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Дисертації з теми "Smoking statu"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

Mercelina-Roumans, Patricia E. A. M. "Smoking during pregnancy the haematological status of smoking and non-smoking pregnant women and their offspring /." Maastricht : Maastricht : UPM, Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1996. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=7388.

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2

Preston, Charles. "Analysing Risk Preferences and Time Preferences with respect to Smoking Status and Smoking Intensity." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30954.

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Анотація:
Smoking is a leading cause of death worldwide, and thus the behavioural components need to be understood to mitigate the damage caused by the practice. The relationship between smoking and factors such as risk preferences and time preferences has been the subject of a growing body of literature. This paper evaluates experimental data from smokers and nonsmokers at the University of Cape Town collected in 2016 and 2017. Maximum likelihood estimation is used to estimate models of risk preferences and time preferences. The results highlight that smokers are less risk averse than non-smokers; that
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3

Reisi, Ayddin Grandjean Peter W. "Short-term changes in health status after cigarette smoking and moderate-intensity exercise." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/REISI_AYDDIN_16.pdf.

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4

Thompson, Jennifer W. "Insurance status, health care access, and adolescent smoking initiation." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2007. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4144.

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5

Dimberio, Amy M. "Status of worksite smoking policies in Indiana manufacturing industries." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/774760.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the status of worksite smoking policies in Indiana's manufacturing industries and to describe the relationship between policy, workforce size, and manufacturing type. Of the 493 questionnaires distributed, 181 (36.7%) were returned. Approximately 67% percent of the industries reported having some type of restrictive policy with the majority of those policies not allowing smoking at the worksite except in designated areas. Most policies were developed within the last five years and were implemented due to a concern for employee health. Workforce size was
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6

McIntire, Jean. "State anti-smoking legislation and the demand for cigarettes." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1357151500.

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7

Butler, Kevin Allan. "Effects of smoking status on punishment sensitivity and cognitive control." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2013. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/70036943-151e-4e81-a084-35c84fd246f4.

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Анотація:
A hallmark feature of addiction, including nicotine dependence, is persistent drug use despite the adverse consequences of such behaviour. This implies that there may be deficient processing of punishment in dependent individuals. However, despite growing bodies of research investigating both altered reward sensitivity and error monitoring deficits there is a paucity of empirical work investigating sensitivity to punishment in nicotine dependence. The main aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate the effects of satiation level (abstinent/satiated) and smoking history (current/former/nev
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8

Conard, Mark Wayne Haddock C. Keith. "The effects of obesity and smoking status on the health status of congestive heart failure patients." Diss., UMK access, 2005.

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Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Psychology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005.<br>"A dissertation in psychology." Advisor: C. Keith Haddock. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed June 20, 2006. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-113). Online version of the print edition.
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9

Gilbreath, Donna Arlene. "PROJECTING THE RESULTS OF STATE SMOKING BAN INITIATIVES USING CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/453.

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Анотація:
Because tobacco smoking causes 430,000 U.S. deaths annually, wide-reaching smoking bans are needed. Bans reduce cigarette consumption, encourage cessation, protect nonsmokers from second-hand smoke, and promote an attitude that smoking is undesirable. Therefore, bans may prevent future generations from suffering many smoking-related health problems. The federal government has not implemented widereaching smoking bans so it falls on individual states, counties, or communities to devise appropriate smoking policy. To date, smoking policy has been determined by legislators, who may have conflicts
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10

Feng, Shengchuang. "Association between Reward Sensitivity and Smoking Status in Major Depressive Disorder." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79954.

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Анотація:
Chronic nicotine use has been linked to increased sensitivity to nondrug rewards as well as improvement in mood among individuals with depression, and these effects have been hypothesized to be mediated through alternations in striatal dopamine activity. Similarly, chronic nicotine use is hypothesized to influence the mechanisms by which healthy and depressed individuals learn about rewards in their environment. However, the specific behavioral and neural mechanisms by which nicotine influences the learning process is poorly understood. Here, we use a probabilistic learning task, functional ma
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11

Hansen, Robert N. "Relationship of specific cognitive factors to smoking status among nursing staff /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9812953.

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12

Mackalo, Muhammad L. "Recommendations for administering a smoking cessation program at a state university." [Johnson City, Tenn. : East Tennessee State University], 2000. http://etd-submit.etsu.edu/etd/theses/available/etd-0131101-165154/restricted/MackaloM0122.pdf.

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13

Edoka, Ijeoma P. "Essays on parents' socioeconomic status, child health outcomes and smoking behaviours." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4335/.

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Анотація:
This thesis comprises a collection of three distinct essays on the relationship between parents’ socioeconomic, child health outcomes and smoking behaviours. Chapter 2 investigates the extent to which misclassification errors in self-reported smoking affects estimates of the impact of parental income on smoking in adolescents aged 11-15 years old. Smoking participation is modelled using self-reported smoking and cotinine-validated smoking as binary dependent variables in two separate probit models. A comparison of the marginal effects estimated from both models suggest that self-reported smoki
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14

Mackalo, Muhammad L. "Recommendations for Administering a Smoking Cessation Program at a State University." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2001. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/627.

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Анотація:
According to the American Medical Association (AMA), smoking is the greatest cause of preventable illness and death in the United States. In 1997, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that 29% of college students reported current cigarette use. The purpose of this study is to assess students' responses toward administering a smoking cessation program at a state university. This study was conducted at a state university where the researcher surveyed 319 students using a 27-item questionnaire. The survey questions include student demographics; age first smoked; frequency a
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15

Haste, Frances M. "The effects of smoking on the nutritional status of women in pregnancy." Thesis, University of London, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296844.

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16

Kailawadoko, Samuela Kannitha Chamroonsawasdi. "Smoking status among final year students at Ratchamonkon College, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand. /." Abstract, 2003. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2546/4537454.pdf.

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17

Wan, Li. "P50 Sensory Gating: Impact of High Vs Low Schizotypy Personality and Smoking Status." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35002.

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Анотація:
<p> Sensory gating helps prevent incoming irrelevant sensory information from entering into the higher cortex and ensures normal information processing. Sensory gating is seen as the ability of the nervous system to modulate its sensitivity to incoming stimuli (Braff & Geyer, 1990; Adler, Olincy, Waldo, Harris & Griffith, et al., 1998). Smoking tobacco can facilitate early sensory gating in schizophrenics, and enhance prepulse inhibition asymmetry (right greater than left) in individuals with schizotypal personality. </p><p>The purpose of this study was to test the following hypotheses: 1) In
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18

Kenemer, John B. "An Evaluation of the State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System: Cross-Promoting Healthy People 2020." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/235.

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Анотація:
The State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System is an interactive web-based application and data tool providing up-to-date state-level information related to tobacco use. Indicators in STATE present data related to current and former tobacco use, smoking cessation, funding, tobacco-related health costs, and tobacco control policies. The STATE System also serves as a primary data source for many objectives in Healthy People 2020’s Tobacco Use chapter. Currently, there is no common thread between access to information pertaining to Healthy People 2020 objectives and STATE Sys
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19

Damron, Karen R. "An Examination of Maternal Stress and Secondhand Smoke Exposure on Perinatal Smoking Status." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/nursing_etds/23.

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Анотація:
The median prevalence of smoking among women of childbearing age in the United States is 22.4%. Of women who identify themselves as smokers in the three months prior to conception, 55% quit during pregnancy; however, 40% of those who quit relapse and return to smoking within six months after delivery. Smoking has been identified as an important means of stress management among smokers in general, and though limited to the perinatal period, pregnancy-specific stress adds to a woman’s typical day-to-day stress burden. Little data exists as to the effect of SHS exposure on smoking status during p
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20

Colwell, Gregory. "Adolescent Smoking Status and Socioeconomic Dependence on the Tobacco Crop in Southeastern Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 1988. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1912.

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Анотація:
The purpose of the study was to quantify the relationship between adolescent smoking and economic dependence on the tobacco crop. A survey of 1322 students from a random sample of all secondary schools in four counties in southeastern Kentucky was performed. The survey gathered information concerning smoking behavior and social variables. Chi-square analysis was performed to assess the relationships between these variables in students from families who worked with tobacco and families who did not. Chi square analysis of female adolescent smoking behavior revealed a significant association betw
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21

Haukkala, Ari. "Depressive symptoms and hostility in relation to socioeconomic status, smoking cessation, and obesity." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2002. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/val/sosps/vk/haukkala/.

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22

Wang, Ke-Sheng, Liang Wang, Shimin Zheng, and Long-Yang Wu. "Associations of Smoking Status and Serious Psychological Distress with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/39.

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Анотація:
Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been a major public health problem due to its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. Smoking is a major risk factor for COPD, while serious psychological distress (SPD) is prevalent among COPD patients. However, no study focusing on the effect of SPD on COPD has been so far conducted, while few studies have focused on the associations of SPD and behavioral factors with COPD by smoking status. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the associations of SPD and behavioral factors (such as smoking and physical activity) with COPD. M
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23

Duong, Phuc Lam Nate Hongkrailert. "Smoking behavior and status among medical doctors in Cantho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam /." Abstract, 2005. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2548/cd375/4737967.pdf.

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24

Siddall, Andrew George. "Influence of habitual smoking on physiological status, physical performance adaptation and injury risk during initial military training." Thesis, University of Bath, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.575507.

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Cigarette smoking has been reported to be prevalent in military training populations, and associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness and higher risk of training-related injury. However, it is unclear whether habitual smoking impairs development of physical fitness. It is possible that smoking-induced alterations in oxidative stress, inflammation and hormone balance may disrupt training adaptation in smokers. The aim of this programme of work was to identify the influences of smoking on physical performance adaptation, selected biomarkers and injury risk in a military trainee population. T
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25

Engel, Lawrence Stuart. "Parkinsonism and pesticide exposure among rural residents of Washington State /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10939.

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26

Miller, Nancy. "Effect of age cohorts and time on smoking status among Missouri adults, 1987-1999 /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036847.

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27

Sakki, T. (Tero). "Lifestyle and oral health of 55-year-olds." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 1999. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514252659.

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Анотація:
Abstract Oral diseases are, to a notable extent, behavioral diseases. The concept of lifestyle makes it possible to study behavior in a broad sense. The aim was to study the association of lifestyle with oral health and dental health behavior. All of the 1,012 55-year-old citizens of Oulu were invited to a clinical examination, and 780 of them participated. A lifestyle variable to measure health orientation was constructed. Smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary habits and physical activity were used as indicators of lifestyle. The association of lifestyle with dental caries, periodontal health
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28

Hussain, Manzoor. "The role of family in adolescent smoking. Social influences and implications for social policy." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5765.

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Анотація:
Smoking in childhood and adolescence is associated with a range of health issues, as is the exposure of young people to the second hand smoke of their parents and other family members. The initiation of smoking in adolescence is also associated with an increased risk of smoking in adulthood and all the subsequent health problems that are attached to this. Whilst smoking rates in adolescent have fallen in recent years there remains a significant number of adolescent who initiate smoking every year, and this risk is higher in certain groups such as those from areas of low socio-economic status.
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29

Dassanayake, B. M. C. Kannitha Chamroonsawasdi. "Factors related to smoking status among first year male students in Mahidol University Salaya Campus Thailand /." Abstract, 2003. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2546/4537466.pdf.

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30

Liu, Aihua 1970. "Predictors of smoking cessation in adults from two low socio-economic status communities in Montreal, Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98752.

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Анотація:
Objectives. Few studies have identified longitudinal predictors of smoking cessation in disadvantaged communities. This study identified predictors of cessation in a 5-year longitudinal cohort of adults aged 18-65 years and living in low-income, inner-city neighborhoods of Montreal, Canada.<br>Methods. Secondary analysis of data from the non-randomized evaluation of Coeur en Sante St. Henri, a community-based intervention program designed to decrease cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) factors. Data on lifestyle behaviors were collected in telephone interviews of a representative sample of resid
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31

Davis, Danielle. "Comparing The Effects Of Menthol Status On The Behavioral Pharmacology Of Smoking Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/762.

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Анотація:
Introduction: An active area of tobacco regulatory science research focuses on examining the effects of varying the nicotine content of cigarettes as part of a potential national policy to lower their nicotine content levels to reduce addiction potential. The present study examines differences in the behavioral effects of reduced nicotine content cigarettes related to their menthol status. Menthol is the only cigarette flavoring that is still legally permissible according to Food and Drug administration regulations. Methods: Participants were 26 current adult smokers from three populations esp
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32

Zatu, Mandlenkosi Caswell. "Smoking and vascular dysfunction in African and Caucasian people from South Africa / M.C. Zatu." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4349.

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33

Solovan-Gleason, Donna F. "Attributes of Successful Smoking Interventions For Pregnant Women Attending Public Health Clinics in The State of Ohio /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487928649989174.

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34

Sato, Susumu. "Optimal cutoff level of breath carbon monoxide for assessing smoking status in patients with asthma and COPD." Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/147529.

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35

Hingtgen, Marla. "An investigation of stress, self-efficacy, and social support as predictors of smoking status for postpartum women." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280116.

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Анотація:
The basis for the present research stems from concerns for women who smoke after they deliver their infants. This becomes especially relevant when behaviors that affect the woman's health and the health of her infant are jeopardized. Based on the tenets of Bandura's social-cognitive theory, factors associated with cigarette smoking for this population emerge. Self-efficacy theory, a major component of social-cognitive behavior, supports the contention that self-efficacy is a major component to self-regulation of one's behavior and applicable to smoking cessation for women in the postpartum per
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36

Paikertová, Sylvie. "Přináší kouření cigaret státu větší výnos, než je výše nákladů z kouření?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124954.

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Анотація:
The main goal of this thesis is to revise the view of tobacco issues and try to answer the question where ends and where begins costs and revenues from tobacco consumption from the perspective of state budget. Thesis defines own model, which try to identify some distortions from the reality, revising controversial Phillip Morris study (Little (2001)). The results of testing reveal inconsistent approach in calculating effects of smoking on the state budget, especially non-standard arrangement of revenue side of the state budget. Analysis also uncovers systematic overestimation of selected cost
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37

Carrington, Joanna. "The effects of smoking status and ventilation upon environmental tobacco smoke concentrations in UK public houses and bars." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392837.

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38

Smith, Sericea Stallings. "The public health benefits of smoking ban policies : epidemiologic analyses of mortality effects and differentials by socioeconomic status." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/8249.

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Анотація:
Background: The implementation of comprehensive smoking ban policies results in reduced population exposure to secondhand smoke, yielding health benefits such as improved respiratory function and decreased risk of cardiovascular events. However, smoking ban effects on respiratory and cerebrovascular mortality and effect differences by socioeconomic status (SES) are unknown. Methods: A literature review was conducted to understand the health benefits of smoking ban policies and to identify areas of research that needed to be addressed. Subsequently, an epidemiologic study employing an interrupt
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39

Wilkins, Phyllis Elaine. "What are the factors that predict cigarette smoking among African-American adults?" CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/970.

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Анотація:
The psychosocial and cultural predictors of cigarette smoking were examined among a sample of 175 African-American adults. Participants completed a self-report inventory containing the Beck Depression Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale, the Speilberger State-Trait Anxiety, the African-American Acculturation Scale, and questions regarding their smoking, demographics, and risk-taking tendencies.
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40

Riala, K. (Kaisa). "Adolescent predictors of adult social and psychiatric adversities:a prospective follow-up study of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2004. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514274954.

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Анотація:
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate, using a longitudinal design, the possible long-term effects of adolescent family background, school performance and substance use on educational performance, psychiatric disorders and substance use related problems during adulthood. A large, prospectively collected general population birth cohort (n = 11017), the Northern Finland 1966 Birth cohort, was used as study population. The database provided information on features of the primary family. The information on the cohort members' school performance, smoking, alcohol use and other substanc
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41

Awasthi, Manul, Ogbebor Enaholo Omoike, Timir Kumar Paul, Stanley Lee Ridner, and Hadii Mohammed Mamudu. "An association between smoking status and homocysteine levels and whether this association is modified by sex hormones and cholesterol." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/47.

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Анотація:
Background/objective: Environmental and dietary exposures alter the levels of homocysteine in the human body; little is known about the effect of smoking status on homocysteine levels. This study aimed to examine the effect of smoking status on homocysteine levels and to determine if the association is modified by estradiol and cholesterol. Methods: National representative data (n=4,580) were obtained for adults aged ≥20 years. The outcome was homocysteine and exposure was smoking status, categorized as current, former or never smoker. Current smoker defined as a person who smoked ≥100 cigaret
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42

Abdulkarim, Kayigire Xavier. "Does maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation change the oxidant-antioxidant status of the lungs of the offsprings and is tomato juice protecting the lungs of the offsprings?" Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1431_1277678988.

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Анотація:
<p><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"> <p align="left">Nicotine exposure to the fetus through tobacco smoking or nicotine replacement therapy during the whole period of gestation and lactation causes diverse effects on fetal and neonatal lung development, integrity and maturation which compromise the gas exchange function of the lungs and renders this vital organ susceptible to gradual damage and different diseases in latter life. Maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation results in gradual destruction of the lung parenchyma, and this leads to the combination of many small air sacs
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43

Owens, Troy Jean-Luc. "Assessment of Vitamin D Levels and Depression Among Adults in the United States." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/362.

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Анотація:
Vitamin D is essential to optimizing health; vitamin D deficiency (VDD) can increase risk of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and insulin resistance. VDD occurs when individuals do not receive sufficient oral intake or obtain adequate sun exposure. Previous researchers indicated there is a relationship between VDD and depression, while others have indicated there is no relationship. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vitamin D levels and depression, and how this relationship might be moderated by an individual's demographic characteristics (gender, age, smok
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44

Wynia, Katie Ann. "The Spatial Distribution of Tobacco Pipe Fragments at the Hudson's Bay Company Fort Vancouver Village Site: Smoking as a Shared and Social Practice." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1085.

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Анотація:
This thesis represents one of the first systematic, detailed spatial analyses of artifacts at the mid-19th century Hudson's Bay Company's Fort Vancouver Village site, and of clay tobacco pipe fragments in general. Historical documents emphasize the multi-cultural nature of the Village, but archaeologically there appears to be little evidence of ethnicity (Kardas 1971; Chance and Chance 1976; Thomas and Hibbs 1984:723). Following recent approaches to cultural interaction in which researchers examined the nuanced uses of material culture (Lightfoot et al 1998; Martindale 2009; Voss 2008); this s
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45

Aquino, Davi Romeiro. "Ocorrência de patógenos periodontais na cavidade bucal humana: relação com status periodontal, idade e tabagismo." Universidade de Taubaté, 2009. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=402.

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Hipótese do estudo: Esse estudo hipotetizou que o fator idade e a condição periodontal pessoal e/ou materna favorecem a ocorrência de patógenos periodontais, enquanto o tabagismo não a influencia. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação do fator idade, status periodontal e tabagismo sobre a presença de A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia e C. rectus. E, o impacto do status periodontal materno sobre a ocorrência destas mesmas espécies em recém-nascidos.Metodologia: Para responder à questão relativa à idade, na primeira fase do estudo, independente da condição periodontal fo
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46

Deffler, Rebecca Ann. "Socioeconomic factors related to visual outcomes in patients with age-related macular degeneration." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555523090849182.

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47

Sartor, Carolyn E., Angela M. Haeny, Manik Ahuja, and Kathleen K. Bucholz. "Social Class Discrimination as a predictor of first cigarette use and transition to nicotine use disorder in Black and White youth." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/8840.

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Purpose: To characterize the association of social class discrimination with the timing of first cigarette use and progression to DSM-IV nicotine dependence (ND) in Black and White youth, examining variation by race, parent vs. youth experiences of discrimination, socioeconomic status (SES), and stage of smoking. Methods: Data were drawn from 1461 youth (55.2% Black, 44.8% White; 50.2% female) and mothers in a high-risk family study of alcohol use disorder and related conditions. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted, using youth’s and mother’s social class discrimination
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48

Abbs, Katlin Jennifer. "Dysphonations in Infant Cry: A Potential Marker for Health Status." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1424199438.

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49

Emerick, Eric S. "Change in BMI and Cognition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: the Seattle Longitudinal Study." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1444137349.

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50

Ibrahim, Mariam. "Tobacco Smoke and Asthma among Adults at the National and State Levels: Do Smoke-Free Laws and Regulations Affect Smoking Rate among those with Asthma?" Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/297.

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ABSTRACT Background: Asthma is a chronic lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. This results in recurrent episodes of coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Although the causes of asthma are poorly understood, genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the development and exacerbation of the disease. Among environmental risk factors, cigarette smoke is a well-known risk factor to trigger asthma symptoms. Exposure to secondhand smoke irritates the airways and may trigger an attack in adults with asthma. Smoke-free laws and regulations in the U
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