Статті в журналах: "Somatization disorder"

1

Othmer, Ekkehard. "Somatization Disorder." Psychiatric Annals 18, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 330–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19880601-04.

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2

Ketterer, Mark W., and Charles D. Buckholtz. "Somatization disorder." Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 89, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jom-1989-890411.

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3

Smith, Robert C. "Somatization disorder." Journal of General Internal Medicine 6, no. 2 (March 1991): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02598318.

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4

Hilty, Donald M., James A. Bourgeois, Celia H. Chang, and Mark E. Servis. "Somatization disorder." Current Treatment Options in Neurology 3, no. 4 (July 2001): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11940-001-0036-3.

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5

Quill, Timothy E. "Somatization Disorder." JAMA 254, no. 21 (December 6, 1985): 3075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03360210091038.

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6

Vasile, D., O. Vasiliu, G. Grigorescu, A. G. Mangalagiu, D. G. Ojog, and V. Bogdan. "Incidence of axis I and axis II dual diagnosis in hospitalised patients with somatization disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73279-5.

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IntroductionSomatization disorder is frequently associated in epidemiologic trials with depressive, anxiety, other somatoform or substance related disorders, as well as with personality disorders. An examination of psychiatric comorbidity in patients diagnosed with somatization disorder is strongly advised due to the impact of these associated conditions over the prognosis and treatment.ObjectiveTo establish the incidence of psychiatric dual diagnosis in hospitalized patients with somatization disorder.MethodsA group of 37 patients, 22 female and 15 male, mean age 45.9, were evaluated using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Axis I (SCID-I) and Axis II (SCID-II) disorders at the admission in our department for a diagnosis of somatization disorder. All patients included in this trial were known with somatization disorder for at least one year prior to this admission.ResultsPatients diagnosed with somatization disorder presented mostly depressive disorders (46%, n = 17), anxiety disorders (37.8%, n = 14), substance related disorders (16.2%, n = 6) and personality disorders (67.5%, n = 25). A more detailed analysis on axis I established major depressive disorder as the most frequent diagnosis (37.8%, n = 14), followed by panic disorder (27%, n = 10) and alcohol dependence (13.5%, n = 5), while on axis II the histrionic (21.6%, n = 8) and obsessive-compulsive (19%, n = 7) personality disorders were the most frequently associated conditions. A number of 21 patients presented at least three axis I and/or II simultaneous diagnosis (64.8%).ConclusionThe most frequently comorbidities in somatization disorder are major depressive disorder and panic disorder on axis I, as well as histrionic and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder on axis II.

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7

Ensalada, Leon, Christopher R. Brigham, and Les Kertay. "Somatization." Guides Newsletter 23, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2018.julaug03.

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Abstract An evaluator's failure to recognize illness behavior and to adjust for its effect on symptom presentation can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding impairment or disability; here the authors review the associated phenomena of somatization, disorders that arise from it, and factors that contribute to somatization. Somatization is an individual's unconscious use of the body or bodily symptoms for psychological purposes or psychological gain. As the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Sixth Edition, notes, somatization is a “tendency to experience and report somatic complaints (physical symptoms) in response to psychosocial stress and seek health care services for them.” The AMA Guides also advises evaluators that “exclusion or inclusion of somatization disorder, factitious disorder, and/or malingering must be done with care.” A table lists developmental factors that may dispose to somatization (eg, somatizers are present in the family of origin, or coping mechanisms other than illness behavior are absent or unacceptable); a second table compares disorders that may involve somatization. Somatization is prevalent in clinical practice and is likely to occur with equal, or higher, frequency in the evaluation setting. The presence of somatization distorts symptom presentation and can exert a confounding effect on impairment assessment methodologies that rely on the accuracy of patients’ self-presentations.

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8

Woolfolk, Robert L., and Lesley A. Allen. "Affective-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Somatization Disorder." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 24, no. 2 (May 2010): 116–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.24.2.116.

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Somatization disorder is the most severe and refractory of the somatoform disorders. In this article, we provide an overview of somatization disorder, reviewing both the experimental psychopathology and treatment outcome literatures. We also describe a new psychosocial intervention that we developed to treat somatization disorder, affective-cognitive behavioral therapy. We attempt to place the treatment within the context of contemporary cognitive behavioral therapy.

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9

Wessely, S. "PS02.03 Somatization disorder." European Psychiatry 15, S2 (October 2000): 256s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)94098-7.

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10

Ensalada, Leon H., and Christopher R. Brigham. "Somatization." Guides Newsletter 5, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2000.julaug01.

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Abstract The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, (AMA Guides), Fourth Edition, notes that individuals may consciously exaggerate the symptoms of a disorder in the clinical or impairment evaluation setting, an activity that is associated with the process of somatization. This article reviews the phenomena of somatization, its magnitude, factors that contribute, and somatizing disorders themselves. Somatization is characterized by the propensity to experience and report somatic symptoms that have no pathophysiologic explanation, to misattribute them to disease, and to seek medical attention for them. Reported symptoms could result from organic disease—which is precisely the point because somatizing patients choose symptoms, consciously or not, that will be taken as evidence of real, physical disease. The prevalence of somatization reportedly ranges from 5% to 60% and varies with the medical specialty and the clinical setting. Studies have reported that in 25% to 50% of all primary care encounters, physicians found no significant objective cause to explain the presenting symptoms. The somatization process contributes to somatoform disorders, which are mental disorders and are not intentionally produced or feigned. A table compares three types of somatizing disorders: somatoform disorders, factitious disorders, and malingering. The presence of somatization distorts symptom presentation and can confound assessment methodologies, but the AMA Guides instructs that impairment is rated on the basis of objective findings, not solely on subjective complaints.

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11

Swartz, Marvin, Dan Blazer, Max Woodbury, Linda George, and Richard Landerman. "Somatization disorder in a US Southern community: use of a new procedure for analysis of medical classification." Psychological Medicine 16, no. 3 (August 1986): 595–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700010357.

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SynopsisThe authors examine somatization disorder in a community population, using grade of membership analysis, a new multivariate analytical technique for the analysis of medical classification. The technique is used to examine whether somatic symptoms will cluster into a clinical syndrome resembling somatization disorder, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), if no a priori assumptions are made about the interrelationship of somatic symptoms or their clustering into clinical syndromes. Grade of membershp analysis is applied to all respondents in the US National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiological Catchment Area Project of the Piedmont region of North Carolina reporting three of more somatic symptoms from the somatization disorder section of the Dagnostic Interview Schedule. The analysis indicates that seven ‘pure’ types, roughly analogous to clusters in cluster analysis, best describe the interrelationship of the symptoms included in the analysis. One ‘pure’ type in the analysis is nearly identical to DSM-III somatization disorder and is associated with demographic characteristics consistently found among patients with DSM-III somatization disorder. The present results demonstrate that symptoms associated with this disorder do cluster in a highly predictable fashion and represent a strong validation of the natural occurrence of an entity resembling somatization disorder.

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12

Stein, Dan J., and Jacqueline Muller. "Cognitive-Affective Neuroscience of Somatization Disorder and Functional Somatic Syndromes: Reconceptualizing The Triad of Depression-Anxiety-Somatic Symptoms." CNS Spectrums 13, no. 5 (May 2008): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900016540.

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ABSTRACTSomatization disorder is a somatoform disorder that overlaps with a number of functional somatic syndromes and has high comorbidity with major depression and anxiety disorders. Proposals have been made for revising the category of somatoform disorders, for simplifying the criteria for somatization disorder, and for emphasizing the unitary nature of the functional somatic syndromes in future classifications. A review of the cognitive-affective neuroscience of somatization disorder and related conditions suggests that overlapping psychobiological mechanisms mediate depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms. Particular genes and environments may contribute to determining whether symptoms are predominantly depressive, anxious, or somatic, and there are perhaps also overlaps and distinctions in the distal evolutionary mechanisms that produce these symptoms.

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13

Ulual, P., V. Özer, M. Uyar, I. Alatas, G. Özpınar, and O. Guclu. "The Relationship Between Somatization and Depression and Anxiety Levels of Parents with Children Diagnosed with Spina Bifida." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.1227.

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IntroductionSpina Bifida, a congenital neural tube defect causing multi-system dysfunction. The birth of a disabled child in the family inevitably affects the family members, their lives, feelings, behavior and social life negatively. A lifelong challenge with the disease may give rise to severe pathologies to the parents or caregivers; such as somatization disorder which is characterized by various functional somatic symptoms that can not be explained by organic pathology. For the DSM-V, the diagnosis of complex somatic symptom disorder is proposed to replace the current diagnoses of somatization disorder, undifferentiated somatoform disorder, hypochondriasis and pain disorder. The proposed diagnostic criteria for complex somatic symptom disorder require the presence of somatic symptoms, together with misattributions, excessive concern or preoccupation with symptoms and illness and increased healthcare use.ObjectivesWe aimed to find out the relationship between somatization, depression and anxiety levels of parents with children diagnosed with SB.MethodsInterview form, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the SCL-90-R (Psychological symptoms screening test) were used. 79 individuals were included.ResultsSeverely depresssed and anxietic parents show correlating levels of somatizaton. Depression and anxiety scores were above normal range. SCL-90-R Test the ratio of general somatization level compared to other values was found to be 1.72. Parameters above 1 are considered high. This ratio was found to be 100 % in pie charts, indicating all parents had somatization.ConclusionsSB is not only physical but also a psychological burden to the child as well as the parents. Families often find themselves in despair and feel powerless while giving care to their child with SB. They have a greater tendency for mood and somatization disorder, long term psychiatric follow-up and more frequent evaluations and interventions should be undertaken.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

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FUKUDA, KATSUHIKO. "Somatization disorder and bradykinin." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 57, no. 6 (December 2003): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01177.x.

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15

Hurwitz, Trevor A. "Somatization and Conversion Disorder." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 49, no. 3 (March 2004): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370404900304.

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16

Mccoubrie, Malcolm. "Personality Disorder and Somatization." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 97, no. 10 (October 2004): 506–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0141076809701029.

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17

Elks, M. L. "Somatization Disorder by Proxy." Psychosomatics 35, no. 6 (November 1994): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(94)71732-1.

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18

McCoubrie, M. "Personality disorder and somatization." JRSM 97, no. 10 (September 30, 2004): 506–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.97.10.506-b.

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19

Smith, G. Richard, Roberta A. Monson, and Richard L. Livingston. "Somatization disorder in men." General Hospital Psychiatry 7, no. 1 (January 1985): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(85)90003-9.

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Wetzel, Richard D., Paula J. Clayton, C. Robert Cloninger, John Brim, Ronald L. Martin, Samuel B. Guze, Sean H. Yutzy, and Carol North. "Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder with the MMPI: Pk Scale Scores in Somatization Disorder." Psychological Reports 87, no. 2 (October 2000): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.87.2.535.

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Clinic patients with diagnoses of either major depression or somatization disorder were given the MMPI. Women with somatization disorder had high scores on Keane's MMPI scale (PK) for posttraumatic stress disorder. Following the procedure for the MMPI-2 (46 of the 49 PK items and MMPI-2 norms), 59% of the women with somatization disorder and 21% of the women with major depression would have T scores ≥ 65 on the MMPI-2 scale although none of them were known to have developed psychiatric disorder after exposure to a life threatening event. The PK scale has little use in the differential diagnosis of women patients with somatization disorder.

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Mohammed Alkhafaji, Abdulzahra, and Mohammad Abdulhassan Faris. "Somatization Disorder Among Primary Health Care Centers Patients." AL-QADISIYAH MEDICAL JOURNAL 6, no. 9 (August 11, 2017): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.28922/qmj.2010.6.9.98-109.

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Background: Somatization disorder is multiple medically unexplained symptoms of long duration& involve multiple organ systems.Objectives: To study the prevalence of somatization disorder among patients of PHC. Centers and the role of the various sociodemographic factors also demonstrate the presentation & clinical pattern of somatization disorder.Methods: Out of 678 patients who were selected randomly from two of primary health care centers in Diwaniya city over a period from the first of October 2009 to 31th December 2009. These patients were interviewed using the International Diagnostic checklist for ICD-10 somatization disorder.Results: The study reveals that 14.6%of the patients have Somatization Disorder. and it is most common among (46-55) years age group(19.1%), females(19.7%), divorced (27.8%), illiterate(24.3%), low family income(21.2%) & unemployed (17.0%) patients. Somatization Disorder was least common among age group(15-25) years(4.5%), male(8.1%), married(12%), highly educated (7.3%), high family income(6.7%) & employed(11.8%) patients. The most common presentation of somatization disorder. was pain in limbs, extremities or joints( 81.8%) .Conclusions : Somatization Disorder. is relatively common in PHC. visitors & this represent a big burden on health institutions if remain undiagnosed for long period.

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Chioqueta, Andrea P., and Tore C. Stiles. "Suicide Risk in Patients with Somatization Disorder." Crisis 25, no. 1 (January 2004): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.25.1.3.

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Summary: The aim of the study was to assess suicide risk in psychiatric outpatients with and without somatization disorder. A total sample of 120 psychiatric outpatients was used in the study, 29 of whom met diagnostic criteria for somatization disorder. The results indicated that somatization disorder was significantly associated with suicide attempts even when the effects of both a comorbid major depressive disorder and a comorbid personality disorder were statistically controlled for. The results suggest that, although a patient meets the criteria for a principal diagnosis of major depressive disorder and/or a personality disorder, it is still of significant importance to decide whether or not the patient also meets the criteria for a somatization disorder in order to more optimally assess suicide risk. The findings highlight the fact that the potential for suicide in patients with somatization disorder should not be overlooked when a diagnosable depressive disorder or personality disorder is not present.

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Davoodi, Elham, Alainna Wen, Keith S. Dobson, Ahmad A. Noorbala, Abolfazl Mohammadi, and Zahra Farahmand. "Emotion Regulation Strategies in Depression and Somatization Disorder." Psychological Reports 122, no. 6 (October 10, 2018): 2119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294118799731.

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Scant research has investigated emotion regulation strategies in somatization disorder, despite its high comorbidity with depression and the growing interest in this topic in depression. The present study investigated emotion regulation strategies in patients with major depression and somatization disorder using clinical samples to examine common vulnerability factors and to provide evidence for difficulties in emotion regulation as transdiagnostic factors in these disorders. Patients with major depressive disorder ( n = 30) and patients with somatization disorder ( n = 30) completed measures of putatively adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategy use. Patients with somatization disorder showed higher scores on measures of regulatory strategies, as measured by the sum of adaptive strategies in the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire as well as the following subscales: positive refocusing, positive reappraisal, and refocusing on a plan. After controlling for levels of current depression, the significant effects remained for positive refocusing. Depression symptom severity was significantly and negatively correlated with most adaptive strategies and positively correlated with most maladaptive strategies. The current results provide preliminary data for a similar pattern of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies usage in these two disorders. The results also contribute to theories of psychopathology and our understanding of critical cognitive and emotional processes.

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Wetzel, Richard D., John Brim, Samuel B. Guze, C. Robert Cloninger, Ronald L. Martin, and Paula J. Clayton. "MMPI Screening Scales for Somatization Disorder." Psychological Reports 85, no. 1 (August 1999): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.1.341.

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44 items on the MMPI were identified which appear to correspond to some of the symptoms in nine of the 10 groups on the Perley-Guze checklist for somatization disorder (hysteria). This list was organized into two scales, one reflecting the total number of symptoms endorsed and the other the number of organ systems with at least one endorsed symptom. Full MMPIs were then obtained from 29 women with primary affective disorder and 37 women with somatization disorder as part of a follow-up study of a consecutive series of 500 psychiatric clinic patients seen at Washington University. Women with the diagnosis of somatization disorder scored significantly higher on the somatization disorder scales created from the 44 items than did women with only major depression. These new scales appeared to be slightly more effective in identifying somatization disorder than the use of the standard MMPI scales for hypochondriasis and hysteria. Further development is needed.

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Calahorro, C. M., M. Guerrero Jiménez, and B. M. Girela Serrano. "Gynecological symptoms in somatization disorder." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S406—S407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.335.

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BackgroundMedically unexplained symptoms are common in ambulatory medical patients. Such disorders are consistently more prevalent in women than in men and occurs up to 10 times more frequently in women.Main objectiveTo review published literature about gynecological symptoms related to somatic disorder and which percentage of these patients diagnosed as Somatoform Disorder are referred from gynecologist consultations.MethodsWe present the case of a 31-year-old woman diagnosed of a somatic symptom disorder whose first consultation was gynecological. She is referred to Mental Health Unit from Primary Care Center because of having been referred to five different specialists and been diagnosed as “functional somatic syndromes” in all cases. She started a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and attended a relaxation group during two months with good recovery afterwards.She is asymptomatic nowadays and has not been visited by any other specialist.ConclusionsWomen report more intense, numerous, frequent bodily symptoms than men. This difference appears in samples of medical patients and in community samples, whether or not gynecologic and reproductive symptoms are excluded, and whether all bodily symptoms or only those, which are medically unexplained are examined.Women may be more aware of and more attentive to weak or diffuse bodily stimuli, which men do not perceive, and some studies suggest that women have greater bodily vigilance and awareness.This could result from the experiences of menstruation, menopause, pregnancy, and lactation which all serve to repeatedly call women's attention to their anatomy and physiology and to sensitize them to bodily changes.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Tkhostov, A., E. Rasskazova, and I. Belokrylov. "Comparative effectiveness of group-analysis therapy and psychoeducation in patients with different somatoform disorders." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.493.

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Introduction Psychological interventions including group analysis (Leichsenring et al., 2015, Beutel et al., 2008) are effective with patients having somatoform disorders. Objectives To reveal differences in dynamics of pathological bodily sensations, quality of life, illness representation in patients with somatoform disorders undergoing group analysis and psychoeducation program. Methods 100 patients with somatoform disorders (undifferentiated somatoform disorder – 42, somatization disorder – 10, somatoform autonomic disfunction – 36, persistent somatoform pain disorder and other SD – 12) were randomly assigned randomized to psychoeducation intervention and to the group analysis psychotherapy. Before and after treatment they filled Screening for somatoforms symptoms (Rief, Hiller, 2003), Illness Perception Questionnaire - Revised (Moss-Morris et al., 2002), Cognitions About Body And Health Questionnaire (Rief et al., 1998), Scale for the Assessment of Illness Behaviour (Rief et al., 2003), Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnairie-18 (Ritsner et al., 2005). Results In both conditions decrease in complaints was the most in patients with undifferentiated somatoform disorder and the least in somatoform autonomic disfunction (F=6.19, p<.01, η²=.17). In patients with somatization disorder there was the most increase in quality of life in leisure time, beliefs about intolerance to bodily sensations, rechecking the diagnosis (F=3.32-4.87, p<.05, η²=.10-.14). Decrease in beliefs about bodily weakness, illness consequences was the most prominent in patients with somatization disorder undergoing group therapy (F=2.90-4.46, p<.05, η²=.09-.13). Conclusions Patients with undifferentiated somatoform disorder demonstrate most clinical improvement in interventions while patients with somatization disorder – the most psychological improvement. Research is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 20-013-00799. Disclosure Research is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project No. 20-013-00799.

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Allen, Lesley A. "Short-Term Therapy for Somatization Disorder: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 14, no. 4 (January 2000): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.14.4.373.

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Somatization disorder is a distressing, disabling, and costly disorder. A short-term treatment manual, applying cognitive behavioral techniques to the maladaptive behaviors and thoughts associated with somatization disorder, was developed. The present case report examines the effectiveness of this 10-session treatment with a 38-year-old woman diagnosed with somatization disorder. The results show an improvement in the patient’s physical and emotional distress at termination, 6-month follow-up, and 12-month follow-up assessments.

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Prasetya, Era Catur, Intan Afifah, Muhammad Hanun Mahyuddin, Ulaa Haniifah, and Khadijah Hasanah Abang Abdullah. "Physical Complaints of Pain and Heartburn as Part of The Symptoms of Somatization." Jurnal Psikiatri Surabaya 12, no. 2 (November 1, 2023): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jps.v12i2.39192.

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Introductions: One of the mental health disorders that have an impact on physical health is called somatization disorder. Somatization is characterized by the appearance of complaints of pain in body parts that occur repeatedly. Anxiety, various physical complaints, and an increasing number of symptoms accompany symptoms of somatization disorder. The most common physical complaint is heartburn. Case: This case report discusses the case of a 36-year-old woman who complained of heartburn by visiting various doctors, but no medical results showed any abnormalities. Purpose: This case report aims to provide a literature review of heartburn symptoms due to somatization. Discussion: The Relationship between Heartburn Levels and Somatoform Disorders Psychosocial stressors are related to psychological factors that influence medical conditions that cause prominent psychological and somatic disorders. Psychological disorders and vice versa can cause physical disturbances. The patient’s bodily medical condition can cause psychological disorders. Patients with severe acute pain will experience anxiety, fear, and sleep disturbances. This is due to the patient’s discomfort with his condition, where he suffers from the pain he experiences and cannot move. With increasing duration and intensity of pain, the patient may experience a depressive disorder, and then the patient will be frustrated and irritable towards those around him and himself. Conclusion: The high pain intensity in the patient will cause sensitivity and increase his concern for his physical, lowering the threshold for detecting physical sensations or expressing distress and pain.

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Holloway, Kelli L., and Kathryn J. Zerbe. "Simplified approach to somatization disorder." Postgraduate Medicine 108, no. 6 (November 2000): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2000.11.1290.

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Merskey, Harold. "Pain Disorder, Hysteria or Somatization?" Pain Research and Management 9, no. 2 (2004): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/605328.

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Pain used to be a simple issue. It was caused by physical injury or disease and the sufferer had to rest and take opium. That was about two hundred years ago. A few scattered commentators from Jeremiah (Lamentations I:12-13) to Montaigne (1) had the idea that emotion could cause pain or influence it. The development of anatomical knowledge, closely followed by physiology and then pathology, produced a dilemma. There were many pains that could not be explained by the most modern physical methods of the nineteenth century. Hodgkiss (2) has tersely labelled the problem as "pain without lesion". The nineteenth century solution lay in a diagnosis of hysteria.

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Pribor, Elizabeth F., Deborah S. Smith, and Sean H. Yutzy. "Somatization Disorder in Elderly Patients." American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2, no. 2 (March 1994): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-199405000-00004.

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32

Mai, François. "Somatization Disorder: A Practical Review." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 49, no. 10 (October 2004): 652–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370404901002.

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Bogoch, Isaac I., Craig Beach, Sanjeev Sockalingam, Keith Hansen, Amy Cheng, Edward Kingstone, and Shree Bhalerao. "Episodic Ataxia vs Somatization Disorder." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 49, no. 11 (November 2004): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370404901120.

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Brown, Frank W. "Somatization Disorder in Progressive Dementia." Psychosomatics 32, no. 4 (November 1991): 463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(91)72055-0.

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Smith, G. Richard, Roberta A. Monson, and Debby C. Ray. "Psychiatric Consultation in Somatization Disorder." New England Journal of Medicine 314, no. 22 (May 29, 1986): 1407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm198605293142203.

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SWARTZ, MARVIN, DANA HUGHES, DAN BLAZER, and LINDA GEORGE. "Somatization Disorder in the Community." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175, no. 1 (January 1987): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198701000-00005.

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Rief, Winfried, and Claudia Auer. "Is somatization a habituation disorder? Physiological reactivity in somatization syndrome." Psychiatry Research 101, no. 1 (February 2001): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00240-7.

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38

HAKALA, M., H. KARLSSON, U. RUOTSALAINEN, S. KOPONEN, J. BERGMAN, H. STENMAN, J. P. KELAVUORI, S. AALTO, T. KURKI, and P. NIEMI. "Severe somatization in women is associated with altered cerebral glucose metabolism." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 8 (November 2002): 1379–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006578.

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Background. Somatization is a clinical phenomenon characterized by multiple, medically unexplained somatic symptoms. The pathophysiology remains unknown. We aimed to test the hypothesis of a central nervous system dysfunction in the pathophysiology of this disorder.Methods. We studied 10 female patients diagnosed as having somatization disorder or undifferentiated somatoform disorder with no current Axis I disorders according to DSM-IV. They were compared with 17 healthy female volunteers using brain [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET with MRI reference.Results. The patients had lower cerebral metabolism rates of glucose (P<0·05) in both caudate nuclei, left putamen and right precentral gyrus compared with healthy volunteers.Conclusions. This is the first study to demonstrate changes in brain metabolism in somatizing women. The regional cerebral hypometabolism is probably associated with the pathophysiology of somatization.

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39

Liskow, Barry. "Briquet's Syndrome, Somatization Disorder, and Co-Occurring Psychiatric Disorders." Psychiatric Annals 18, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19880601-07.

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40

Morrison, James. "Histrionic Personality Disorder in Women with Somatization Disorder." Psychosomatics 30, no. 4 (November 1989): 433–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0033-3182(89)72250-7.

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Morrison, James, and Jessica Herbstein. "Secondary affective disorder in women with somatization disorder." Comprehensive Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (July 1988): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(88)90025-9.

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42

Simon, Gregory E., and Oye Gureje. "Stability of Somatization Disorder and Somatization Symptoms Among Primary Care Patients." Archives of General Psychiatry 56, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.1.90.

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43

HOTOPF, MATTHEW. "Preventing somatization." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 2 (January 28, 2004): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170300151x.

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Countless cross-sectional surveys of primary and secondary care have demonstrated the ubiquitous nature of medically unexplained symptoms. If grouping diverse symptoms under one heading is appropriate, they account for over half of all new presentations in secondary medical care (Nimnuan et al. 2001a) and a sizeable proportion of ‘frequent attenders’ in secondary care have predominantly medically unexplained symptoms (Fink, 1992a; Reid et al. 2002). Such symptoms are costly, persistent, and associated with significant disability and psychiatric disorder (Reid et al. 2001, 2003), but are generally ignored by mental health services (Bass et al. 2001).

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Vasileva, A. V., Yu V. Bogushevskaya, and A. I. Ivchenko. "Prognostic assessment of “psychiatrist-avoidant behavior” in patients with somatization disorders who applied to primary health care institutions." V.M. BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY 58, no. 4-1 (December 15, 2024): 61–72. https://doi.org/10.31363/2313-7053-2024-958.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a predictive model of the relationship between the duration of “psychiatrist-avoidant behavior” and clinical and psychological parameters in patients with somatization disorders. The objectives were to designate the clinical characteristics of somatization disorders, study the level of alexithymia, personal anxiety and self-stigmatization in patients with somatization disorders with different durations of the period before contacting a psychiatrist, and develop a predictive equation that allows, based on the relationship of the studied parameters, to predict the duration of “psychiatrist-avoidant behavior.” Materials and methods. In 2019-2022, on the basis of the Kursk Clinical Psychiatric Hospital named after. Holy Great Martyr and Healer Panteleimon» (day psychiatric hospital of the dispensary department), 274 patients with somatization disorders (F 45.0) who applied for psychiatric help for the first time were examined. The main research group included 176 patients with somatization disorders who had not consulted a psychiatrist for a long time (from 2 to 6 years). The control group consisted of 108 patients with somatization disorders who came for an appointment in a relatively short period (within 1 year). Methods: clinicalpsychopathological, clinical-dynamic, psychological (D. Taylor’s personal anxiety questionnaire, alexithymia scale, I.O. Mikhailova’s method for studying self-stigma), statistical method (Fisher’s angular transformation test, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson’s χ2 test, multiple linear regression, Forward Stepwise method). As a result of the discovered relationships, taking into account the level of personal anxiety, alexithymia and selfstigmatization, as well as the clinical variety and type of somatization disorder, a prognostic equation was developed to determine the duration of non-core visits to psychiatric help. Conclusion. The introduction of this forecasting method in primary health care institutions will contribute to early diagnosis and timely routing of patients with somatization disorders.

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Trush, E. A., E. A. Poluektova, A. G. Beniashvili, and O. S. Shifrin. "Management of a Female Patient with Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Somatoform Disorder." Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology 32, no. 5 (February 12, 2023): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2022-32-5-95-102.

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Aim: to demonstrate the management of a patient with somatization disorder and irritable bowel syndrome.Key points. A 41-yo female patient was admitted with complains of spastic lower abdomen pain, hard stool once every 1–2 days under laxative treatment (macrogol), bloating, anxiety, waiting for confirmation of a life threatening illness, internal stress, difficulty in falling asleep, shallow sleep. Has a long history of disease, characterized by the appearance of a variety of somatic symptoms (headache, tachycardia, joint pain, stool disorders, abdominal pain, etc.) during periods of emotional tension, lack of data suggesting organic disease. No abnormal changes were detected in examination at the clinic (complete blood count, serum chemistry tests, urinalysis or fecal tests, hydrogen and methane breath tests with lactulose, abdominal ultrasound, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy). With the prior agreement of patient, she was consulted by a psychiatrist and diagnosed with somatization disorder and mild anxiety disorder. On discharge from hospital recommended cognitive-behavioral therapy, continue taking macrogol, as well as treatment with Kolofort. After 3 months of complex treatment, there was a significant decrease in the severity of both the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and anxiety disorder.Conclusion. For patients whose complaints meet the diagnostic criteria for IBS, a two-stage differential diagnosis may be justified: at the first stage, differentiation of IBS and organic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract is carried out; at the second stage - IBS and somatization disorder. Kolofort can be the drug of choice both in patients with IBS and the pharmacological part of therapy in patients with somatization disorder.

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Gahr, M., C. Schoenfeldt-Lecuona, and B. Connemann. "Somatization disorder treated with electro convulsive therapy." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73273-4.

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is predominantly being recommended for treatment of severe mood disorders and of catatonia. We report improvement with ECT in a patient suffering from somatization disorder.The patient, a 55-year-old man, suffered from intractable somatization disorder for more than thirty years. Numerous diagnostic and several futile surgical procedures had been performed in the past. On admission there had been no psychopharmacological therapy for one month. Subsequently treatment trials with duloxetine, mirtazapine, and venlafaxine were performed, but remained ineffective. Pregabalin lead to only slight amelioration of anxiety and no improvement of pain symptoms. After 3 months of unsuccessful clinical treatment, including pharmacotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and regularly scheduled interdisciplinary medical consultations, ECT was first considered. A trial of right unilateral ECT was initiated. After five sessions the course had to be terminated due to severe ECT-related hypertension. During and following the ECT course, the patient reported rapid and significant improvement of somatic symptoms. In order to evaluate the effects of ECT the patient passed an assessment before and after the ECT (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Whiteley-Index, Quantification Inventory for Somatoform Syndroms, and an observer-rated version of the Screening for Somatoform Disorders). Assessment scores were in line with our clinical impression. Follow-up examination four months later showed no further change.Though somatic anxiety and hypochondriasis have been described to be negative predictors of successful remission with ECT, in our patient ECT has been particularly effective with regard to somatic symptoms of somatization disorder.

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PICCINELLI, M., P. RUCCI, B. ÜSTÜN, and G. SIMON. "Typologies of anxiety, depression and somatization symptoms among primary care attenders with no formal mental disorder." Psychological Medicine 29, no. 3 (May 1999): 677–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291799008478.

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Background. Typologies of anxiety, depression and somatization symptoms were investigated in individuals with no formal mental disorders, making no a priori assumptions about symptom distribution and inter-relationship.Method. The subjects were 1617 adult primary care attenders from the WHO Collaborative Project on Psychological Problems in General Health Care, with at least three symptoms of anxiety, depression and/or somatization, but with no formal ICD-10 disorders. Analyses were based on the grade of membership model, a multivariate statistical procedure exploring indistinct boundaries between disease categories and preserving the heterogeneity of clinical picture within each category.Results. Six prototype categories (or pure types) best described the structure of symptoms included in analyses. Pure type I included the full set of somatization symptoms. Pure type II was characterized by most anxiety and depression symptoms. Pure type III resembled generalized anxiety disorder. Pure type IV consisted of individuals reporting sporadic symptoms of anxiety, depression or somatization. Pure type V defined individuals with sleep problems. Finally, pure type VI was characterized by anxiety symptoms, including panic-like symptoms.Conclusions. These findings provide support to the existence of a mixed anxiety–depression category crossing the diagnostic boundaries of current anxiety and depression disorders. Moreover, criteria of anxiety and somatization disorders may be re-examined to assess whether lower diagnostic thresholds can be identified that both preserve the symptom profile and clinical features of current diagnostic categories and allow for a better characterization of individuals with substantial psychopathology though not meeting the high symptom thresholds required for a diagnosis of formal mental disorders.

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Dinwiddie, Stephen H. "Somatization Disorder: Past, Present, and Future." Psychiatric Annals 43, no. 2 (February 1, 2013): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20130205-07.

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49

Swartz, Marvin, Dan Blazer, Linda George, and Richard Landerman. "Somatization Disorder in a Southern Community." Psychiatric Annals 18, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19880601-05.

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50

Brown, Frank W., and G. Richard Smith. "Somatization Disorder in General Medical Settings." Psychiatric Annals 18, no. 6 (June 1, 1988): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0048-5713-19880601-08.

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