Дисертації з теми "Sociological theorists"

The study of crimes is important to sociology and criminology, but it can be a frustrating experience for students many of whom find theory not only difficult to begin with but further complicated by the lack of agreement among scholars in the field. Today there are many sociological theories and their researches deserve attention and critique. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33495

A história das teorias criminológicas foi marcada pela constante dicotomia natureza x cultura, oscilando o pêndulo ora para o lado da natureza, como foi o caso do positivismo, ora para o lado da cultura, como são as teorias sociológicas. Recentemente, no entanto, as ciências naturais vêm se deparando com o rápido desenvolvimento de algumas disciplinas, como as neurociências, a genética comportamental e a psicologia evolucionista, que podem eventualmente trazer novas luzes para a compreensão do fenômeno delitivo, pois procuram superar a dicotomia, abordando o ser humano não apenas como uma unidade biológica separada de sua dimensão social, mas buscam uma visão integradora. Assim, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar as eventuais contribuições de um desses novos saberes: a psicologia evolucionista. Para isso foi necessário fazer um estudo breve das diversas teorias criminológicas de cunho etiológico, uma sucinta apresentação dos pontos fundamentais da psicologia evolucionista e, finalmente, os contributos que os teóricos evolucionistas vêm realizando para a compreensão do fenômeno criminal. Diante das limitações inerentes ao trabalho e considerando a variedade dos assuntos, cuja apresentação ficaria muito extensa, serão escolhidos alguns tópicos em que se analisarão, de forma sucinta, algumas perspectivas dos teóricos evolucionistas acerca de temas relevantes para o estudo da criminalidade. Ao final do trabalho, concluiu-se que a psicologia evolucionista pode oferecer um novo olhar sobre a criminalidade, complementando as demais teorias já desenvolvidas.
The history of the criminology theories has been marked by the constant dichotomy into nature and culture as a pendulum oscillating either between nature , as seen in positivism, or culture as seen in sociological theories. Recently, however, the natural sciences sees a quickly development in some disciplines, as the neurosciences, behavior genetics and evolutionary psychology, that can eventually bring new lights to the comprehension of the criminal phenomenon. They intend not only to surpass the dichotomy, understanding the human being as a biological unit separate from its social dimension, but seeks for an integrated perception. So, the present work aims to analyze the eventual contribution of a new acquaintance, the evolutionary psychology. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to make a brief study of the etiological criminological theories, to display a brief presentation of the fundamental points of the evolutionary psychology and finally to present the contribution that the evolutionary theorists are carrying through for the understanding of the criminal phenomenon. Despite the inherent limitation of the work and considering the variety of subjects we will concentrate on the ones that present relevant contribution from the above mentioned theorists concerning pertinent new perspectives upon crime. It was concluded that the evolutionist psychology can offer a new look upon criminality, complementing such theories already developed.

This study is a sociological exploration of the difficulties of pursuing lesbian and gay agendas within democratic polities. Feminists have engaged with democratic theory and practice in an attempt to understand why gender inequalities have been resistant to democratic remedies. Yet, despite the connections between feminist and gay politics and theory, there has been no significant lesbian and gay intervention in this debate. This research is an attempt to address this omission, through a consideration of the implications of sociological theories of sexuality for lesbian and gay political identities and strategies. I engage in a critique of explanations of sexuality which range from Freud through interactionism to Foucault and Queer theory, arguing that these perspectives do not thoroughly challenge the naturalist ontology on which political identities and strategies are based. I argue that a structurally contextualised interactionist perspective on the formation of the sexual self allows us a better sociological understanding of the relationship between historically specific processes of identity formation and the stability of sexual identity exhibited by most individuals and used as the legitimisation for lesbian and gay identity politics. Specifically, I argue that we need to theorise naturalist understandings of sexuality as core and stable perceptions of sexual subjectivity which are necessary to rationalisations of past experience and future actions. This understanding can form the basis of a more effective politics which comprehensively displaces naturalist ideas about sexuality because the provision of alternative, sociological discourses of the sexual self broadens the legitimate arena of sexual politics from the current focus on rights allotted to `natural' individuals to the ways in which individuality is constructed through social processes and thus sexual inequalities are socially produced and sustained. In conclusion, I acknowledge that translating sociological perspectives into practical political identities and strategies is a difficult task. However, I explore the methods of group representation which are currently being discussed within radical democratic and feminist theory as one way of generating further debate on pragmatic and yet socially transformative strategies for lesbian and gay politics.

The aim of the study is to investigate the characteristics and correlates of Anglican religiosity in the Dioceses of Sydney and Newcastle and to present the findings as an historical and sociological study. The historical overview shows that the Anglican Dioceses of Sydney and Newcastle developed with two different streams of churchmanship predominant:

This dissertation aims to analyze the background and the train of thought of Manoel Bomfim about the formation of the Brazilian nation. Thus, this study has three analyses perspectives: a) the family and author‟s life path b) his academic formation and constitution as intellectual and c) the reflection about the work “A América Latina: males da origem”. The family origin gains importance as the author comes from a social group with no strain. Besides the status, the academic qualification in Medicine had great influence in the use of a “biologizing” language, with several medical metaphors. A constant association between “biological” and “social” phenomena. The academic background allowed him to have some social contacts that has introduced him to be part of some Brazilian “intellectual groups” at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In these groups, Bomfim took part in the discussions that occurred during that period, hugely featured on racial issues. Regarding these issues, the author stood being very critical, disagreeing with racial assumptions, such as “bleaching”. Thereby, he assumed a different attitude from most of his intellectual peers and the institutions which they represented. In short, in the review of Bomfim‟s first work, we find his basic ideas which he will develop on his later works. And one of them is that the “evils” of the Latin Americans nations are linked to the inherited issues of the “parasitic” European colonization. Such inheritance, in addition to promoting the spoliation of these colonized societies, produced “conservative” nations. It means that, societies who reproduced by “inheritance” the “habits” of the colonizers. From these questionings about Latin America‟s socioeconomic conditions as the result from its “origin” and “ethinicity”, Bomfim proposed another conception of nation and nationality by questioning the scientific speeches from that time.
Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a trajetória e o pensamento de Manoel Bomfim sobre a formação da nação brasileira. Assim, esse estudo conduzir-se-á através de três perspectivas de análise: a) a trajetória da família e do autor, b) a formação acadêmica e constituição enquanto intelectual e c) a reflexão sobre a obra “A América Latina: males de origem”. A origem familiar ganha importância à medida que o autor vem de um grupo social sem estirpe, que se constituiu um “grupo social novo” em ascensão. Além do status, a formação médica influencia fortemente no uso de uma linguagem “biologizante”, com diversas metáforas médicas. Uma constante associação entre fenômenos “biológicos” e “sociais”. A formação escolar lhe permitiu os contatos sociais que o inseriram nos “meios intelectuais” brasileiros da transição do século XIX para o XX. Nesses circuitos, Bomfim participou dos debates correntes no período, muito caracterizados pelas discussões sobre questões raciais. Sobre elas, posicionou-se o autor de maneira bastante crítica, discordando de premissas raciais como, por exemplo, o “branqueamento”. Com isso, assumiu uma postura diversa da maioria dos seus pares intelectuais e das respectivas instituições as que eles representavam. Enfim, na análise da obra de estreia de Manoel Bomfim, encontraremos suas ideias básicas que ele desenvolverá nos seus trabalhos posteriores. Entre elas, a de que os “males” das nações latino-americanas estão ligados a questões da herança da colonização europeia “parasitária”. Tal herança, além de promover a espoliação dessas sociedades colonizadas, produziram nações “conservantistas”. Quer dizer, sociedades que reproduziram por “herança” os “vícios” dos colonizadores. A partir desses questionamentos sobre as condições socioeconômicas da América Latina enquanto resultado do seu “meio” e “raça”, Bomfim propôs outra concepção de nacionalidade e nação ao questionar os discursos científicos da época.
São Cristóvão, SE

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Com o objetivo de observar comportamentos linguísticos e também sociais no âmbito da prática profissional da tradução (direção português ↔ inglês), principalmente no que concerne ao uso de brasileirismos; e, a fim de fornecer subsídios para o ensino e a aprendizagem dessas condutas, com base no uso de corpora e no emprego do conceito de habitus na formação de tradutores, realizamos duas Pesquisas subdivididas em três etapas, as quais se integram e se complementam nesta Tese de Doutoramento. Na parte 1 de nossa investigação, associamos bases epistemológicas, apoiando-nos na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2005, 2007), e adotando o arcabouço dos Estudos Descritivos da Tradução (EVEN-ZOHAR, 1978; TOURY, 1978, 1995), dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004) e, em parte, da Terminologia (BARROS, 2004; FAULSTICH, 2004). Procuramos vincular noções sociológicas (SIMEONI, 1998; GOUANVIC, 1995, 1999, 2002, 2005; SELA-SHEFFY, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2005a, 2005b; INGHILLERI, 2003, 2005a, 2005b) e pedagógicas voltadas ao habitus (BOURDIEU, 1980, 1982; PERRENOUD, 2000, 2001; TARDIF, 2002) às discussões sobre competências (DIAZ FOUCES, 1999; HURTADO ALBIR, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2005) e sobre a utilização de corpora com tradutores aprendizes (ALVES, MAGALHÃES, PAGANO, 2000, 2005; TAGNIN, ALVES, 2010; ALVES, 2003; ALVES, MAGALHÃES, 2004; FROMM, 2008, 2009; BERBER SARDINHA, 2010; CAMARGO, 2011a, 2011b; LAVIOSA, 1995, 2008, 2009; ZANETTIN, BERNARDINI, STEWART, 2003). Em um segundo momento, procedemos a compilação de um corpus paralelo composto pela obra Maíra (1978), de autoria de Darcy Ribeiro; e pela respectiva tradução, realizada por Goodland e Colchie (1985). Também nos valemos dos glossários bilíngues de Antropologia da Civilização (2012), produzidos com base em duas obras ensaísticas do mesmo autor, de modo a cruzarmos os dados e observarmos as opções tradutórias, as quais, acreditamos, podem representar um conjunto de habilidades passível de ser ordenado em atividades a serem adotadas em sala de aula. Metodologicamente, o programa WordSmith Tools proporcionou-nos os recursos para o levantamento dos termos e para a análise dos aspectos sociais e terminológicos presentes na formulação de uma proposta de experienciação de alguns comportamentos profissionais do tradutor. Desse modo, tomamos por hipótese que a observação reflexiva sobre a tradução de brasileirismos, por meio da Linguística de Corpus, permite-nos fomentar uma Pedagogia da Tradução pautada na instrução do habitus tradutório. Quanto aos procedimentos de Goodland e Colchie, os resultados obtidos mostraram que os tradutores utilizaram: a) empréstimos da Língua Fonte para Língua Meta; b) normalização; c) traduções literais; d) omissões, entre outros traços. Podemos citar, como exemplos de empréstimos usados nos textos traduzidos, alguns termos como: “capanga”, “mameluco” e “paçoca”. Os resultados apontaram ainda para a intensa variação na tradução dos brasileirismos, fator que pode permitir ao estudante notar distinções de significado entre termos, principalmente no que diz respeito ao universo da sociedade brasileira, como, por exemplo, em: “miçangas”: beads/ glass beads/beads ornaments/ little beads/ crystal beads. Por fim, na parte 3 de nossa Tese, convertemos os dados e as teorizações em um exercício e aplicamos entre os matriculados em um curso de Bacharelado em Letras com Habilitação em Tradução de uma Universidade Pública do Estado de São Paulo. Procuramos fornecer-lhes um amplo cabedal de estratégias, a partir de glossários, listas de palavras de maior frequência e chavicidade, gráficos e tabelas, os quais comporiam os alicerces de suas competências. Também desenvolvemos um trabalho em que os estudantes puderam verificar suas próprias escolhas para brasileirismos nos textos darcynianos e conceber os principais aspectos relacionados à formulação de um habitus coparticipado e internalizado, discutindo suas diferentes interpretações. Por fim, esperamos que essa configuração possa promover a assimilação de saberes que são vislumbrados por meio de asserções de um suporte teórico e metodológico direcionado a procedimentos tradutórios profissionais baseados em corpora.
The main purpose of this Thesis is to investigate the linguistic and also social behaviors within (Portuguese ↔ English) professional practice in Translation area, particularly related to the usage of Brazilianisms; and, to provide subsidies for teaching and learning these conducts, based on the use of corpora and on the appliance of the concept of habitus in translators’ education. Therefore, we proceeded two Studies, divided in three steps, which are integrated and which complete themselves in this Dissertation. The first part of our investigation associated epistemological foundations, considering Camargo’s interdisciplinary proposal (2005,2007) and adopting the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (EVEN-ZOHAR, 1978; TOURY, 1978, 1995), of Corpus-Based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000), of Corpus Linguistics (BERBER SARDINHA, 2004) and, in part, of Terminology (BARROS, 2004; FAULSTICH, 2004). It also promoted a link among sociological (SIMEONI, 1998; GOUANVIC, 1995, 1999, 2002, 2005, SELA-SHEFFY, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2005a, 2005b; INGHILLERI, 2005a, 2005b) and pedagogical ideas related to habitus (BOURDIEU 1980, 1982; PERRENOUD, 2000, 2001; TARDIF, 2002), discussions about competences (DIAZ FOUCES, 1999; HURTADO ALBIR, 1993, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2005) and corpora for training translators (ALVES, MAGALHÃES, PAGANO, 2000, 2005; TAGNIN, ALVES, 2010; ALVES, 2003; ALVES, MAGALHAES, 2004; FROMM, 2008, 2009; BERBER SARDINHA, 2004, 2010; CAMARGO, 2011a, 2011b; LAVIOSA, 1995, 2008, 2009; ZANETTIN, BERNARDINI, STEWART, 2003). During the second part of this study, we compiled a parallel corpus composed by Darcy Ribeiro’s novel, Maíra (1978), and by its respective translation, performed by Goodland and Colchie (1985). We also used two Social Anthropology of Civilization bilingual glossaries (2012) based on essayistic works written by the same author, so as to compare data and to observe translational options, which possibly represent a set of skills that can be ordered in activities to be adopted in classroom. Methodologically, the program WordSmith Tools provided the resources for collecting terms and for observing sociocultural and terminological aspects which are present in our proposal of experiencing professional behaviors. Therefore, we considered as hypothesis that the reflexive analysis about translational practices related to Brazilianisms, using Corpus Linguistics as technique, allow the development of a Translation Pedagogy proposition based on learning translational habitus. Concerning Goodland and Colchie’s performances, results showed that the translators used: a) loans from Source Language into Target Language; b) normalization; c) literal translations; d) omissions, among other features. As examples of loans, we can mention some terms as “capanga”, “mameluco” and “paçoca”. The results also pointed to the strong variation in the translation of the Brazilianisms, condition that may concede the students of Translation to notice distinctions in meaning among anthropological terms, especially in relation to the universe of Brazilian society, such as in: “miçangas”:beads/ glass beads/beads ornaments/ little beads/ crystal beads. In the third part, we organized the data and theories in an exercise structured for students registered in a Bachelor degree in Letters with professional qualification for Translation in a São Paulo State public university. We offered an extensive assortment of strategies to the students, through glossaries, lists of frequency and keyness, graphics and squares that would compound the foundations of their competences. We also develop a translational work in which the trainees could verify their own choices for Brazilianisms in Ribeiro’s texts as well as understand the main aspects related to the creation of a shared and internalized habitus, discussing different interpretations. We hope this configuration may promote the assimilation of knowledges which are noticed through the statements of a theoretical and methodological support directed to professional procedures based on corpora for Translation.
FAPESP: 2013-10882-0

Ricerca sperimentale sulla valutazione della performance nei servizi pubblici. Il lavoro è articolato in due parti: nella prima, dopo una ricognizione internazionale della letteratura e delle principali esperienze della misurazione, gestione e valutazione della performance, viene costruito e argomentato un framework sperimentale per la valutazione della performance dei network pubblici. La seconda sezione presenta uno studio di caso sperimentale per validare il framework. Lo studio di caso ha in oggetto il policy network per la gestione del PTDAR dei pazienti con lesione midollare. Viene considerato come network il territorio regionale e unità di analisi è collocata a livello micro in un unità dipartimentale: Unità Spinale Unipolare. Il framework risulta consistente e promettente per la valutazione dei policy network per le cure integrate.
Experimental case study design for the performance evaluation of health care public services. The thesis is broken down into two main parts: the first part deals with the performance framework construction wherein the international theoretical literature and experiences realized are retrieved and discussed. The second part deliveries an experimental case study design to validate the framework proposed. The case studies focuses on the integrated care pathway for persons whit spinal cord injury/dysfunction. The policy network sets out the Regional policy making and the unity of analysis is a Spinal Unit specialized centre. The framework proved to be consistent and adapted for evaluating policy network for integrated care.

Esta investigación se enmarca en el Objetivo 4 de la agenda internacional para el Desarrollo Sostenible 2030: Garantizar una educación inclusiva, equitativa y de calidad y promover oportunidades de aprendizaje durante toda la vida para todos (ONU, 2020). Las metas y esfuerzos globales que subyacen a este objetivo otorgan especial atención a la inclusión educativa de las mujeres ya que son ellas quienes continúan afrontando mayores barreras de participación y desarrollo derivadas de las múltiples condiciones de desigualdades que persisten. Ante este panorama, la comunidad científica internacional ha identificado Actuación Educativa de Éxito (AEE) (Flecha, 2015) que contribuyen a la inclusión social desde la educación. Una de estas AEE son las Tertulias Matemáticas Dialógicas (TMD) (Díez-Palomar, 2017) que consisten en la construcción colectiva de significados en torno a la lectura dialógica de una obra clásica en el campo de las matemáticas. Esta investigación se enfoca en la forma en cómo las TMD contribuyen en la inclusión educativa y empoderamiento para el uso crítico de las matemáticas de las mujeres adultas que no están escolarizadas y que no cuentan con titulación académica. Siguiendo el enfoque de la Metodología Comunicativa de investigación, se desarrollaron técnicas de recogida de información de corte cualitativo para el estudio de dos casos: uno en la Ciudad de México y otro en Barcelona. En ambas TMD participaban mujeres de distintas edades y procedentes de contextos diversos. Los hallazgos dan cuenta del impacto positivo de las TMD en dos dimensiones del aprendizaje de las matemáticas: actitudinal e instrumental. El funcionamiento de las TMD basado en el aprendizaje dialógico y la participación igualitaria de las mujeres, incidió en la superación de actitudes y concepciones negativas en torno a las matemáticas. Las interacciones establecidas en las TMD permitieron que las participantes transformaran el auto concepto de sí mismas sobre el aprendizaje, resignificaran el valor de las matemáticas en sus vidas y se empoderaran en el uso crítico de esta ciencia en su vida cotidiana. Así mismo, se manifestaron mejoras en competencias matemáticas de interpretación, formulación, uso de lenguaje matemático, representación y visualización matemática y reflexión y acción crítica en la resolución de problemas. Finalmente, la investigación también logra constatar un efecto en la motivación de las participantes por reincorporarse a la vida académica y promover el aprendizaje de las matemáticas en sus entonos inmediatos. Estos hallazgos pretenden motivar investigaciones más amplias e impulsar el interés científicos sobre las actuaciones educativas de enfoque comunitario que permiten la inclusión de las mujeres adultas que, por razones diversas, se encuentran excluidas de la educación y sin oportunidades valiosas de aprendizaje a lo largo de sus vidas.
This research is framed on Objective 4 of the international agenda for Sustainable Development 2030: Guarantee inclusive, equitable and quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all (UN, 2020). The global goals and efforts that underlie this objective pay special attention to the educational inclusion of women since they still face greater barriers to participation and development derived from the multiple and persistent inequalities. The international scientific community has identified Successful Educational Action (SEA´s) (Flecha, 2015) that contribute to social inclusion from education. One of these is Dialogic Mathematics Gatherings (DMG) (Díez-Palomar, 2017) that consist of collective meaning constructions around the dialogical reading of a classic work in the field of mathematics. This research focuses on how DMGs contribute to the educational inclusion and empowerment for critical use of mathematics by non-academic women. Following the Communicative Research Methodology approach, qualitative information collection techniques were developed for the study of two cases: one in Mexico City and the other in Barcelona. In both cases women from different ages and contexts were involved. Findings account for the positive impact of DMG on two mathematics learning dimensions: attitudes and skills. The functioning of the DMG based on dialogic learning and equal participation of women, influenced the overcoming of negative attitudes and misconceptions about mathematics. The interactions established allowed the participants to transform their self-concept of learning and create a new meaning about the value of mathematics in their lives. Likewise, improvements were manifested in mathematical skills and competencies as wells as: interpretation, formulation, use of mathematical language, representation and mathematical visualization, and reflection and critical action in solving problems. Finally, the research also shows an effect on the motivation of the participants to rejoin the academic life and promote the learning of mathematics in their context. These findings are intended to motivate broader research and boost scientific interest in community-based educational actions that allow the inclusion of adult women who are excluded from education and without valuable learning opportunities throughout their lives.

Bien que n'ayant ni les mêmes résultats ni les mêmes traditions en matière de protection sociale, la France, l'Espagne et les Pays-Bas ont tous mis en œuvre des réformes d'" activation " de leurs politiques sociales dans les années 2000. Ces réformes ont-elles été guidées par des objectifs et des attendus comparables ? " L'activation " a-t-elle eu des effets similaires sur les systèmes de protection sociale ? S'ils sont similaires, les changements communs peuvent-ils être imputés à des facteurs communs ? La thèse traite ces trois questions principales en adoptant une approche théorique et méthodologique attentive aux facteurs sociaux et cognitifs du changement en matière de politiques sociales. En croisant l'étude des dispositifs publics et des textes officiels avec des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés dans quatre pays et à plusieurs niveaux de gouvernement (n=71), l'analyse comparée des réformes sociales " actives " permet de tirer deux conclusions principales : les cadres cognitifs, les instruments et les objectifs des politiques sociales tendent à se rapprocher sous l'effet des réformes d'" activation " menées dans les années 2000 en France en Espagne et aux Pays-Bas, et cette convergence a été favorisée par des mécanismes communautaires mis en œuvre dans le cadre de la Stratégie Européenne pour l'Emploi.

La Espiral del silencio es una de las teorías más influyentes en el ámbito de la comunicación. Formulada en el año 1974 por la socióloga alemana Noelle-Neumann como respuesta a la fluctuación de la opinión pública, ha sido estudiada desde numerosas disciplinas como la comunicación política, la sociología, o la psicología social. En síntesis, la teoría predice el comportamiento de aquellos individuos que se perciben como minoría, quienes por miedo a quedar aislados socialmente, silencian sus verdaderas opiniones en la esfera pública. Sin embargo, la investigación empírica no ha obtenido resultados que permitan su validación definitiva como herramienta de estudio. La presente tesis doctoral pretende dar respuesta al por qué de ese estado inconcluso de la investigación aplicada. Mediante un análisis de las investigaciones empíricas sobre la teoría publicadas en revistas académicas indexadas en inglés entre el año 1990 y el 2010, se exponen las principales áreas problemáticas, procedentes tanto de la propia formulación de la teoría como de la manera en que ésta ha sido investigada, así como se enuncian diferentes nuevas vías de investigación potenciales para subsanar las incoherencias o carencias detectadas.
The Spiral of silence is one of the most research-inspiring and influential theories in the field of communication. Developed in 1974 by the German sociologist Noelle-Neumann as a response to the fluctuations of public opinion, the theory has been researched in many academic fields as political communication, sociology or social psychology. In synthesis, the theory predicts the behavior of those individuals who perceive themselves as a minority, and consequently avoid expressing their own opinion in the public sphere in order not to be the object of social isolation. However, the empirical research of the theory has not obtained the data needed to consider it as a concluding tool of social study. The present dissertation thesis wants to answer the reasons of this inconclusive state of the Spiral of silence by analyzing the empirical English written and published peer-reviewed studies done about the theory during the 1990-2010 period. We expose the main problematic areas originating from the way the empirical research has been conducted as well as the ones caused by the theory itself. We will introduce new potential research lines as a proposal to improve the incoherence and inconsistency detected around Noelle-Neumann’s theory.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The main objective of the present research is to reflect on the affinities between post-colonial theories - analytical perspectives directed toward the discussion of colonialism and its effects on the contemporary social fabric - and Brazilian educator, Paulo Freire‟s (1921-1997) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, written at the end of the 1960‟s. The study aims to make the argument that the present reflections on the featured work is an example of a post-colonial theoretical framework, delineating a critical modus operandi of colonialism, particularly in its cultural and epistemic dimensions, delineating a problematization of the processes of cognitive domination set, above all, by the European colonization of the Latin American continent, with the formation of the modern-world-system (WALLERSTEIN, 2007), dated from the 16TH Century forward. From this stand point, and especially supported by the contributions of Boaventura de Sousa Santos on the sociology of absence, the present work accentuates Pedagogy of the Oppressed as a set of reflections that bring the possibility of a pedagogy of absence (SANTOS, 1996), having in mind that, this book deals with, the presuppositions of an educational action, which considers the plurality of knowledge and social practices by way of the establishment of a pedagogical practice of collective construction, emancipator and dialogic that arises from the encounter to the indolent reason (SANTOS, 2009) in which the silencing of the voices of the oppressed, construct their conditions of invisibility, promoting also the absence of the social questions inherent to the processes of teaching and learning. It is with this perspective, however, that post colonialism is considered a theoretical site for the affirmation and the reinvention of the Pedagogy of the Oppressed, an obligatory reference in the construction of a prudent knowledge for a decent life (SANTOS, 2006)
A disserta??o em pauta possui como objetivo principal a reflex?o acerca das afinidades entre as teorias p?s-coloniais - perspectivas anal?ticas voltadas para a discuss?o em torno do colonialismo e de seus efeitos na tecitura social contempor?nea - e a Pedagogia do Oprimido - livro escrito pelo educador brasileiro Paulo Freire (1921-1997) durante os anos finais da d?cada de 1960. Argumentamos que as reflex?es presentes na obra em destaque, a exemplo do arcabou?o te?rico p?s-colonial, delineiam uma cr?tica ao modus operandi do colonialismo, particularmente em sua dimens?o cultural e epist?mica, delineando uma problematiza??o sobre os processos de domina??o cognitiva instaurados, sobretudo, a partir da coloniza??o europeia no continente latino-americano, quando da forma??o do sistema-mundo-moderno (WALLERSTEIN, 2007), datada do S?culo XVI em diante. Partindo-se deste princ?pio, e amparado especialmente nas contribui??es de Boaventura de Sousa Santos sobre a sociologia das aus?ncias, o presente estudo acentua a Pedagogia do Oprimido como um conjunto de reflex?es que trazem a possibilidade de uma pedagogia das aus?ncias (SANTOS, 1996), tendo em vista que, neste livro, evidenciam-se os pressupostos de uma a??o educacional que considera a pluralidade de saberes e de pr?ticas sociais por meio do estabelecimento de uma pr?tica pedag?gica de constru??o coletiva, emancipat?ria e dialogal que vai de encontro ? raz?o indolente (SANTOS, 2009). Esta raz?o, ao silenciar as vozes dos oprimidos, constr?i suas condi??es de invisibilidade, promovendo tamb?m a aus?ncia de quest?es sociais inerentes aos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem. ? no interior desta perspectiva, portanto, que se considera o p?s-colonialismo como um lugar te?rico para a afirma??o e a reinven??o da Pedagogia do Oprimido, referencial imprescind?vel ? constru??o de um conhecimento prudente para uma vida decente (SANTOS, 2006)

Cette thèse doctorale a pour toile de fond la relation paradoxale entre les droits de la personne et la punition qui s’établie quand différents mouvements, dans le cadre de la lutte pour l’égalité, la reconnaissance et une plus grande justice sociale mobilisent la sémantique des droits de la personne pour revendiquer l’intervention punitive de l’État. En proposant des modèles punitifs rigides afin de garantir et de concrétiser les droits, les secteurs progressistes de la société finissent par consolider, par des voies transversales, la logique de la peine, rendant difficile, voire impossible, l’apparition d’innovations « humanistes » dans le système de droit criminel. La recherche se développe au moyen d’une étude de cas complexe qui implique les stratégies de contrôle de la violence contre la conjointe et ses conséquences sur le fonctionnement des commissariats pour les femmes au Brésil après la loi n. 11.340/2006 connue sous le nom de « lei Maria da Penha ». Cette législation a été soutenue par des segments représentatifs du mouvement féministe au Brésil en écho aux recommandations internationales des droits de de la personne et a interdit ,dans les cas de violence contre la conjointe, l’utilisation de mécanismes de déjudiciarisation, employés comme alternatives aux processus criminels conventionnels et qui était déjà en cours que se soit dans les tribunaux criminels que dans les commissariats pour femmes. La présente étude examine l’option et les justificatifs pour l’utilisation prépondérante de stratégies punitives dans la défense des droits de la personne des femmes et plus spécifiquement, les problèmes relatifs à l’action pénale ; à l’obligation de punir et à la difficulté rencontrée par le système de droit criminel à permettre que les innovations humanistes soient couronnées de succès, en rendant problématique la question de la reconnaissance d’autonomie et du désir des femmes. La réflexion théorique aborde, entre autres choses, les obstacles que la « lei Maria da Penha » représente pour le développement innovateur de structures opérationnelles dans le système de droit criminel et discute les anciens et les nouveaux problèmes créés dans ce qui se réfère à un contrôle effectif de la violence contre la conjointe.
This doctorial thesis has as its background the paradoxical relationship between human rights and punishment, that is established when different groups, in the struggle for social justice, equality and recognition, begin to mobilize the semantics of human rights, to claim more punitive laws. As relentless punitive models are proposed to ensure and fulfill civil rights, progressive sectors of our society end up, collaterally, reinforcing punishment, hindering and even precluding the occurrence of 'humanistic' innovations in the criminal law system. The research develops through a complex case study, involving the strategies to control domestic violence against women and its consequences on the functioning of the Women Police Station in Brazil after the enactment of Law nº 11.340/2006, known as the "Maria da Penha Law". This legislation was supported by representative segments of the feminist movement in Brazil and it is in accord with international human rights standards and recommendations. The enactment of the law prohibited the use of petrial diversion in cases of domestic violence against women, which could be applied as an alternative to the conventional criminal prosecution. The reffered study investigates the option for the predominant use of punitive strategies on women’s human rights and its justifications, but more specifically: (I) the problems generated by non drop policies and mandatory arrest; (II) the moral obligation to punish; (III) the struggle that the criminal law system faces to allow humanistic innovations to be successful; (IV) the matter of women’s autonomy and desire. The theoretical reflection addresses, among other themes, the obstacles that the “Maria da Penha Law” represents for the innovative development of operating structures in the criminal law system and discusses the old and new problems created in the search to an effective control of domestic violence against women.
Esta tese doutoral tem como pano de fundo a paradoxal relação entre direitos humanos e punição que se estabelece quando diferentes movimentos, no marco da luta por maior justiça social, igualdade e reconhecimento passam a mobilizar a semântica dos direitos humanos para reivindicar a intervenção punitiva do Estado. Ao propor rígidos modelos punitivos para garantir e concretizar direitos, setores progressistas da sociedade acabam reforçando, por via transversa, a lógica da pena, dificultando e mesmo impedindo a ocorrência de inovações ‘humanistas’ no sistema de direito criminal. A pesquisa se desenvolve por meio de um estudo de caso complexo que envolve as estratégias de controle da violência doméstica contra as mulheres e suas conseqüências sobre o funcionamento das Delegacias da Mulher no Brasil após a aprovação da Lei n º 11.340/2006, conhecida pelo nome de " Lei Maria da Penha". Esta legislação foi apoiada por segmentos representativos do movimento feminista no Brasil em consonância com as recomendações internacionais de direitos humanos e proibiu, nos casos de violência doméstica contra as mulheres, a utlização de mecanismos de dejudicialização, compreendidos como alternativos ao processo criminal convencional e que já estavam em curso tanto nos Juizados Especiais Criminais como nas Delegacias das Mulheres. O presente estudo investiga a opção e as justificativas para a utilização preponderante de estratégias punitivas na defesa dos direitos humanos das mulheres e, mais especificamente, os problemas relativos ao processamento automático da ação penal; à obrigação de punir e à dificuldade encontrada pelo sistema de direito criminal em permitir que inovações humanistas sejam bem sucedidas, problematizando, ao mesmo tempo, a questão do reconhecimento da autonomia e do desejo das mulheres. A reflexão teórica aborda, entre outras coisas, os obstáculos que a ‘Lei Maria da Penha’ representa para o desenvolvimento inovador de estruturas operativas no sistema de direito criminal e discute os antigos e novos problemas criados no que se refere a um controle efetivo da violência doméstica contra as mulheres.

Women have traditionally been underrepresented across many areas of sport. Whilst inroads have been made in recent years with increased participation rates, greater media representation, and the professionalisation of many elite women’s sports, one area which has continued to flounder—especially within male dominated sports—is female leadership representation. Whilst research to date has identified numerous gendered barriers which perpetuate the dominance of men in positions of power in sport, little attention has been paid to the enabling factors when women—through natural progression—reach leadership roles. Through an intersectional critical feminist lens, this thesis identifies the gendered enablers for nine females who hold leadership positions within non-professional cricket clubs in the Melbourne metropolitan area. A multilevel analysis of interviews and observations, utilising the theories of Pierre Bourdieu and Raewyn Connell, identifies four core themes. The findings will reveal that no one theme enables these female leaders, rather all four work in concert. Additionally, the interplay between each of the women and the enablers alters from one woman to another, and from one field to another. The implications drawn from this research point to a need to adopt new research approaches in the female leadership underrepresentation in sport space going forward.

碩士
佛光人文社會學院
未來學研究所
93
Abstract If the history studies guide the time direction in the past, the futures studies guide the future. The indirect effect is a linkage of the research of future studies, the past time becomes the possible varied items to inference the future, and various concepts of Weber’s historical development turn into variable items. We take the concepts of past history and current occurrence as the possibility to inference the future. All concepts are independent from specific time, space, history or cultural system, just as that “structure”, “function”, “conflict”, “class”, and “social fluid” are parts of history substantiality. Those concepts apply to explain the social phenomenon with different history background. In the process of whole study and analysis, to probe into the relationship between varied items is the part of core. Weber though the affect of philosophy is to release sociology from wrong knowledge of metaphysics, and give real scientific position in the time of that sociology is followed the scientific investigation. Currently, the direction that the future studies face is some like the position of sociology at that time. The future studies have just developed more than 10 years until now, and if it would like to become a conscientious science with academic achievement, it still needs to make effort. What is a conscientious science with academic achievement? Most important of all, the answer is to have a pure philosophy thinking ability in methodology I think. Weber took the sociology thought to the pure philosophy thinking ability, which is deviated from the basic method of sociology. It faces the concept problem of human society formation by not only scientific problem but also philosophic problem. In Weber’s eyes, science is a measure of value that people can use and adopt, and methodology is a important criterion to bring sociology into conscientious science. In order to let future studies become a linkage of science, the author tries to probe into the methodology of future studies by the view of Weber.

The thesis is focused on consumer behavior in relation to electric vehicles. In the beginning, the issue of alternatively fuelled vehicle is briefly introduced, including the explanation how this product is supported by the European Union. The next part is devoted to the theoretical background applied in the work. After the theoretical part, there is the literature review followed by both, the qualitative and the quantitative investigation. The results obtained were compared with the results stemming from international research projects. In accordance with the Theory of Diffusion of Innovations, the participants of qualitative survey were labelled as innovators or early adopters, for whom technical knowledge is more important. But on the other hand, for later adopters, the interpersonal relationship is more important, as they can compensate the lack of technical knowledge this way. As follows from the results of qualitative survey, decision-making connected with the acquisition of electric vehicles is influenced by the overall awareness (or knowledge, experience), then by technical characteristics of the purchase together with economic factors and by the perceived expectations of other people. Most of participants have some knowledge about electric vehicles. They often mention barriers preventing...

Dissertação de mestrado em Sociologia (área de especialização em Organizações e Trabalho)
O consumo de drogas, enquanto dependência socialmente relevante, é um fenómeno social total, na medida em que a ‘droga’ abrange várias dimensões da realidade, é decorrente de um negócio lucrativo com negativas consequências para os toxicodependentes e possui uma grande variedade de significados, nomeadamente para quem as consome. O termo ‘droga’ remete para um elevado número de substâncias com distintos efeitos sobre as perceções, pensamentos ou emoções e com diferente capacidade para produzir dependência. A toxicodependência é vista como um problema social e um desvio comportamental que afecta há algumas décadas a sociedade portuguesa, em que sobressaem em particular adolescentes e jovens consumidores, os quais constituem o objeto central desta dissertação. Nesta tese, após uma introdução ao problema e suas diversas dimensões, é feita no capítulo 2 uma revisão do estado da arte no campo das ciências sociais e, em particular, um enquadramento teórico na sociologia. Para tal são expostos e confrontados os diversos olhares, interpretações e explicações do fenómeno da toxicodependência: a visão estruturo-funcionalista, as abordagens (neo)weberiana e interaccionista simbólica, a perspectiva (neo)marxista e, por fim, a busca de uma explicação de ordem pluricausal. Seguidamente no capítulo 3 é feita uma reflexão sobre modernidade e globalização, tendo todavia presente que o conhecimento das drogas, bem como a sua história, evoluiu em paralelo com a história da humanidade, já que desde sempre fizeram parte das relações sociais, de diversas culturas e até religiões. Neste capítulo focaliza-se contudo um breve olhar histórico à evolução da droga a nível mundial, europeu e nacional. No capítulo 4 é feita uma exposição sucinta das políticas públicas sobre o consumo da droga a nível mundial e a nível nacional – as quais se pautaram entre a repressão e criminalização à regulamentação, descriminalização ou mesmo legalização, sendo analisado mais em detalhe o caso português. Com a presente dissertação pretende-se contribuir para a compreensão da alteração dos padrões de consumo de drogas que se registam na atualidade. Esta investigação versa sobre o início e trajectos dos consumos de drogas e representações sociais dos toxicodependentes, nomeadamente jovens, sobre as drogas. Considerando este objecto de pesquisa empírica, foi estabelecida e desenhada no início do capítulo 5 uma estratégia de pesquisa, em que se apontaram os objectivos e delinearam os diversos métodos e técnicas utilizadas de ordem quantitativa (vg. inquérito) e qualitativa (vg. a entrevista semiestruturada, a história de vida). Foram realizados 50 inquéritos a toxicodependentes, quer em contexto institucional da Cruz Vermelha e do Centro de Atendimento a Toxicodependentes (CAT), quer na rua, entre os quais alguns sem abrigo. Com este projecto de investigação foi possível obter um conhecimento mais apurado sobre o consumo de drogas em Braga, tendo sido possível descortinar as motivações que movem os consumidores e os significados atribuídos ao consumo das drogas. Foi feita no capítulo 6 uma caracterização socio-demográfica da população inquirida: predominam pessoas do sexo masculino sobre o feminino (80% vs 20%), 73 são solteiros e 78% vivem em união de facto, pertencem maioritariamente a escalões etários entre 18 e 34 anos, com habilitações literárias entre 4º ano e 12º ano, são provenientes de sectores da restauração, construção e mecânica mas 2/3 desempregados, reformados e com baixa médica. No capítulo 7 são evidenciados os processos de iniciação, percursos e dependências no uso das drogas por idade, sexo, qualificações e sector profissional; as formas de administração das drogas, predominando a fumada, as substâncias psicoactivas mais consumidas, destacando-se o haxixe, a cocaína e a heroína, os diversos locais de consumo, mas sendo minoritárias as partilhas de material; e, por fim, no capítulo 8 são analisados os casos de toxicodependentes doentes, as estratégias para a abstinência e formas de tratamento. Pelos resultados obtidos pode concluir-se que a toxicodependência afeta pessoas de diversas classes sociais e idades, embora com predomínio de jovens masculinos e sem abrigo. A intervenção social com utilizadores problemáticos de drogas em contextos de reinserção, enquanto fenómeno contemporâneo complexo e multidimensional, requer uma rutura com o paradigma tradicional e exige novas abordagens articuladas. Com este estudo pretende-se dar um contributo para o conhecimento e a compreensão deste fenómeno por forma a contribuir para uma mudança de paradigma de intervenção com esta população.
The consumption of drugs, while dependence socially relevant, is a total social fact in so far the 'drug' encompasses various dimensions of reality, is due to a lucrative business with negative consequences for drug users and has a variety of meanings, including who consumes. The term 'drug' refers to a large number of substances with different effects on the perceptions, thoughts or emotions and with different capacity to produce dependency. Drug addiction is seen as a social problem and as a behavioral deviation affecting sinds some decades ago the Portuguese society, in which stand out in particular teenagers and young consumers, which constitute the central object of this dissertation. In this thesis, after an introduction to the problem and its various dimensions, is made in Chapter 2 a review of the state of the art in the field of social sciences and, in particular, a theoretical framework in sociology. For such are exposed and faced the various perspectives, interpretations and explanations of the phenomenon of drug dependence: the structural-functionalist view, the (neo)weberian and symbolic interactionist approaches, the perspective (neo)Marxist perspective and, finally, the search for an explanation of pluricausal order. Then in Chapter 3 is made a reflection on modernity and globalization, having in mind that this knowledge of drugs, as well as its history, evolved in parallel with the history of mankind, since it has always been part of social relations, of diverse cultures and even religions. This chapter focuses however on a brief historical look at the evolution of the drug worldwide, European and national levels. In Chapter 4 is made a brief exposure of public policies on drug consumption at the global and national level – which are guided between repression and criminalization to regulation, decriminalization or even legalization, being analyzed more in detail the Portuguese case. In this dissertation is intended to contribute to the understanding of the changing patterns of drug use that there are today. This research focuses on the beginning and trajectories of drug consumption and social representations of drug users, particularly young people, about the drugs. Considering this subject of empirical research, it was established and designed at the beginning of Chapter 5 a research strategy, in which it pointed out the objectives and outlined the various methods and techniques of quantitative order (vg. survey) and qualitative (vg. the semi-structured interview, life story). 50 questionaries were carried out, both in institutional context of the Red Cross and the Drug Treatment Center (CAT) or on the street, including some without shelter. With this research project was possible to obtain a more accurate knowledge about drug use in Braga city, having been possible to uncover the motivations that move consumers and the meanings attributed to the consumption of drugs. In Chapter 6 is made a socio-demographic characterization of the survey population: male people predominate (80% vs 20%), 73% are singles, 78% of whom live in cohabitation, prevail age groups are between 18 and 34 years old, with qualifications between fourth and 12th grade, mostly (2/3) from catering sectors, construction and mechanics but unemployed, retired and with medical. In Chapter 7 are evidenced initiation processes, pathways and dependencies in the use of drugs by age, sex, qualifications and professional sector; the forms of drug administration, where the smoked, the more consumed psychoactive substances, including cannabis, cocaine and heroin, the various consumer places, being a minority that shares material. And, finally, in Chapter 8 are analyzed the cases of drug users patients, abstinence strategies and forms of treatment. By the results obtained it can be concluded that drug addiction affects people of different social classes and ages, though with a predominance of male youth and homeless. Social intervention with problematic drug users in rehabilitation settings, while contemporary complex and multidimensional phenomenon, requires a rupture with the traditional paradigm and requires new and articulated approaches. With this study we intend to make a contribution to the knowledge and understanding of this phenomenon in order to contribute to a paradigm shift in intervention with this population.

Dissertação de mestrado em Sociologia das Organizações e Trabalho
Os fenómenos migratórios, por razões económicas, nomeadamente no quadro da globalização, estão cada vez mais presentes nas sociedades atuais. É um tema relevante, do ponto de vista sociológico, uma vez que as migrações provocam alterações nas sociedades, tendo em conta, no caso português, a conjuntura atual em que cada vez mais portugueses abandonam o seu país, procurando trabalho e melhores condições de vida noutros países. Esta é uma questão central nos debates e negociações aos níveis nacional, regional e “global". A presente investigação tem como objetivo primordial analisar o fenómeno da emigração de portugueses, no contexto atual, assim como aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as perspetivas apresentadas pelos diferentes atores envolvidos no processo. Este estudo pretende ainda chamar a atenção para a existência de um recente fluxo migratório muito específico: a emigração dos portugueses para Angola (2008 a 2013). Atualmente nas economias em grande expansão como é o caso de Angola existe uma grande lacuna e consequente procura de mão-de-obra altamente qualificada que possibilita aos quadros qualificados portugueses garantirem oportunidades de carreira profissional, académica e científica neste país. Conjugam-se as necessidades de Angola com as necessidades individuais das pessoas, necessidades que podem ser de natureza económica, social ou psicológica como a procura de maior realização pessoal e profissional dos quadros portugueses. Para a concretização do objetivo principal deste estudo, que foi direcionado a emigrantes portugueses para Angola, optou-se pela realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas e pela aplicação de um questionário. Dos resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa, salientamos que a maioria dos inquiridos são homens, em idade ativa, com qualificações médias/altas e que a emigração assenta essencialmente em motivos de ordem económica.
Migratory phenomena, for economic reasons , particularly in the context of globalization, are increasingly present in today's societies . It is an important issue , from a sociological point of view, since migration cause changes in societies, taking into account, in the Portuguese case, the current situation in which more and more Portuguese leave their country, looking for work and better living conditions in other countries. This is a central issue in the discussions and negotiations at national, regional and "global". This research has the primary objective to analyze the phenomenon of emigration of portuguese in the current context, as well as deepen their knowledge of the prospects presented by the different actors involved in the process. This study also aims to draw attention to the existence of a recent very specific migration: the emigration of portuguese to Angola (2008 to 2013). Currently in the economies booming as is the case of Angola there is a big gap and consequent highly qualified demand for labor, labor that enables portuguese qualified staff ensure career opportunities, academic and research in this country. Together to allow the needs of Angola to the individual needs of people, needs that can be economic, social or psychological nature as the demand for greater personal and professional fulfillment of portuguese frames. To achieve the main objective of this study, which was directed to Portuguese emigrants to Angola, it was decided to carry out semi-structured interviews and the application of a questionnaire. From the results obtained in this research, we note that the majority of respondents are men of working age, with medium / high qualifications and that emigration is essentially based on economic reasons.

Inspiré par la réflexion épistémologique de l'anthropologue Michel Verdon, ce mémoire propose un cadre conceptuel pour l'étude de l'organisation sociale des castes en Inde. L'ethnographie de Jonathan Parry, Caste and Kinship in Kangra, est analysée et réinterprétée dans un langage dit « opérationnel ». Les différentes approches des castes oscillent entre deux pôles théoriques opposés : l'idéalisme, représenté notamment par la démarche structuraliste de Louis Dumont, et le substantialisme, jadis adopté par les dirigeants coloniaux et incarné plus récemment dans les travaux de Dipankar Gupta. Toutes deux holistes, ces options conduisent pourtant à une impasse dans l'étude comparative de l'organisation sociale, car elles rendent les groupes « ontologiquement variables » et, par conséquent, incomparables. En repensant les prémisses sur lesquelles repose la conception générale de l'organisation sociale, un cadre opérationnel confère à la notion de groupe une réalité binaire, discontinue, évitant ainsi la variabilité ontologique des groupes et favorisant le comparatisme. Il rend également possible l'étude des rapports entre groupes et réseaux. La relecture de l'ethnographie Caste and Kinship in Kangra montre la pertinence d'une telle approche dans l'étude des castes. Le caractère segmentaire de ces dernières est remis en cause et l'autonomie des foyers, qui forment des réseaux d'alliances en matière d'activités rituelles, est mise de l'avant. Cette nouvelle description incite enfin à de nouvelles comparaisons.
Inspired by Michel Verdon’s epistemological and anthropological work, this thesis presents a new conceptual grid to study the caste social organization in India. Jonathan Parry’s ethnography, Caste and Kinship in Kangra, is re-analyzed and re-interpreted with the “operational language”. The different approaches to caste's analysis oscillate between two theoretical poles: idealism on one side, notably represented by Louis Dumont’s structuralism, and substantialism on the other, formerly adopted by the colonial administrators and developed more recently in Dipankar Gupta’s work. Unfortunately, these two holistic options mislead the social organization comparative study, because they ultimately render group “ontologically variable” and, thus, not comparable. Rethinking the premises on which rely the mainstream of the theories on social organization, this conceptual grid confers a binary, dis-continued meaning to the group notion, therefore avoiding ontological variability and allowing comparisons. It also favors the study of the relationships between groups and social networks. The re-reading of Caste and Kinship in Kangra ethnography shows its relevance in the study of the caste organization. Instead, in this thesis, the autonomy of households, with their ritual activities alliance networks, is opposed to the segmented caste view. This new description finally calls for new comparisons.

In this dissertation the literature on suicidal behaviour is reviewed, with particular emphasis on professional conceptualizations and understanding as informed by the psychiatric and sociological paradigms. Basic postulates of the Ecosystemic paradigm, as it is informed by Maturana's second-order cybernetic approach was discussed. The effect of such an approach on therapy with suicidal individuals was pointed out. It became clear that perceived methodological problems experienced when researching suicidal behaviour from a Newtonian/realist paradigm can be side-stepped when viewed from an Ecosystemic paradigm. It was finally proposed that an ethic of participation, as informed by a second-order cybernetic approach, be adopted when viewing the suicide situation. In the process ethics was reconceptualized as an awareness of the therapist's participation in whatever is created, and not in finding the ''right" way when working with suicidal individuals.
Psychology
M.A. (Clinical Psychology)