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Статті в журналах з теми "Source-to-Contract process":
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Veerpalu, Anne, Liisi Jürgen, Eduardo da Cruz Rodrigues e Silva, and Alex Norta. "The hybrid smart contract agreement challenge to European electronic signature regulation." International Journal of Law and Information Technology 28, no. 1 (2020): 39–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlit/eaaa005.
Анотація:
Abstract The article investigates the smart contract used in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) process and its qualification under the typology of form of contract and the EU electronic signature regulation eIDAS.1 ICOs took the globe by storm in 2017 and created a lot of turmoil among the regulators due to a new form of raising funds globally. In addition to their effect on the capital market, another phenomenon that saw a rise in popularity was the smart contract. The smart contract is usually built into the ICO process as a protocol to execute the issue of a token. The article suggests that the contract in the ICO process does not only refer to the smart/contract code in silos but should be considered in the larger context as the so-called hybrid smart contract agreement with the smart contract protocol being merely the execution motor for the issuance of the token. The article qualifies the contract concluded during the ICO process under the general typology of forms of contract with the aim to identify whether the hybrid smart/contract agreement is in electronic form of contract. Some states in the USA and a few Member States in the EU have also introduced smart contract-specific regulation clearly stating that smart contracts are contracts either in electronic or written form. Still, as this is not prevalent in the EU law, the principle of functional equivalence is used to assess whether the signature on a smart contract used in an ICO process is functionally equivalent to the qualified electronic signature under eIDAS. The existence of a qualified electronic signature allows the contract to be qualified as a contract in electronic form equivalent to a paper-form agreement with hand-written signatures. Furthermore, the article investigates whether the centralized trust system of the eIDAS creates an infrastructural bias against the source of trust in case of distributed ledger technology that in itself could be non-compliant with the principle of technology neutrality.
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GRZYL, Beata, Emilia MISZEWSKA-URBAŃSKA,, and Agata SIEMASZKO. "SAFETY OF INVESTMENT PROCESS PARTIES IN THE ASPECT OF CONSTRUCTION WORK CONTRACT." Journal of Science of the Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces 186, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7229.
Анотація:
The essential characteristics of a construction investment project include, but are not limited to: individual, comprehensive, specialized, complex and multi-step nature of activities, significant time constraints, demand for different qualifications and resources (material, financial). The above characteristics are a potential source of risk, which makes it necessary to accurately describe the mutual relations of entities involved in the project - primarily in the scope of the content of a construction work contract. Its task is to settle the commitments of the parties, their rights and obligations, and the responsibility for actions taken at the stage of preparation and implementation of the investment, in order to ensure its safe and non-conflicting realization. Signing a construction work contract results in the assumption of specific responsibilities by each party. In practice there are numerous examples of contractual clauses, which constitute a gross violation of the safety and balance of the parties in the area of fair and even distribution of potential risk. Most often two groups of contractual provisions are observed in the content of works contracts. The first one contains an unreasonable limitation of the contractor's entitlements, the other includes the irrational extension of the contractor's obligations and the transfer of numerous consequences of potential risks. The incorrect, i.e. unequal division of risk and its consequences is the most common cause of disputes between parties to a construction work contract. The paper presents the issue of asymmetry in the allocation of risks and limitations in shaping the contents of the public procurement contract, in terms of the safety of parties to construction work contracts
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Rendon, Rene G. "Benchmarking contract management process maturity: a case study of the US Navy." Benchmarking: An International Journal 22, no. 7 (October 5, 2015): 1481–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bij-10-2014-0096.
Анотація:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the results of contract management process maturity assessments in the US Navy using a process capability maturity model. The maturity model is used to benchmark an organization’s contract management process maturity and to use the assessment results to develop a road map for implementing process improvement as well as knowledge-sharing initiatives. Design/methodology/approach – This is survey-based research on benchmarking contract management processes in the US Navy. A web-based assessment tool was deployed to US Navy contracting officers located at aeronautical systems, sea systems, and logistics support contracting agencies. The assessment tool consists of survey items related to the use of contracting best practices. The survey responses are then used to calculate the agency’s contract management process maturity level. Findings – The benchmarking results reflected higher maturity levels in the pre-award contracting processes (Procurement Planning, Solicitation Planning, and Source Selection), while lower maturity levels were reflected in the post-award contracting processes (Contract Administration and Contract Closeout). The research findings related to process capability enablers also reflected higher mean scores for the pre-award processes and lower mean scores for the post-award processes. These maturity levels and process capability enabler scores reflect the extent of the implementation of contracting best practices within the Navy contracting agencies. Research limitations/implications – This research uses a purposeful sampling approach designed to acquire data on organizational contract management processes. The assessment survey was administered only to qualified Navy contracting officers. The Navy contracting agencies are responsible for procuring billions of dollars in supplies and services in support of the Navy mission. Although the assessed contracting agencies procure different types of systems, supplies, and services, the contract management processes used are common to all Navy, Army, Air Force, and other US federal government agencies. The conclusions based on the analysis of these benchmarking assessments may be applicable to Department of Defense (DoD) and other government agencies. Practical implications – The findings suggest that benchmarking can be effective in measuring and improving contracting process capability within the Navy. Benchmarking contracting processes can have far-reaching effects throughout the DoD. The Under Secretary of Defense’s has mandated initiatives related to improving both pre- and post-award contracting processes. The use of these benchmarking assessments can be instrumental in tracking the achievements of these process improvement initiatives. Additionally, the US Congress is leading the push for auditability in procurement operations. By benchmarking and improving its contracting processes, the DoD will be winning the battle toward integrity, accountability, and transparency of its financial operations. Social implications – Benchmarking contracting processes can also have far-reaching effects in society. Many governments are focussing on integrity, accountability, and transparency in public procurement. International organizations such as Transparency International (TI) have identified process capability and process integrity as key for reducing the potential for procurement-related fraud, waste, and abuse. Additionally, NATO member countries and partner nations are focussing on the value of assessing and improving procurement processes for strengthening transparency and accountability. The value of benchmarking and improving contracting processes is gaining much attention in global public procurement agencies as they strive for accountability, integrity, and transparency in their governance processes. Originality/value – There are multiple reports on deficiencies in DoD’s contract management processes, identifying poor contract planning, and Contract Administration as just some of the critically deficient areas. In response, the DoD is increasing its emphasis on developing its workforce competence through education initiatives. However, very little attention is being paid to benchmarking contract management processes. This research reflects the value of benchmarking DoD’s contract management process maturity and using the results for implementing process improvement initiatives. Using process benchmarking data, agencies can identify process improvement initiatives that will ensure government tax dollars are spent in the most effective and efficient ways.
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Fontanesi, John, Anthony Magit, Jennifer J. Ford, Han Nguyen, and Gary S. Firestein. "Systems approach to assessing and improving local human research Institutional Review Board performance." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, no. 2 (April 2018): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.24.
Анотація:
ObjectiveTo quantifying the interdependency within the regulatory environment governing human subject research, including Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), federally mandated Medicare coverage analysis and contract negotiations.MethodsOver 8000 IRB, coverage analysis and contract applications initiated between 2013 and 2016 were analyzed using traditional and machine learning analytics for a quality improvement effort to improve the time required to authorize the start of human research studies.ResultsStaffing ratios, study characteristics such as the number of arms, source of funding and number and type of ancillary reviews significantly influenced the timelines. Using key variables, a predictive algorithm identified outliers for a workflow distinct from the standard process. Improved communication between regulatory units, integration of common functions, and education outreach improved the regulatory approval process.ConclusionsUnderstanding and improving the interdependencies between IRB, coverage analysis and contract negotiation offices requires a systems approach and might benefit from predictive analytics.
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Schuhmann, Ralph, and Bert Eichhorn. "Reconsidering contact risk and contractual risk management." International Journal of Law and Management 59, no. 4 (July 10, 2017): 504–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-02-2016-0023.
Анотація:
PurposeThe aim of this paper is to pursue three objectives: to assess the extent to which theoretical concepts and corporate practice are reflecting the contract’s risk management dimensions; to identify ways to make full usage of the contract’s risk dimensions for risk management purposes; to overcome the isolation of the contract caused by its perception as a legal instrument by integrating its handling into the overall corporate management processes. Design/methodology/approachLiterature is analyzed regarding the contract’s roles as a source of risk and as a risk management device. Based on the relevant findings, it uses the Contractual Management Model to develop a concept that integrates all contract-related risk management processes in an enterprise. FindingsThe paper redefines the term “contract risk” in the light of modern understanding of contract functions and contract purposes. It shows that only Contractual Risk Management theory takes the management capacity of the contract fully into account. A Contractual Risk Management process is suggested which integrates all contract-related corporate management processes and aligns them to the requirements of transaction risk management and enterprise risk management. Originality/valueThe paper may guide executives to optimize corporate risk management processes through a better understanding of the risk potential of contract and of its risk management capacity. It provides a checklist of redefined contract risks as well as a concept that, for the first time, is aligning all contract-related management processes to support the corporate risk management system.
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Yao, Zhan Yong, Kai Yao, Pei Zhi Zhuang, and Kai Zhang. "Study on Discharge and Diffusion of Raised Dust during Subgrade Construction in the Yellow River Flood Area." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 759–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.759.
Анотація:
The construction process of subgrade construction was divided into several operating units：oil material loading and unloading, vehicle transportation and wind erosion dust. For each operational unit during each stage of subgrade construction, different Gaussian diffusion models were chosen respectively according to the transmission and diffusion of raised dust from different source (point source, line source and area source). Finally, based on one contract section on a freeway in the Yellow River flood area, the concentration distribution was calculated using atmospheric estimation software in different pattern of point source, line source and area source. It was shown that with the increasing of distance, point source and area source emission increased to the maximum value and then decreased to the stable value, while line source emission presented a distribution pattern which changed decreasingly.
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Park, Junhoo, Hyekjin Kim, Geunyoung Kim, and Jaecheol Ryou. "Smart Contract Data Feed Framework for Privacy-Preserving Oracle System on Blockchain." Computers 10, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers10010007.
Анотація:
As blockchain-based applications and research such as cryptocurrency increase, an oracle problem to bring external data in the blockchain is emerging. Among the methods to solve the oracle problem, a method of configuring oracle based on TLS, an existing internet infrastructure, has been proposed. However, these methods currently have the disadvantage of not supporting privacy protection for external data, and there are limitations in configuring the process of a smart contract based on external data verification for automation. To solve this problem, we propose a framework consisting of middleware of external source server, data prover, and verification contract. The framework converts the data signed in the web server into a proof that the owner can prove with zk-SNARKs and provides a smart contract that can verify this. Through these procedures, data owners not only protect their privacy by proving themselves, but they can also automate on-chain processing through smart contract verification. For the proposed framework, we create a proof using libsnark for server data and show the performance and cost to verify with Solidity the smart contract language of the Ethereum platform.
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Huy, Phuong Tran, Ngan Hoang Vu, Hue Thi Hoang, and Hanh Thi Hai Nguyen. "Procedural Justice in Selection from the Lens of Psychological Contract Theory." Organizacija 53, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 272–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orga-2020-0018.
Анотація:
AbstractBackground and purpose: In recruitment and selection, job applicants do not only base their justice judgment on the actual experience but also compare what happens and what they expect. This study, therefore, investigates applicants’ reaction to procedural justice in recruitment selection through the lens of psychological contract framework. Psychological contract theory highlights the role of expectations, discrepancies between perception and expectation, and perceived contract breach on individual outcomes.Methodology: Two surveys were conducted with job seekers in Vietnam, one before and one after the selection process. Printed questionnaires were administered to job seekers in the first survey, while the second used online survey. Structural Equation Modeling technique was adopted to analyze the data.Results: Data from a sample of 232 job seekers indicated that previous job experience and source of candidates were significantly related to justice expectations. In addition, perceived unmet expectations were found to predict procedural contract breach, which in turn negatively influenced job acceptance intention and recommendation intention.Conclusion: The research highlights the role of unmet justice expectation, the perceived discrepancy between what happened and what was supposed to be, in predicting intention to accept offer and to recommend others. The results suggest that firms should provide updated and official information regarding the selection process to all parties such as internal employees, recruitment agency and job search website to reduce over-expectation.
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Miftah Idris. "PERJANJIAN KREDIT KONVENSIONAL DAN AKAD PEMBIAYAAN SYARIAH DALAM SISTEM PERBANKAN." Madani Legal Review 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2017): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31850/malrev.v1i1.27.
Анотація:
In distribution of fund, the system adopted by conventional banking and Islamic banking is almost the same in distributing the fund with the provision of credit and of financing by banks to their customers. There is specifically legal basis of contract (aqad) that distinguishes where conventional banking is based on the contract law in Burgerlijk Wetboek and Islamic banking is based on aqad law stipulated in Islamic Sharia (Islamic Law). Problems studied in this research is how the credit contract in the conventional banking and how aqad financing in islamic banking are actually. To know the problem, it will be used descriptive study using secondary data as the data source of this research and then analyzed qualitatively. Thus concluded that the credit contract is a beginning process between the creditor and debtor which are applied in the conventional banking system in its efforts to develop funds collected and also to utilize the funds with the best. But Islamic banking financing adheresses to the profit and loss sharing system that has a unity concept in facing of risk and benefit and also existed justice in bussiness is the basic principle of Islamic banking system.
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Jha, Jatinder Kumar, Jatin Pandey, and Biju Varkkey. "Examining the role of perceived investment in employees’ development on work-engagement of liquid knowledge workers." Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing 12, no. 2 (June 17, 2019): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgoss-08-2017-0026.
Анотація:
PurposeThis paper aims to examine the relationship between perceived investments in employees’ development (PIED) on work engagement and the moderating effects of psychological capital on this relationship for liquid knowledge workers, employed in the Indian cutting and polishing of diamond industry (CPD).Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire composed of established scales was administered to 134 liquid knowledge workers. Having established convergent and discriminant validity using structural equation modelling, the model was further analysed using the Process macro to check for direct and moderating effects.FindingsThe research findings suggest that the perceived investment in employee development and psychological contract enhancement (relational and transactional) made by CPD units for liquid knowledge workers positively influenced their work engagement level. The study also finds that relational contract (not transactional contract) positively moderates the relationship between perceived investment in employee development and work engagement.Research limitations/implicationsThis is a cross-sectional single source study; future studies could look at longitudinal and multisource perspective.Practical implicationsThe study presents a “star matrix of engagement” that guides the application of the two strategies of perceived employee development and psychological contract enhancement for liquid knowledge workers. This has implications for design and implementation of human resource management practices and policies for employee management.Originality/valueThe study makes significant contributions to existing literature on antecedents of work engagement of liquid knowledge workers by examining the direct and moderating influences.
Дисертації з теми "Source-to-Contract process":
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Moustaghni, Mostafa, and Jesper Persson. "Business process reengineering: practical implications in the Source-to-Contract process : A case study at a large manufacturing organization." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-85669.
Анотація:
This study’s purpose is to give recommendations on how the purchasing process, specifically the Source-to-Contract (S2C) process, can be reengineered by evaluating areas of improvement inspired by Lean and digitalization. To fulfill the purpose, a five-step framework of business process reengineering (BPR) and its methodology was developed, of which this thesis primarily covers the last three steps. The data collection process was based on a total of 19 interviews with three tactical purchasers at the case study company (CSC), three managers from large manufacturing organizations (LMOs), and extracted data from the CSC’s ERP-system. In the third step of BPR, the most crucial areas for improvement for the CSC and LMOs in the S2C-process were identified by Lean and digitalization. These areas were: lack of sharing the right information at the right time, poor integration of systems, a shortfall of internal transparency, an inefficient request for quotation (RFQ) software, and an absence of working proactively. Based on the most crucial areas for improvement, best practices in the S2C-process could be derived from the interviews conducted with the CSC and LMOs. In the fourth step of BPR, short- and long-term solutions are proposed regarding the most crucial areas for improvement. Finally, in the fifth step of BPR, recommendations are given on measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of the S2C-process based on the proposed solutions recommended in BPR step four. This study aims to suggest practical implications for LMOs on how the developed five-step framework of the BPR methodology can be utilized, especially the third step, to analyze and potentially reengineer its S2C-process. Additionally, the study gives insights on how the most crucial improvement areas could potentially be solved by LMOs in order for them to be considered best practice. Currently, there is considerable literature covering theoretical parts of BPR. However, the literature lacks guidelines on practically executing each step in the BPR methodology that this study partially aims to fulfill. This study is delimited to one part of the purchasing process, the S2C-process, and briefly covers the Procure-to-Pay process as the process had to be considered before changes were recommended.Syftet med den här studien är att ge rekommendationer kring hur inköpsprocessen, specifikt Source-to-Contract kan omstruktureras genom att utvärdera förbättringsområden inspirerade av Lean och digitalisering. För att uppnå syftet utvecklades en femstegsmodell av Business Process Reengineering (BPR), där studien primärt täcker de tre sista stegen. Datainsamlingen baserades på totalt 19 genomförda intervjuer med tre stycken taktiska inköpare vid fallstudieföretaget, tre inköpschefer från stora tillverkande organisationer och extraherade data från fallstudieföretagets ERP-system. I det tredje steget av BPR-metoden identifierades de viktigaste förbättringsområdena för fallstudieföretaget och stora tillverkande organisationer med hjälp av Lean och digitalisering. De viktigaste områdena var: en brist på att dela rätt information vid rätt tillfälle, en avsaknad av systemintegration, en brist på intern transparens, ett ineffektivt program för att skicka offertförfrågningar och en brist på att arbeta proaktivt. Baserat på de viktigaste identifierade förbättringsområdena från intervjuerna med fallstudieföretaget och stora tillverkande organisationer gav det upphov till vad som kan anses best practice i S2C-processen. I det fjärde steget av BPR-metoden föreslås kort- och långsiktiga lösningar för de viktigaste förbättringsområdena. I det femte steget, ges rekommendationer kring hur effektiviteten i S2C-processen kan fortsätta mätas baserat på lösningsförslagen givna i det fjärde steget av BPR-metoden. Studien ämnar till att ge stora tillverkande organisationer praktiska insikter i hur femstegsmodellen BPR kan används, primärt det tredje steget, för att analysera och så småningom omstrukturera sin S2C-process. För närvarande finns det betydande litteratur som omfattar teoretiska delar av BPR. Litteraturen saknar däremot riktlinjer för hur man praktiskt genomför varje steg i BPR-metoden som denna studie delvis ämnar till att uppfylla. Denna studie avgränsas till en del av inköpsprocessen, S2C-processen men täcker även delar av Procure-to-Pay processen då det var nödvändigt att överväga processen innan rekommendationer kunde ges.
Книги з теми "Source-to-Contract process":
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Jackson, Nicola. Essential Cases: Contract Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780191866135.001.0001.
Анотація:
Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. Essential Cases provides you with succinct summaries of some of the landmark and most influential cases in contract law. Each summary begins with a review of the main case facts and decision. The summary is then concluded with expert commentary on the case from the author, Nicola Jackson, including an assessment of the wider questions raised by the decision.It can act as a succinct reference source alongside your core textbooks as you proceed through your course. It can also be used as a stand-alone revision aid as you approach examinations. But central to the Essential Cases series is the aim of to encourage your own critical exploration of the legal matters under discussion.Where possible, a link to a free-to-access full version of the judgment is included in each summary, providing you with an opportunity to deepen your understanding by reading the judgment of the court for yourself.
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Jackson, Nicola. Essential Cases: Contract Law 3e. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780191897672.001.0001.
Анотація:
Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. Essential Cases provides you with succinct summaries of some of the landmark and most influential cases in contract law. Each summary begins with a review of the main case facts and decision. The summary is then concluded with expert commentary on the case from the author, Nicola Jackson, including an assessment of the wider questions raised by the decision. It can act as a succinct reference source alongside your core textbooks as you proceed through your course. It can also be used as a stand-alone revision aid as you approach examinations. But central to the Essential Cases series is the aim to encourage your own critical exploration of the legal matters under discussion. Where possible, a link to a free-to-access full version of the judgment is included in each summary, providing you with an opportunity to deepen your understanding by reading the judgment of the court for yourself.
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Jackson, Nicola. Essential Cases: Contract Law. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780191883750.001.0001.
Анотація:
Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. Essential Cases provides you with succinct summaries of some of the landmark and most influential cases in contract law. Each summary begins with a review of the main case facts and decision. The summary is then concluded with expert commentary on the case from the author, Nicola Jackson, including an assessment of the wider questions raised by the decision. It can act as a succinct reference source alongside your core textbooks as you proceed through your course. It can also be used as a stand-alone revision aid as you approach examinations. But central to the Essential Cases series is the aim to encourage your own critical exploration of the legal matters under discussion. Where possible, a link to a free-to-access full version of the judgment is included in each summary, providing you with an opportunity to deepen your understanding by reading the judgment of the court for yourself.
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Jackson, Nicola. Essential Cases: Contract Law. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780191926426.001.0001.
Анотація:
Essential Cases: Contract Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. Essential Cases provides you with succinct summaries of some of the landmark and most influential cases in contract law. Each summary begins with a review of the main case facts and decision. The summary is then concluded with expert commentary on the case from the author, Nicola Jackson, including an assessment of the wider questions raised by the decision. It can act as a succinct reference source alongside your core textbooks as you proceed through your course. It can also be used as a stand-alone revision aid as you approach examinations. But central to the Essential Cases series is the aim to encourage your own critical exploration of the legal matters under discussion. Where possible, a link to a free-to-access full version of the judgment is included in each summary, providing you with an opportunity to deepen your understanding by reading the judgment of the court for yourself.
Частини книг з теми "Source-to-Contract process":
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Hemili, Mohamed, Mohamed Ridda Laouar, and Sean B. Eom. "A Decision Support System for Managing Demand-Driven Collection Development in University Digital Libraries." In Research Anthology on Decision Support Systems and Decision Management in Healthcare, Business, and Engineering, 901–19. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-9023-2.ch044.
Анотація:
In recent years, academic digital libraries have become a very important source of information. Academic digital libraries provide a rich collection in order to satisfy user need for information. The augmentation of user population and the volume of new publications causes many challenges to librarians in the collection development process and determining user needs of information is the fundamental challenge that librarians face. This article presents a demand-driven collection development decision support system based on the PROMETHEE II method. The DSS supports the librarians to make decisions in the collection development process to provide a rich collection that meets the users' needs. The DSS evaluates and determines a set of electronic resources for purchase, subscription, contract reviewing or cancelation. The decision support system extracts users' queries from log files to determine user preferences. Then, the revised Simos' procedure is used to derive the criteria weights. Finally, the authors applied the PROMETHEE II method to evaluate and rank the electronic resources.
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Jeswald W, Salacuse. "4 A History of International Investment Treaties." In The Law of Investment Treaties. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198850953.003.0004.
Анотація:
This chapter traces the history and considers the purposes and consequences of the movement by states to negotiate investment treaties. In the post-colonial era of nationalizations and contract renegotiations, the economic facts of life in host countries struggled against the form of various legal commitments made to foreign investors. To change the dynamics of this struggle so as to protect the interests of their companies and investors, capital-exporting countries began a process of negotiating international investment treaties that, to the extent possible, would be: (1) complete; (2) clear and specific; (3) uncontestable; and (4) enforceable. These treaty efforts took place at both the bilateral and multilateral levels, which, though separate, tended to inform and reinforce each other. As a result of this process, a widespread treatification of international investment law took place in a relatively short time. By the end of the second decade of the twenty-first century, foreign investors in many parts of the world were protected primarily by international treaties rather than as previously by customary international law alone. For all practical purposes, treaties have become the fundamental source of international law in the area of foreign investment.
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Cohn, Samuel. "The Circle of Societal Death." In All Societies Die, 172–200. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501755903.003.0049.
Анотація:
This chapter illustrates the twelve-step process known as the Circle of Societal Death. Assume some externally caused source of economic decline. This will lower governmental functioning by lowering tax revenues. Low government revenues and performance demoralize government functionaries. When government officials are powerless and irrelevant, there is no reason for them not to become corrupt; corruption in the police and the judiciary leads to crime. Once people become genuinely worried about personal security, networks of social cooperation contract. This means they delegitimize everything outside the group, especially the state, and everything becomes defined in ethnic terms. As both crime and ethnic conflict escalate, young people are drawn into self-defense activity. The movement of youth from investment in the future to coercion in the present mortgages the economic growth of the future. As youth are pulled out of education, society becomes less intellectually capable. Fundamental engineering, business, and technological skills become lost, and projects of large-scale coordination suffer. As projects of large-scale coordination become nonviable, economic growth declines. This circle of death also works in reverse.
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Antràs, Pol. "Contracts and Sourcing: Evidence." In Global Production. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691168272.003.0005.
Анотація:
This chapter develops empirical tests of the global sourcing model introduced in the previous chapter by using detailed data on U.S. imports by product and source country. It first uses the import data aggregated across source countries to explore the determinants of the cross-industry variation in the extent to which U.S. firms rely on domestically produced inputs versus foreign inputs in their production processes. The chapter next exploits the cross-country dimension of U.S. import data to provide richer tests of the model. A critical challenge in the empirical analyses performed here is that the key industry characteristics that shape the differential effect of contract enforcement on the profitability of offshoring across sectors are particularly hard to measure in the data. Hence, the chapter also discusses the hurdles that one encounters when mapping these sectoral characteristics with available data.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Source-to-Contract process":
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Syal, Sita M., Yiqing Ding, and Erin F. MacDonald. "Agent-Based Modeling of Decisions and Developer Actions in Wind Farm Landowner Contract Acceptance." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98387.
Анотація:
Abstract This paper presents an agent-based model to investigate interactions between wind farm developers and landowners. Wind farms require hundreds of square miles of land for development and developers typically interact with landowners to lease land for construction and operations. Landowners sign land lease contracts without knowing the turbine layout, which affects aesthetics of property as well as value of the lease contract. Having a turbine placed on one’s land is much more lucrative than not, but landowners have to sign over the use of their land without knowing if they will receive this financial benefit or not. The timing of this process, typically referred to as “Landowner Acquisition,” introduces high uncertainty for both stakeholders and represents a major pain point of the industry — a source stated up to 50% of wind projects fail due to landowner acquisition issues. We present an agent-based model that models the land lease contract period with unique decision-making characteristics for a set of landowners and a wind farm developer. Citizen participation is an integral part of community acceptance of wind farms, thus we use principles from past studies to quantify three actions a developer can take to influence landowner decisions: (1) community engagement meetings; (2) preliminary environmental studies; and (3) sharing the wind turbine layout with the landowner. The results show how landowner acceptance rates can potentially change over time based on what actions the developer takes. Overall, developers can use this model to better understand interactions with landowners and determine what actions may help positively influence landowner acceptance rates.
2
Zoccoli, Michael J., and William H. Cheeseman. "Development of the Next Generation Gas Turbine Based Jet Air Start Unit for the US Navy." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-084.
Анотація:
Main powerplants for aircraft in the US Navy inventory typically require a source of pneumatic power in order to initiate the engine start sequence. The equipment which is used as the source for this power is termed “UNIJASU”, or Universal Jet Aircraft Start Unit. UNIJASU is a fully self-contained, transportable source of ground power which may be adapted to both land or carrier-based operations. At the nucleus of this unit is a modified T53 aircraft gas turbine, originally developed and fielded by the Lycoming Turbine Engine Division of Stratford Conn. In the current application, the T53 has been re-configured as a gas generator with specific provisions for extensive operation in a marine environment. Using the bleed machine concept, up to 30% of the engine massflow (equating to roughly 420 air horsepower) can be delivered to an aircraft starter upon demand. The present production source for the T53 engine is the AlliedSignal Engine Company, located at Phoenix, Az. As of the writing date (mid-1997), the US Navy is in the process of procuring its next generation air start units via contract to AlliedSignal. This paper describes the salient features of a rigorous two-phase development program starting with the initial adaptation of the aircraft turbine engine to a naval ground power unit, and culminating with over 6000hrs of system level testing, inclusive of actual field evaluations.
3
Green, Darren V., Christopher G. Miller, Domenic A. Santavicca, and Kendra V. Sharp. "Pulsed Micro Catalytic Combustor for Use in a Solid Piston Microengine." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61644.
Анотація:
In an effort to develop a novel micro power source, the design of a solid piston microengine is introduced. The operational principle of the Penn State Solid Piston (PSSP) is to employ a pulsed catalytic combustion reaction to thermally expand and contract a solid piston connected to a piezoelectric transducer, and in turn use the piezoelectric transducer to convert the mechanical energy of the periodic expansion and contraction of the solid piston (thermal actuator) into electrical energy. The existence of controlled temperature fluctuations within the combustion chamber is critical to the solid piston microengine design. Therefore, the focus of the microcombustor research presented herein is to obtain a consistent and predictable cyclical process leading to predictable temperature fluctuations within the solid piston. Experiments have been conducted using hydrogen gas in a catalytic combustion test rig to quantify the effect of changes in pulse frequency, pulse duty cycle, and equivalence ratio on overall temperature fluctuation and average temperature within the combustion chamber. The percentage of hydrogen consumed within the reaction is also measured.
4
Bercsi, Gabor, Zsolt Czibere, and Viktor Varga. "Implementation and Operation of a CCGT Power Plant for a Chemical Plant: How to Cover Special Steam Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90334.
Анотація:
TVK, as one of the leader companies of chemical industry in Central-Europe, in 2000 decided to place their heat and electricity supply on new bases. The long term steam supply from Power Plant Tiszapalkonya seemed to be not secured due to restricted environmental regulation. TVK intended to extend its polyolefin production facility which has increased the steam demand. TVK decided to construct a boiler plant/power plant with the following requirements: • long-term, secure and economical steam supply meeting the entire steam demand of TVK supplied from a source other than its own, • an acceptable time frame for the implementation and the development of the project, • the lowest possible capital requirement (involvement of a professional investor), • in the case of electricity generation, it may only be carried out through cogeneration with heat, with the minimization of condensing electricity generation, with regard to the process of the opening of the electricity market. The power plant project has been realized through a project company established by TVK and North Hungarian Electricity Distribution Co. where the chemical company has 26%, the professional investor has 74% ownership. The construction of the power plant started at the beginning of 2002 and finished in 2004. The installed steam capacity of the project is 250 t/h the power output is 35 MW. The plant has been delivered by Siemens-Transelektro consortia based on turn-key EPC Contract. The plant consists of a Siemens SGT 600 (former GT10B) gas turbine with supplementary fired HRSG and a Siemens ST-6 steam turbine and three auxiliary boilers with 65 t/h steam capacity each. The paper to be presented shows the decision making process concerning the power plant investment. It describes the technical scheme of the project and outlines the special technical features of the steam supply arising from the unusual steam load of TVK especially during start-up, shut-down and forced outages of the olefin plants which requires high additional steam supply in short time. It shows the experiences of the first year of operation too, how the plant has been able to fulfill its design criteria.
5
Topaloğlu, Mustafa. "Evaluation of New Provisions Regarding Sales and Commercial Sales Amended by New Turkish Code of Obligations the Context of Vienna Convention." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00982.
Анотація:
Intendment of the paper herein, to evaluate of new provisions regarding sales and commercial sales amended by new Turkish Code of Obligations numbered 6098 in the context of Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods which is effective since 01 January 1988. It has a significance to be able to understand why the provisions of the convention have not been completely quoted to Turkish Code of Obligations. Turkish Code of Obligations' numbered 6098, Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and Provisions of Vienna Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods (CISG/United Nations Convention), Comparing of civil law, common law, and combinations of these (especially Sales contracts in civil law and sales contracts in common law).During the legislation process of Turkish Code of Obligations' provisions regarding sales, both Vienna Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG/United Nations Convention) and Swiss law has been constituted a source. The Vienna Convention is effective since 01 January 1988 and Turkey has participated to (CISG) on 01 August 2011 and it has been a part of domestic law. The aim of (CISG) is to eliminate the differences among the countries' laws regarding sales; i.e. it constitutes a linking rule and the rules of sales. Since the Convention has been legislated with the effect of various law families and systems, provisions of the convention have not been completely adopted to code of obligations.
6
Davis, John C., Mike Jones, and John Roderique. "Planning for Greater Levels of Diversion That Including Energy Recovery for the Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority, California Region." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2342.
Анотація:
The Mojave Desert and Mountain Recycling Authority is a California Joint Powers Authority (the JPA), consisting of nine communities in California’s San Bernardino County high desert and mountain region. In August 2008 the JPA contracted with Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. (GBB) to prepare the Victor Valley Resource Management Strategy (Resource Management Strategy). Working with RRT Design and Construction, Inc. (RRT), GBB prepared a coordinated forward-looking strategy to guide the JPA’s future program and facilities decisions. The Resource Management Strategy focused on the Town of Apple Valley, population 70,092, and the City of Victorville, population 107,408, the two largest JPA member communities, which have a combined total of more than 130,000 tons per year of material entering the JPA’s recycling system and the Victorville Landfill. The Resource Management Strategy is underpinned by a characterization of waste loads delivered to the Victorville Landfill. A visual characterization was carried out by RRT in September/October 2008. RRT engineers identified proportions of materials recoverable for recycling and composting among all loads collected from residential and non-residential generators for a full week, nearly 300 loads total. The JPA financed and manages the operations contract for the highly automated Victor Valley Material Recovery Facility (MRF). The MRF today receives and processes an average of 130 tons per day (tpd), five days per week, of single stream paper and containers and recyclable-rich commercial waste loads. The waste characterization indicated that as much as 80 percent of loads of residential and commercial waste currently landfilled could be processed for recycling and composting in a combination manual and automated sorting facility. Residue from the MRF, which is predominated by paper, would provide potential feedstock for an energy recovery project; however, the JPA has two strategies regarding process residue. The first strategy is to reduce residue rates from existing deliveries, to optimize MRF operations. An assessment of the MRF conducted by RRT indicated that residue rates could be reduced, although this material would continue to be rich in combustible materials. The second strategy is to increase recovery for recycling by expanding the recyclable-rich and organics-dense waste load deliveries to the MRF and/or a composting facility. The Resource Management Strategy provided a conceptual design and cost that identified projected capital and operations costs that would be incurred to expand the MRF processing system for the program expansion. Based on the waste composition analysis, residue from a proposed system was estimated. This residue also would be rich in combustible materials. The December 2008 California Scoping Plan is the roadmap for statewide greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts. The Scoping Plan specifically calls out mandatory commercial recycling, expanded organics composting (particularly food residue), and inclusion of anaerobic digestion as renewable energy. The Resource Management Strategy sets the stage for JPA programs to address Scoping Plan mandates and priorities. California Public Resources Code Section 40051(b) requires that communities: Maximize the use of all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting options in order to reduce the amount of solid waste that must be disposed of by transformation and land disposal. For wastes that cannot feasibly be reduced at their source, recycled, or composted, the local agency may use environmentally safe transformation or environmentally safe land disposal, or both of those practices. Moreover, Section 41783(b) only allows transformation diversion credit (10 percent of the 50 percent required) if: The transformation project uses front-end methods or programs to remove all recyclable materials from the waste stream prior to transformation to the maximum extent feasible. Finally, prior to permitting a new transformation facility the California Integrated Waste Management Board is governed by Section 41783(d), which requires that CIWMB: “Hold a public hearing in the city, county, or regional agency jurisdiction within which the transformation project is proposed, and, after the public hearing, the board makes both of the following findings, based upon substantial evidence on the record: (1) The city, county, or regional agency is, and will continue to be, effectively implementing all feasible source reduction, recycling, and composting measures. (2) The transformation project will not adversely affect public health and safety or the environment.” The Resource Management Strategy assessed two cement manufacturers located in the high desert region for their potential to replace coal fuel with residue from the MRF and potentially from other waste quantities generated in the region. Cement kilns are large consumers of fossil fuels, operate on a continuous basis, and collectively are California’s largest source of greenhouse gas emissions. The Resource Management Strategy also identified further processing requirements for size reduction and screening to remove non-combustible materials and produce a feasible refuse derived fuel (RDF). A conceptual design system to process residue and supply RDF to a cement kiln was developed, as were estimated capital and operating costs to implement the RDF production system. The Resource Management Strategy addressed the PRC requirement that “all feasible source reduction, recycling and composting measures” are implemented prior to approving any new “transformation” facility. This planning effort also provided a basis for greenhouse gas reduction analysis, consistent with statewide initiatives to reduce landfill disposal. This paper will report on the results of this planning and the decisions made by the JPA, brought current to the time of the conference.
7
Subramanian, Aparna. "Reimagine LNG – An Overview of the LNG Market Potentially Leading to a Future AFLOAT." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/30929-ms.
Анотація:
Objective / Scope LNG has proven its worth, to meet energy demands throughout the globe at scale, whilst providing the cleanest fossil fuel. To complement the emerging trend of energy transition all over the globe, LNG provides a robust solution for a potential future. This paper will describe the current state and outlook of the LNG market, rethinking of LNG contracts and the major drivers that could favor a Floating LNG facility as a market driver compared to land-based facilities. Methods, Procedures, Process With recent events which include the oil price slump, LNG supply glut and the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic, the imbalance in the LNG market is predicted to run with low market price that could last up to four more years. On one hand, low market price is putting a lot of pressure on suppliers but on the flip side, this can be a game changer for the consumers. Consumers can potentially exploit buyers' market by making the investments much stronger to strive towards a clean future. Conventionally LNG producers have been land-based until facilities like Golar LNG made historical success. The focus of the Floating LNG industry is now directed towards small and mid-scale production. With a constant demand from stakeholders to get facilities up and running in a short development schedule, Floating LNG can provide some compelling benefits when combined with the concept of an economic time chartering investment rather than a CAPEX investment. This leads to a shortened execution time from discovery to market and avoids the extensive and time-consuming permitting and land use issues that are typical of onshore projects. The main drivers / challenges for a Floating LNG Facility investment are · Location, associated country regulatory restrictions · Source of gas · Market demand · Technology based on capacity · Project financing Floating LNG can not only provide economic benefits for first use but could also provide a commercial route to easy re-deployment to new gas sources, wherever necessary and possible. The paper will include: · Reflection on the LNG market of the recent past · Impact of COVID 19 on LNG market globally and the projected trends by various analysts · Overview of LNG contract types · Technical and commercial Drivers of Floating LNG which will potentially influence the market Results, Observations, Conclusions The take-away from this paper is a deeper understanding of the following: · Current LNG market and outlook · Reimagine LNG Contracts · Re-explore Floating LNG drivers Novel / Additive Information While the COVID 19 has created one of the reasons for the major impact on the market, this paper will present more interesting facts on many other contributing reasons for the present market downturn. This will in turn give an in-depth understanding for reimagining the major three drivers of Floating LNG, potentially leading to a WIN-WIN solution. This will help to sustain a constant cash flow amongst both sellers and buyers.
8
Rettler, M. W., M. L. Easley, and J. R. Smyth. "Ceramic Gas Turbine Technology Development." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-207.
Анотація:
Under the U.S. Dept. of Energy/National Aeronautics and Space Administration (DOE/NASA) funded Ceramic Turbine Engine Demonstration Project, formerly the Advanced Turbine Technology Applications Project (ATTAP), AlliedSignal Engines is addressing the remaining critical concerns slowing the commercialization of structural ceramics in gas turbine engines. These issues include demonstration of ceramic component reliability, readiness of ceramic suppliers to support ceramic production needs, and development of ceramic design technologies. The AlliedSignal/Garrett Model 331-200[CT] Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) is being used as a ceramics test bed engine. The first-stage turbine blades and nozzles were redesigned using ceramic materials, employing the design methods developed during the earlier DOE/NASA-funded Advanced Gas Turbine (AGT) and ATTAP programs. Ceramic engine components have been fabricated and are now being evaluated in laboratory engine testing. The fabrication processes for these components will provide the framework for a demonstration of manufacturing process scale-up to the minimum level for commercial viability. The laboratory engine testing is helping to refine the component designs and focus the development of ceramic component technologies. Extended engine endurance testing and field testing in commercial aircraft is planned to demonstrate ceramic component reliability. Significant progress has been made during 1994. An engine with ceramic turbine nozzles was successfully operated and engine tests in the laboratory are continuing to gather useful data. An engine equipped with ceramic blades was also tested, but blade fractures occurred, interrupting operation. An extensive investigation has identified possible vibration and contact problems. Investigative evaluation efforts are continuing to identify the problem source and determine go-forward plans for ceramic blade development. Component design technologies have progressed in the areas of modeling particle impact pulverization, development of a ceramic hot corrosion environmental life model, and methods for evaluating ceramic contact damage. The planned ceramic manufacturing scale-up was initiated with two ceramics vendors, Norton Advanced Ceramics (East Granby, CT) and AlliedSignal Ceramic Components (Torrance, CA). The scaleup demonstration program is emphasizing improvement of ceramic processing yields and increased production rates. Work summarized in this paper was funded by the U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE) Office of Transportation Technologies, as part of the Turbine Engine Technologies Program, and administered by the NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH under Contract No. DEN3-335.
9
Meslioui, Sid-Ali, Mark Cunningham, and Patrick Germain. "Determination of CFD Turbulence Scales for Lobed Mixer Jet Noise Prediction." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28334.
Анотація:
Many turbofan engine exhaust designs feature internal forced mixers to rapidly mix the hot core flow with the cold bypass flow before the nozzle exit, primarily to enhance mixing and thus improve Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC). Although the design is intended for performance improvement, it may also considerably reduce low frequency noise because of the lower relative mixed jet velocity compared to a confluent nozzle. In reality, the presence of the mixer adds complexity to the jet flow fields and additional high frequency source noise commonly labeled “mixer excess noise”. There is no industry standard on predicting such jet noise contribution. As a remedy to this, a new method was recently developed by the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research (ISVR), UK, and Purdue University, USA, under the AeroAcoustics Research Consortium (AARC) contract to predict jet noise of lobed mixers. The method essentially relies on SAE ARP876D or ESDU98019 far field noise spectra predicted for single stream jets, with appropriate filtering to decompose the spectrum into an enhanced jet spectrum and a fully mixed jet spectrum. The process is similar to the four source model earlier developed for the coplanar separate flow jets. In addition to mixer flow parameters, the prediction method requires the knowledge of two parameters related to mixer excess noise: a turbulence factor Fm, defined as the ratio of the turbulence in a forced mixer to the ‘normal’ turbulence in a single-stream mixed jet at equal distances downstream of the nozzle; and LenJ that represents the axial length of the effective jet over which Fm exceeds unity. Extensive analysis of NASA scale model lobed mixers noise data showed that the method is promising. RANS CFD was also performed to numerically determine equivalent turbulence scales based on the turbulent kinetic energy in forced mixer jets relative to confluent mixer jets. The present paper extends this work, refining the prediction method and providing validation of the new method with full-scale engine noise data. In addition, the potential of CFD to enhance noise prediction for lobed mixer jets by providing the turbulence scales needed for the empirical model is further investigated. A new definition of the equivalent CFD turbulence parameters is proposed that agrees well with those derived from empirical jet noise model. Comparison of the CFD results with NASA PIV data for a confluent mixer configuration showed that the CFD methodology is not yet fully mature and additional work is required. However, the resolution of the mixer turbulence scales predicted by CFD analysis is sufficient to identify noise trends between two mixer designs. As a result, CFD is seen as a tool with the potential to identify mixer designs that result in lower jet noise.
10
Jenko, Aladin. "Divorce problems Divorce from a man does not occur except in court model." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DEFICIENCIES AND INFLATION ASPECTS IN LEGISLATION. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicdial.pp238-250.
Анотація:
"Divorce is considered a form of family disintegration that leads to the demolition of the family and family pillars after its construction through the marriage contract and then the termination of all social ties between husband and wife and often between their relatives. Divorce rates have risen to frightening levels that threaten our Islamic societies. Among the most important causes of divorce in our society are the following: The failure of one or both spouses in the process of adapting to the other through the different nature of the spouses and their personalities, the interference of the parents, the lack of harmony and compatibility between the spouses, the bad relationship and the large number of marital problems, the cultural openness, the absence of dialogue within the family. Several parties have sought to develop possible solutions to this dangerous phenomenon in our society, including: Establishment of advisory offices to reduce divorce by social and psychological specialists, and include the issue of divorce within the educational and educational curricula in a more concerned manner that shows the extent of the seriousness of divorce and its negative effects on the individual, family and society, and the development of an integrated policy that ensures the treatment of the causes and motives leading to divorce in the community, as well as holding conferences. Scientific and enlightening seminars and awareness workshops and the need for religious institutions and their media platforms to play a guiding and awareness role of the danger and effects of divorce on family construction and society, and to educate community members about the dangers of divorce and the importance of maintaining the husband’s bond and stability. As well as reviewing some marriage legislation and regulations, such as raising the age of marriage and reconsidering the issue of underage marriage, which is witnessing a rise in divorce rates. Among the proposed solutions is the demand to withdraw the power of divorce from the man's hands and place it in the hands of the judge, to prevent certain harm to women, or as a means to prevent the frequent occurrence of divorce. The last proposition created a problem that contradicts the stereotypical image of divorce in Islamic law, for which conditions and elements have been set, especially since Islamic Sharia is the main source of personal status laws in most Islamic countries. Therefore, the importance of this research is reflected in the study of this solution and its effectiveness as a means to prevent the spread of divorce, and not deviate from the pattern specified for it according to Sharia."