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Статті в журналах з теми "Smoking-attributable fraction"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 3 червня 2025

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

Di Maso, Matteo, Francesca Bravi, Jerry Polesel, et al. "Attributable fraction for multiple risk factors: Methods, interpretations, and examples." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 29, no. 3 (2019): 854–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280219848471.

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The attributable fraction is the candidate tool to quantify individual shares of each risk factor on the disease burden in a population, expressing the proportion of cases ascribable to the risk factors. The original formula ignored the presence of other factors (i.e. multiple risk factors and/or confounders), and several adjusting methods for potential confounders have been proposed. However, crude and adjusted attributable fractions do not sum up to their joint attributable fraction (i.e. the number of cases attributable to all risk factors together) and their sum may exceed one. A different

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2

Leila, Hosseini Hossein Vatanpour* Mehdi Mohammadzadeh Mohamadreza Abdolahi Rita Motidostkomleh. "SMOKING-ATTRIBUTABLE FRACTION (SAF) OF MEDICAL CARE COSTS FOR CANCER PATIENTS." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 04, no. 12 (2017): 4387–96. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1098411.

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Objectives: the economic impact of smoking on developing countries such as Iran has not been well documented still. This study aimed to develop the estimates of the direct costs of medicine for smoking in Iran during 2014. Methods: A prevalence-based approach was used to estimate the annual costs of smoking. Then, an econometric model was applied to estimate the Smoking-Attributable Fraction (SAF) for direct costs (prescription medicine) of smoking-attributable diseases. A variety of sociodemographic, economic, and behavioral factors were controlled by the model. Results: In 2014, the estimate

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3

Maguire, Frances B., Ani S. Movsisyan, Cyllene R. Morris, Arti Parikh-Patel, Theresa H. M. Keegan, and Elisa K. Tong. "Evaluation of Cancer Deaths Attributable to Tobacco in California, 2014-2019." JAMA Network Open 5, no. 12 (2022): e2246651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.46651.

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ImportanceCalifornia’s tobacco control efforts have been associated with a decrease in cancer mortality, but these estimates are based on smoking prevalence of the general population. Patient-level tobacco use information allows for more precise estimates of the proportion of cancer deaths attributable to smoking.ObjectiveTo calculate the proportion (smoking-attributable fraction) and number (smoking-attributable cancer mortality) of cancer deaths attributable to tobacco use using patient-level data.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe smoking-attributable fraction and smoking-attributable can

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4

Ghosh, S., F. Garden, K. B. Luu, et al. "Population attributable fraction for smoking and diabetes in TB." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 28, no. 4 (2024): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.23.0338.

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5

Ko, Kwang-Pil. "Cancer attributable to tobacco smoking: a focus on primary prevention." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 68, no. 2 (2025): 91–99. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2025.68.2.91.

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Background: This paper reviews recent research findings on the population-attributable risk (PAR) of tobacco smoking in cancer incidence. It examines the components used in calculating PAR, specifically smoking prevalence and the relative risk of cancer associated with tobacco smoking.Current Concepts: The association between tobacco smoking and cancer risk is typically measured by the relative risk, which indicates how many times higher the cancer risk is in smokers compared to non-smokers. There is robust evidence that tobacco smoking is carcinogenic for cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus

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6

Tanuseputro, P. "Improving Population Attributable Fraction Methods: Examining Smoking-attributable Mortality for 87 Geographic Regions in Canada." American Journal of Epidemiology 161, no. 8 (2005): 787–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi093.

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7

Zahra, Aqeela, Hae-Kwan Cheong, and Jae-Hyun Park. "Burden of Disease Attributable to Smoking in Korea." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 29, no. 1 (2016): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539516675696.

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Smoking is one of the major health threats and is highly prevalent in Korea. This study quantifies the burden of disease (BOD) resulting from smoking by using the most reliable national statistics of Korea. We followed Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2013 methodology for estimating BOD attributable to smoking. Population attributable fraction was calculated for all diseases and multiplied by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to obtain BOD by each disease. Total burden of smoking in Korea was 1 368 072 DALYs (38 per 1000); 68% of the disease burden was in males and 32% in females. The

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8

Obtel, M., C. Nejjari, N. Tachfouti, N. Abda, L. Belakhel, and S. Mathoulin Pelissier. "Estimating attributable fraction of lung cancer linked to smoking in Morocco." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 21, no. 12 (2015): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2015.21.12.871.

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9

Ojima, Toshiyuki, Ritei Uehara, Makoto Watanabe, Morihiro Tajimi, Izumi Oki, and Yosikazu Nakamura. "Population attributable fraction of smoking to low birth weight in Japan." Pediatrics International 46, no. 3 (2004): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.2004.01881.x.

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10

Xia, Changfa, Rongshou Zheng, Hongmei Zeng, et al. "Provincial-level cancer burden attributable to active and second-hand smoking in China." Tobacco Control 28, no. 6 (2018): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054583.

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BackgroundUnderstanding disparities in the burden of cancer attributable to smoking is crucial to inform and improve tobacco control measures. In this report, we estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancers deaths attributable to smoking at the national and provincial levels in China.MethodsUsing cancer mortality data from 978 counties, smoking data from a nationwide survey and relative risks from a prospective study of 0.5 million adults in China, we calculated the absolute (non-standardised) and standardised numbers and proportions of cancer deaths among adults 30 years and

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11

Grigoriev, Pavel, Sebastian Klüsener, and Alyson van Raalte. "Quantifying the contribution of smoking to regional mortality disparities in Germany: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 12, no. 9 (2022): e064249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064249.

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ObjectivesSubstantial regional variation in smoking behaviour in Germany has been well documented. However, little is known about how these regional differences in smoking affect regional mortality disparities. We aim to assess the contribution of smoking to regional mortality differentials in Germany over the last four decades.DesignA cross-sectional study using official cause-specific mortality data by German Federal State aggregated into five macro-regions: East, North, South, West-I and West-II.ParticipantsThe entire population of Germany stratified by sex, age and region during 1980–2019.

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12

Shahriar, Mohammad, Rezaur Bin Islam, Abu Salek Mahmood, et al. "Risk factors and trends of common cancers in Bangladesh: Outcome of hospital based case control survey conducted in Dhaka city, Bangladesh." Stamford Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 4, no. 2 (2012): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v4i2.10439.

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The present study aimed to provide information about the common cancer types and respective predisposing risk factors among the Bangladeshi cancer patients from different cancer hospitals located in Dhaka city. A survey is conducted to establish a relationship between common cancer types and predisposing risk factors. A nationwide representative sample of 610 Bangladeshi cancer patients were asked about their medical history, life-style, eating habit and genetic risk factors in relation to cancer prevention, as a part of omnibus survey. Interviews were conducted with 610 subjects (339 men and

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13

Al-Zalabani, Abdulmohsen. "Preventability of Colorectal Cancer in Saudi Arabia: Fraction of Cases Attributable to Modifiable Risk Factors in 2015–2040." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (2020): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010320.

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A rise in colorectal cancer (CRC) burden is expected around the globe. This study aimed to determine the population attributable fractions (PAFs) of CRC cases contributed by modifiable risk factors in Saudi Arabia. The PAF was calculated for modifiable risk factors with strong evidences of a causal association with CRC. CRC incidence was obtained from the National Cancer Registry, relative risks were retrieved from recent meta-analysis studies, and the prevalence of exposure to risk factors was obtained from national surveys. Conventional statistical formulas were used to calculate PAFs from r

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14

Raut, Janhavi R., Regina M. Simeone, Sarah C. Tinker, Mark A. Canfield, R. Sue Day, and A. J. Agopian. "Proportion of Orofacial Clefts Attributable to Recognized Risk Factors." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 56, no. 2 (2018): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618774019.

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Objective: Estimate the population attributable fraction (PAF) for a set of recognized risk factors for orofacial clefts. Design: We used data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. For recognized risk factors for which data were available, we estimated crude population attributable fractions (cPAFs) to account for potential confounding, average-adjusted population attributable fractions (aaPAFs). We assessed 11 modifiable and 3 nonmodifiable parental/maternal risk factors. The aaPAF for individual risk factors and the total aaPAF for the set of risk factors were calculated using a

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15

Meilissa, Yurdhina, Dhanie Nugroho, Nurul NHW Luntungan, and Teguh Dartanto. "The 2019 economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases in Indonesia." Tobacco Control 31, Suppl 2 (2022): s133—s139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056890.

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BackgroundIn 2019, ever-smoking prevalence among adults in Indonesia was 32.8%, which may correlate with a high burden on the economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to estimate the economic costs of tobacco use, which are crucial for policymakers in planning healthcare provisions and other public expenditures.MethodsWe follow the WHO standard approach, multiplying the sum of the direct and indirect costs with the smoking-attributable fraction. Direct costs include healthcare and non-healthcare costs. Indirect costs include the loss of productivity resulting from absence from work and prem

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16

Cruise, Sharon M., John Hughes, Kathleen Bennett, Anne Kouvonen, and Frank Kee. "The Impact of Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease on Related Disability in Older Irish Adults." Journal of Aging and Health 31, no. 1 (2017): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264317726242.

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Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD)–related disability (hereafter also “disability”) and the impact of CHD risk factors on disability in older adults in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) and Northern Ireland (NI). Method: Population attributable fractions were calculated using risk factor relative risks and disability prevalence derived from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing and the Northern Ireland Health Survey. Results: Disability was significantly lower in ROI (4.1% vs. 8.8%). Smoking and diabetes prevalence rates, and the fraction

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17

Payne, Nick W. S., Katrina F. Brown, Christine Delon, Yannis Kotrotsios, Isabelle Soerjomataram, and Jon Shelton. "Socio-economic deprivation and cancer incidence in England: Quantifying the role of smoking." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (2022): e0272202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272202.

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Background More deprived populations typically experience higher cancer incidence rates and smoking prevalence compared to less deprived populations. We calculated the proportion of cancer cases attributable to smoking by socio-economic deprivation in England and estimated the impact smoking has on the deprivation gap for cancer incidence. Methods Data for cancer incidence (2013–2017), smoking prevalence (2003–2007) and population estimates (2013–2017) were split by sex, age-group and deprivation quintile. Relative risk estimates from meta-analyses were used to estimate the population attribut

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18

Agudo, Antonio, Catalina Bonet, Noémie Travier, et al. "Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 36 (2012): 4550–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.41.0183.

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Purpose Our aim was to assess the impact of cigarette smoking on the risk of the tumors classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as causally associated with smoking, referred to as tobacco-related cancers (TRC). Methods The study population included 441,211 participants (133,018 men and 308,193 women) from the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. We investigated 14,563 participants who developed a TRC during an average follow-up of 11 years. The impact of smoking cigarettes on cancer risk was assessed by the population attributable fraction (AFp),

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19

Källberg, Henrik, Bo Ding, Leonid Padyukov, et al. "Smoking is a major preventable risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis: estimations of risks after various exposures to cigarette smoke." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 70, no. 3 (2010): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.120899.

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BackgroundEarlier studies have demonstrated that smoking and genetic risk factors interact in providing an increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Less is known on how smoking contributes to RA in the context of genetic variability, and what proportion of RA may be caused by smoking.ObjectivesTo determine the association between the amount of smoking and risk of RA in the context of different HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) alleles, and to estimate proportions of RA cases attributed to smoking.Design, Setting and ParticipantsData from the Swedish Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid A

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20

Kokarevica, Anita, and Anastasija Ludzeniece. "Cost-benefit analysis of smoking in Latvia." SHS Web of Conferences 85 (2020): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20208502010.

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One of 3 persons in Latvia is a smoker. Smoking has been proved to be linked to different cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. The overall purpose of the study addresses smoking as a cost-benefit subject in Latvian state economy. A model to perform evidence-based cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was developed highlighting direct and indirect costs borne by the state, smokers and second-hand smokers. The paper envisages the approach to building the model. As the first study on economic impact of smoking in Latvia, the CBA results demonstrate substantial excess of financial benefits from

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21

Lindberg, Anne, Anders Bjerg-Bäcklund, Eva Rönmark, Lars-Gunnar Larsson, and Bo Lundbäck. "Prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD by disease severity and the attributable fraction of smoking." Respiratory Medicine 100, no. 2 (2006): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.04.029.

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22

Byoun, Su Jung, Yoon-Jung Choi, Ye Lin Min, et al. "Abstract 2216: Population attributable fraction of tobacco smoking on cancer incidence in 2020 in the Republic of Korea." Cancer Research 84, no. 6_Supplement (2024): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2024-2216.

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Abstract Backgrounds: Cancer is the most common cause of mortality in Korea. According to International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), tobacco smoking is the Group I carcinogen, and the National Cancer Center Korea reported in 2009 that 20.9% and 2.3% of total cancer incidence were attributable to tobacco smoking in men and women, respectively. As of 2020, we estimated population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence due to tobacco smoking. Methods: We organized the Consensus Committee to develop strategy and methodology for PAF estimation. From the consensus, cancer sites for

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23

Nurul Faizah. "Estimasi Nilai Years Lived with Disability (YLD) Terhadap Penyakit Respirasi Akibat Rokok di Indonesia." Pharmaqueous : Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian 2, no. 1 (2021): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36760/jp.v2i1.166.

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ABSTRAK Merokok merupakan salah satu kekhawatiran terbesar yang dihadapi dunia kesehatan karena menyebabkan lebih dari 5 juta orang meninggal dalam setahun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak rokok terhadap penyakit respirasi di Indonesia menggunakan Years Lived with Disability (YLD). Penelitian ini merupakan studi epidemiologi dengan perspektif govermental. Pemilihan jenis penyakit respirasi akibat rokok diperoleh berdasarkan nilai relative risk >1 dan ketersediaan data pada Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial (BPJS) Kesehatan. Proporsi kontribusi rokok terhadap penyakit

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24

Areechokchai, Darin, Kamolthip Vijitsoonthornkul, Sarinya Pongpan, and Sasithan Maeakhian. "Population Attributable Fraction of Stroke Risk Factors in Thailand: Utilization of Non-communicable Disease Surveillance Systems." Outbreak, Surveillance, Investigation & Response (OSIR) Journal 10, no. 1 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.59096/osir.v10i1.263188.

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In Thailand, stroke is the third leading cause of death. The objective of this study was to measure the impacts of behavioral risk and underlying disease factors on stroke. The study design was a case-cohort study comparing prevalence of demographic characteristics and risk factors between stroke patients and general population. We obtained data of stroke patients and risk factors in general population of 12 provinces from two non-communicable disease surveillance systems to calculate population-attributable fraction: the national health information system for morbidity and mortality surveilla

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25

Smith, Jason, James Pike, Pamela Lutsey, Richey Sharrett, Alden Gross, and Jennifer Deal. "THE COMBINED IMPACT OF MIDLIFE AND LATE-LIFE VASCULAR RISK FACTORS ON 33-YEAR INCIDENT DEMENTIA: THE ARIC STUDY." Innovation in Aging 8, Supplement_1 (2024): 652. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae098.2133.

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Abstract Midlife vascular risk factors are associated with an increased risk of dementia. However, the overall contribution of modifiable vascular risk factors in midlife and late-life to dementia remains unclear. In this study, we quantified population attributable fractions, which account for risk factor prevalence and strength of relative risks, of incident dementia from vascular risk factors measured in midlife and early late-life. We used 33 years of prospective cohort data in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Incident dementia was ascertained from baseline (1987-1989)

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26

Ye, Ding, Yingying Mao, Yang Xu, Xueli Xu, Zhijun Xie, and Chengping Wen. "Lifestyle factors associated with incidence of rheumatoid arthritis in US adults: analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database and meta-analysis." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (2021): e038137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038137.

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ObjectiveTo quantify rheumatoid arthritis (RA) cases attributable to selected non-genetic risk factors.DesignNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and meta-analysis.ParticipantsUS adults.Data sourcesThe prevalence of exposure was obtained from NHANES. Weighted analysis was performed to account for the complex sampling design in NHANES. PubMed and Web of Science up to 31 March 2019 were searched to identify epidemiological studies reported the association between non-genetic risk factors and RA in US adults. Relative risk (RR) value and the corresponding CI were pooled by me

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27

Bedard, Kelly, and Olivier Deschênes. "The Long-Term Impact of Military Service on Health: Evidence from World War II and Korean War Veterans." American Economic Review 96, no. 1 (2006): 176–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282806776157731.

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During the World War II and Korean War era, the U.S. military freely distributed cigarettes to overseas personnel and provided low-cost tobacco products on domestic military bases. In fact, even today the military continues to sell subsidized tobacco products on its bases. Using a variety of instrumental variables approaches to deal with nonrandom selection into the military and into smoking, we provide substantial evidence that cohorts with higher military participation rates subsequently suffered more premature mortality. More importantly, we show that a large fraction, 35 to 79 percent, of

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28

Kay-Rivest, Emily, Marco Mascarella, Maida J. Sewitch, François Cloutier, and Tamara Mijovic. "Association between Smoking and 30-Day Outcomes in Otologic Surgery." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 162, no. 1 (2019): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599819889622.

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Objective To determine the effect of current smoking status on 30-day postoperative adverse events in patients undergoing otologic surgery. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Database of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program from 2006 to 2016. Subjects and Methods Adult patients undergoing middle ear and mastoid surgery were included. Preoperative smoking status was determined, and adverse events within 30 days of surgery were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study sample. Multivariable logistic regression was

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29

Gram, Inger T., Melissa A. Little, Eiliv Lund, and Tonje Braaten. "The fraction of breast cancer attributable to smoking: The Norwegian women and cancer study 1991–2012." British Journal of Cancer 115, no. 5 (2016): 616–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2016.154.

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Li, Yicheng, and Adrian E. Raftery. "Estimating and forecasting the smoking-attributable mortality fraction for both genders jointly in over 60 countries." Annals of Applied Statistics 14, no. 1 (2020): 381–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/19-aoas1306.

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Ogata, Hiroaki, Yoichiro Hirakawa, Koichiro Matsumoto, et al. "Trends in the prevalence of airflow limitation in a general Japanese population: two serial cross-sectional surveys from the Hisayama Study." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (2019): e023673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023673.

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ObjectivesChronic obstructive airway disease, which is characterised by airflow limitation, is a major burden on public health. Reductions in environmental pollution in the atmosphere and workplace and a decline in the prevalence of smoking over recent decades may have affected the prevalence of airflow limitation in Japan. The present epidemiological study aimed to evaluate trends in the prevalence of airflow limitation and in the influence of risk factors on airflow limitation in a Japanese community.DesignTwo serial cross-sectional surveys.SettingData from the Hisayama Study, a population-b

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O'Reilly, Maeve A., Claire M. Buckley, Janas M. Harrington, Susan O'Shea, Ivan J. Perry, and Mary R. Cahill. "Cigarette Smoking Is An Under Recognised Cause Of Macrocytosis." Blood 122, no. 21 (2013): 4660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v122.21.4660.4660.

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Introduction The prevalence of macrocytosis in adults is estimated between 1.7% and 8% (Aslinia F et al. Megaloblastic anemia and other causes of macrocytosis. Clin Med Res. 2006; 4: 236-241, McNamee et al. Haematinic deficiency and macrocytosis in middle aged and older adults. 2013 Submitted PLOS ONE). Its diagnosis, depending on the clinical context, may warrant an extensive work-up for a vitamin deficiency or haematological malignancy. Known associations with raised mean corpuscular volume (MCV) include haematinic deficiency, heavy alcohol intake, liver disease, myelodysplasia and myeloma.

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Forjaz, Gonçalo, Joana Bastos, Clara Castro, et al. "Regional differences in tobacco smoking and lung cancer in Portugal in 2018: a population-based analysis using nationwide incidence and mortality data." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (2020): e038937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038937.

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ObjectivesThis study aims to estimate the proportion of lung cancer cases and deaths attributable to tobacco smoking in Portugal in 2018, complemented by trends in incidence and mortality, by sex and region.DesignCancer cases for 1998–2011 and cancer deaths for 1991–2018 were obtained from population-based registries and Statistics Portugal, respectively. We projected cases for 2018 and used reported deaths for the same year to estimate, using Peto’s method, the number and proportion of lung cancer cases and deaths caused by tobacco smoking in 2018. We calculated the age-adjusted incidence and

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Olié, Valérie, Anne Pasquereau, Frank A. G. Assogba, et al. "Changes in tobacco-related morbidity and mortality in French women: worrying trends." European Journal of Public Health 30, no. 2 (2019): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz171.

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Abstract Background The high prevalence of smoking among French women since the 1970s has been reflected over the past decade by a strong impact on the health of women. This paper describes age and gender differences in France of the impact of smoking on morbidity and mortality trends since the 2000s. Methods Smoking prevalence trends were based on estimates from national surveys from 1974 to 2017. Lung cancer incidence were estimated from 2002–12 cancer registry data. Morbidity data for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation and myocardial infarction were assessed through h

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Kristina, Susi Ari, Dwi Endarti, Chairun Wiedyaningsih, Arifina Fahamsya, and Nurul Faizah. "Health Care Cost of Noncommunicable Diseases Related to Smoking in Indonesia, 2015." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 30, no. 1 (2018): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539517751311.

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This study aimed to estimate the current prevalence and treatment cost of noncommunicable diseases attributed to tobacco in the Indonesian population in 2015. An epidemiological study was performed. Using the national universal coverage database, we calculated the morbidity and treatment cost of 19 diseases. Proportion of smoking-attributed diseases and treatment costs because of smoking were calculated using smoking-attributable fraction. The study revealed that the morbidity of smoking-related diseases accounted for 991 331 cases, about 21.6% of total cases of chronic diseases in Indonesia.

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Ahmed, Ayesha, Snehal M. Pinto Pereira, Lucy Lennon, Olia Papacosta, Peter Whincup, and Goya Wannamethee. "Cardiovascular Health and Stroke in Older British Men." Stroke 51, no. 11 (2020): 3286–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.030546.

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Background and Purpose: Research exploring the utility of cardiovascular health (CVH) and its Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) components (body mass index, blood pressure [BP], glucose, cholesterol, physical activity, smoking, and diet) for prevention of stroke in older adults is limited. In the British Regional Heart Study, we explored (1) prospective associations of LS7 metrics and composite CVH scores with, and their impact on, stroke in middle and older age; and (2) if change in CVH was associated with subsequent stroke. Methods: Men without cardiovascular disease were followed from baseline recruitm

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Takase, Masato, Naoki Nakaya, Kozo Tanno, et al. "Has the impact of cigarette smoking on mortality been underestimated by overlooking second-hand smoke? Tohoku medical megabank community-based cohort study." BMJ Public Health 3, no. 1 (2025): e001746. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2024-001746.

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ObjectivesPrevious studies have assessed the impact of active smoking on mortality using the population-attributable fraction (PAF). However, these studies have not included second-hand smoking (SHS), potentially underestimating smoking’s impact. We compared the PAF from active smoking alone with the PAF, including SHS exposure.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingA community-based cohort study in Japan.Participants40 796 participants aged ≥20 years.Main outcome measuresSHS was defined as inhaling someone else’s cigarette smoke at the workplace or home in the past year. We classified smoking

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Lund, Thomas, Merete Labriola, Helene Feveile, and Karl Bang Christensen. "The fraction of disability pensions attributable to smoking and obesity. Results from a 15-year follow-up study." Journal of Public Health 18, no. 3 (2009): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10389-009-0304-3.

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Sadeghi, Kamal, Jalal Poorolajal, and Amin Doosti-Irani. "Prevalence of modifiable risk factors of tuberculosis and their population attributable fraction in Iran: A cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (2022): e0271511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271511.

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Background The mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is necessary for the morbidity of tuberculosis (TB), but it is insufficient. Many risk factors increase the risk of disease among infected people. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of modifiable risk factors of TB and their related population attributable fraction (PAF) in the marginal population of Markazi province in Iran. Design In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of the modifiable risk factors of TB was estimated. We designed and validated a questionnaire to determine the risk factors. The measures of association for the modifiabl

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Shah, Darshi, Veer Shah, Karan Shah, Prachi Shah, Monireh Sadat Seyyedsalehi, and Paolo Boffetta. "Abstract 1199: Global cancers attributable to modifiable risk factors: Current and former smoking prevalence." Cancer Research 85, no. 8_Supplement_1 (2025): 1199. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2025-1199.

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Abstract Purpose: This study aims to estimate the global population attributable fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence and mortality due to tobacco smoking, further stratified by country, human development index (HDI) categories, cancer types, gender, and smoking status (current versus former smokers). Methods: PAFs were estimated using the prevalence of cancer cases in 2022 and relative risks (RRs) derived from large-scale pooled analyses and comprehensive meta-analyses. Population estimates were sourced from the World Bank, and cancer incidence and mortality data for 2022 were obtained from the

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Laaksonen, M. A., M. E. Arriaga, K. Canfell, et al. "Future Burden of Cancer Attributable to Current Modifiable Behaviours: A Pooled Study of Seven Australian Cohorts." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (2018): 5s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.18500.

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Background: The Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) quantifies the fraction of cancer cases attributable to specific exposures. PAF estimates for the future burden of cancer preventable through modifications to current exposure distributions are lacking. Previous PAF studies have also not compared population subgroup differences. Aim: To apply a novel PAF method and i) assess the future burden of cancer in Australia preventable through modifications to current behaviors, and ii) compare the distribution of the preventable cancer burden between population subgroups. Methods: We harmonized an

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Rosen, Laura. "An Intuitive Approach to Understanding the Attributable Fraction of Disease Due to a Risk Factor: The Case of Smoking." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10, no. 7 (2013): 2932–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10072932.

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Nakayama, Takeo, Tetsuji Yokoyama, Nobuo Yoshiike, et al. "Population Attributable Fraction of Stroke Incidence in Middle-Aged and Elderly People: Contributions of Hypertension, Smoking and Atrial Fibrillation." Neuroepidemiology 19, no. 4 (2000): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000026259.

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Katanoda, Kota, Tomomi Marugame, Kumiko Saika, et al. "Population Attributable Fraction of Mortality Associated with Tobacco Smoking in Japan: A Pooled Analysis of Three Large-scale Cohort Studies." Journal of Epidemiology 18, no. 6 (2008): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2188/jea.je2007429.

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Shadmani, Fatemeh Khosravi, Leili Abedi Gheshlaghi, Ali Jafari-Khounigh, Leila Rezakhani, and Mozafar Khazaei. "Burden and mortality of breast cancer attributed to diabetes and smoking in women: a secondary analysis based on Global Burden of Disease 2019 in North Africa and the Middle East." BMJ Open 15, no. 1 (2025): e087178. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-087178.

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BackgroundBreast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer in the world. This study aimed to investigate the burden of BC due to some risk factors in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries from 1990 to 2019.MethodsThis study is a secondary analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019 data. In this study, we used data for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and mortality of BC in MENA countries. Also, we presented data for DALYs and mortality attributed to diabetes, smoking and passive smoking among women with BC.ResultsThe age-standardised DALY due to BC in women increa

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Mons, Ute, Valerie Lohner, and Katharina Seuthe. "Trends in smoking-attributable cardiovascular mortality in Germany." European Journal of Public Health, January 6, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckae215.

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Abstract We quantified the fraction of cardiovascular deaths attributable to smoking in Germany over time, accounting for population ageing. We calculated population-attributable fractions to quantify cardiovascular deaths attributable to smoking for 1992 to 2021, and compared actual with age-standardized figures. We found a significant decline in the number of cardiovascular deaths attributable to smoking: from about 71 900 cases in 1992 to around 42 000 cases in 2021, with a steeper decline in men. Age-standardized figures suggest that population ageing partially offset this trend. Forward p

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Huang, Shiyao, Han Wei, Tingting Yao, Zhengzhong Mao, Qun Sun, and Lian Yang. "The impact of smoking on annual healthcare cost: an econometric model analysis in China, 2015." BMC Health Services Research 21, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-06199-5.

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Abstract Background Smoking exerts substantial medical burdens on society. Precise estimation of the smoking-attributable medical expenditures (SAME) helps to inform tobacco control policy makers. Based on the epidemiological approach, prior studies in China only focused on a few smoking-related diseases to estimate SAME. In contrast, this study used the econometric approach, which is capable of capturing all of the potential costs. Methods Three waves of panel data from the 2011–2015 national China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were used. A total of 34,503 observations age

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Shiels, Meredith S., Barry I. Graubard, Timothy S. McNeel, Lisa Kahle, and Neal D. Freedman. "Trends in smoking-attributable and smoking-unrelated lung cancer death rates in the U.S., 1991-2018." JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, December 9, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djad256.

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Abstract Background In the U.S., lung cancer death rates have declined for decades, primarily due to pronounced decreases in cigarette smoking. However, it is unclear whether there have been similar declines in mortality rates of lung cancer unrelated to smoking. We estimated trends in U.S. lung cancer death rates attributable and not attributable to smoking from 1991-2018. Methods The study included 30-79-year-olds in the National Health Interview Survey who were linked to the National Death Index, 1991-2014. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for smoking status and lung cancer death were estimated

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Nemati, Saeed, Parnian Naji, Sepideh Abdi, et al. "National and regional fraction of cancer incidence and death attributable to current tobacco and water-pipe smoking in the Eastern Mediterranean countries in 2020." Nicotine & Tobacco Research, July 27, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntac179.

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Abstract INTRODUCTION We aimed to calculate the Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) of cancers due to tobacco use in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO), where water-pipe smoking is prevalent but its effect was not considered in previous studies. METHODS We applied Levin's formula to estimate PAFs of cancers due to tobacco use (defined as all type tobacco including both cigarette and water-pipe). We also calculated PAF of water-pipe smoking separately. Exposure prevalence data was retrieved from representative national and subnational surveys. Data on cancers incidence and death were al

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Manouchehrinia, Ali, Jesse Huang, Jan Hillert, et al. "Smoking Attributable Risk in Multiple Sclerosis." Frontiers in Immunology 13 (March 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.840158.

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Tobacco smoke is an important modifiable environmental risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS) risk. The population attributable fraction (AF) of MS due to smoking can be used to assess the contribution of smoking to the risk of MS development. We conducted a matched case-control study, including individuals with MS and population-based controls. Overall, sex- and genetic risk score-stratified AF due to smoking were calculated by fitting logistic regression models. We included 9,419 individuals with MS and 9,419 population-based matched controls. At the time of MS onset 44.1% of persons with M

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