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1
Guclu, Idris. "Social Change and Development: A Critical Comparison of Classical with Contemporary Sociological Theory." Studies in Asian Social Science 6, no. 2 (September 12, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/sass.v6n2p66.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study re-examines the prevalent view of classical social theorist, Auguste Comte and contemporary social theorist,Gerhard Lenski. Both social theorists are important figures in terms of social change and social development.Therefore, within context, the notion of social change theories, its relations and cause of social change are discussed,followed by an outline of the concepts of both theorists. Next, it deals with what the two perspectives share in commonand compares the differences between them. The study revealed that the two perspectives are fundamentally differentbecause Comte focused on the development of human thought while Lenski focused on social change and developmentas a result of technology. In this respect, the determinants of social change and development emerge from withinsociety itself; the deepest and the most important disagreement lies between those who see the mental or spiritualevolution of society as the main driving force of history and those who see the role of technology as its root cause.
2
Sato, Shigeki. "Modernity, postmodernity, and late modernity: A review of sociological theories in contemporary Japan." International Sociology 36, no. 2 (March 2021): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02685809211005345.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article reviews three Japanese sociological theorists, who explore the nature of modernity, or late modernity, in relation to the postmodern assumption that modernization, or late modernization, is far from a single-track evolutionary process. In his criticism of viewing the modernization theory via an indigenous perspective, Yosuke Koto considers the exogenous impacts of advanced countries to illuminate the hybrid nature of modernity. Based on cognitive sociology, Masataka Katagiri explores the transformation of the self during individualization since the 19th century to illuminate several aspects of individualization in late modernity. In contrast to the symbolic model of modern sociological theories since Durkheim, Takeshi Mikami develops a diabolic theory that reveals a new perspective on the connection between individuals and society in late modernity. Referring to Japan as an important case study, these three sociological theorists provide theoretical insights on some of the complex aspects of late modernity.
3
Nichols, Lawrence T. "Editor’s introduction: reconsidering theorists, intellectuals and sociological outlooks." American Sociologist 37, no. 3 (September 2006): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12108-006-1018-4.
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4
Evans, James, and Jacob G. Foster. "Computation and the Sociological Imagination." Contexts 18, no. 4 (November 2019): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504219883850.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Computational sociology leverages new tools and data sources to expand the scope and scale of sociological inquiry. It’s opening up an exciting frontier for sociologists of every stripe—from theorists and ethnographers to experimentalists and survey researchers. It expands the sociological imagination.
5
Shaw, Martin. "There is no such thing as society: beyond individualism and statism in international security studies." Review of International Studies 19, no. 2 (April 1993): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500119011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article offers a sociological perspective on a major conceptual issue in international relations, the question of ‘security’, and it raises major issues to do with the role of sociological concepts in international studies. For some years now, the work of sociological writers such as Skocpol, Giddens and Mann1 has attracted some interest in international studies. International theorists such as Linklater and Halliday have seen their work as offering a theoretical advance both on realism and on Marxist alternatives. At the same time, these developments have involved the paradox that, as one critic puts it, ‘current sociological theories of the state are increasingly approaching a more traditional view of the state—the state as actor model—precisely at a time when the theory of international relations is getting away from this idea and taking a more sociological form.
6
Skvoretz, John. "A Toolkit for Sociological Theorists: Handbook of Analytical Sociology." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 40, no. 6 (November 2011): 672–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306111425020a.
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7
Lord, Jane T., and Stephen K. Sanderson. "Current theoretical and political perspectives of Western sociological theorists." American Sociologist 30, no. 3 (September 1999): 42–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12108-999-1009-3.
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8
Baldwin, John D. "Habit, Emotion, and Self-Conscious Action." Sociological Perspectives 31, no. 1 (January 1988): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1388950.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern sociological theory tends to be overly cognitive, underemphasizing both habit and emotions. During the past decade, the increased attention to the sociology of emotions has helped partially to correct for some of the problems created by overly cognitive theories. More recent attention is focusing on habitual activities. Although several classic theorists dealt with habit, the concept was dropped from modern sociological theories, beginning some seventy years ago. The present article extends the research on the removal of the concept of habit from sociological theory by evaluating the treatment of habit by George Herbert Mead and symbolic interactionists. Although Mead's theory integrated habit with cognitive and emotional processes, most symbolic interactionists have taken an overly cognitive position that neglects habit. The sharp contrast between the two positions adds to the documentation that sociology has drifted toward highly cognitive theories in the past half century. Mead's theory shows that it is not necessary for sociology to neglect habit or emotion and that it is possible to integrate habit, emotions, and self-conscious action in one internally consistent theory.
9
Wagner, Izabela. "Coupling career fairy tale “Fascinating Sociology Class”. How to teach sociology? The sociology of sociology." Qualitative Sociology Review 5, no. 3 (December 31, 2009): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.5.3.03.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is a simple account of my teaching experience1, the aim of which is to answer the question: “How can we successfully teach interactionism, labeling theory, grounded theory and other sociological bases related to qualitative methods with the active participation of students?”. Through the examples of sociologists working in the Chicago Tradition, French sociologists working with Pierre Bourdieu, and other examples from American sociology, I show that sociological work is group activity. It is argued in this paper, that to make sociological thinking understandable to students teachers may do well to contextualize key theorists in their narrative/biographical context. The students learn, that sociologists are not magicians or genius individuals who produce attractive theories. Rather, they work in collaboration with other humans to generate knowledge. Moreoever, I demonstrate that sociologists’ contributions are often strongly related to and influenced by their broader life context.
10
ALLAHYARAHMADI, R. "VARIOUS SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES ?? THE ISSUE OF SOCIAL TRUST." Main Issues Of Pedagogy And Psychology 14, no. 2 (September 25, 2017): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24234/miopap.v14i2.101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Social trust, as an outstanding component of social capital, has interested classical theorists of sociology for a long time, but in the last decades, as a result of particular social processes and social concepts it became more and more significant. In sociological studies, the concept of “Social trust” is considered at low, medium and high levels, as referred in this article.
11
Weil, Joyce. "Transcending the Reification of “Old Women's” Bodies: Some Sociological Theorists' Views∗." Journal of Aging, Humanities, and the Arts 2, no. 1 (February 25, 2008): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19325610701862686.
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12
Bhandai, Mediani. "Theories and Contemporary Development of Organizational Perspectives in Social Sciences. The founding writers of Western sociology. Part 1." ASEJ Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1342.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is purely theoretical in which I have illustrated the contributions of the founding theorist of Western sociology, by focusing on how they addressed (or didn’t address) organizations. Then, I have discussed (in brief) the development of organizational theory and how organizational theorists are responding to the emergence of challenges to the traditional rational approaches to understanding organizations. These analyses are situated on the historical contexts include major contributions of each theorist. This research is solely based on the secondary information. Paper contents four Sections: first the work of the three founding theorists of Western Sociology, Karl Marx; Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, secondly, I have exemplified the development of organizational theory and the emergence of challenges to the traditional rational approaches to understand the organization; where I have analyzed the work of Classical theorists- Max Weber, Henri Fayol, Frederick Taylor, Luther Halsey Gulick, Herbert A. Simon, Berton H. Kaplan, modern theorist- Michel Foucault, Jurgen Habermas, Jacques Derrida, Jurgen Habermas etc. Third Section covers the contemporary theories and perspectives. In this section I have exemplified how Philip Selznick, Peter Blau, James David Thompson and Charles Perrow incorporated the Weber notion of bureaucracy followed by DiMaggio, Paul, J. and Walter W. Powell etc. and in forth section, covers the feminist approach in theory building with focus of organizational analysis (with the focus of Arlene Daniels, Dorothy Smith, Marjorie DeVault, Gisela Bock and Susan James, Martha Calas, Linda Smircich etc. work). This paper has detailed footnotes quoted from the original sources and contents useful reference of the sociological theory and practices for concerned social scientist to build their knowledge base and research direction.
13
Bhandai, Mediani. "Theories and Contemporary Development of Organizational Perspectives in Social Sciences. The development of organizational theory and the emergence of challenges to the traditional rational approaches to understand the organization. Part 2." ASEJ Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1343.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is purely theoretical in which I have illustrated the contributions of the founding theorist of Western sociology, by focusing on how they addressed (or didn’t address) organizations. Then, I have discussed (in brief) the development of organizational theory and how organizational theorists are responding to the emergence of challenges to the traditional rational approaches to understanding organizations. These analyses are situated on the historical contexts include major contributions of each theorist. This research is solely based on the secondary information. Paper contents four Sections: first the work of the three founding theorists of Western Sociology, Karl Marx; Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, secondly, I have exemplified the development of organizational theory and the emergence of challenges to the traditional rational approaches to understand the organization; where I have analyzed the work of Classical theorists- Max Weber, Henri Fayol, Frederick Taylor, Luther Halsey Gulick, Herbert A. Simon, Berton H. Kaplan, modern theorist- Michel Foucault, Jurgen Habermas, Jacques Derrida, Jurgen Habermas etc. Third Section covers the contemporary theories and perspectives. In this section I have exemplified how Philip Selznick, Peter Blau, James David Thompson and Charles Perrow incorporated the Weber notion of bureaucracy followed by DiMaggio, Paul, J. and Walter W. Powell etc. and in forth section, covers the feminist approach in theory building with focus of organizational analysis (with the focus of Arlene Daniels, Dorothy Smith, Marjorie DeVault, Gisela Bock and Susan James, Martha Calas, Linda Smircich etc. work). This paper has detailed footnotes quoted from the original sources and contents useful reference of the sociological theory and practices for concerned social scientist to build their knowledge base and research direction.
14
Bhandai, Mediani. "Theories and Contemporary Development of Organizational Perspectives in Social Sciences. Feminist approach to organizational analysis. Part 3." ASEJ Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law 24, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1344.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is purely theoretical in which I have illustrated the contributions of the founding theorist of Western sociology, by focusing on how they addressed (or didn’t address) organizations. Then, I have discussed (in brief) the development of organizational theory and how organizational theorists are responding to the emergence of challenges to the traditional rational approaches to understanding organizations. These analyses are situated on the historical contexts include major contributions of each theorist. This research is solely based on the secondary information. Paper contents four Sections: first the work of the three founding theorists of Western Sociology, Karl Marx; Émile Durkheim and Max Weber, secondly, I have exemplified the development of organizational theory and the emergence of challenges to the traditional rational approaches to understand the organization; where I have analyzed the work of Classical theorists- Max Weber, Henri Fayol, Frederick Taylor, Luther Halsey Gulick, Herbert A. Simon, Berton H. Kaplan, modern theorist- Michel Foucault, Jurgen Habermas, Jacques Derrida, Jurgen Habermas etc. Third Section covers the contemporary theories and perspectives. In this section I have exemplified how Philip Selznick, Peter Blau, James David Thompson and Charles Perrow incorporated the Weber notion of bureaucracy followed by DiMaggio, Paul, J. and Walter W. Powell etc. and in forth section, covers the feminist approach in theory building with focus of organizational analysis (with the focus of Arlene Daniels, Dorothy Smith, Marjorie DeVault, Gisela Bock and Susan James, Martha Calas, Linda Smircich etc. work). This paper has detailed footnotes quoted from the original sources and contents useful reference of the sociological theory and practices for concerned social scientist to build their knowledge base and research direction.
15
Alexander, Jeffrey C. "The prescience and paradox of Erich Fromm: A note on the performative contradictions of critical theory." Thesis Eleven 165, no. 1 (July 12, 2021): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07255136211032830.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As social theorists seek to understand the contemporary challenges of radical populism, we would do well to reconsider the febrile insights of the psychoanalytic social theorist Erich Fromm. It was Fromm who, at the beginning of the 1930s, conceptualized the emotional and sociological roots of a new ‘authoritarian character’ who was meek in the face of great power above and ruthless to the powerless below. It was Fromm, in the 1950s, who argued that societies, not only individuals, could be sick. This essay traces the intertwining of psychoanalytic and sociological methods that allowed Fromm to create such new ideas. At the same time, it highlights how Fromm’s sociology was hampered by an economistic Marxist approach to the institutions and culture of democratic capitalist societies. Such theoretical restriction prevented Fromm from conceptualizing how institutions like democracy, science, and psychotherapy can provide resources for widespread emotional recuperation and civil repair.
16
Lazzarotto, Anna-Maria. "The Application of Durkheimian Theories in the 21st Century." Contemporary Challenges: The Global Crime, Justice and Security Journal 1 (September 14, 2020): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/ccj.v1.4944.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Classical sociological theorists have been criticised for being too vague, incomplete, and ever too conservative and notwithstanding all the efforts and consideration that has been dedicated to linking different parts of Durkheimian thought to the law itself, contemporary sociology and criminology frequently disregard its potential within the current study of law and criminology. This paper, however, will strive to explore and prove, through a Durkheimian lens, how classical sociological frameworks can provide us with a series of diverse aspects to analyse modern values and circumstances.
17
Dawson, Matt. "The war against forgetfulness: Sociological lessons from Bauman’s writings on European Jewry." Thesis Eleven 156, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0725513619898288.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper argues against assigning Zygmunt Bauman to the category of a ‘white’, ‘European’ theorist and the tendency to speak of an undifferentiated ‘Eurocentrism’. To argue this, I return to a set of articles by Bauman which reflected on the history of European Jewry. These encourage us to place Bauman in a historical and social context in which he is best identified as emerging from the racialized and classed politics of East European Jewry. Bauman traces how this group were made the outsiders of the assimilatory project of West European Jewry then, as Jewish socialists, were victims of the political anti-Semitism of communist regimes. Not only does this encourages us to be critical of the claims that he spoke from an elite ‘white European’ position, it also has further lessons for sociology which, in its own ‘war against forgetfulness’, has tended to impose simplistic racialized and political categories onto theorists.
18
Ghimire, Nani Babu. "Critical Theory and its Educational Implications in Nepal." Sotang, Yearly Peer Reviewed Journal 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sotang.v1i1.45745.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Critical theory is the output of a herd of German social theorists, first associated with the Institute for Social Research begun in Frankfurt Germany in 1923, and who later moved to and were influential in the US. Critical theory incorporates a wide range of approaches all focused on the idea of freeing people from the modern state and economic system – a concept known to critical theorists as emancipation. This paper aims to provide a concise introduction about the critical theory with its principal tenets and critiques along with philosophical root(s) and the research components. It also overviews the overall educational implications of critical theory in contrast to the other sociological theories in the field of educational research. Moreover, the paper provides insights into how researchers contextualize the critical theory in the educational landscape of Nepalese scenario.
19
Adelman, Miriam. "The Voice and the Listener: Feminist Theory and the Sociological Canon." Asian Journal of Social Science 31, no. 3 (2003): 549–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853103322895379.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper discusses the relationship between feminist theory and the contemporaneous efforts to re-think basic sociological categories occurring in the aftermath of the 1960s' social movements, primarily in the US and Europe. I examine the questions that were being asked by both feminist thinkers and several major sociological theorists (Richard Sennett, Alain Touraine and Anthony Giddens). I attempt to evaluate the extent to which the latter were initially, and in later work, willing or interested in hearing and incorporating feminist voices in their re-thinking of the field. I identify a tendency to circumscribe feminist contributions to particular substantive areas - those related specifically to gender, or to sexuality, subjectivity and personal life - with, as Susan Bordo has pointed out, much less receptivity to feminist theorists' contributions to more general "cultural critique" and issues which are considered to be "macro-level". I also engage in a brief discussion of how these problems have been reproduced in Brazilian social sciences and the uneasy relationship between feminist scholarship and academic sociology in Brazil today.
20
IRWIN, SARAH. "Later life, inequality and sociological theory." Ageing and Society 19, no. 6 (November 1999): 691–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x99007588.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A central concern of many theorists of later life has been to elucidate the processes which shape the marginalisation and relative disadvantage of older people in contemporary society. This concern parallels a current argument within sociological theorising: that life course stage and generational location constitute increasingly important dimensions of social difference and inequality. It is an argument of the paper that many current approaches operate with metaphors of society which ultimately locate those in later life at the margins by virtue of the theoretical terms being used. Too much has been claimed for life course-based divisions and too little has been claimed in respect of life course-related processes. The paper develops an alternative, moral economy, perspective with the aim of furthering analysis of the social organisation of life course-related rights, claims and obligations and their relationship to lifetime inequalities across the population. Such an approach offers a resourceful framework both for interrogating the diverse circumstances and experiences of those in later life, and for conceptualising social inequality and its reproduction.
21
Munir, Kamal A., and Matthew Jones. "Discontinuity and After: the Social Dynamics of Technology Evolution and Dominance." Organization Studies 25, no. 4 (May 2004): 561–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840604040676.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While there has been much discussion of the social dynamics of technology evolution within the technology management literature, this has made relatively little use of work done by sociologists on similar issues. In this article, the potential of sociological research to inform our understanding of technology evolution and dominance is explored, focusing in particular on the contribution of actor network theory. The bringing together of questions posed by technology management theorists and insights offered by social theorists provides new insights on technology evolution, and generates several important implications for both research and practice.
22
Smith, R. David. "The Career of Status Crystallization: A Sociological Odyssey." Sociological Research Online 1, no. 3 (October 1996): 26–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1302.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since it was first introduced half a century ago, Status Crystallization [SC] which is also know as Status Incongruence, Consistency or Inconsistency has been used in over 200 research papers. Many have accepted it and treated it as a potentially useful substantive construct and even generalized it somewhat. A few have tried to forge theoretical links between it and such related concepts as socialization and mobility. A third group has taken a more combative approach and declared it either theoretically vacuous or empirically irrelevant. Much of the debate is apparently a failed attempt at communication between the innumerate and the a- theoretical. This paper evaluates both of these tendencies through the examination of a selection of contributions to the debate. The conclusions reached include, first, that SC has never been appropriately measured or tested so that any claims regarding its efficacy are premature and second that a coherent sociological paradigm must have a place for SC in it. Any sociological theory which cannot provide a meaningful place for SC is deemed too restricted to be of any lasting interest. From this second point the paper addresses the role that operationalization and empirical research play in the formulation and refinement of social theories and the need for social theorists to become more methodologically astute. Building on insights derived from recent developments in chaos theory, the paper concludes with a general discussion of SC as a dynamic concept best modelled with differential equations.
23
Zoska, Ya, A. Sogorin та S. Belkova. "РЕКЛАМА У ФОКУСІ СОЦІОЛОГІЇ: МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ". State and Regions. Series: Social Communications, № 1(41) (10 березня 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.32840/cpu2219-8741/2020.1(41).22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<div><p><em>The article deals with the problem of contemporary advertising, which is an important institutional factor in the construction of certain lifestyles of individuals and social groups.</em></p></div><p><em>The purpose of the article is to identify the basic methodological principles of advertising research as a social phenomenon that can be used by sociological science to monitor the content and nature of communication processes between advertisers and consumers in contemporary Ukrainian society.</em></p><p><em>The article used the methods of analysis and synthesis of the proposed topic to clearly define the topic, determine the purpose and objectives. The descriptive method was used to substantiate the appropriateness of using the theories of theorists to form the methodological basis of the sociology of advertising. Methods of grouping and typologization allowed to form a schematic representation of the use of certain groups of sociological methods and theories in the study of advertising and advertising influence on the consumer in the focus of sociology. The method of analyzing documentary sources has helped to identify methods and theories that can be effectively applied in the deployment of scientific surveys of sociologists in the study of advertising space and its features.</em></p><p><em>The study identified the conceptual foundations of advertising research in the sociological plane, namely: sociological theories relating to the integrative paradigm of sociology, theory of consumption, marketing and management theory, the theory of social and ethical marketing, classical and modern theories of advertising technologies, publicity.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> advertising, sociology of advertising, advertising methodology, information and communication technologies, manipulation, PR.</em></p><p> </p>
24
Tymoshenko, V. I. "Sociological direction in the study of crime (from the history of political and legal thought)." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law, no. 63 (August 9, 2021): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2021.63.5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ideas of supporters of the sociological direction in criminal law and criminology on the causes of crime are considered; their significance for the present is determined.
It is stated that crime has existed at all times and has changed in different eras and in different countries under the influence of the circumstances of a particular society. The sociological direction in criminal law and criminology was formed in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The outstanding theorists of the sociological direction were A.J. Kettle, A. Lacassan, F. Liszt, E. Durkheim, P.O. Sorokin, M.P. Chubynskii, E.Kh. Sutherland, D. Cressy, G. Van Hamel, A. Prince, R.K. Merton, T. Sellin and others.
The basic provisions on the dependence of crime on the conditions of the social environment, the stability of the basic parameters of crime and the possibility of its prediction were formulated by representatives of the sociological school. It has been proven that it would be futile to try to influence crime without changing the social conditions that give rise to crime. However, sociological theories do not explain why different people exhibit fundamentally different behaviors under the same social conditions.
The determinants of crime are mainly related to society itself, to its acute contradictions, to social injustice and social inequality, which are insurmountable in the current social space. Some contradictions are historically overcome or minimized, but new criminologically significant antagonisms are emerging that determine crime.
It is argued that a synthetic approach based on a combination of different methodologies and allows the consideration of all known crime factors in interrelation and interaction can be the methodological basis for crime research.
Today the main initial positions of the sociological direction, its philosophical and sociological bases are preserved in criminology: positivism in its various versions; recognition of social and individual factors in a series of actions; the concept of crime as an eternal phenomenon inherent in any social system.
25
Fanning, Bryan. "In Defence of Methodological Nationalism: Immigrants and the Irish Nation-State." Irish Journal of Sociology 21, no. 1 (May 2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijs.21.1.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The focus of this article is on tensions between transnationalism and methodological nationalism in the sociology of immigration, with reference to sociological analyses of the Irish case. Cosmopolitans, critical theorists and others who emphasis global interdependences, inequalities and risks see the focus on the nation-state as deeply flawed. The case for sociological transnationalism is that it addresses lives lived at odds with borders, nation-state containers and the cages of national identities. It challenges perceptions that the nation-state, a relatively new human invention, is natural, inevitable or static. However, both nationalism and ethnicity have persisted as categorical identities invoked by elites and other participants in political and social struggles and need to be still taken seriously.
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Loughran, Kevin. "THE PHILADELPHIA NEGROAND THE CANON OF CLASSICAL URBAN THEORY." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12, no. 2 (2015): 249–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x15000132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis paper outlines the urban theory of W. E. B. Du Bois as presented in the classic sociological textThe Philadelphia Negro. I argue that Du Bois’s urban theory, which focused on how the socially-constructed racial hierarchy of the United States was shaping the material conditions of industrial cities, prefigured important later work and offered a sociologically richer understanding of urban processes than the canonized classical urban theorists—Weber, Simmel, and Park. I focus on two key areas of Du Bois’s urban theory: (1) racial stratification as a fundamental feature of the modern city and (2) urbanization and urban migration. WhileThe Philadelphia Negrohas gained recent praise for Du Bois’s methodological achievements, I use extensive passages from the work to demonstrate the theoretical importance ofThe Philadelphia Negroand to argue that this groundbreaking work should be considered canonical urban theory.
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Rumford, Chris. "Placing Democratization within the Global Frame: Sociological Approaches to Universalism, and Democratic Contestation in Contemporary Turkey." Sociological Review 50, no. 2 (May 2002): 258–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.00366.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The process of democratization in Turkey is enhanced by both proximity to the European Union's enlargement process and universalistic discourses of personhood rights, and, at the same time, compromised by a nationalistic rejection of global human rights and democratic norms and state-led resistance to political pluralism. One key feature of the democratization process is the way in which contending parties – the Kemalist elite, religious and ethnic minorities, the European Union – attempt to legitimise their claims by appeals to universal principles. The paper examines three sociological/social theory approaches to universalism (Beck, Laclau, Robertson) and demonstrates their usefulness for an understanding of political contestation in contemporary Turkey. It is argued that the work of these theorists allows us to move beyond a simplistic polarisation of the universal and the particular, where the state represents the universal and minorities the particular. The conceptualisation of universalism advanced by Beck, Laclau and Robertson points to the need to understand the processes of democratization within a sociologically informed globalization framework.
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Ozimek, Magdalena. "POLITICAL THEORY'S IMAGINATION. A FEW REMARKS ON WIKTOR MARZEC BOOK." Society Register 1, no. 1 (November 14, 2017): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sr.2017.1.1.14.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Social sciences, understood as critical and not neutral by nature, they should be equipped with specific competencies and sensivity. C. W. Mills these comptence define as sociological imagination – which is study of the relationship of history and biography, Giddens interpreted it as three basic senses: historical, anthropological, critical. The translation into political science would be a political theories imagination, it consist,, among over things like a: historicity of political phenomena, antisubstansialism, research self-awareness. Definition of political theories imagination I propose in the context of Wiktor Marzec’s paper Rebelion and Reaction, which is a study from field of historical sociology, it’s in itself a lot of inspiration for theorists of politics: research, theoretical and methodological. It is worth considering – in this context – fundamental categories of political science, like political subjectivity and the political, also revalidate in their range.
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Daloz, Jean-Pascal. "Elite Distinction: Grand Theory and Comparative Perspectives." Comparative Sociology 6, no. 1-2 (2007): 27–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913307x187397.
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AbstractMost of the major social theorists have addressed the issue of distinction. Largely ignoring each other's views on the matter, they have mainly sought to integrate their discussion within their respective grand theories. The main defect is that, often extrapolating from the analysis of one particular case, they have claimed to provide sociological laws. On the basis of personal field work as well as a sound acquaintance with the literature dealing with elite groups, the author aims at suggesting how differences from one society to another challenge universalistic understanding. Although comparative research proves to make it impossible to accept any general theory of distinction, the article, however, shows that many classical perspectives are worthy of note if taken as partially valid.
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Shilling, Chris. "The Two Traditions in the Sociology of Emotions." Sociological Review 50, no. 2_suppl (October 2002): 10–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.2002.tb03589.x.
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The sociology of emotions is an established specialism within the discipline and its products have become increasingly visible parts of the sociological landscape since the late 1970s. This specialism has also demonstrated, at least to its own satisfaction, the importance of emotions for social action and order, and for those related moral issues concerned with self-determined and other-oriented action. Paradoxically, however, the relationship between the sociology of emotions and mainstream sociology remains relatively cool. Emotional issues are still portrayed in many general accounts of the discipline as a luxurious curiosity that properly resides on the outer reaches of the sociological imagination. Just as unfortunately, certain sociologists of emotions have accused the foundations of the discipline of neglecting emotional issues, and have sometimes excluded classical theorists from their discussions. This chapter argues that emotional phenomena occupy an important place in sociology's heritage which has yet to be explicated fully by the sub-discipline. The subject of emotions, like the closely related subject of the body, may fade from various classical writings. Nevertheless, the major traditions of sociological theory developed particular orientations towards the social and moral dimensions of emotional phenomena. I begin by examining the relevance of emotions to the context out of which the discipline emerged, and then focus on how the major theorists of order (Comte and Durkheim) and (inter)action (Simmel and Weber) conceptualized emotional phenomena. The chapter concludes with a brief assessment of Parsons's contribution, and suggests that his analysis of the religious foundations of instrumental activism provides a provocative account of the relationship between values, emotions and personality that can usefully be built on.
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Gorodyanenko, V. G. "Historiographic approaches and methods of sociological science." Науково-теоретичний альманах "Грані" 21, no. 10 (November 14, 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/1718031.
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The article presents various approaches and methods of historiographic research, shows the interrelation between history and historiography. The works depicting the historiographic analysis of important sociological categories and concepts are singled out. The subject, methods and tasks of historiographic studies of the knowledge of sociological science are characterized. Types and varieties of historiographic sources are indicated. The article definitely starts the sociological direction in historiography, highlights the degree of study of historiographic and source research problems. The historiography of sociological science is defined as a branch of knowledge that studies the history of accumulation of sociological knowledge, the development of sociological thought and research methodology, the history of the creation of sociological works and biographies of scientists, the influence of sociopolitical life phenomena on the work of sociologists and the impact of sociological thought on public consciousness, the history of scientific institutions , organization of sociological education and dissemination of sociological knowledge.Attention is drawn to the experience of one of the most famous and influential historiographic schools of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries – the Klyuchevsky school. This school carried out a synthesis of history and sociology. Revising the conceptual tools of knowledge of the past, which the preceding historiography had, he largely shaped the subject and method of national history in a new way, focusing on analyzing the evolution of the social structure of society, researching social and economic processes, rather than describing outstanding events. Due to this, the emphasis from political and legal history was shifted to the socio-economic history. This research orientation had a clear humanistic orientation, as it brought historical research closer to the person in his social environment.The historiography of the sociological approach in the microdynamic studies of J. Turner is described, which reflects the nature and direction of theoretical studies, which are distinguished by an orientation towards active theoretical and multilateral conceptual synthesis. Attention is drawn to the fact that the very fact of developing a theory of this type testifies to the nature of the unfolding of theoretical perspectives in modern sociology. T. Kuhn’s role in the development of historiographic research is shown. In particular, the historiography and sociological aspect of Kuhn’s theory is that various episodes in the development of historiography of sociological science contribute to reconstructing the historical process of sociology, revealing its beginnings and ends, and bridging the gap between sociological theorists and social practices.
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Brauns, Melody. "The public healthcare sector and governance in South Africa." Journal of Governance and Regulation 4, no. 2 (2015): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v4_i2_c1_p3.
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This article reviews literature on governance in order to facilitate an analysis of the governance of the South African public healthcare sector. Some of the key theoretical perspectives have been presented on how best to organise the state and its bureaucracy. Theorists have long interrogated in what way public institutions foster or impede economic growth. Evans and Rauch point out for example, that the role of bureaucratic authority structures in facilitating economic growth has been a sociological concern since Max Weber’s classic contributions almost 100 years ago. These debates and others are explored in this article with specific reference to the provision of equitable public healthcare. Weber’s theory on rational bureaucracy as well as New Public Management will be reviewed as these theories offer two distinct approaches to governance
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Kalich, DeAnn, and Sarah Brabant. "A Continued Look at Doka's Grieving Rules: Deviance and Anomie as Clinical Tools." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 53, no. 3 (November 2006): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/fvtr-t8ev-3tq6-qajc.
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Rather than focusing on a psychological perspective that emphasizes individual deficiencies in dealing with loss, we use a sociological perspective to guide both an understanding of and clinical work with grieving people. The use of deviance and anomie as theoretical and clinical tools is a natural progression of the work begun with Doka's (1989) introduction of the concepts disenfranchised grief and grieving rules. Our approach encourages both theorists and clinicians to rethink the use of terms such as “complicated,” “abnormal,” and “pathological” grief.
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Baturenko, Svetlana A. "Social stratification in Alain Touraine’s sociological theory." Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, no. 2 (2020): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-2-281-290.
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The article deals with the development of the theory of post-industrial society’s social stratification. Today it is difficult to present stratification research in the form of a harmonious ordered sequence. The social stratification theory of the famous French sociologist Alain Touraine does not fit any of the usual classical directions. He revises economic determinism and puts accents on the sphere of knowledge and culture. Touraine tries to overcome the long-standing traditions of structuralism through the analysis of social action and social relations when analyzing the social stratification system. The modern «programmable society» is characterized by departure from the economic struggle and economic decisions, which have lost the autonomy and the central place that they used to have in the previous societies. Touraine’s vision of the modern society’s social structure differs from the vision of other post-industrialism theorists, especially from the ideas of American sociology, in particular, those presented in D. Bell’s works. The author of the action theory focuses on the French model of society and takes into account the historical and cultural characteristics of its development. Touraine noted the significant changes which occurred in the stratification system of modern society and the nature of its main social conflict. It is the change in the power and the forms of social domination under the influence of new factors and social processes. The French sociologist made a significant contribution to the fact that the sociological explanation of the modern social stratification system is transformed. He described the main characteristics of the post-industrial society’s class structure, the main trends of its development, offered the ways of using some categories necessary for the description of the modern post-industrial society’s stratification system.
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Margavio, A. V., and S. A. Mann. "Modernization and the Family: A Theoretical Analysis." Sociological Perspectives 32, no. 1 (March 1989): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389010.
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Modernization theory argues that familism entails a traditional or parochial orientation that inhibits economic progress. Informed by critiques of this approach by dependency and world-system theorists and drawing on a case study of Italian immigrants to Louisiana at the turn of the twentieth century, this study argues that familism can be a progressive force which facilitates economic accumulation and upward mobility under certain social conditions. This theoretical analysis also calls into question characterizations of the family as primarily a unit of consumption in modern society. Here the role of the family as a production unit is examined and three types of familial cooperation are identified. In addition, some conditions under which familism can promote economic accumulation are discussed. It is argued that traditional sociological theories of the family failed to take into account this progressive role of familism because these theories tended to ignore the experiences of minority groups in their conceptual schemes.
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Bühl, Achim. "Die Habermas-Foucault-Debatte neu gelesen." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 33, no. 130 (March 1, 2003): 159–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v33i130.682.
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The work of Foucault is reconstructed referring to the discussion between Habermas and Foucault. The controversy doesn't found on a misunderstanding - as Bourdieu assumes - but on a fundamental opposition between the type of a universal intellectual and the intellectual as a destroyer of the normative principle of universal rationalism and of common truth, The quality of Foucault as a theorist of modernity is based upon his reply to the question for the inherent potential of barbarism in modern society. With the category of bio-power Foucault gives us efficient answers to sociological problems concerning the dichotomies between the micro and macro sphere, A productive debate between the two theorists of modernity failed because of the defamation Foucaults as a "young conservative" on the part of Habermas, The characterization as a "pre fascistic thinker" is a scandal, which caused a remaining damage in regard to the reception of Foucault.
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Horowitz, Mark, William Yaworsky, and Kenneth Kickham. "Whither the Blank Slate? A Report on the Reception of Evolutionary Biological Ideas among Sociological Theorists." Sociological Spectrum 34, no. 6 (October 13, 2014): 489–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2014.947451.
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Reus-Smit, Christian. "Imagining Society: Constructivism and the English School." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 4, no. 3 (October 2002): 487–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-856x.00091.
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This article critically examines the current relationship between constructivism and the English School. Scholars in each school have worked largely with stereotypes of the other, and this has greatly impeded productive dialogue and cross-fertilization. A more fruitful strategy is to treat both schools as bounded fields of debate, as rich and diverse realms of internally contested thought. Constructivism is characterized by three key axes of debate: between sociological institutionalists, Habermasian communicative action theorists, and Foucauldian genealogists; between unit-level, systemic, and holistic theorists; and between interpretivists and positivists. The English School is also divided between pluralists and solidarists, between those who identify the school with international society theory and those who see it as inherently multifaceted, and between those who emphasize interpretive or eclectic methodologies. Opening up each approach in this way enables us to identify new, more fruitful axes of dialogue between the two perspectives.
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Hall, David R. "Risk society and the second demographic transition." Canadian Studies in Population 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2002): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6sc7k.
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Prominent “risk society” theorists such as Giddens and Beck have identified risk as a fundamental organizing principle of contemporary society. Importantly, a major cause of risk awareness and anxiety in modern society is individualism . . a concept Lesthaeghe linked to changes in family formation. In this regard, of the types of risk discussed in the sociological literature, “interpersonal risks” associated with cohabitation, marriage, and parenting are of obvious salience. This paper explores how the modern “risk society” thesis, and the concept of interpersonal risk could materially contribute to understanding the second demographic transition.
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Manzo, Gianluca. "Is rational choice theory still a rational choice of theory? A response to Opp." Social Science Information 52, no. 3 (August 5, 2013): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018413488477.
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Authoritative rational choice theorists continue to argue that wide variants of rational choice theory should be regarded as the best starting-point to formulate theoretical hypotheses on the micro foundations of complex macro-level social dynamics. Building on recent writings on neo-classical rational choice theory, on behavioral economics and on cognitive psychology, the present article challenges this view and argues that: (1) neo-classical rational choice theory is an astonishingly malleable and powerful analytical device whose descriptive accuracy is nevertheless limited to a very specific class of choice settings; (2) the ‘wide’ sociological rational choice theory does not add anything original to the neo-classical framework on a conceptual level and it is also methodologically weaker; (3) at least four alternative action-oriented approaches that reject portrayal of actors as computational devices operating over probability distributions can be used to design sociological explanations that are descriptively accurate at the micro level.
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Jenkins, Sarah, and Rick Delbridge. "In pursuit of happiness: A sociological examination of employee identifications amongst a ‘happy’ call-centre workforce." Organization 21, no. 6 (June 30, 2013): 867–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508413491444.
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While psychologists and economists have concerned themselves with employee happiness and well-being, critical organizational theorists have rarely examined employees’ positive responses at work. To explain why call-centre employees in our study responded positively to their organization we adopt a relational sociological approach to examine employee happiness and well-being. This approach emphasizes two main features: firstly, it is sensitive to the interaction of management practices and employee agency in how ‘happiness’ is constructed and interpreted in organizations, including an assessment of power relations; secondly, this approach acknowledges the importance of the wider external context in explanations of why organizations pursue happiness. This article applies these sociological insights to the organizational identifications literature to assess the mechanisms of employee identifications. In this case, there are three mechanisms of identification, a) the organizational value system; b) social relations at work including interactions between employees, the owners and their clients and c) the nature of work. Significantly, these three features converged to produce overlapping and mutually reinforcing identifications.
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Carroll, Glenn R., and Magnus Thor Torfason. "Restaurant Organizational Forms and Community in the U.S. in 2005." City & Community 10, no. 1 (March 2011): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01350.x.
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Recent sociological theory and research highlights food, drink, and restaurants as culturally meaningful and related to social identity. An implication of this view holds that the prevalence of corporate chain restaurants affects the sociological character of communities, as many activists, popular–based movements, and theorists contend. The analysis we report here seeks to identify the ecological niche properties of chain and independent restaurants—which kinds of communities support restaurant chains, and which kinds of communities tend to support independent local restaurants and food service providers instead. We analyze data from a 2005 sample of 49 counties across the United States with over 17,000 active restaurants. We argue that demographic stability affects the community composition of organizational forms, and we also investigate arguments about a community's income distribution, age distribution, population trends, geographic sprawl, and commuter population. We find that communities with less stable demographic make–ups support more chain restaurants, but that other factors, including suburban sprawl and public transit commuter, also have some impact.
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Noorderhaven, Niels G. "The Problem of Contract Enforcement in Economic Organization Theory." Organization Studies 13, no. 2 (April 1992): 229–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/017084069201300204.
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Recently, economists have directed attention to the phenomenon of organization. An important difference between the newly developed economic theories of organization, such as for example agency theory, and sociological theories of organization is the fact that economists explicitly employ an individual utility maximization assumption. In this paper, it is reasoned that this assumption, if used as in agency theory, entails logical inconsistencies if we try to explain the existence of the kind of agreements that purportedly form the basis of organiza tions. However, if the condition of uncertainty — to which agency theorists merely pay lip—service — is taken seriously, the observed inconsistencies can be reconciled. A classificatory scheme of four 'sources of obligation' is proposed for the analysis of the basis of agreements. Taking all four sources into consideration in the analysis of organizational agreements can help to avoid one-sided attention to, for example, formal, legally enforceable agreements. The findings of empirical research suggest that two basic dimensions lie at the root of the proposed classifi catory scheme. Further research is needed to check this supposition and its implications.
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Bykov, Andrey. "Rediscovering the Moral: The ‘Old’ and ‘New’ Sociology of Morality in the Context of the Behavioural Sciences." Sociology 53, no. 1 (July 23, 2018): 192–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038518783967.
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This article examines the relationships between the sociology of morality and behavioural sciences. It is argued that, although the classical sociological tradition provides valuable theoretical resources for understanding moral phenomena, the prevalence of behavioural sciences in the field is problematic for the ‘new’ sociology of morality, particularly given a wider naturalist movement represented by some modern social theorists. In the context of the current discussion about the future of the sociology of morality, especially the question of how it should react to the dominating biological and psychological approaches, I propose two possible perspectives for the field’s ongoing development.
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Ashburner, Elizabeth, and Keith Soothill. "Understanding Serial Killing: How Important are Notions of Gender?" Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 75, no. 2 (April 2002): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x0207500202.
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To understand serial killing, we must move beyond the individual and consider background structural and cultural factors. Elliot Leyton's structural approach is seductive but problematic. In analysing serial killing as a cultural phenomenon, Mark Seltzer points to the United States as an information society characterised by ‘wound culture’. However, theorists have largely neglected the area of gender. Serial killing illustrates the nature of gender relations within our culture. Nevertheless, feminist theories and texts tend to focus solely on men murdering women, but such approaches need to be extended to cover the whole spectrum of serial killing, whether it involves heterosexual or homosexual relations, male or female killers. To understand why one individual becomes a serial killer while another will not there is a need to combine sociological and individual approaches. Using Tony Jefferson's concept of subjectivity, which combines social and psychoanalytical influences on human behaviour, is one way forward in trying to explain the phenomenon of serial killing.
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Yearley, Steve. "How Many "Ends" of Nature: Making Sociological and Phenomenological Sense of the End of Nature." Nature and Culture 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/155860706780272006.
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Despite significant increases in social scientific studies of the environment, there has recently been a narrowing of focus. Increasingly, sociologists have looked at claims and counterclaims about specific environmental problems while missing the broader question of the cultural and social character of environmental concern itself. Only social anthropologists and some social theorists have continued to investigate this issue. In this paper it is argued that McKibben's work offers a useful starting point for examining the meaning of environmental worries since his writings offer a form of "phenomenology" of our concerns for nature. In this paper, this "phenomenology" is subject to a critical review and assessment.
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Bonner, Kieran. "Arendt, role theory and the ethical evaluation of action." Irish Journal of Sociology 24, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 200–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijs.0007.
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In what way can social action be simultaneously inquired into and ethically evaluated by social theory? This paper explores the responsibility sociology has with regard to the political and ethical implications of its knowledge production and does so through a case study examination of the sociological concept of role. It compares and evaluates the different orientations that ground the concept of role and Arendt’s concept of action, which is then expanded to address the critique of the social sciences by theorists like Arendt and Foucault. The paper engages a particular tradition of reflexive sociology in the context of the danger of banal evil (Eichmann) and in the context of modern structures of domination that makes that danger more prevalent. Arguing that a theoretical non-empirical reflexivity is called for, and drawing on the phenomenological reflexivity of Berger and the constitutive reflexivity of Blum and McHugh, the paper seeks to demonstrate the need for a reflexive awareness of the actor’s responsibility for action and the theorist’s responsibility for formulating action that can make conceptual space for reasoned evaluation oriented by and to principle.
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Tovey, Hilary. "Risk, Morality and the Sociology of Animals — Reflections on the Foot and Mouth Outbreak in Ireland." Irish Journal of Sociology 11, no. 1 (May 2002): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160350201100102.
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Using the occasion of the recent outbreak of Foot and Mouth in Europe/Ireland, this paper draws attention to the suppression of animals from most sociological discussions of society-nature relations or of ecological risks. It explores the ideas of two major theorists of ‘transition beyond modernity’ – Beck and Bauman – and argues that this most recent crisis in the food system considerably problematises their arguments for the transition. However it also draws on Bauman's work on morality and modernity to find an explanation for the treatment of the animals involved in the crisis and more generally for the non-recognition of these sentient others within the social world.
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Dawson, Matt. "Bauman, Elias and Latour on Modernity and Its Alternatives: Three Contemporary Sociological Theorists on Modernity and Other Options." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 50, no. 6 (November 2021): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00943061211050046t.
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Denisova, Galina, Irina Polonskaya, and Elena Susimenko. "Actor-network theory: innovative aspects of sociological methodology." Vestnik instituta sotziologii 13, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2022.13.2.797.
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In recent years, a discussion about the dissatisfaction of scientists with the current state of sociology has intensified in the world sociological community. In this situation, various ways of raising the scientific level of sociology as a whole are proposed. One of them was proposed by B. Latour in the framework of the actor-network theory (ANT), the theoretical concepts of which were further developed in the works of his like-minded colleages. Representatives of the Russian sociology are actively involved in a versatile study of the contribution made by the ANT to the development of sociology. The article studies the basic provisions of the actor-network theory concerning the subject specifics of sociological knowledge, the fundamental difference between the definition of understanding the subject of ANT sociology and the definitions given by traditional sociological trends and paradigms, as well as the consequences of this innovative understanding for the formation of methodological principles for studying social reality. The authors also dwell on the consideration of the most fundamental and controversial methodological innovation of ANT - the “turn to things” and the introduction of the concept of heterogeneity of agents into the understanding of social processes.
Particular attention in the article is paid to the analysis of the meaning of the term “actant”, innovative for sociology, borrowed by the ANT from the semiotic theory of narrative and incorporated into sociology and ontology of the network of associations of heterogeneous actants. Concerning the disagreements between the actor-network theory and the sociological mainstream of our time, the authors dwell on the criticism by ANT theorists of the sociological &quot;metaphysics of social forces&quot;, understood as a way of theoretical legitimation of social inequality. The purpose of the article is to clarify the unity and interconnection of the key innovative positions of ANT in sociological methodology, and through this, to substantiate the significance and heuristic potential of the innovations proposed by the actor-network theory for raising the scientific level of sociology in the study of social reality. As a result, the authors demonstrate the methodological turn of ANT, that makes possible overcoming the gap between sociological theory and social and political practice, thus opening the way for building a new attitude of sociology to reality, returning it to solving not only scientific, but also social and practical problems.