Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Sociology"

This thesis is centred on the analysis of how the different groups of specialist experts that make up theoretical physics at large communicate and transmit knowledge between themselves. The analysis is carried out using two sociological frameworks: the Studies in Expertise and Experience (SEE) approach Collins and Evans, and mechanisms of sociological and institutional trust in the general sociology of science literature. I argue that the communication process is carried out in two ways: through interactional expertise that is based on deep comprehension when the interaction is between micro-cultures that are sociologically closely connected, and through lower forms of knowledge relying on trust for the micro-cultures that are sociologically far apart. Because the SEE framework is strongly based on the transmission of tacit knowledge, an analysis of the importance of tacit knowledge in theoretical physics is carried out to support the SEE analysis, and specific types of tacit knowledge are closely examined to understand how they shape theoretical physics practice. I argue that `physical intuition', one of the guiding principles of all theoretical activity, is in fact a type of tacit knowledge -somatic tacit knowledge- that is well known within social studies of science. The end result is a description of physics that highlights the importance of sociological mechanisms that hold the discipline together, and that permit knowledge to flow from the empirical to the theoretical poles of physics practice. The thesis is supported by unstructured interview material and by the author's prolonged interaction within theoretical physics professional circles

The techno-economic grid of the Internet looks set to fulfil its autopoietic potentials as a global and multi-dimensionally immersive knowledge and memory archival network. This research project moves through a series of Digital Sociology case studies that mimic the changes in paradigms of the WWW from 2005-2010 in the forms of Web 1.0 to 2.0 and beyond to augmented reality and the cloud. Netmodern social theory is an emergent and speculative product of the research findings of this thesis and the subjective experiences of the researcher in experiencing and explaining digital realities in the research. All of the case studies employ practice-based approaches of original investigation through digital interventions completely immersed in particular waves of innovation and change. The role of the researcher shifts from administrator to mediator and observer as the very fabric of the social web transforms and evolves. The suggestion of the research findings is that you need to actually look at everything differently in order to study the research objects of emergent social agency and forms in digital media. Existing forms of critical analysis and methodological frameworks, particularly those concerned with conceptual models of media literacy or collective intelligence are insufficient as explanatory methods. Studying media literacy is most concerned with ‘how’ we create and interact in online social life beyond issues of simple accessibility. The focus of collective intelligence research is ‘what’ knowledge is available for interaction and a canvas for relationships between agency and knowledge forms. All of the case studies in this research project speak to and critique the intersections and relationships of emergent social agency and forms prevalent in Digital Sociology. The collective case studies explore online academic communities (BlogScholar), agency and popularity in the Twitter social network (Twae) and a variety of representations of collective intelligence in action (Web 2.0 cases studies). The research results suggest that the Internet is not so much intersecting with as it is being culture, economy, and technology.

This thesis presents an attempt to create a general approach to the sexes in society through the sociology of Max Weber. This falls into three main sections: a consideration of methodological issues; a set of comparative historical studies located in the Ancient Civilization; and, between them, an essay in sociological theory. The first section diagnoses a traditional paralysis in the general theory of gender due to the irrational relationship between sociology and anthropology, and turns to Weber's methodological practice for the cure: the comparative historical method of enquiry and a formal conception of the relationship of biology to society in Interpretive terms. This last entails seeing biology not as supervising society, but as an input into social action under the supervision of history; this entails replacing the strategic notion of "reproduction" with a treatment of demographics. Under this strategy, the biological basis is developed through Jungian psychology to give the conception of "sexual polarity" in four elements: fertility and maternity, maturation, sexuality, and aggression; and a basic typology of social action based on or oriented to these is raised. The second section develops these conceptions and compares them in City-states and Bureaucratic Kingdoms. The first issue is how different power systems impact upon the economy to produce different demographic regimes, in which sex, fertility, and women must either be controlled or accepted; the struggle for control of the state then makes for different types of family, household, and community arrangements - here the family sociology of Zimmerman is recalled. Local community, household, and family patterns are then compared on their own account; then contrasting patterns in motherhood, childhood and adolescence, sexual relationships, and violence, the protection of personal security, and citizenship. Finally, sexual divisions are examined: in the structures of the state apparatus, the various aspects of the economy, and the "bearing of these for stratification. The third section presents three studies in the position of women in Antiquity: New Kingdom Egypt, classical Athens, and the Roman Empire. Finally, two appendices present, respectively, an outline of the general sociology of Antiquity, and a "brief account of the Analytical Psychology of Carl Jung.