Taiwan. The experimental group contained 52 students and the control group contained 70 students. A nonequivalent pretest-posttest design was adopted to explore whether the two groups had a significant difference in learning effectiveness. The experimental results reveal that the teaching module can improve the learning effectiveness significantly (p = 0.001), and the questionnaire results also show that a majority of the students had positive attitudes about the teaching module. They believed that it could increase their learning motivation and help them understand the properties and applications of the SMA.

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11

Vermaut, Philippe, Anna Manzoni, Anne Denquin, Frédéric Prima, and Richard Portier. "Unexpected Constrained Twin Hierarchy in Equiatomic Ru-Based High Temperature Shape Memory Alloy Martensite." Materials Science Forum 738-739 (January 2013): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.738-739.195.

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Among the different systems for high temperature shape memory alloys (SMA’s), equiatomic RuNb and RuTa alloys demonstrate both shape memory effect (SME) and MT temperatures above 800°C. Equiatomic compounds undergo two successive martensitic transformations, β (B2) → β’ (tetragonal) → β’’ (monoclinic), whereas out of stoechiometry alloys exhibit a single transition from cubic to tetragonal. In the case of two successive martensitic transformations, we expect to have a finer microstructure of the second martensite because it is supposed to develop inside the smallest twin elements of the former one. In equiatomic Ru-based alloys, if the first martensitic transformation is “normal”, the second one gives different unexpected microstructures with, for instance, twins with a thickness which is larger than the smallest spacing between twin variants of the first martensite. In fact, the reason for this unexpected hierarchy of the twins size is that the second martensitic transformation takes place in special conditions: geometrically, elastically and crystallographically constrained.

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12

Hong, Jungyeol, Reuben Tamakloe, Soobeom Lee, and Dongjoo Park. "Exploring the Topological Characteristics of Complex Public Transportation Networks: Focus on Variations in Both Single and Integrated Systems in the Seoul Metropolitan Area." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 29, 2019): 5404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195404.

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Many cities have integrated their public transportation modes to provide increased accessibility and reduced commute times. However, current transport network topology studies have focused on unimodal networks. Therefore, it is of significant interest for policymakers to examine the topology of integrated public transportation networks and to assess strategies for improving them. The objective of this study was to discuss a comprehensive analysis of an integrated public transportation network using graph theory, compare its characteristics to unimodal networks, and draw insights for improving their performance. Results demonstrate pertinent information concerning the structural composition of the Seoul Metropolitan Area’s (SMA) public transportation network. Despite the integration, the spatial configuration of the network was found to have low fault tolerance. However, the highly agglomerated community structure validated the robustness of integrated networks. Network centrality measures confirmed that integration improves connectivity and spatial accessibility to suburbs within the city. The study found that the SMA’s current public transportation network possesses structural defects that need to be addressed to improve its resilience and performance. Based on the outcomes of this study, the strategic creation or relocation of stations, and the construction of more links, is imperative for the enhancement of mobility.

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13

Qiu, Canxing, and Li Tian. "Feasibility Analysis of SMA-Based Damping Devices for Use in Seismic Isolation of Low-Rise Frame Buildings." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 18, no. 06 (June 2018): 1850087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455418500876.

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For seismic isolated buildings, the isolators should be able to control peak deformation and have good restoring ability to return the building to its original position. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are known for their properties of energy dissipation and deformation recovery, which make them appealing for use in isolation systems. To this end, the feasibility of SMA-based damping devices for use in an isolation system of low-rise frame buildings is studied in this paper. Numerical analyses were conducted and compared for buildings installed with SMA-based bearings (SMABs) and lead-rubber bearings (LRBs). A two-mass isolated frame building installed with these bearings was subjected to earthquakes corresponding to multilevel seismic hazards. The results show that the SMABs offer comparable seismic hazard mitigation efficacy to that of the LRBs while successfully restoring the building to the rest position after the earthquake. Furthermore, adding the energy dissipation capacity and properly using the strain hardening behavior of the SMAs are favorable for controlling isolation deformation while protecting the superstructure. The strain hardening behavior of the SMABs is beneficial for controlling deformation at the isolator level, which can still maintain isolation efficacy.

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14

Shivasiddaramaiah, A. G., U. S. Mallikarjun, and S. Prashantha. "Synthesis and Characterization of Cu-Al-Be-Mn Quaternary Shape Memory Alloys Prepared by Induction Melting Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.240.

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Shape memory materials are stimuli-responsive materials. They are widely used in military, medical, safety, and robotics applications. Until recently, only Ni-Ti based SMA’s are commercially used due to its relatively ease of manufacturing. However, the exorbitantly high cost of Ni-Ti based SMA limits its application to niche markets such as medical stents, aerospace and defence. Recently, it is found that Cu based alloys exhibit shape memory behavior. Out of which, Cu-Al-Be-Mn is most interesting SMA in terms of less process complexity and low cost. Cu–Al–Be-Mn shape memory alloys in the range of 09–15 wt.% of aluminium and 0.1-0.4 wt.% of Beryllium and 0.1 to 0.3 wt.% of Manganese, exhibiting β-phase at high temperatures and manifesting shape memory effect upon quenching to lower temperatures, were prepared through ingot metallurgy. The alloy ingots were homogenized followed by step quenching so as to obtain a structure that is completely martensitic. They were subsequently characterized by X-ray diffractogram (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Optical Microscope (OM). The shape memory properties of the alloys were studied by bend test. This paper emphasizes the synthesis and characterization of the Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloys.

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15

Leclerc, Marcel P., Thilo Kellermann, Jessica Freiherr, Benjamin Clemens, Ute Habel, and Christina Regenbogen. "Externalization Errors of Olfactory Source Monitoring in Healthy Controls—An fMRI Study." Chemical Senses 44, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 593–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz055.

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Abstract Using a combined approach of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and noninvasive brain stimulation (transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS]), the present study investigated source memory and its link to mental imagery in the olfactory domain, as well as in the auditory domain. Source memory refers to the knowledge of the origin of mental experiences, differentiating events that have occurred and memories of imagined events. Because of a confusion between internally generated and externally perceived information, patients that are prone to hallucinations show decreased source memory accuracy; also, vivid mental imagery can lead to similar results in healthy controls. We tested source memory following cathodal tDCS stimulation using a mental imagery task, which required participants to perceive or imagine a set of the same olfactory and auditory stimuli during fMRI. The supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in mental imagery across different modalities and potentially linked to source memory. Therefore, we attempted to modulate participants’ SMA activation before entering the scanner using tDCS to influence source memory accuracy in healthy participants. Our results showed the same source memory accuracy between the olfactory and auditory modalities with no effects of stimulation. Finally, we found SMA’s subregions differentially involved in olfactory and auditory imagery, with activation of dorsal SMA correlated with auditory source memory.

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16

Manzoni, Anna, Karine Chastaing, Anne Denquin, Philippe Vermaut, and Richard Portier. "Phase Transformation and Shape Memory Effect in Ru-Based High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys." Solid State Phenomena 172-174 (June 2011): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.172-174.43.

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Among the different systems for high temperature shape memory alloys (SMA’s), equiatomic RuNb and RuTa alloys demonstrate both shape memory effect (SME) and MT temperatures above 800°C. For both systems, it is interesting to find a way to control the transformation temperatures while keeping the shape memory effect. One way to change the transformation temperatures is to change the composition in the binary alloys; another is to add a ternary element like Fe. The eight investigated alloys show two different space groups at room temperature. The monoclinic alloys undergo two successive displacive transformations on cooling, starting from the high temperature β phase field: β (B2) à β’ (tetragonal) à β’’ (monoclinic). The tetragonal alloys exhibit a single transition from cubic to tetragonal. A multiple twinned microstructure can be found in all alloys. Transformation temperatures decrease with lower Ru content and with the addition of Fe. The β’ à β transformation seems to be the main responsible for the SME. Compression tests performed in the martensitic phase give a quantitative result of the shape memory effect. In the binary alloys, the SME decreases with decreasing Ru content, which is in accordance with the evolution of the lattice parameters of martensites. A lower SME in the ternary alloys can also be linked to the lattice parameters and seems to be quite reliable to predict the evolution of the shape memory effect.

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17

Wang, Shuo, Adam N. Mamelak, Ralph Adolphs, and Ueli Rutishauser. "Abstract goal representation in visual search by neurons in the human pre-supplementary motor area." Brain 142, no. 11 (September 24, 2019): 3530–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz279.

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Abstract The medial frontal cortex is important for goal-directed behaviours such as visual search. The pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) plays a critical role in linking higher-level goals to actions, but little is known about the responses of individual cells in this area in humans. Pre-SMA dysfunction is thought to be a critical factor in the cognitive deficits that are observed in diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia, making it important to develop a better mechanistic understanding of the pre-SMA’s role in cognition. We simultaneously recorded single neurons in the human pre-SMA and eye movements while subjects performed goal-directed visual search tasks. We characterized two groups of neurons in the pre-SMA. First, 40% of neurons changed their firing rate whenever a fixation landed on the search target. These neurons responded to targets in an abstract manner across several conditions and tasks. Responses were invariant to motor output (i.e. button press or not), and to different ways of defining the search target (by instruction or pop-out). Second, ∼50% of neurons changed their response as a function of fixation order. Together, our results show that human pre-SMA neurons carry abstract signals during visual search that indicate whether a goal was reached in an action- and cue-independent manner. This suggests that the pre-SMA contributes to goal-directed behaviour by flexibly signalling goal detection and time elapsed since start of the search, and this process occurs regardless of task. These observations provide insights into how pre-SMA dysfunction might impact cognitive function.

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18

Burnett, D., T. F. Woods, and R. D. Jennings. "Acceptance of Values Assigned to Serum-Based Calibration Materials." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 23, no. 2 (March 1986): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000456328602300204.

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A questionnaire sent to laboratories in the UK and Ireland elicited information on acceptance or otherwise of values assigned to serum-based calibration materials for 14 analytes. Overall, 33% of assigned values were changed by users. The reasons for change, together with the degree of magnitude and direction of change, were studied for each analyte. Unidirectional changes made to assigned values were related to particular batches and manufacturers. Detailed information is presented for protein (Beckman RIIC Ltd.) on Astras, and sodium, bicarbonate and bilirubin on SMACs and SMAs (Technicon Instrument Co. Ltd.)

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19

Santoso, Rudi, Candraningrat Candraningrat, and Lilis Binawati. "Elemen Kecerdasan Wirausaha Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Industri Kecil dan Menengah (IKM) di Surabaya." BISMA (Bisnis dan Manajemen) 10, no. 1 (October 31, 2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/bisma.v10n1.p73-89.

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The aims of this study is to know the influence of the four intelligences as independent variables on the performance of Small and medium Industries (SMI’s) in Surabaya Indonesia. The population of this research is SME’s in Surabaya, Indonesia which build by Department of Industry and Trade, Surabaya. The samples of this research is 100 small and medium industries. Analysis method used multiple regression analysis. The result of coefficient determination (R2) shows that the influence of all variables which are Spiritual Intelligence, Financial Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence dan Social Intelligence have contributed 56,7% to performance. While the other 43.3% contributed by another variable which is not discussed in this study. The hypothesis test shows that as simultaneously these 4 (four) variable shave significantly affect to the performance of SME’s, but as partially by t-test shows that Financial Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence and Social Intelligence have significantly affected to performance but Spiritual Intelligence have no significant effect on Performance of SME’s in Surabaya. Limitation of this study is to use a small research sample. In addition, the scope of the study area is too narrow, which is limited to Surabaya. Therefore, further research can be developed from the side of the number of samples used and the wider coverage area. The practical implications of this research are useful for IKM development in Surabaya. This development is done through 3 elements of entrepreneurial intelligence that is financial intelligence, social intelligence, and emotional intelligence. The three main elements are further developed with the aim that IKM in Surabaya will be more sustainable

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20

Newfeld, Stuart J., Robert G. Wisotzkey та Sudhir Kumar. "Molecular Evolution of a Developmental Pathway: Phylogenetic Analyses of Transforming Growth Factor-β Family Ligands, Receptors and Smad Signal Transducers". Genetics 152, № 2 (1 червня 1999): 783–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.2.783.

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Abstract Intercellular signaling by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) proteins coordinates developmental decisions in many organisms. A receptor complex and Smad signal transducers are required for proper responses to TGF-β signals. We have taken a phylogenetic approach to understanding the developmental evolutionary history of TGF-β signaling pathways. We were interested in detecting evolutionary influences among the physically interacting multigene families encoding TGF-β ligands, receptors, and Smads. Our analyses included new ligands and Smads identified from genomic sequence as well as the newest published family members. From an evolutionary perspective we find that (1) TGF-β pathways do not predate the divergence of animals, plants, and fungi; (2) ligands of the TGF-β/activin subfamily likely originated after the divergence of nematodes and arthropods; (3) type I receptors from Caenorhabditis elegans are distinct from other receptors and may reflect an ancestral transitional state between type I and type II receptors; and (4) the Smad family appears to be evolving faster than, and independently of, ligands and receptors. From a developmental perspective we find (1) numerous phylogenetic associations not previously detected in each multigene family; (2) that there are unidentified pathway components that discriminate between type I and type II receptors; (3) that there are more Smads to be discovered in Drosophila and mammals; and (4) that the number of C-terminal serines is the best predictor of a Smad’s role in TGF-β signal transduction. We discuss these findings with respect to the coevolution of physically interacting genes.

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21

Parulekar, Y. M., and G. R. Reddy. "Nonlinear Model of Pseudoelastic Shape Memory Alloy Damper Considering Residual Martensite Strain Effect." Advances in Acoustics and Vibration 2012 (February 16, 2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/261896.

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Recently, there has been increasing interest in using superelastic shape memory alloys for applications in seismic resistant-design. Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have a unique property by which they can recover their original shape after experiencing large strains up to 8% either by heating (shape memory effect) or removing stress (pseudoelastic effect). Many simplified shape memory alloy models are suggested in the past literature for capturing the pseudoelastic response of SMAs in passive vibration control of structures. Most of these models do not consider the cyclic effects of SMA's and resulting residual martensite deformation. Therefore, a suitable constitutive model of shape memory alloy damper which represents the nonlinear hysterical dynamic system appropriately is essential. In this paper a multilinear hysteretic model incorporating residual martensite strain effect of pseudoelastic shape memory alloy damper is developed and experimentally validated using SMA wire, based damper device. A sensitivity analysis is done using the proposed model along with three other simplified SMA models. The models are implemented on a steel frame representing an SDOF system and the comparison of seismic response of structure with all the models is made in the numerical study.

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22

Gavino, Monica C., Denise E. Williams, David Jacobson, and Iris Smith. "Latino entrepreneurs and social media adoption: personal and business social network platforms." Management Research Review 42, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 469–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrr-02-2018-0095.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine both the Latino/Hispanic entrepreneurs’ social media adoption (SMA) for business purposes and the influence of culture on personal versus business social network platform (SNP) selection. Design/methodology/approach The Technology Acceptance Model’s (TAM) factors of perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEU) as drivers of Latino/Hispanic entrepreneurs’ social network platform selection are examined as well as the effect of SMA on revenue. Data was collected from 633 small business owners across the United States via an online survey administered in English and Spanish. Findings Results indicate that Latino/Hispanic business owners use personal SNP more than business SNP for business purposes. PU and PEU were not found to predict personal SNP for Latino/Hispanic entrepreneurs. However, for Non-Latino/Hispanics, PU was significant while PEU was marginally significant. Findings for PU and PEU as predictors of business SNP indicate similar results for both Latino/Hispanic and non-Latino/Hispanic entrepreneurs, where only PEU was significant. Finally, there was no relationship between either business or personal SNP and revenue for either Latino/Hispanic or non-Latino/Hispanic entrepreneurs. Practical implications This research provides more insight into Latino/Hispanic entrepreneurs’ self-directed engagement in personal SNP (Facebook) and business SNP (LinkedIn) for business purposes and invites future research in this population to further examine cultural influence and business performance. The findings support the need for Latino/Hispanic entrepreneurs’ strengthening their competency in social media usage to remain competitive, as doing so will enhance their capability for building customer relationships, brand development, and equity financing. Originality/value This investigation 1) examines SMA’s role in Latino/Hispanic small and medium enterprises (SMEs); 2) distinguishes between personal and business social network platforms; 3) investigates TAM’s relevance for Latino/Hispanic entrepreneurs’ use of social media for business; and 4) explores SME social media usage as a predictor of revenue. We seek to provide practitioners with a greater understanding of how they may influence business success and sustainability through better competency development and usage of social media platforms.

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Hill, Caroline S. "The Smads." International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 31, no. 11 (November 1999): 1249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1357-2725(99)00093-x.

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24

Wrana, J. L. "Crossing Smads." Science Signaling 2000, no. 23 (March 14, 2000): re1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/stke.2000.23.re1.

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25

Majesky, Mark W. "Choosing Smads." Circulation Research 113, no. 8 (September 27, 2013): 946–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.113.302123.

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Dulyayangkul, Punyawee, Karina Calvopiña, Kate J. Heesom, and Matthew B. Avison. "Novel Mechanisms of Efflux-Mediated Levofloxacin Resistance and Reduced Amikacin Susceptibility in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 65, no. 1 (November 2, 2020): e01284-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01284-20.

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ABSTRACTFluoroquinolone resistance in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is multifactorial, but the most significant factor is overproduction of efflux pumps, particularly SmeDEF, following mutation. Here, we report that mutations in the glycosyl transferase gene smlt0622 in S. maltophilia K279a mutant K M6 cause constitutive activation of SmeDEF production, leading to elevated levofloxacin MIC. Selection of a levofloxacin-resistant K M6 derivative, K M6 LEVr, allowed identification of a novel two-component regulatory system, Smlt2645/6 (renamed SmaRS). The sensor kinase Smlt2646 (SmaS) is activated by mutation in K M6 LEVr causing overproduction of two novel ABC transporters and the known aminoglycoside efflux pump SmeYZ. Overproduction of one ABC transporter, Smlt1651-4 (renamed SmaCDEF), causes levofloxacin resistance in K M6 LEVr. Overproduction of the other ABC transporter, Smlt2642/3 (renamed SmaAB), and SmeYZ both contribute to the elevated amikacin MIC against K M6 LEVr. Accordingly, we have identified two novel ABC transporters associated with antimicrobial drug resistance in S. maltophilia and two novel regulatory systems whose mutation causes resistance to levofloxacin, clinically important as a promising drug for monotherapy against this highly resistant pathogen.

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Wrans, Jeff, and Tony Pawson. "Mad about SMADs." Nature 388, no. 6637 (July 1997): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/40290.

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Moustakas, Aristidis, Serhiy Souchelnytskyi та Carl-Henrik Heldin. "Smad regulation in TGF-β signal transduction". Journal of Cell Science 114, № 24 (15 грудня 2001): 4359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.114.24.4359.

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Smad proteins transduce signals from transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily ligands that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and death through activation of receptor serine/threonine kinases. Phosphorylation of receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads) leads to formation of complexes with the common mediator Smad (Co-Smad), which are imported to the nucleus. Nuclear Smad oligomers bind to DNA and associate with transcription factors to regulate expression of target genes. Alternatively, nuclear R-Smads associate with ubiquitin ligases and promote degradation of transcriptional repressors, thus facilitating target gene regulation by TGF-β. Smads themselves can also become ubiquitinated and are degraded by proteasomes. Finally, the inhibitory Smads (I-Smads) block phosphorylation of R-Smads by the receptors and promote ubiquitination and degradation of receptor complexes, thus inhibiting signalling.

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29

Connell, Bruce F. "SMAS Facelift." Seminars in Plastic Surgery 16, no. 4 (2002): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-37450.

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Shohibul, Ana, Sarjiyanto Sarjiyanto, and Sarwoto Sarwoto. "Are SME’s Product and Local Government Programs (OVOP)Coherent?" JEJAK 12, no. 1 (March 10, 2019): 100–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v12i1.17137.

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In the developing countries, the government has a vital role in supporting the development of SME’s as one of economic pillars. There are studies which state that the government has played an active role in supporting the development of SME’s, either from policy or implementation, but several studies argue that government failure in supporting and creating business climate has caused business stagnation for SME’s. This study aims to analyze the coherence between government policy through Regional Superior Products development (under OVOP) program with SME’s main product choice in Central Java province. The analysis using analytic hierarchy process (AHP), on the data collected through focus group discussion (FGD), questionnaire, and secondary data. The result of this study shows weak evidence that there is coherence between government program and SME’s/ SME’s main product choice, there are only 6 districts/cities that have coherence SME’s: Grobogan district, Blora, Rembang, Magelang (city), Brebes, and Banjarnegara, while the rest districts/cities have no coherence between SME’s and government policy. Supply side policy, volume orientation, partial support, and several other factors are the cause of in-coherence. The implication of this finding is that there is a need of evaluation, downstream policy, business link (including education field) that support SME’s will develop.

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Parid, Miftah, and Sawarni Hasibuan. "Mapping and Development Strategy of Small and Medium Food Industry in the Province of Jakarta." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 950–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8748.

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The growth of small and medium industries in Indonesia has generally been predicted to be decreased. Almost all the Small and Medium Industry sector as well as the SME’s Food in the DKI Jakarta Province. However, the SME’s Food development program still seems to be not optimal, the competitiveness of SME’s Food in DKI Jakarta is still relatively weak if it is to be compared to SME’s Food in other Regions or Countries. One of the problems is the lack of mapping and strategies that still exists in the development of the food SME’s in DKI Jakarta. This mapping must be done internally and externally so that it can describe the right strategy to develop food SME’s in DKI Jakarta. The purpose of this study was to carry out mapping and strategy for the development of SME’s Food in DKI Jakarta. The data used includes primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained from the results of field surveys through interviews, observations, questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Both of the Central and DKI Jakarta Provinces were both at the Central and DKI Jakarta. The strategy for developing SME’s Food in DKI Jakarta was developed using the SWOT method. The results of the analysis show that supporting the aggressive growth policy (Strength Oriented Strategy) where Strengths are the scale of the business of SME’s with the support of capital access for the Food Industry in DKI Jakarta.

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Hassan, M. Taimoor, Mudassar Zaid, Muhammad Waqas, Sayyida Rahat Rafique, Muntaha Tathir, Aiman Tanveer, Asma Hameed, and Abia Anwar. "SME Lending: A Long Term Commitment towards the Development of Industry." International Journal of Learning and Development 2, no. 2 (April 4, 2012): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijld.v2i2.1589.

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Purpose: The basic purpose is to find out the impacts of SME lending on their development. While conducting the research, a clear objective was established in order to explore the relationship between SME lending and its ultimate impact on the development of SME sector in Bahawalpur, considered as SME Concentrated market of the economy. Design/methodology/approach: The research have been conducted utilizing the actual data with the help of a questionnaire based on the literature studies extensively on SME’s lending and the impact on its development to explore the attributes which leads towards the establishment of SME’s lending in Bahawalpur region. A new dimension is added by conducting research on SME’s lending and the impact on its development in Bahawalpur region, taking sample of 100 respondents from 20 banks and their customers. Findings: Factors abstracted from the market concentration, commercial vs. SME’s lending, issues of SME’s lending, Term of loan, size of enterprises, self employment in SME sector that they are significantly associated with SME’s establishment. Research limitations/ implication: The results found are based on available material being studied. A structured questionnaire has been used to collect data from a sample of 100 SMEs being financed by financial institutions of Bahawalpur region. Practical implications: The financial institutions in Pakistan are needed to take initiative in creating awareness about SME’s lending and providing more effective services to their customers. The results can be generalized on over all SME lending practices in Bahawalpur region. The facilities to cottage industry could be made from the effective use of findings in this paper. Originality/ value: This is one of the very first researches on SME’s lending and the impact on its development conducted in Bahawalpur region and could be very useful for countries adopting SME’S lending. Key words: SME lending, SME’s establishment, Cottage industry, SME Financing, Small Loans.

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Sukmawati, Anggraini, and Lindawati Kartika. "Kontribusi Modal Sosial dalam Penerapan Manajemen Pengetahuan Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kluster Kerajinan di Bogor." MANAJEMEN IKM: Jurnal Manajemen Pengembangan Industri Kecil Menengah 9, no. 1 (July 4, 2014): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/mikm.9.1.76-88.

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Activities of tourist visit provide opportunities for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to stand, making the city of Bogor as one of the city that has an increasing number of SME’s. Failure to exploit the potential of the center to develop its organization and social capital owned SME’s indicate that SME’s still face problems of low quality human resources. SME’s mostly poorly educated human resources with technical expertise, competence, entrepreneurship and management are modest. On the other hand the knowledge inherent in members of an organization need to be updated and transferred to still have a value that is integrated with the vision and mission of the organization. On the basis of need, there is a knowledge management approach known as knowledge management.This study aims to (1) analyze the characteristics of social capital owned SME’s organizations Bogor, (2) analyze the characteristics of knowledge management in Bogor SME’s organization, (3) analyze the contribution and role of social capital on organizational knowledge management implementation, (4) analyze the relationship between social capital variables with the variables of organizational knowledge management practices of SME’s Bogor. This study used structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis.

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34

Treiber, Thomas, and Gunter Meister. "SMADs Stimulate miRNA Processing." Molecular Cell 39, no. 3 (August 2010): 315–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2010.07.020.

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35

Hoistad Strauss, Laura, and Chad M. Delp. "Crystal structure of SmAsS." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 353, no. 1-2 (April 2003): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(02)01308-7.

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36

Xu, Pinglong, Xia Lin, and Xin-Hua Feng. "Posttranslational Regulation of Smads." Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 8, no. 12 (October 6, 2016): a022087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a022087.

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37

Whitman, Malcolm. "Feedback from inhibitory SMADs." Nature 389, no. 6651 (October 1997): 549–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/39202.

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38

van Grunsven, Leo A., Griet Verstappen, Danny Huylebroeck, and Kristin Verschueren. "Smads and chromatin modulation." Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 16, no. 4-5 (August 2005): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.05.006.

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39

Jacono, Andrew A., A. Sean Alemi, and Joseph L. Russell. "A Meta-Analysis of Complication Rates Among Different SMAS Facelift Techniques." Aesthetic Surgery Journal 39, no. 9 (February 15, 2019): 927–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjz045.

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AbstractBackgroundSub-superficial musculo-aponeurotic system (SMAS) rhytidectomy techniques are considered to have a higher complication profile, especially for facial nerve injury, compared with less invasive SMAS techniques. This results in surgeons avoiding sub-SMAS dissection.ObjectivesThe authors sought to aggregate and summarize data on complications among different SMAS facelift techniques.MethodsA broad systematic search was performed. All included studies: (1) described a SMAS facelifting technique categorized as SMAS plication, SMASectomy/imbrication, SMAS flap, high lateral SMAS flap, deep plane, and composite; and (2) reported the number of postoperative complications in participants. Meta-analysis was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.ResultsA total 183 studies were included. High lateral SMAS (1.85%) and composite rhytidectomy (1.52%) had the highest rates of temporary nerve injury and were the only techniques to show a statistically significant difference compared with SMAS plication (odds ratio [OR] = 2.71 and 2.22, respectively, P < 0.05). Risk of permanent injury did not differ among techniques. An increase in major hematoma was found for the deep plane (1.22%, OR = 1.67, P < 0.05) and SMAS imbrication (1.92%, OR = 2.65, P < 0.01). Skin necrosis was higher with the SMAS flap (1.57%, OR = 2.29, P < 0.01).ConclusionsThere are statistically significant differences in complication rates between SMAS facelifting techniques for temporary facial nerve injury, hematoma, seroma, necrosis, and infection. Technique should be selected based on quality of results and not the complication profile.Level of Evidence: 2

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Hidayati, Siti Aisyah, Sri Wahyulina, and Embun Suryani. "BEHAVIORAL FINANCE DAN PENGARUHNYATERHADAP PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN HUTANG (Studi Pada Usaha Kecil Dan Menengah (UKM) di Pulau Lombok )." JMM UNRAM - MASTER OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL 7, no. 1 (February 22, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jmm.v7i1.398.

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This research aims to analyze: 1) The effect of overconfidence against debt decision-making on SME’s, 2) The Effect of the illusion of control against debt decision-making on SME’s, 3) The effect of availability against debt decision-making on SME’s.This research is a research-based approach to quantitative, with this type of research is explanatory research. The population of the research was all SME’s that are located on the island of Lombok. The technique of sampling done with Non probability sampling, i.e. using judgement sampling i.e. selecting SME’s engaged in pottery industry and already exports. Of the population, there are 35 (thirty five) SME’s which can be taken as a sample. The respondents in this study was a financial manager at the same time as the owner of each such SME’s. Data collection techniques used in this research is to use the question form. To achieve the research objectives and hypothesis testing, then the data acquired will be processed according to your needs by using statistical tools GSCA (Generalized Structured Component Analysis).The results showed: 1) Overconfidence has no significant effect on decision-making on debt undertaken by owner Managers, 2) Illusion of Control has significant effect on decision-making on debt undertaken by the SME owner managers, 3) Avaibility has no significant effect on decision-making on debt undertaken by the SME owner managers. This shows the SME’s managers in the selection of a rational debt as a source of funding. The rational attitude effected by the characteristics of respondents who was the Manager of the SME’s owner, i.e., the age of majority SME’s managers are still productive ranged from 37 to 54 years of age, mostly female, with a level of education mostly high school and college graduates, as well as long time effort over 10 years. Keywords: overconfidence, illusion of control, avaibility, decision making of debt

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Lamsah, Safitri, and Zakky Zamrudi. "Total quality management practices in Indonesian local SME: Understanding the employees Role." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 10, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2019-0021.

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Abstract Understanding the schemes of Small and Medium Enterprises (SME’s) managerial capability is becoming important aspects today. Implementing proper strategies and internal policy may create a significant change in SME’s performance. Total Quality Management (TQM) has been being a one of specific measurement on organizational performance. This research was proposed to understand the factor that can affect the TQM’s performance in SME’s by identifying the two factors that can change it. Based on the recent studies, the developed model was employed PLSSEM to analyze the data by total respondent 95 respondent consist of owner and manager. The sample was taken in the area of Sasirangan SME’s in Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan province, Indonesia. Sasirangan is a local fabric developed by its ancestor. The population of Sasirangan SME’s was huge in amount. The results of these studies indicate that both motivation and employee performance can increase the TQM in the SME’s which one of them has a more significant effect. The complete description of finding in this research will be discussed in this research.

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42

Andrianto, Mokhamad Syaefudin. "Strategi Kesiapan UMKM Bogor dalam Menghadapi Persaingan Global." MANAJEMEN IKM: Jurnal Manajemen Pengembangan Industri Kecil Menengah 11, no. 2 (February 25, 2017): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/mikm.11.2.97-102.

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Globalization give threat and opportunities for Bogor Small Medium Enterprises (SME’s). The purpose of this research is analyzing Bogor SME’s readiness to compete from aspects of knowledge, experience, business scale, innovation, direct and indirect networking. Entrepreneurs survey conducted in Bogor regency. Data processing used SmartPLS3. The result show experience, direct networking affect on innovation event experience has negative effect. Knowledge aspect, business scale and indirect networking do not have effect on innovation. In this case, Innovation has not been encourage SME’s readiness in global competition. Only knowledge has been significant encourage SME’s readiness to global competition

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43

Hanyu, Aki, Yasuhiro Ishidou, Takanori Ebisawa, Tomomasa Shimanuki, Takeshi Imamura та Kohei Miyazono. "The N domain of Smad7 is essential for specific inhibition of transforming growth factor-β signaling". Journal of Cell Biology 155, № 6 (10 грудня 2001): 1017–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200106023.

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Inhibitory Smads (I-Smads) repress signaling by cytokines of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. I-Smads have conserved carboxy-terminal Mad homology 2 (MH2) domains, whereas the amino acid sequences of their amino-terminal regions (N domains) are highly divergent from those of other Smads. Of the two different I-Smads in mammals, Smad7 inhibited signaling by both TGF-β and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), whereas Smad6 was less effective in inhibiting TGF-β signaling. Analyses using deletion mutants and chimeras of Smad6 and Smad7 revealed that the MH2 domains were responsible for the inhibition of both TGF-β and BMP signaling by I-Smads, but the isolated MH2 domains of Smad6 and Smad7 were less potent than the full-length Smad7 in inhibiting TGF-β signaling. The N domains of I-Smads determined the subcellular localization of these molecules. Chimeras containing the N domain of Smad7 interacted with the TGF-β type I receptor (TβR-I) more efficiently, and were more potent in repressing TGF-β signaling, than those containing the N domain of Smad6. The isolated N domain of Smad7 physically interacted with the MH2 domain of Smad7, and enhanced the inhibitory activity of the latter through facilitating interaction with TGF-β receptors. The N domain of Smad7 thus plays an important role in the specific inhibition of TGF-β signaling.

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Morén, Anita, Takeshi Imamura, Kohei Miyazono, Carl-Henrik Heldin, and Aristidis Moustakas. "Degradation of the Tumor Suppressor Smad4 by WW and HECT Domain Ubiquitin Ligases." Journal of Biological Chemistry 280, no. 23 (April 6, 2005): 22115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m414027200.

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Smad4 mediates signaling by the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily of cytokines. Smad signaling is negatively regulated by inhibitory (I) Smads and ubiquitin-mediated processes. Known mechanisms of proteasomal degradation of Smads depend on the direct interaction of specific E3 ligases with Smads. Alternatively, I-Smads elicit degradation of the TGF-β receptor by recruiting the WW and HECT domain E3 ligases, Smurfs, WWP1, or NEDD4–2. We describe an equivalent mechanism of degradation of Smad4 by the above E3 ligases, via formation of ternary complexes between Smad4 and Smurfs, mediated by R-Smads (Smad2) or I-Smads (Smad6/7), acting as adaptors. Smurfs, which otherwise cannot directly bind to Smad4, mediated poly-ubiquitination of Smad4 in the presence of Smad6 or Smad7. Smad4 co-localized with Smad7 and Smurf1 primarily in the cytoplasm and in peripheral cell protrusions. Smad2 or Smad7 mutants defective in Smad4 interaction failed to induce Smurf1-mediated down-regulation of Smad4. A Smad4 mutant defective in Smad2 or Smad7 interaction could not be effectively down-regulated by Smurf1. We propose that Smad4 is targeted for degradation by multiple ubiquitin ligases that can simultaneously act on R-Smads and signaling receptors. Such mechanisms of down-regulation of TGF-β signaling may be critical for proper physiological response to this pathway.

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Bracaglia, Roberto, Damiano Tambasco, Marco D’Ettorre, and Stefano Gentileschi. "SMAS Strip Autograft." Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 24, no. 2 (March 2013): 583–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/scs.0b013e31827c81d3.

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46

Tucker, Kenneth R. "The “SMAS sling”." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 76, no. 6 (December 1985): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198512000-00054.

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47

Pinnella, John W. "DYNAMIC SMAS TEST." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 96, no. 5 (October 1995): 1235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199510000-00050.

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48

Pepper, Jon-Paul, and Shan R. Baker. "SMAS Flap Rhytidectomy." Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archfaci.2011.11.

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49

Alam, M. S., M. A. Youssef, and M. Nehdi. "Utilizing shape memory alloys to enhance the performance and safety of civil infrastructure: a review." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 9 (September 1, 2007): 1075–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-038.

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Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are special materials with a substantial potential for various civil engineering applications. The novelty of such materials lies in their ability to undergo large deformations and return to their undeformed shape through stress removal (superelasticity) or heating (shape-memory effect). In particular, SMAs have distinct thermomechanical properties, including superelasticity, shape-memory effect, and hysteretic damping. These properties could be effectively utilized to substantially enhance the safety of various structures. Although the high cost of SMAs is still limiting their use, research investigating their production and processing is expected to make it more cost-competitive. Thus, it is expected that SMAs will emerge as an essential material in the construction industry. This paper examines the fundamental characteristics of SMAs, the constitutive material models of SMAs, and the factors influencing the engineering properties of SMAs. Some of the potential applications of SMAs are discussed, including the reinforcement and repair of structural elements, prestress applications, and the development of kernel components for seismic devices such as dampers and isolators. The paper synthesizes existing information on the properties of SMAs, presents it in concise and useful tables, and explains different alternatives for the application of SMAs, which should motivate researchers and practicing engineers to extend the use of SMAs in novel and emerging applications.Key words: shape memory alloy, superelasticity, shape-memory effect, construction, retrofitting.

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50

Lin, Xia, Yao-Yun Liang, Baohua Sun, Min Liang, Yujiang Shi, F. Charles Brunicardi, Yang Shi, and Xin-Hua Feng. "Smad6 Recruits Transcription Corepressor CtBP To Repress Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Induced Transcription." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 24 (December 15, 2003): 9081–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.24.9081-9093.2003.

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ABSTRACT Smad6 and Smad7 are inhibitory Smads induced by transforming growth factor β-Smad signal transduction pathways in a negative-feedback mechanism. Previously it has been thought that inhibitory Smads bind to the type I receptor and block the phosphorylation of receptor-activated Smads, thereby inhibiting the initiation of Smad signaling. Conversely, few studies have suggested the possible nuclear functions of inhibitory Smads. Here, we present compelling evidence demonstrating that Smad6 repressed bone morphogenetic protein-induced Id1 transcription through recruiting transcriptional corepressor C-terminal binding protein (CtBP). A consensus CtBP-binding motif, PLDLS, was identified in the linker region of Smad6. Our findings show that mutation in the motif abolished the Smad6 binding to CtBP and subsequently its repressor activity of transcription. We conclude that the nuclear functions and physical interaction of Smad6 and CtBP provide a novel mechanism for the transcriptional regulation by inhibitory Smads.

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