Статті в журналах з теми "Social and environmental contract conditions"
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1
NIKOLAJCHUK, T. O., and N. I. KHUMAROVA. "CONTRACT - A TOOL FOR IMPROVING MANAGEMENT OF THE NATURAL RESERVE FUND." Economic innovations 20, no. 1(66) (March 20, 2018): 148–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2018.20.1(66).148-161.
Анотація:
Topicality. Market transformations in the country's economy caused the need to revise the labor relations institute from the economic development point of view. Particular importance was the theoretical reassessment labor relations institutional: the old labor law institutes, which corresponded to the administrative command system, must transform to new ones, that contain market needs. One of such labor relations institutes are contractual relations between the employer and the employee, which allow to personalize the labor relations as much as possible, consider the economic interest of both parties, and protect as far as possible the mutual interests and rights. Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is represented the main tendencies and realities of using an employment contract in Ukraine's companies, which is signed in the standard form. The current legislation gaps of the contract using are considered as a special employment contract form with the companies leaders and other employees categories, depending on the specifics enterprise's activity or belonging to the management sphere. The preconditions for the special legislation implementation are determined during the labor contracts conclusion with the Ukrainian's nature reserve fund enterprises heads. The personal responsibility for environmental protection legislation and violation conditions are considered. Proactive and experienced specialists are established an extensive system of allowances and one-time incentives. Research results. In this article we have reviewed the implementation preconditions during the labor contracts' conclusion with the enterprises' heads of the Ukrainian nature reserve fund. We have considered the responsibility personalization conditions for environmental legislation violations with the definition of socio-economic components. For example, the contract may also stipulate social and living conditions, such as the garden plot allocation, a car, living conditions improvement, the share sale at par value, the social pensions surcharges establishment, protection against inflation processes and so on. Also it may be envisaged an employee to move another area. Conclusions. A contract can give the chance to more people to realize their work abilities on the most favorable conditions, to build the civil society foundations and the legal capitalist state. Contract's application can detail the labor relations, the system of economic incentives and encouragement, protects the rights of both employee and employer, and also provides an opportunity to assess the mutual responsibility's degree.
2
Razmetaeva, Yulia. "Business, Human Rights and a New Social Contract in the Digital Age Abstract." Philosophy of law and general theory of law, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2707-7039.1.247482.
Анотація:
The article is devoted to the problem of concluding a new social contract in the digitalage, taking into account the its peculiarities and the complex challenges in the field of business andhuman rights. The issues of the need to renegotiate such an agreement, the composition of the partiesand its basic conditions are considered. It is emphasized that the almost uncontrolled activities andgrowing power of companies are not the only, but one of the most important reasons for revisingthe contract.The article argues that the features of the digital age that affect the reasons for the conclusionand content of a new social contract are as follows: a significant part of all activities of entities takesplace in cyberspace or has an online component; digital tools are extremely common in both publicand private life; data become key to any economic, social, political activity; the amount of data ishuge, and the speed of their spread is incredibly high; the development of societies is uneven, andit is exacerbated by the digital divide; the power of business structures is growing, including theirability to modify the behavior of users of digital tools.The main threats to the existing social contract are a significant imbalance between the rights andobligations of the parties, the ineffectiveness of instruments to control its observance, the asymmetryof power, and the formation of a regulatory framework by companies against their role in the privatesector. Attempts to include business in the treaty, leaving human rights and justice at the center,including legitimacy and the negotiation of conditions with equal participation of individuals, civilsociety, companies and governments, are considered.The reasons for the potential loss of power of the existing social contract in the digital age are given,including the examples exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The article emphasizes the need toreconcile the responsibilities of participants, as well as to take into account the consequences of the
3
Hartanto, Hartanto, Subandi Subandi, and Olga Pavlova. "Progressive view on social justice: Netizen opinions about social justice warrior." Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v5i1.5250.
Анотація:
<p>Social justice warrior (SJW) is a pejorative term for individuals who fight for equality, environment, and gender. Because their progressive morals radically differ from the predominant values, the so-called social justice warriors spark controversies. This study aimed to describe netizens’ opinions about SJW and describe the dynamics of conflict or support in more detail. Text mining and opinion coding were used to elicit research data. The opinions that we gathered were analyzed in 2 stages: sentiment analysis and content analysis. The results of sentiment analysis are negative (445), neutral (86), and positive (90). Content analysis of the negative opinions showed the characteristics of sarcastic, rude, critical, and contemptuous (mocking/disrespecting). The style of positive sentiments (comments congruent with the phenomena) is divided into supportive, empathic, and motivational opinions. Negative opinions are more dominant because of netizens’ self-acceptance, the effects of informal social control in cyberspace, SJW’s presumed social non-compliance, and doubts of objectivity. Positive opinions can be explained by criticism of social contract theory, namely the demand to be more supportive of minority groups, sensitivity, and empathy (the ability to feel other groups' social conditions and environmental conditions).</p>
4
Lesage, Colombine, Jaime Cifuentes-Espinosa, and Laurène Feintrenie. "Oil palm cultivation in the Americas: review of the social, economic and environmental conditions of its expansion." Cahiers Agricultures 30 (2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2021015.
Анотація:
In the Americas, the palm oil sector has been gaining importance in the last 20 years. Although in 2018 the region only accounted for 7.1% of global palm oil production, it is one of the largest suitable areas for oil palm cultivation. We conducted a literature review on how the sector developed and how its development influenced private and public actors in their choice among three categories of arrangements between oil palm growers and palm oil extraction units. We grouped cases reported in the literature in three categories: corporate models, contract farming, and growers’ organizations. The two latter categories emerged in response to the call for better inclusion of growers in the value chain, for local development, and for sustainable production; they now represent almost 30% of production in the region. All the parties involved are pushing for more sustainable production. National governments intend to regulate production, and private companies are engaging in certification and fair partnerships with producers of fruit bunches. However, there are still many negative impacts on the environment, on local populations, and on biodiversity. Thus, although the Americas appear to be on the way to being leaders of sustainability in the palm oil sector, challenges remain.
5
Moseiko, Viktoriya. "The problem of trust and modern Russian pension system." Moscow University Economics Bulletin, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/013001052021511.
Анотація:
The paper attempts to identify the relationship between trust viewed through private good, club good, private external effects and public good, and pension systems, presented in the form of vertical and horizontal social contracts. Guided by the typology of benefits in the analysis of trust, the author argues: trust in a horizontal pension contract develops in a network of transactions regarding the production of a pension good and is a combination of its various types. In a vertical contract, the possibilities of individuals' retirement planning and the position of private structures in the pension market are limited, that reduces the role of trust as a private and club good and strengthens the importance of trust in the form of a public good. The author shows that in a horizontal pension contract, trust is a basic prerequisite for all pension interactions. The effectiveness of a horizontal pension contract depends on the level of trust: low trust increases transaction costs and makes pension planning unviable. The author concludes that in conditions of low confidence, satisfaction of pension needs is easier to organize through a vertical type contract in which pension needs are satisfied centrally. At the same time, low trust of Russians to pension institutions is the result of a vertical pension contract.
6
Levine, Jeffrey, and John Miller. "Legal and Risk Management Considerations and Implications of Carelessly Drafted Game Contracts: Avoiding a Legal Hurricane." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 32, no. 1 (February 25, 2022): 95–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/24474.
Анотація:
Weather plays a crucial role in sport event management. Ignoring predicted weather conditions or not effectively communicating them may lead to unanticipated legal, financial, environmental, and social impacts. In 2018, the University of Akron and University of Nebraska football teams were forced to cancel their contest after severe lightning and rainstorms caused significant delays, thus creating a ripple effect that produced other potential risk management issues. This article examines the legal and risk management considerations of this situation, including the possible implications of a carelessly drafted game contract as well as potential strategies to mitigate legal exposure. The authors evaluated the potential application of contract ambiguity as well as contract impracticability and contract impossibility. To mitigate such issues from reoccurring, the authors suggest utilizing an enterprise risk management planning approach to create procedures as part of mitigating the risk of inclement weather in collegiate athletics event management.
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Awan, Usama, Andrzej Kraslawski, and Janne Huiskonen. "Governing Interfirm Relationships for Social Sustainability: The Relationship between Governance Mechanisms, Sustainable Collaboration, and Cultural Intelligence." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 4473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124473.
Анотація:
The concept of social sustainability is gaining attention within the field of supply chain relationships and international business. There are conflicting arguments regarding the effectiveness of contract governance and collaboration in an interfirm relationship. Previous studies have investigated the effect of a national culture on contract governance and opportunism. This study examines the effects of contract governance on collaboration, incorporating the moderating influence of cultural intelligence. Survey data were collected from 239 export manufacturing firms in different industries. The current authors suggest that contract governance might be more effective under conditions of a greater level of firm cultural intelligence capabilities. Cultural intelligence plays an important role in the shaping and implementation of collaboration and is the key to manage cross-culture relationship management in a supply chain. Cultural intelligence constitutes one potential way for the export industry to manage intercultural differences and profitably achieve an increase in collaboration. Collaboration with a socially responsible partner brings about improved social performance. The social dimensions of sustainability, such as fair labor practices and decent worker conditions, health and safety, no child labor, and employee empowerment must be addressed to accomplish the most sustainable growth. Managers also need to take advantage of cultural intelligence to adapt, collaborate, and share cultural knowledge.
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Issarow, Chacha M., Nicola Mulder, and Robin Wood. "Environmental and social factors impacting on epidemic and endemic tuberculosis: a modelling analysis." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 170726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170726.
Анотація:
Tuberculosis (TB) transmission results from the interaction between infective sources and susceptible individuals within enabling socio-environmental conditions. As TB is an airborne pathogen, the transmission probability is determined by the volume of air inhaled from an infected source and the concentration of Mycobacterium tuberculosis containing respirable particles (doses) per volume of air. In this study, we model the contributions of infectious dose production, prevalence of infectious cases and daily rebreathed air volume (RAV) for defining the boundary conditions necessary to sustain endemic TB transmission at the population level. Results suggest that in areas with high RAV (range 300–1000 l d −1 ), such as prisons, TB transmission is contributed by both super-spreaders (exhaling ≥10 infectious doses hr −1 ) and lower infectivity individuals (exhaling less than 10 infectious doses hr −1 ). In settings with a low quantity of RAV (less than 100 l d −1 ), TB transmission occurs only from super-spreaders. Point-source epidemics occur in low rebreathed environments when super-spreaders infect a number of susceptibles but subsequent transmission is limited by the mean infectivity of secondary cases. By contrast, endemic TB occurs in poor socio-environmental conditions where mean infectivity cases are able to maintain a sufficiently high effective contact number.
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Mazzoledi, Carla. "Dalla referenza alla relazione: analisi interlocutoria di un uso competitivo della parola scambiata." IKON, no. 53 (February 2009): 263–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ikr2006-053010.
Анотація:
- The paper begins from the consideration that the speech is a form of social action. The present study aims at showing as in all conversations is impossible to separate cognitive-representational aspects from social-relational aspects of the speech, because the relationship is very important to get into communication with people. In specific contexts, full of symbolic aspects, relational aspects are the basis of the contract communication, and represent the real ‘stake in game'. In a situation of political discussion, enlarged by the television mediation, the interaction is strategically oriented to persuasive and competitive purposed. In this study, the method of Conversations Analysis shows the most frequent strategies of the speech competitive use. In particular, the most frequent strategy consist of attacking the preparatory conditions and the sincerity conditions of speech acts accomplished by interlocutor, to attack his face and so to attack him as a person.
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Rau, Veronika, and Judith Korb. "The effect of environmental stress on ageing in a termite species with low social complexity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1823 (March 8, 2021): 20190739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0739.
Анотація:
Social insects seem to have overcome the almost universal trade-off between fecundity and longevity as queens can be highly fecund and at the same time reach lifespans of decades. By contrast, their non-reproducing workers are often short-lived. One hypothesis to explain the long lifespan of queens is that they are better protected against stress than their workers. However, evidence is controversial and experimental studies are scarce. We aimed at manipulating environmental stress and ageing by exposing colonies of the less-socially complex termite Cryptotermes secundus to temperature regimes that differed in variance. In contrast with expectation, constant temperatures imposed more stress than variable temperatures. Survival of queens and workers as well as queens' fecundity were partly reduced under constant conditions and both castes showed signs of ageing in the transcriptome signature under constant conditions. There was a clear oxidative stress defence signal under constant conditions that was, surprisingly, stronger for workers than queens. We discuss how our results relate to social complexity. We argue that workers that are totipotent to become reproductives, like in C. secundus , should invest more in ‘anti-ageing' mechanisms than sterile workers because the former can still reproduce and have not reached maturity yet. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’
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Lee, Myoung Soon, and Eun Kyoung Lee. "A study on the working condition of speech-language pathologists in Korea." Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders 7, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21849/cacd.2022.00717.
Анотація:
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the employment type of speech-language pathologists, subscription of social security insurance, workplace, working hours, salary, and types of disability of the subjects to be treated, and analyze the information on the actual working conditions to utilize it in policy proposals for speech-language pathologists, considering the changes in economic structure and employment environment and their aspects.Methods: The study was conducted through an online Google questionnaire for speech-language pathologists. The total number of participants was 1,414. The results were processed using SPSS 25.0, and descriptive statistics were performed.Results: First, private speech therapy centers (731 people, 48.1%), social welfare facilities (240 people, 15.8%), and development centers attached to the hospital (164 people, 10.8%) were in order of the type of workplace of speech-language pathologists. Second, the types of work of speech-language pathologists were professional freelance workers (608 people, 44.9%), full-time jobs (551 people, 40.7%), contract workers of fixed payment (95 people, 7.0%), and contract workers of combination with fixed payment and rate system payment (65 people, 4.8%). Third, the insurance coverage of speech-language pathologists was in the order of four major insurances (862 people, 66.2%), non-insured (284 people, 21.8%), and two major insurances (148 people, 11.4%). Fourth, the numbers of speech-language pathologists workplaces were 1 workplace (689 people, 72.2%), 2 workplaces (206 people, 21.6%), others (36 people, 3.8%), and 3 workplaces (23 people, 2.4%).Conclusions: After COVID-19, there was a change in perception of the speech-language pathologists’ employment type. The results of this study will be used to improve the treatment of speech-language pathologists, such as through policy proposals for employment stability and the expansion of high-quality workplaces.
12
Long, Jonathan W., and E. Ashley Steel. "Shifting Perspectives in Assessing Socio-Environmental Vulnerability." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 26, 2020): 2625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072625.
Анотація:
Governments and institutions across the globe are conducting vulnerability assessments and developing adaptation plans to confront rapidly changing climatic conditions. Interrelated priorities, including the conservation of biodiversity, ecological restoration, sustainable development, and social justice often underlie these efforts. We collaborated with colleagues in an effort to help guide vulnerability assessment and adaptation (VAA) generally in Southeast Asia and specifically in the watershed of the Sirindhorn International Environmental Park (SIEP) in Phetchaburi Province, Thailand. Reflecting upon our experiences and a review of recent VAA literature, we examine a series of seven questions that help to frame the socio-ecological context for VAAs. We then propose a three-dimensional framework for understanding common orientations of VAAs and how they appear to be shifting and broadening over time, particularly in the USA. For example, key leaders in the SIEP project emphasized social development and community-based approaches over more ecology-centric approaches; this orientation was consistent with other examples from SE Asia. In contrast, many efforts for US national forests have evaluated vulnerability based on projected shifts in vegetation and have promoted adaptation options based upon ecological restoration. Illustrating a third, highly integrated approach, many VAAs prepared by indigenous tribes in the USA have emphasized restoring historical ecological conditions within a broader context of promoting cultural traditions, social justice, and adaptive capacity. We conclude with lessons learned and suggestions for advancing integrated approaches.
13
Li, Ji Gang. "Adjust Energy Structure, Promoting Chinese Environmental Protection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 672-674 (October 2014): 2065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.672-674.2065.
Анотація:
With the sustained and rapid development of Chinese economy, the energy issue has become a constraining "bottleneck" in economic and social development. Therefore, optimization of energy structure is an inevitable trend. In this paper, through the contrast of China and the other countries energy structure and environmental conditions, we think Chinese adjustment of energy structure is still have large space and environment protection efforts need to be strengthened. At last we puts forward some suggestions about promoting environmental protection and reducing carbon emissions.
14
Villar, Rocio, Laura Serra, Consol Serra, and Fernando G. Benavides. "Working conditions and absence from work during pregnancy in a cohort of healthcare workers." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, no. 4 (January 23, 2019): 236–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105369.
Анотація:
ObjectivesTo assess the relationship between exposure to occupational risk factors during pregnancy and absence from work using two different social benefits.MethodThree working pregnancy trajectories (WPT) were identified in a cohort of 428 pregnant workers from a healthcare institution (period 2010–2014), based on absence days and using cluster analysis. WPT1 included absences mainly covered by sickness absence benefit (32.0% of women), WPT2 included absences covered by pregnancy occupational risk (POR) benefit (28.3%) and WPT3 were pregnant workers with few absences (39.9%). Exposure to occupational risk factors was assessed by experts and association with trajectories was analysed using logistic regression. Relative risks (RR) and their 95% CIs were adjusted for age, type of contract and shift work.ResultsWPT2 was associated with exposure to physical (RR=1.86, 95%CI 1.17 to 2.97), safety (RR=2.10, 95%CI 1.61 to 2.73), ergonomic (RR=2.52, 95%CI 1.89 to 3.36) and psychosocial (RR=1.79, 95%CI 1.31 to 2.46) factors, and with exposure level. For physicians, WPT1 was associated with safety risks (RR=3.13, 95%CI 1.22 to 7.99), WPT2 with chemical and ergonomic for administrative/technical support (RR=12.20, 95%CI 1.69 to 88.09; RR=14.09, 95%CI 1.34 to 148.61, respectively), with safety and ergonomic risks for nursing aides (RR=1.84, 95%CI 1.12 to 3.02; RR=3.94, 95% CI 2.38 to 6.53, respectively), and with physical (RR=1.72, 95%CI 1.04 to 2.86), safety (RR=2.21, 95%CI 1.62 to 3.03), ergonomic (RR=2.02, 95%CI 1.44 to 2.86) and psychosocial factors (RR=1.96, 95%CI 1.32 to 2.90) for nurses.ConclusionsAbsences from work covered by POR benefit show a consistent relationship with exposure to occupational risks. Sickness absence is the most frequent benefit used by pregnant workers. Current social benefits are apparently used adequately for protecting women from occupational exposures. Future studies are needed to clarify this further.
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Song, Zilong, Shiwei He, and Baifeng An. "Decision and Coordination in a Dual-Channel Three-Layered Green Supply Chain." Symmetry 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10110549.
Анотація:
This paper investigated, for the first time, the game and coordination of a dual-channel, three-layered, green fresh produce supply chain, with regard to its economic, social, and environmental performance. Considering that the market demand is dual-channel priced and sensitive to the degree of greenness and the freshness-level, four game models, under different scenarios have been established. These included a centralized scenario, a decentralized scenario, and two contractual scenarios. The equilibrium solutions under the four scenarios were characterized. From the perspective of a sustainable development, the economic, social, and environmental performance of the supply chain was analyzed. To enhance the supply chain performance, two contract mechanisms were designed and the conditions for a multi-win outcome were obtained. Accordingly, many propositions and management implications were provided. The results showed that, (1) compared to the centralized supply chain case, the performance of the decentralized supply chain case is inferior; (2) in addition to increasing the concentration of the supply chain decisions, the two contracts proposed can effectively coordinate the green supply chain and improve its sustainable performance; and (3) the performance of the supply chain is positively driven by the consumers’ sensitivity to greenness degree and the freshness level of fresh produce. This paper fills a research gap and helps the participants of the channel recognize the operational decision principle of a complex green supply chain, in order to achieve a higher and a long-term sustainable-development performance.
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Hopwood, Paul E., Allen J. Moore, and Nick J. Royle. "Effects of resource variation during early life and adult social environment on contest outcomes in burying beetles: a context-dependent silver spoon strategy?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1785 (June 22, 2014): 20133102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3102.
Анотація:
Good early nutritional conditions may confer a lasting fitness advantage over individuals suffering poor early conditions (a ‘silver spoon’ effect). Alternatively, if early conditions predict the likely adult environment, adaptive plastic responses might maximize individual performance when developmental and adult conditions match (environmental-matching effect). Here, we test for silver spoon and environmental-matching effects by manipulating the early nutritional environment of Nicrophorus vespilloides burying beetles. We manipulated nutrition during two specific early developmental windows: the larval environment and the post-eclosion environment. We then tested contest success in relation to variation in adult social environmental quality experienced (defined according to whether contest opponents were smaller (good environment) or larger (poor environment) than the focal individual). Variation in the larval environment influenced adult body size but not contest success per se for a given adult social environment experienced (an ‘indirect’ silver spoon effect). Variation in post-eclosion environment affected contest success dependent on the quality of the adult environment experienced (a context-dependent ‘direct’ silver spoon effect). By contrast, there was no evidence for environmental-matching. The results demonstrate the importance of social environmental context in determining how variation in nutrition in early life affects success as an adult.
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Naik, Bijaya Nanda, Sanjay Pandey, Chandra Mani Singh, Alok Ranjan, Manisha Verma, and Ebbie Thomas. "Does BCG vaccine prevent contract and severity of COVID-19 infection in India? A situational analysis." Indian Journal of Community Health 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2021.v33i02.014.
Анотація:
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has created worldwide emergency with morbidities, mortality and panic. The BCG vaccine, usually given to prevent childhood tuberculosis, surfaced as an option as suggested by some ecological observations. However, some others studies could not establish and explain the protective effects of BCG vaccination against COVID-19 pandemic. India is one country with high BCG vaccination coverage and is among the countries with lowest COVID-19 case fatality rate. Aims and Objectives: We examine the relationship between the BCG coverage and COVID-19 burden in various states/UTs of India. Materials and methods: The information on BCG coverage and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 was obtained from NFHS and www.covid19India.org respectively. Results: The analysis suggested very weak positive relationship of BCG coverage with cases and deaths due to COVID-19. Moderate positive relationship was observed between BCG coverage and COVID-19 case fatality rate even after adjusting for health system performance. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is against the role of BCG vaccination in containing the COVID-19 pandemic. The positive correlation which is not significant may be spurious and affected by many confounding factors like co-morbid conditions, testing strategies, population level immunity for other viral infections etc. Hence, the states and UTs should not be complacent by the hypothesized role of BCG vaccine in COVID-19 control. Rather, they should continue with the principles of social distancing, contact tracing, treating and surveillance of COVID-19.
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Naik, Bijaya Nanda, Sanjay Pandey, Chandra Mani Singh, Alok Ranjan, Manisha Verma, and Ebbie Thomas. "Does BCG vaccine prevent contract and severity of COVID-19 infection in India? A situational analysis." Indian Journal of Community Health 33, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2021.v33i02.014.
Анотація:
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has created worldwide emergency with morbidities, mortality and panic. The BCG vaccine, usually given to prevent childhood tuberculosis, surfaced as an option as suggested by some ecological observations. However, some others studies could not establish and explain the protective effects of BCG vaccination against COVID-19 pandemic. India is one country with high BCG vaccination coverage and is among the countries with lowest COVID-19 case fatality rate. Aims and Objectives: We examine the relationship between the BCG coverage and COVID-19 burden in various states/UTs of India. Materials and methods: The information on BCG coverage and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 was obtained from NFHS and www.covid19India.org respectively. Results: The analysis suggested very weak positive relationship of BCG coverage with cases and deaths due to COVID-19. Moderate positive relationship was observed between BCG coverage and COVID-19 case fatality rate even after adjusting for health system performance. Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is against the role of BCG vaccination in containing the COVID-19 pandemic. The positive correlation which is not significant may be spurious and affected by many confounding factors like co-morbid conditions, testing strategies, population level immunity for other viral infections etc. Hence, the states and UTs should not be complacent by the hypothesized role of BCG vaccine in COVID-19 control. Rather, they should continue with the principles of social distancing, contact tracing, treating and surveillance of COVID-19.
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Khaerah, Nur, Nursaleh Hartaman, and Miftahul Rahman. "Impact of Sustainable Development of Coastal Areas and Small Islands in Makassar." E3S Web of Conferences 277 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127701006.
Анотація:
Makassar City is a national strategic project development area, namely the construction of the Makassar New Port with the value of the Cooperation contract with Royal Boskalis of 75 million Euros. According to the government’s expectation, Makassar New Port (MNP) can increase import-export activities in eastern Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of economic, socio-cultural, and environmental or ecological aspects. The method used is descriptive qualitative and the data obtained were analyzed using Nvivo12 Plus software. The results of this study found that marine sand mining has an impact and risk of environmental damage, such as decreased environmental carrying capacity, reduced natural resources, biodiversity, and weakened ecosystem integrity. These environmental changes greatly impact the productivity of fish income for fishermen. Fishermen’s catch decreases, of course, this has something to do with changing social and economic conditions of fishermen. The phenomenon that is born is a disharmony that is very prone to causing quarrels in the household. While the economic impact, recorded a total loss of 1,043 fishermen from Kodingareng consisting of Traditional Fishing Gear, fishing rods, nets and arrows reached 80.4 billion rupiahs
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Dewi Susilawati, Ni Putu, Putu Ayu Sriasih Wesna, and I. Nyoman Alit Puspadma. "Arrangement of Agricultural Land Production Sharing Agreements in the Development of Environmentally Friendly Agrotourism." Journal Research of Social, Science, Economics, and Management 1, no. 8 (March 15, 2022): 1072–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/jrssem.v1i8.126.
Анотація:
One model of tourism development that is in line with alternative tourism is community-based tourism as a pattern that is believed to provide economic benefits and equity, environmental preservation, local culture preservation, social empowerment, community empowerment. Community-based tourism is a tourism development with a high level of local community involvement and can be accounted for from the socio-cultural and environmental aspects. So far, there are no clear rules that explicitly regulate the arrangement of profit sharing, especially in the field of agro-tourism. According to Article 1320 of the KUHPerdata, an agreement is valid if it meets the following four conditions: Agree of those who bind themselves, The ability to make an engagement, a certain thing, a lawful cause—referring to the Legal Principles of Agreement as contained in the KUHPerdata (KUHPerdata), namely Personality Principles (Article 1315 jo 1340 KUHPerdata), Consensualotas Principles (Article 1320 KUHPerdata), Freedom of Contract Principles (Article 1338 paragraph (1) KUHPerdata). In the current reformation era, the legal development strategy is directed towards responsive law characterized by the large role of judicial institutions and the broad participation of social groups or the participation of individuals in society to determine the direction of legal development, resulting in the formation of clear legislation. Furthermore, provide legal certainty in making agreements for agricultural land products related to agro-tourism with environmental insight.
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O’Brien, Daniel M., Aimee J. Silla, Patrick S. Forsythe, and Phillip G. Byrne. "Sex differences in response to environmental and social breeding cues in an amphibian." Behaviour 158, no. 5 (February 19, 2021): 397–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10072.
Анотація:
Abstract The relative influence of climatic and social factors on sex-specific variation in reproductive behaviour remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the influence of multiple climatic cues in combination with a social cue on the reproductive behaviours of males and females in a terrestrial breeding toadlet (Pseudophryne coriacea). Over a 115-day breeding season, arrival patterns of each sex, and male calling activity, were recorded daily, while climatic variables were logged continuously. Multivariate analysis showed that arrival of males at the breeding site, as well as male nightly calling activity, were most strongly influenced by a climatic variable (rainfall). By contrast, female arrival was strongly correlated with a social variable (male calling activity), with abiotic conditions having no influence, other than a moderate influence of lunar phase (lunar illumination). These results suggest that cues used for breeding are sex specific and provide new evidence that combinations of climatic and social cues can be integrated into breeding decisions.
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Groenewoud, Frank, Sjouke A. Kingma, Kat Bebbington, David S. Richardson, and Jan Komdeur. "Experimentally induced antipredator responses are mediated by social and environmental factors." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 986–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz039.
Анотація:
AbstractNest predation is a common cause of reproductive failure for many bird species, and various antipredator defense behaviors have evolved to reduce the risk of nest predation. However, trade-offs between current reproductive duties and future reproduction often limit the parent’s ability to respond to nest predation risk. Individual responses to experimentally increased nest predation risk can give insights into these trade-offs. Here, we investigate whether social and ecological factors affect individual responses to predation risk by experimentally manipulating the risk of nest predation using taxidermic mounts in the cooperative breeding Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). Our results show that dominant females, but not males, alarm called more often when they confront a nest predator model alone than when they do so with a partner, and that individuals that confront a predator together attacked more than those that did so alone. Dominant males increased their antipredator defense by spending more time nest guarding after a presentation with a nest predator, compared with a nonpredator control, but no such effect was found for females, who did not increase the time spent incubating. In contrast to incubation by females, nest guarding responses by dominant males depended on the presence of other group members and food availability. These results suggest that while female investment in incubation is always high and not dependent on social and ecological conditions, males have a lower initial investment, which allows them to respond to sudden changes in nest predation risk.
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Budanova, Elena I., and A. V. Bogomolov. "Description of the life quality of contracted servicemen." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 7 (October 28, 2019): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-7-627-632.
Анотація:
There are presented results of a comprehensive study of the life quality of representatives of three reference groups of servicemen on contract: cadets of military high schools (n = 400), contracted servicemen of the units of power ministries and departments (n = 453), common soldiers and junior commanders (n = 357). The study was executed with the aid of the public survey, the performing of both psychological and functional load tests. This work is notable for the complexation of indices which characterize socio-hygienic, psychological and medical aspects of the life quality, life values, life satisfaction, and specific features of the military profession. Results of the study, which differ from the prior investigation by inclusion of indices characterizing the specific features of military-professional activity, lifestyle and spirituality, for the first time made it possible to assess the life quality related to health, taking into account the axiological values in life and important needs of the studied population. Changes in the life quality indices of contract servicemen were shown to be more sensitive to changes in their health than the traditional clinical-laboratory and instrumental data, which allows to recommend a wide practical use of the monitoring the life quality for professional selection and medical support of the military service, including the implementation of measures on optimization of psychological climate in military units, and the personification of the complex of therapeutic-recreational measures. The results allow us to recommend to military medical commissions of military commissariats in the call of citizens for military service under contract to carry out studies of quality and lifestyle of recruits for the early detection of groups of risk for their health. The program of in-depth medical examinations of military-contract there is recommended to include research aimed at identifying adverse social and hygienic factors of service and living conditions, psychopathological personality traits, rehabilitation and psychological climate in a military collective, execution of a personalized set of therapeutic measures.
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Abdulridha, Jaafar Naser, and Ghani Ressan Gadder. "The problems of organization and legal responsibility (civil and administrative) in the field of telecommunications in Iraq." Cuestiones Políticas 38, Especial II (December 8, 2020): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46398/cuestpol.382e.29.
Анотація:
The objective of the investigation is to analyze problems of organization and legal responsibility (civil and administrative) in the field of telecommunications in Iraq. The methodological basis of research consists of dialectical approaches, as well as special methods of studying legal, comparative-legal, structural-functional phenomena. Mobile phone use has spread widely among consumers. The mobile phone revolution has transformed lifestyles and livelihood resources with their envelopes to creating new business activities and changing the way people communicate. It is concluded that the use of a mobile phone has many effects, which can be social, physical, sanitary, environmental, or legal. For the latter, we note in Iraq that there is no legal regulation of communications that adheres to the provisions of consignment service providers in their relationship with subscribers. In this way, some communications authorities took on the task of creating the legal, political and administrative conditions by issuing policies that identify, in many cases, the conditions to which the mobile service provider includes in the service contract.
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Metawala, Prachi, Kathrin Golda-Pongratz, and Clara Irazábal. "Revisiting Engels’ ‘housing question’: Work and housing conditions of immigrant platform delivery riders in Barcelona." Human Geography 14, no. 2 (May 14, 2021): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19427786211010131.
Анотація:
In his 1872 The housing question, Friedrich Engels addressed the housing problems faced by the proletarian migrant workers in major industrial centres. He asserted that they could only be solved by first resolving their harsh working conditions in the capitalist mode of mass production. Presently, with transnational migrant flows to urban centres and the mass acceptance of the digital platform economy, the housing question manifests itself, among other expressions, in the case of immigrants working in this digital contract-based market. While the platform economy provides immigrants with quick access into a host country’s labour market, the income insecurity and high risks associated with such work put them in a state of precariousness. Through the framework of Engels’ proposed action lines and analysis of observations and interviews with immigrant riders working for the food delivery platforms Glovo and Deliveroo, the paper highlights the negative impacts that this contemporary capitalist model of work, the municipal housing plan and the ongoing Covid-19 crisis have on the immigrant riders’ residential and working conditions in Barcelona, Spain, a city facing a severe rental housing shortage. Lastly, it suggests that, while the social market economy in Spain can be reformed to ameliorate the negative impacts of the platform economy on immigrant riders, bridging the gap between immigrant housing provision and employment inclusion would need to consider decent labour and housing as rights for residents, immigrants included, asserting the currency of Engels’ ideas.
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SADCHENKO, O. V. "BASIC DIRECTIONS OF EXPERIENCE ECONOMY MARKETING DEVELOPMENT IN CONDITIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." Economic innovations 22, no. 2(75) (June 20, 2020): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2020.22.2(75).101-111.
Анотація:
Topicality. Actual is the improvement of marketing technologies in the field of economics of experience in the conditions of sustainable development. Social innovations are of great importance for economic development, through the improvement of equipment and technologies, new business models to improve the quality of life of people and social infrastructure in accordance with global trends. The goal is to achieve sustainable development of society in which the satisfaction of environmental, economic and social needs is carried out in a balanced way. The current stage of development of the world economy has a tendency to transition to an information and communication society, where information is a commodity, but such a transition is possible only in conditions of sufficient provision of society with material goods. Marketing the economy of experience (impressions) is an additional human activity that relates to the market in the conditions of fierce competition and a saturated market, when its principles serve as the only possible way to ensure profitability and plus additional profitability of production, growth and development of the enterprise. Market orientation determines the main areas of economic activity and evaluates its results by the value of the final income.Thus, social innovations include new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that satisfy any social needs - from working conditions and education to the development of communities and health care, contributing to the expansion and consolidation of civil society. The concept of social innovation includes goods and services that will combine the intellectual and environmental needs of society, and this is one of the main directions of the economy of experience.An analysis of the existing experience in the field of marketing the economy of impressions gives reason to say that the problem of managing marketing experience (impressions) in promoting an environmentally balanced business and its implementation in both domestic and international markets has not been developed.Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to determine, in the context of sustainable development, the basic directions of marketing the economy of experience by substantiating the theoretical and practical foundations of the formation of the mechanism of innovative and ecological development of society.Research results. The priority area for improving the mechanism for implementing the state economic and environmental policy is the reform of the legislative and regulatory framework for environmental management. For the effective solution of economic and environmental problems, a set of certain methods, techniques, technologies for the organization and management of industrial and economic activities is required. To manage events, it is necessary to form public opinion and mood, purposefully establish communication with various groups of the public, that is, changing the existing concept of socio-economic development can change the existing order. Sustainable socio-economic development of Ukraine is largely determined by the state of the environment and the level of use of natural resource potential. The need for a balance between the economy and the environment has led to the fact that marketing experience economics began to appear and stand out in the marketing system. Sustainable development targets are a high quality of life and a level of economic development, as well as environmental stability.The current stage of development of the global economy has a tendency to transition to the information society, where information is a commodity, but such a transition is possible only in conditions of sufficient provision of society with material goods. Thus, social innovations include new strategies, concepts, ideas and organizations that satisfy any social needs - from working conditions and education to the development of communities and health care, contributing to the expansion and consolidation of civil society. The concept of social innovation includes goods and services that will combine the intellectual and environmental needs of society, and this is one of the main directions of the economy of experience.Marketing experience economics in the conditions of sustainable development, that is, marketing changes in the sphere of economic and environmental relations, could become a lever for enhancing economic development. In modern theories of social development, there is a tendency to consider social innovation as economic, environmental, political, emotional, ethical innovation. This is argued by the fact that it is these structures that are the mechanisms for implementing changes that have matured in the depths of society, and without their help they simply cannot be implemented. The economics of experience is associated with the changes, so marketing approaches will reflect all the socio-economic-environmental changes in the interests of consumers and real estimates or assortment, quality and other parameters of products and services being produced and sold.Conclusion. The basis of the strategy of the economy of impressions (in particular, when developing the strategy of the “blue ocean”) is the innovation of value - this is not a competitive advantage, but what makes competition simply unnecessary due to the company reaching a whole new level. In contrast to the classical competitive approach, in order to use the strategy of innovation of value, it is not necessary to choose between low costs and high value. This strategy allows you to simultaneously create high value at low cost. The convergence of technologies, industries, markets, products, will expand the traditional boundaries of industries. In this regard, multidimensional studies of marketing systems that are part of integrated socio-ecological-economic systems, combined by information flows, are necessary. In the process of formation of market structures of the economics of experience, the task is to combine the interests of the economy, society and improve the natural environment. Reducing pollution and preserving natural resources becomes beneficial for the economy of impressions (experience, skill). The globalization of the world economy, facilitating the economic interaction between states, stimulates the growth of the economy of impressions, accelerates and increases the scale of the exchange of advanced achievements of mankind in the economic, scientific, technical and intellectual sphere, which, of course, contributes to the general progress of mankind.
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Fennimore, Anne. "Natural born opportunists." Management Decision 55, no. 8 (September 18, 2017): 1629–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-11-2016-0786.
Анотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to adapt research conducted on subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians to conceptualise false agents in transaction cost economics (TCE). Both opportunism and information asymmetry provide a means to manipulate contractual relationships, pursuing existing loopholes for self-interest, while uncertainty and small-numbers bargaining allow false agents to exploit existing agreements during periods of rapid change, growth, and development. Considering differences in contract length preference may inform our understanding of subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians. Contextually, the rise of “quasi-governmental” hybrid organisations may produce an ideal prospect for “natural born” opportunists to reap self-interested benefits through contractual loopholes. Design/methodology/approach This theoretical paper addresses social norms and blind trust in contractual relationships. In turn, blind trust may provide clues about the environmental conditions that facilitate manipulation by subclinical psychopaths and Machiavellians during negotiations of contract term length. Findings Williamson’s (1975) TCE framework provides a novel approach to subclinical psychopathic and Machiavellian behaviour by agents. Assumptions about behavioural norms may differ between the contracting party and the agent, leading to positive behavioural expectations of trust such as confidence, reciprocity, and history. The length of the contractual relationship may distinguish subclinical psychopaths from Machiavellians. The subclinical psychopath is more likely to behave opportunistically in short-term contracts, while Machiavellians more likely amass goodwill to behave opportunistically in long-term contracts. The role of uncertainty, small-numbers bargaining, information asymmetry, and opportunism is particularly relevant in quasi-governmental organisations when agents are “natural born” opportunists. Originality/value This theoretical paper adds to discussion of TCE related problems in organisations. “Natural born” opportunistic agents are more likely to take advantage of principals who extend trust as a goodwill gesture in a contractual relationship. Trust often represents a mental shortcut, based on “gut” reactions to save time, especially in dynamic environments. Hybrid organisations represent one such environment, in which contracting of goods and services renders comprehensive monitoring impracticable. Yet, scholarship adheres to legal mechanisms as safeguards against opportunism without acknowledging social norms that guide blind trust. Finally, contrasting motives between principals and false agents creates an inherent relationship asymmetry.
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Shaw, Bethan, Michelle Fountain, and Herman Wijnen. "Control of Daily Locomotor Activity Patterns in Drosophila suzukii by the Circadian Clock, Light, Temperature and Social Interactions." Journal of Biological Rhythms 34, no. 5 (August 22, 2019): 463–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748730419869085.
Анотація:
Understanding behavioral rhythms in a pest species can contribute to improving the efficacy of control methods targeting that pest. However, in some species, the behavioral patterns recorded in artificial conditions contrast greatly with observed wild-type behavioral rhythms. In this study, we identify the determinants of daily activity rhythms of the soft and stone fruit pest Drosophila suzukii. The impact of gender, space, social housing, temperature, light, fly morph, and the circadian clock on D. suzukii locomotor rhythms was investigated. Assays were performed under artificial laboratory conditions or more natural semifield conditions to identify how these factors affected daily locomotor behavior. Daily locomotor activity patterns collected under semifield conditions varied very little between the various sex and social condition combinations. However, in lab-based assays, individual and group-housed males often exhibited divergent activity patterns, with more prominent hyperactivity at light/dark transitions. In contrast, hyperactivity responses were suppressed under lab protocols mimicking summer conditions for groups of females and mixed-sex groups. Moreover, when environmental cues were removed, flies held in groups displayed stronger rhythmicity than individual flies. Thus, social interactions can reinforce circadian behavior and resist hyperactivity responses in D. suzukii. Fly morph appeared to have little impact on behavioral pattern, with winter and summer morph flies displaying similar activity profiles under April semifield and laboratory mimic environmental conditions. In conclusion, separate and combined effects of light, temperature, circadian clock function, and social interactions were apparent in the daily activity profiles of D. suzukii. When groups of female or mixed-sex flies were used, implementation of matching photoperiods and realistic daily temperature gradients in the lab was sufficient to re-create behavioral patterns observed in summer semifield settings. The ability to leverage lab assays to predict D. suzukii field behavior promises to be a valuable asset in improving control measures for this pest.
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Hernández, Irayetzin. "The Teacher as a Social Transformer." Gewalt – Praktiken, Funktionen, kommunikative Werte, Motivationen 44, no. 4 (June 2021): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.30820/0171-3434-2021-2-92.
Анотація:
Educational institutions play an essential role in the expansion of culture and students’ professionalization. Educational institutions are terrains where students and teachers read the world together, and the knowledge on which they concentrate their efforts can convey dreams, utopias, and social fights. A contrast is made between examples taken from education in Germany, Mexico, and reflections from a student movement in Hungary. A teacher can be a social agent who, through his or her pedagogical practice and help of the classroom dynamics, moves students to transform their realities by making an ethical-political commitment to the societies to which they belong. This practice should or can be ascribed to teachers in conditions of poverty, repression, and violence such as the rural teachers. It can also be practiced by those who, by their craft, seek to give meaning to life collectively as a form of emancipation, resistance, and love to face the adversities of our times.
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Pilny, Andrew, and C. Joseph Huber. "An Egocentric Network Contact Tracing Experiment: Testing Different Procedures to Elicit Contacts and Places." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041466.
Анотація:
Contact tracing is one of the oldest social network health interventions used to reduce the diffusion of various infectious diseases. However, some infectious diseases like COVID-19 amass at such a great scope that traditional methods of conducting contact tracing (e.g., face-to-face interviews) remain difficult to implement, pointing to the need to develop reliable and valid survey approaches. The purpose of this research is to test the effectiveness of three different egocentric survey methods for extracting contact tracing data: (1) a baseline approach, (2) a retrieval cue approach, and (3) a context-based approach. A sample of 397 college students were randomized into one condition each. They were prompted to anonymously provide contacts and populated places visited from the past four days depending on what condition they were given. After controlling for various demographic, social identity, psychological, and physiological variables, participants in the context-based condition were significantly more likely to recall more contacts (medium effect size) and places (large effect size) than the other two conditions. Theoretically, the research supports suggestions by field theory that assume network recall can be significantly improved by activating relevant activity foci. Practically, the research contributes to the development of innovative social network data collection methods for contract tracing survey instruments.
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de Diego-Cordero, Rocío, Manuel Romero-Saldaña, Ana Jigato-Calero, Bárbara Badanta, Giancarlo Lucchetti, and Juan Vega-Escaño. "“Looking for Better (Job) Opportunities”: A Qualitative Analysis of the Occupational Health of Immigrants in Southern Spain." Workplace Health & Safety 69, no. 5 (January 29, 2021): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079920988005.
Анотація:
Background: Spain hosts the fourth largest number of immigrants in Europe, resulting in a large proportion of migrant workers. To date, few studies have examined the working conditions of immigrants in Southern Spain who are known to be at risk for adverse working conditions. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of work and working conditions of immigrants living in southern Spain and to understand how these factors may affect their health. Methods: A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted throughout 2019 and included 93 immigrants. Transcription, literal reading, and theoretical categorization were performed and a narrative content analysis was carried out. Results: Three themes emerged on working conditions of this study population, including social and labor-related characteristics, working conditions, and occupational health issues. Four employment sectors were most commonly occupied by these immigrants, including caregiving and food service for women and agriculture and construction for men. Most immigrants were from Latin America, unemployed or working part-time jobs, and not hired under an employment contract. Most worked in low-qualified jobs, and were exposed to occupational hazards such as falls from heights, manual handling of materials, and psychological strain. The lack of training on occupational risk prevention and labor rights was related to a low identification of work situations having a negative impact on the health of immigrants. Conclusions/Application to Practice: These findings should be taken into account by the government and public health managers to provide better assistance to immigrant workers in Europe.
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Sama, Linda M. "Interactive Effects of External Environmental Conditions and Internal Firm Characteristics on MNEs’ Choice of Strategy in the Development of a Code of Conduct." Business Ethics Quarterly 16, no. 2 (April 2006): 137–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200616218.
Анотація:
Effects of globalization have amplified the magnitude and frequency of corporate abuses, particularly in developing economies where weak or absent rules undermine social norms and principles. Improving multinational enterprises’ (MNEs) ethical conduct is a factor of both the ability of firms to change behaviors in the direction of the moral good, and their willingness to do so. Constraints and enablers of a firm’s ability to act ethically emanate from the external environment, including the industry environment of which the firm is a resident, and the host country environment in which it operates. A firm’s willingness to engage in ethical conduct is determined by the effective bundling of internal resources and the commitment of those resources to social ends. The interaction of external and internal conditions carves out categories of expected firm behaviors and suggests interventions that would push these behaviors in a more positive ethical direction. With reference to integrative social contracts theory (ISCT), these categories of firms are examined, and a conceptual model for analysis is developed to explain the drivers of corporate choices in the adoption and implementation of codes of conduct, and the relative power of relevant communities to the process.
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Thomai, Gjergj. "Territorial Planning Policy for Sustainable Development." International Journal of Business & Technology 1, no. 1 (October 2012): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2012.1.1.05.
Анотація:
Urban planning in Albania, has been promoted in various forms of organization. Ultimately Territorial Planning Law represents another form of policies on the territory that is closely linked to the decentralization of control of the territory. Up to now, four developments has been particularly important: * European approach, which gave an increase in economic and social cohesion policy; * Decentralization in the early 2000s, which has made local governments full participants in the process of territorial planning; * The emergence of the notion of sustainable development; * Initiation of international economic relations after the nineties. Territorial planning policy for sustainable development requires meeting the challenges posed by changing economic, social and cultural development, to achieve a balance of population, industry, culture, etc., between the provinces of the country, such as: a) define the principles and directions for a balanced and sustainable development of territory with European standards; b) the establishment of the territorial conditions for regional development; c) the direction of the establishment and development of national public infrastructure; d) creation of conditions for the preservation of ecosystems, biodiversity, natural resources on and under the earth and the natural and cultural wealth, balancing the effects of housing systems and economic activities and the protection of green spaces development of other areas of cultivable; etc. The objectives of these policies are: Convergence; Regional Competitiveness and Employment; European territorial cooperation and contractual approach as an effective means of implementation of projects that include various levels of government, "an area, a strategy, a contract". They will focus on priorities: local competition and attractiveness; environmental dimension of sustainable development; social and territorial cohesion; sustainable development.
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Kalkanci, Basak, and Erica L. Plambeck. "Managing Supplier Social and Environmental Impacts with Voluntary Versus Mandatory Disclosure to Investors." Management Science 66, no. 8 (August 2020): 3311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3382.
Анотація:
A buying firm might in the future incur costs associated with a supplier’s carbon dioxide emissions, safety violations, or other social or environmental impacts. Learning about a supplier’s impacts requires costly effort, but it is necessary (and sometimes sufficient) to reduce those impacts. The capital market valuation of a buying firm reflects investors’ estimate of future costs associated with a supplier’s impacts, as well as any costs that the buying firm incurs in order to learn about and reduce a supplier’s impacts. This paper analyzes a game theoretic model in which a manager—with the objective of maximizing the capital market valuation of the buying firm—decides whether to learn about a supplier’s impacts, how much cost to incur to reduce the supplier’s impacts, and whether to disclose the supplier’s impacts to investors. The investors have rational expectations (e.g., that a manager might withhold bad news about the supplier’s impacts) and value the buying firm accordingly. The paper considers a mandate to disclose information learned about a supplier’s impacts. The paper shows that the disclosure mandate deters learning and thus, under plausible conditions, results in higher expected impacts. The disclosure mandate can result in lower expected impacts only if buying firms face moderately high future costs associated with suppliers’ impacts. In contrast, a disclosure mandate always increases a buying firm’s expected discounted profit and capital market valuation. A disclosure mandate can induce cooperation among buying firms with a shared supplier, yet result in higher expected impacts by the supplier. When a buying firm has alternative suppliers, the disclosure mandate favors commitment to a supplier to facilitate learning about that supplier’s impacts (instead of searching for a lower-impact supplier). This paper was accepted by Serguei Netessine, operations management.
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Di Gennaro, Francesco, Rossana Lattanzio, Carmine Falanga, Silvia Negri, Roberta Papagni, Roberta Novara, Gianfranco Giorgio Panico, et al. "Low-Wage Agricultural Migrant Workers in Apulian Ghettos, Italy: General Health Conditions Assessment and HIV Screening." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 6, no. 4 (October 15, 2021): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed6040184.
Анотація:
Background: Approximately 500,000 migrants work in the agricultural sector in Italy. Many of them live in shantytowns, wrongly called “ghettos”, far away from city centers, with no water, proper hygienic conditions or health services. The aim of this study is to assess general health conditions and HIV prevalence by giving hygienic and sanitary sustenance. Methods: Between June 2019 and February 2020, we performed a screening campaign for HIV–diabetes–hypertension, involving migrants living in three Apulian establishments: ghetto Pista, “Sankara House” and “Arena House”. Results: Overall, 321 migrants were enrolled in the study. In the medical screening, one HIV test resulted positive. Hypertension was found in 12% of the migrants visited, diabetes in 2% and TB symptoms in 17%. Among others symptoms explored, muscle and joint pain/fatigue resulted in being the most frequent, and was reported by 34% of the migrants, followed by cough (10%). Significant predictors of muscle and joint pain/fatigue were: low BMI values (OR = 1.32; 95% CI 1.19–1.99), the absence of education (OR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.02–2.95), being employed with a regular contract (OR = 2.64; 95% CI 2.39–2.83) and living in the ghettos since >12 months (OR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.24–2.21). Conclusions: Our experience suggests that, in this population, the health condition is mainly linked to the specific working activities in the agricultural fields, as well as to the hygienic and living conditions, and that all of this is due to the lack of social protection in their life and job.
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Konakay, Gönül, and Faik Çelik. "The personality types and psychological contract interaction to corporate reflectionKişilik kuramları ve psikolojik sözleşme etkileşiminin işletmelere yansıması." Journal of Human Sciences 15, no. 2 (April 10, 2018): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v15i2.5306.
Анотація:
Psychological contract try to bring light to the bottom of why their behavior and reactions. Those who are employed if examined in this different way can clarify expectations and it can be beneficial to social cohesion as to employment, productivity, trade. Human nature contains diverse and opposing forces. These are our racial heritage, the environmental conditions and the personal world over which one builds on them. These occurrences enter into each other over time and interact with the purposes of the operator.Karen Horney while the pathology of certain characters and character types, alienation, self-realization, true self, is extremely different interpretations of the concepts of traditional psychology ideal image and self-hatred. Karen Horney's path the use of energy and ideas to self-realization of man's and is passion to be perfect imposed that is ilness in our age, the disease is important for businesses. What should want the business running? Always and everywhere, "Is that perfect? Business and human relations are dealt again.This study examines the relationship between psychological contracts and personality types, and investigates the importance and weight of Karen Horney's personality analysis. It is aimed to solve the relation network methodologically.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetPsikolojik sözleşme çalışanların tavır, davranış ve tepkilerindeki dip nedenlere aydınlık getirmeye çalışmaktadır. İstihdam edilenlere bu farklı yaklaşım beklentileri netleştirebilecek ve de istihdama, verime, dış ticarete, toplumsal bütünlüğe fayda sağlayabilecektir. İnsan doğası çeşitli ve birbirine zıt güçleri ihtiva etmektedir. Bunlar ırsi mirasımız, çevresel koşullar ve zaman içinde kişinin bunların üstüne kendisinin oluşturduğu kişisel dünyadır. Bu oluşumlar zaman içinde birbiri ile içiçe girmekte ve işletmenin amaçlarıyla etkileşmektedir.Karen Horney’in insanın içsel enerjisinin kendini gerçekleştirme yolunda kullanılması konusunda ve çağımızda dayatılan mükemmel olma tutkusunu hastalık olarak görme fikirleri işletmeler için önemlidir. İşletmeler çalışanlarından ne istemelidir? Her zaman ve her yerde “mükemmel olmayı mı? İşletme ve insan ilişkisi yeniden ele alınmaktadır.Bu çalışma psikolojik sözleşme ile kişilik tipleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemekte, Karen Horneyin kişilik tahlilinin önemi ve ağırlığını araştırmaktadır. Metodolojik olarak ilişki ağını çözmek amaçlanmıştır.
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Hariyanti, Fitri, Almasdi Syahza, Zulkarnain, and Nofrizal. "Sustainability of the Palm Oil Industry: An Empirical Study of the Development of Sustainable Oil Palm in Bengkalis Regency, Indonesia." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170110.
Анотація:
Bengkalis' economy has continued to contract since 2012. This is due to its very high dependence on oil and gas. It is necessary to develop other sectors that have high potential, such as oil palm plantations and the CPO processing industry which are in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Taking into account the complexities and problems that are quite complicated in the processing of the CPO industry, it is necessary to conduct research to determine the sustainability status of the CPO industry, identify factors that have high sensitivity/influence, and formulate the best scenario for its development. The analytical method used in this study is the Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) technique through the Rapid Appraisal Technique (RAP) approach with a multidimensional approach (economic, social, environmental, technological, and institutional). The research was conducted in Bengkalis Regency with respondents being managers of CPO processing industry companies with instruments in the form of questionnaires and structured through in-depth interviews. The data used is primary data. The results showed that the CPO processing industry was classified as sustainable with an index of 59.76. Dimensions included in the less sustainable category are environmental and technological dimensions. This shows that the CPO processing industry has not paid attention to environmental conditions and has not maximized technology to achieve its goals. With an optimistic scenario, the results show an increase in status to be very sustainable with an index of 78.78.
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Zettler, Ingo, and Benjamin E. Hilbig. "Honesty–Humility and a Person–Situation Interaction at Work." European Journal of Personality 24, no. 7 (November 2010): 569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.757.
Анотація:
Person–situation interactions have attracted researchers’ attention for decades. Likewise, the current work focuses on the interaction of honesty–humility and situational conditions in bringing about counterproductive work behaviour (CWB). As such, we introduce perceptions of organizational politics as a situational construct representing an opportunity for CWB. In a sample of N = 148 employees we found that particularly individuals low in honesty–humility were affected by situational circumstances. By contrast, those high in honesty–humility reported practically the same (lower) amount of CWB independent of the level of perceptions of organizational politics. In other words, employees low in honesty–humility were especially likely to condition their behaviour on environmental factors, a result that mirrors previous findings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Xie, Kefan, Shufan Zhu, and Ping Gui. "A Game-Theoretic Approach for CSR Emergency Medical Supply Chain during COVID-19 Crisis." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031315.
Анотація:
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused high fluctuations in the demand for medical supplies. Therefore, emergency medical supplies enterprises have faced challenges in decision making and need to consider more corporate social responsibility (CSR) in production. At the same time, the government needs to take considerable measures to support emergency medical supplies enterprises. As such, our paper researches the decision and coordination problems for emergency medical supply chain considering CSR with the government, manufacturer, and retailer. The manufacturer produces emergency medical supplies. It has additional production technological innovation efforts to improve supply efficiency and assume CSR. The retailer faces uncertain demands and is responsible for undertaking CSR to meet the demands. The government must implement a certain degree of subsidies to ease the impact of the pandemic on emergency medical supply chain enterprises. Meanwhile, our paper further explores the obligations of the economy, society, and efficiency of enterprises under the COVID-19 pandemic and the decision making of enterprises for the implementation of CSR. Based on the principle of maximizing social welfare, we discuss decentralized decision making (without government and with government) and centralized decision making, respectively. On this basis, our paper not only designs a wholesale price–cost sharing joint contract coordination mechanism but also proves that a joint contract can achieve supply chain coordination under certain conditions. Through the analysis, we observe: (1) Government subsidies can improve the enthusiasm of supply chain members to undertake CSR; (2) With the improvement of the retailer’s CSR level, the profits of supply chain members and overall performance have improved to a certain degree; (3) To improve supply efficiency and assume social responsibility, the manufacturer implements technological innovation investment. However, it will impose some burden on the manufacturer. Government subsidies allow the manufacturer to balance between social responsibility and its profit.
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Nasreen, Shagufta, and Nasreen Aslam Shah. "Economic Globalization And Women’s Employment: Study Of Industrial Sector Of Karachi." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 5, no. 1 (December 8, 2011): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v5i1.392.
Анотація:
Globalization is a term which has different meanings for different people and the reason is its multidimensional connection with economic, political, social, cultural, environmental and many other aspects shaping the lives of people around the world. Although it has vast meaning but one of its important aspects is economic this has appeared to be the major factor of influence for its other dimensions as well. This study explores the impacts of these policies on women working in industrial sector of Karachi. The impacts are not on employment but their health, safety, working conditions and decision making. It shows that formal jobs for women was already low and informal, contract based jobs are increasing. In some sectors more women are hired because of their perceived docile, tolerant and satisfied with substandard wages. Majority of women are hired in garments. Analysis of secondary data from the year 1990-2009 shows that the perceived idea of growth, increase in employment and development was not successful. Economic globalization in the form of economic policies of trade liberalization, privatization and fiscal austerity could not improve the macroeconomic indicators of Pakistan thereby increasing burden on poor, salaried class and women.
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Allen, Alexis M., Todd Green, Michael K. Brady, and John Peloza. "Can corporate social responsibility deter consumer dysfunctional behavior?" Journal of Consumer Marketing 37, no. 7 (July 22, 2020): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-11-2019-3503.
Анотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how and when a reputation for corporate social responsibility (CSR) can deter dysfunctional consumer behaviors (DCBs) such as shoplifting or negative word-of-mouth (WOM) in response to firm failures. The authors predict that congruency of the CSR activities and the basis for the firm failure (e.g. environmental protection, environmental harm) provides protection for firms while incongruency (e.g. environmental protection, social harm) does not. The authors base this prediction on the process of retroactive attribution and sense-making. Design/methodology/approach Across two studies the research finds support that a reputation for CSR can deter consumer dysfunctional behavior. Study 1 uses an experimental design with a Mturk sample, and a behavioral outcome using an overpayment situation, to examine when consumers will act honestly and recognize overpayment. Study 2 uses secondary data, across three novel data sources (Google trends data, an existing data set of consumer perceptions of CSR and Factiva to uncover press coverage of negative firm events). Study 2 examines how CSR reputation impacts consumers’ participation in negative WOM in response to firm failures. Findings Study 1 finds support for CSR congruency as a protection mechanism against dysfunctional behavior in response to negative events. The authors find that dysfunctional behaviors in conditions of congruency, while incongruent and a control condition do not provide such protections. Study 2 supports these findings using Google trends data in the form of online negative WOM. The authors find that when firms are known for their social performance, negative events in the social domain result in significantly lower levels of negative WOM. Originality/value The current paper makes the novel prediction that consumers will use a current negative event (corporate social irresponsibility) to re-evaluate previous CSR. Thus, in contrast with prior research, the authors argue that a negative event is not affected by previous CSR but that previous CSR is affected by a negative event. Furthermore, the authors posit that the congruency between the transgression and previous CSR moderates consumer perceptions, such that incongruent CSR and transgression contexts lead to increased DCBs through consumers’ retroactive sense-making process.
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А.В., Череп, та Каткова Н.В. "ХЕДЖУВАННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНИХ РИЗИКІВ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ: МІЖНАРОДНА ПРАКТИКА". Economics and Management, № 86(2) (22 травня 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36919/2312-7812.2.2020.30.
Анотація:
The article discusses hedging tools and insurance of environmental risks used in international practice. It was noted that so-called environmental derivatives are used as financial instruments for hedging environmental risks. Environmental derivatives are financial instruments that can be used by organizations or individuals to reduce the risk of adverse and unforeseen weather conditions or environmental catastrophes (in particular, weather derivatives, carbon credits and greenhouse gases emissions quotas, as well as futures and options for them, exchange trade funds based on ESG indicators, including environmental, social and management strategies). The main types of weather and carbon derivatives, as well as ways to trade them are considered. Thus, weather derivatives are usually based on an index that measures a certain weather aspect: cooling degree days, heating degree days, snowfall, snow depth, wind speed or chill level. Weather options and futures for trading (call) and put (put) are traded on exchanges, and on the over-thecounter markets (OTC) weather derivatives take various forms - from swaps to forward contracts. Carbon financial instruments include such as tradable pollution permits and credits, green trade, carbon derivatives, natural securities, carbon investment funds. The following carbon assets are traded on the EU spot carbon market: EU quotas, EU aviation quotas, certified emission reductionunits, emission reduction units. There are primary and secondary markets for carbon assets, as well as a market for derivatives — futures and options for quotas. Index exchange traded funds (ETFs), which are formed on the basis of ESG indicators (environmental, social and management strategies), are also considered as a tool for hedging environmental risks. Environmental, social and management strategies are increasingly popular in the indexing and ETF industries as investors seek to apply social values to investment portfolios.
43
Cafazzo, Simona, Sarah Marshall-Pescini, Martina Lazzaroni, Zsófia Virányi, and Friederike Range. "The effect of domestication on post-conflict management: wolves reconcile while dogs avoid each other." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 7 (July 2018): 171553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171553.
Анотація:
Highly cooperative social species are expected to engage in frequent reconciliation following conflicts in order to maintain pack cohesiveness and preserve future cooperation. By contrast, in social species with low reliance on cooperation, reconciliation is expected to be less frequent. Here, we investigate the pattern of reconciliation in four captive wolf packs and four captive dog packs. We provide evidence for reconciliation in captive wolves, which are highly dependent on cooperation between pack members, while domestic dogs, which rely on conspecific cooperation less than wolves, avoided interacting with their partners after conflicts. Occurrence, intensity, latency, duration and initiation of wolf reconciliations appeared to vary as a consequence of a compromise between the costs (e.g. risk of further aggression) and the benefits (e.g. restoring relationship with opponents) of such interactions. Our results are in line with previous findings on various wolf packs living under different social and ecological conditions, suggesting that reconciliation is an important strategy for maintaining functional relationships and pack cohesiveness. However, current results on dogs are in contrast to the only other study showing that reconciliation can occur also in this species. Therefore, the occurrence of reconciliation in dogs may be influenced by social and environmental conditions more than in wolves. Which factors promote and modulate reconciliation in dogs needs to be further investigated.
44
Schram, Jolinda L. D., Suzan J. W. Robroek, Patricia Ots, Sandra Brouwer, Alex Burdorf, Sander K. R. van Zon, and Karen M. Oude Hengel. "Influence of changing working conditions on exit from paid employment among workers with a chronic disease." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 77, no. 9 (May 21, 2020): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-106383.
Анотація:
ObjectivesTo investigate the relation between changes in working conditions and exit from paid employment among workers with a chronic disease.MethodsSix waves from the longitudinal Study on Transitions in Employment, Ability and Motivation (2010–2016), enriched with tax-based employment information from Statistics Netherlands (2011–2017), were available for 4820 chronically ill workers aged 45–63 years (mean 55.3 years, SD 5.1). A change in working conditions (physical workload, psychological job demands, job autonomy, emotional job demands and social support) was defined as an increase or decrease between two consecutive waves of at least one SD. Discrete-time survival models with repeated measurements were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of a change in working conditions on exiting paid employment in the following year compared with no change and consecutive favourable working conditions.ResultsA favourable change in physical workload lowered the risk to exit paid employment (RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.94). An adverse change in psychosocial working conditions, especially a decrease in social support (RR 2.07, 95% CI 1.52 to 2.81), increased the likelihood to exit paid employment. In contrast, a favourable change in psychological job demands increased the risk to exit paid employment (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.24). Multiple adverse changes increased the risk to exit paid employment up to six times (RR 6.06, 95% CI 2.83 to 12.98).ConclusionsChanges in working conditions among workers with chronic diseases influence exit from paid employment. Ensuring that working conditions can be adapted to the needs of workers with a chronic disease may help to extend working life.
45
Tuttle, Alexander H., Shannon Tansley, Kimberly Dossett, Sarasa Tohyama, Arkady Khoutorsky, Sioui Maldonado-Bouchard, Liane Stein, et al. "Social propinquity in rodents as measured by tube cooccupancy differs between inbred and outbred genotypes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 21 (May 8, 2017): 5515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1703477114.
Анотація:
Existing assays of social interaction are suboptimal, and none measures propinquity, the tendency of rodents to maintain close physical proximity. These assays are ubiquitously performed using inbred mouse strains and mutations placed on inbred genetic backgrounds. We developed the automatable tube cooccupancy test (TCOT) based on propinquity, the tendency of freely mobile rodents to maintain close physical proximity, and assessed TCOT behavior on a variety of genotypes and social and environmental conditions. In outbred mice and rats, familiarity determined willingness to cooccupy the tube, with siblings and/or cagemates of both sexes exhibiting higher cooccupancy behavior than strangers. Subsequent testing using multiple genotypes revealed that inbred strain siblings do not cooccupy at higher rates than strangers, in marked contrast to both outbred and rederived wild mice. Mutant mouse strains with “autistic-like” phenotypes (Fmr1−/y and Eif4e Ser209Ala) displayed significantly decreased cooccupancy.
46
Dang, Van Thac, and Wilson V. T. Dang. "Multi-criteria decision-making in the evaluation of environmental quality of OECD countries." International Journal of Ethics and Systems 36, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoes-06-2019-0101.
Анотація:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use multi-criteria decision-making methods to assess environmental quality of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Design/methodology/approach Weights of criteria are determined by means of entropy weight method. VIKOR method is used to rank different OECD countries based on their environmental quality. Findings The results show the best and the worst environmental quality of different OECD countries. The top five countries of environmental quality are Spain, Israel, Belgium, Japan and the USA. These countries have the best quality of environment. By contrast, the worst five countries of environmental quality are Iceland, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and Chile. Originality/value The findings have implications regarding environmental quality. The results suggest that governments should engage in policy-making that improves their environmental quality. Specifically, those having poor quality of environment should protect the environment and reduce the negative impact on environment. For example, reduce emission of CO2 to lessen the impact of climate change, improve the quality of air and water, reduce waste generation, increase biodiversity and enhance forest resources. Improvement of environmental quality will improve our social and economic life as well as health conditions.
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Standring, Adam, and Matthew Donoghue. "Moral crisis/moral critique?" Soundings 80, no. 80 (May 1, 2022): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/soun.80.04.2022.
Анотація:
The crisis of neoliberal capitalism and liberal democracy has a genesis stretching back a decade or longer. Why is it that, until now, socialists and those on the left have struggled to articulate a coherent counter-hegemonic discourse? We argue that at least part of this failing comes from an ambivalence about making the moral argument for socialist transformation. Both a moral critique of the existing order and the articulation of socialist future grounded in a distinct moral order are necessary components of transformative change: they are able to fix substantive policy initiatives - whether a green new deal, universal basic income or the nationalisation of essential services - within a broader vision of how society and the state should function, and on whose behalf. Morals are important in the functioning of any socio-economic order - communicating meaning, providing rationale and generating expectations regarding the practices of ourselves and others. They construct and stabilise contingent social orders and hierarchies. The current social contract is characterised by increased individualisation, responsibilisation and the moral imperative towards competition and consumption. Morals are what allow people to tolerate current conditions. But as contemporary capitalism becomes increasingly uninhabitable, a moral critique - that is the ability to both unpick what stabilises the current conjuncture and offer an alternative - becomes all the more urgent. We look at a number of initiatives and movements, most but not all lodged in the anti-austerity protests of the past decade, for examples of such political strategies. In such movements we see how material criticisms of capitalism are grounded in concrete struggles for justice and emancipation but framed in a counter-hegemonic moral framework that explicitly challenges the status quo.
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Barrios-Ramos, Iris, Alejandro Espinoza-Tenorio, María Azahara Mesa-Jurado, Cristian Tovilla-Hernández, and Manuel Mendoza-Carranza. "Percepción social de la salinización del agua para uso doméstico en Puerto Madero, Chiapas, México." Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 21, no. 1 (June 23, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2021.01.01.
Анотація:
The salinization of drinking water in the coastal zone is a growing concern for water security. Our objective was to know the perception of water salinization for domestic use through semistructured interviews in Puerto Madero, Mexico, a border community with high levels of migration, and then to contrast it with quantitative salinity data. The population of this coastal locality depends substantially on artisan wells without government monitoring. Although no wells were classified as saline, results show that artisan wells that present extreme values of dissolved-solid concentration have impact in human health conditions.
49
Moisіeіenko, L. "Society in the realities of the pandemic: challenges and scenarios for further development of countries in the post-quarantine period." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 1(49) (June 8, 2021): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2021.1(49).232812.
Анотація:
The article presents an analysis of the unprecedented humanitarian crisis that arose as a result of COVID-19, and affected such important areas for society as health care, economics and labor relations. The purpose of the article was to analyze the challenges facing the world community through COVID-19, to describe the scenarios for further development of society in the post-quarantine period and to identify ways to solve the problems caused by the pandemic. The author did not set the task to outline a real program of action and change. These key issues are the subject of constant discussion. States still have the opportunity to rethink the social contract, placing environmental sustainability, justice and humanitarian solidarity at the heart of the post-quarantine reconstruction and renewal program. It is shown that the humanitarian crisis has been complicated by the instability of the economic situation, growing inequality and instability, both domestically and internationally, which threatens to increase social protests and dismantle the usual ways. It has been shown that policies aimed at denationalizing the economy, supporting large capital, reducing budget spending on social programs, and establishing the dominance of transnational corporations have failed to respond adequately to the challenges of the pandemic, and have exposed large-scale problems a single person. The problems that arose as a result of COVID-19 and affected international institutions were analyzed; were caused by vulnerability and unpreparedness for a health pandemic; have led to growing socio-economic inequality both within countries and internationally; exacerbated food security issues for developing countries; gender issues, labor relations issues, etc. It is shown that the principles of neoliberalism, on which the developed countries of Europe and America have been based for the last 70 years, were questioned, which actualized the search for models, scenarios and ways of further development of individual states and the world community as a whole. The article presents scenarios for further development of states in the post-quarantine period. These scenarios range from the preservation of the principles of neo-liberalism to the spread of left-wing models of social development. In addition, the article identifies conditions that can help countries embark on the trajectory of an optimistic scenario.
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Šikić, Marko. "Održiva javna nabava." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci 38, no. 1 (2017): 419–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30925/zpfsr.38.1.15.
Анотація:
Sustainable public procurement, although a relatively old legal concept, began to take shape signifi cantly in the last 20 years. Large purchasing power of the state and the importance of public procurement procedures for each market necessarily led to the awareness and use of public procurement to achieve the secondary, social and environmental objectives. As such, sustainable public procurement certainly has more advantages than disadvantages. Indirect use of public procurement as a tool in achieving better environmental protection and greater inclusion of socially disadvantaged groups in society must be supported. However, the achievement of those goals must always be secondary, because the main objective of public procurement must be the procurement of the best goods, services or works with the least possible cost to the state budget. Sustainable public procurement has a growing importance in the EU legal order, and thus consequently increasing importance in the legal order of the Republic of Croatia. Beginning with the 2004 EU regulatory framework elements of sustainable procurement are included in the legal systems of all member states, while these elements are signifi cantly more present in the 2014 EU regulatory framework. Certain sustainable elements are signifi cantly expanded, while adding some new. The biggest changes are present in the technical specifi cations, criteria for selection of offers, conditions for performance of the contract, in the new institute of life cycle costing as well as environmental labels. The biggest problem is the fact that the implementation of sustainable elements in public procurement procedures is still voluntary and there is no way to force the implementation of these elements. However, I still think that the signifi cantly expanded elements of sustainable procurement in the 2014 EU regulatory framework willl certainly have a signifi cant impact on the achievement of the objective of 50% green public procurement by 2020. The new provisions in conjunction with the planned promotional activities and education of employees can have a signifi cant impact on raising awareness of the importance of sustainable public procurement. However, the fact that part of sustainable procurement relating to the achievement of social goals is not similarly recognized as important in Croatia is dissapointing.