Готові списки джерел за темами / Spatial distribution of trophic resources

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Spatial distribution of trophic resources"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 21 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Spatial distribution of trophic resources":

Garrison, Lance P. "Spatial and dietary overlap in the Georges Bank groundfish community." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, no. 8 (August 1, 2000): 1679–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-117.

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Patterns in spatial and trophic resource partitioning in the fish community of the Georges Bank region are identified, accounting for size-based changes in diets. During autumn and spring, this community is divided into geographic assemblages of species that have high spatial overlap. Similarity in spatial distribution is primarily related to similarity in depth preferences, and seasonal differences in species composition within assemblages are related to migrations. There is also important trophic structure within the Georges Bank community separating predators based upon prey size and location in the water column. Ontogenetic changes in diets are an important feature of the trophic structure in this system, particularly in the major piscivores. Seasonal changes in trophic structure reflect both predator and prey migrations. Dietary overlap among predator types is independent of either spatial overlap or depth preferences. There is spatial segregation within trophic guilds, and this spatial partitioning reduces the potential for exploitative competition within this community. Given the observed spatial patterns in trophic structure, the geographic assemblages on Georges Bank may be considered ecologically distinct functional units within this ecosystem.

Sampaio, Ana Lúcia A., João Paulo A. Pagotto, and Erivelto Goulart. "Relationships between morphology, diet and spatial distribution: testing the effects of intra and interspecific morphological variations on the patterns of resource use in two Neotropical Cichlids." Neotropical Ichthyology 11, no. 2 (June 2013): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252013005000001.

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Considering th e morphology, diet and spatial distribution of Satanoperca pappaterraand Crenicichla britskii (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in the Upper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil), the following questions were investigated: (1) Could the body shape predict the use of trophic resources and habitat by C. britskiiand S. pappaterra? (2) Could the relationship between morphology and use of trophic resources and habitat be also extended to the intraspecific scale? (3) What are the most important morphological traits used to predict the variation on diet and habitat occupation within and between species? We hypothesized that intra and interspecific differences in morphological patterns imply in different forms of resource exploitation and that the ecomorphological analysis enables the identification of trophic and spatial niche segregation. Fish samplings were performed in different types of habitats (rivers, secondary channels, connected and disconnected lagoons) in the Upper Paraná River floodplain. Analyses of the stomach content was conducted to characterize the feeding patterns and twenty-two ecomorphological indices were calculated from linear morphological measurements and areas. A principal component analysis (PCA) run with these indices evidenced the formation of two significant axes, revealing in the axis 1 an ecomorphological ordination according to the type of habitat, regardless the species. The individuals of both species exploiting lotic habitats tended to have morphological traits that enable rapid progressive and retrograde movements, braking and continuous swimming, whereas individuals found in lentic and semi-lotic habitats presented morphology adapted to a greater maneuverability and stabilization in deflections. On the other hand the axis 2 evidenced a segregation related to the feeding ecology, between S. pappaterra and C. britskii. The relationship between morphology and use of spatial and feeding resource was corroborated by the Mantel test performed at inter and intraspecific levels. Therefore the hypothesis was accepted suggesting that analyses incorporating both intraspecific and interspecific morphological variations can contribute to a greater understanding about the ecological structure of fish assemblages by providing evidences on the niche characteristics of each species.

Puerta, Patricia, Mary E. Hunsicker, Manuel Hidalgo, Patricia Reglero, Lorenzo Ciannelli, Antonio Esteban, María González, and Antoni Quetglas. "Community–environment interactions explain octopus-catshark spatial overlap." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 7 (May 26, 2016): 1901–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw053.

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Abstract The octopus Eledone cirrhosa and the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula present the same feeding habits and distributional preferences in the Mediterranean Sea. We explore patterns of spatial overlap between these species to address coexistence and infer possible competition from spatial patterns in the western Mediterranean Sea. A spatially explicit modelling approach revealed that spatial overlap mainly responded to the distribution of shared resources, where coexistence is allowed by different ecological processes. Catshark (k-strategy) was highly abundant and widely distributed. However, the fluctuating population dynamics of octopus (r-strategy) explained the variations in spatial patterns of overlap. Spatial structuring across the study area was observed both in population distributions and in species interactions (coexistence or exclusion). Areas with high resources in terms of specific prey items (Catalan Sea) or alternative supplies, such as niche opportunities and ecosystem functions defined by community diversity (Balearic Islands), favoured species coexistence. Sea surface temperature showed opposite effects on overlap in northern and southern regions of the study area, which were not related to differences in species sensitivity. We suggest a surface trophic link, where different phytoplankton communities at each region might have opposite responses to temperature. This triggers contrasting mechanisms of food transfer to deeper benthic communities that subsequently facilitates species overlap. Characterizing how benthic and pelagic seascape properties shape species interactions across space and time is pivotal to properly address community spatial dynamics and move towards ecosystem-based management for sustainable fisheries and conservation planning.

Liao, Chenmei, Yifan Zuo, Rob Law, Yingying Wang, and Mu Zhang. "Spatial Differentiation, Influencing Factors, and Development Paths of Rural Tourism Resources in Guangdong Province." Land 11, no. 11 (November 15, 2022): 2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11112046.

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Rural tourism resources are the core carriers of rural tourism. It is, therefore, beneficial to further optimize the layout of rural tourism and to explore the spatial differentiation of rural tourism resources and their influencing factors. Taking 4670 rural tourism resources in Guangdong Province in China as the research object, this study explores the spatial distribution patterns of rural tourism resources through the nearest neighbor index, grid dimension analysis, kernel density analysis, and standard deviation ellipse method. Geodetectors are used to identify the influencing factors of the spatial heterogeneity of these resources in Guangdong Province. The findings reveal the following: (1) The distribution of rural tourism resources in Guangdong Province shows a tendency of agglomeration along the Tropic of Cancer, and the spatial distribution is unbalanced. The hot and cold spots show a “northeast-southwest” distribution trend. Furthermore, most of the hotspots form three high-density core areas, the sub-dense stretch zones connect into a w-shaped belt, and the sub-cold areas and sub-hot areas show a large expansion trend, thus forming five radiation areas. (2) The distribution of rural tourism resources in Guangdong Province is affected by multiple factors. In particular, the force of agricultural resource endowment, tourism resource endowment and transportation location are relatively strong, and social economy and tourist source market are the weak factors.

Benoit-Bird, Kelly J., and Margaret A. McManus. "Bottom-up regulation of a pelagic community through spatial aggregations." Biology Letters 8, no. 5 (May 2, 2012): 813–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0232.

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The importance of spatial pattern in ecosystems has long been recognized. However, incorporating patchiness into our understanding of forces regulating ecosystems has proved challenging. We used a combination of continuously sampling moored sensors, complemented by shipboard sampling, to measure the temporal variation, abundance and vertical distribution of four trophic levels in Hawaii's near shore pelagic ecosystem. Using an analysis approach from trophic dynamics, we found that the frequency and intensity of spatial aggregations—rather than total biomass—in each step of a food chain involving phytoplankton, copepods, mesopelagic micronekton and spinner dolphins ( Stenella longirostris ) were the most significant predictors of variation in adjacent trophic levels. Patches of organisms had impacts disproportionate to the biomass of organisms within them. Our results are in accordance with resource limitation—mediated by patch dynamics—regulating structure at each trophic step in this ecosystem, as well as the foraging behaviour of the top predator. Because of their high degree of heterogeneity, ecosystem-level effects of patchiness such as this may be common in many pelagic marine systems.

Siqueira, Alexandre C., Renato A. Morais, David R. Bellwood, and Peter F. Cowman. "Planktivores as trophic drivers of global coral reef fish diversity patterns." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 9 (February 16, 2021): e2019404118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019404118.

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One of the most prominent features of life on Earth is the uneven number of species across large spatial scales. Despite being inherently linked to energetic constraints, these gradients in species richness distribution have rarely been examined from a trophic perspective. Here we dissect the global diversity of over 3,600 coral reef fishes to reveal patterns across major trophic groups. By analyzing multiple nested spatial scales, we show that planktivores contribute disproportionally to the formation of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) marine biodiversity hotspot. Besides being “hotter” at the hotspot, planktivorous fishes display the steepest decline in species numbers with distance from the IAA when compared to other trophic groups. Surprisingly, we did not detect differences in diversification, transition, and dispersal rates in extant species phylogenies that would explain this remarkable gradient in planktivorous fish richness. Thus, we identify two potential complementary drivers for this pattern. First, exceptional levels of partitioning among planktivorous coral reef fishes were driven by temporally stable oceanographic conditions and abundant planktonic resources in the IAA. Second, extinctions of planktivores outside the IAA have been particularly pronounced during Quaternary climate fluctuations. Overall, our results highlight trophic ecology as an important component of global species richness gradients.

Ursenbacher, Sylvain, Philippe Christe, and César Metzger. "Testing the competitive exclusion principle using various niche parameters in a native (Natrix maura) and an introduced (N. tessellata) colubrid." Amphibia-Reptilia 30, no. 4 (2009): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853809789647031.

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AbstractDespite the increase of animal and plant introductions worldwide and the strong augmentation of the reptile trade, few invasive snake populations have been studied. Dice snakes (Natrix tessellata) were introduced to the shores of Lake Geneva (Switzerland) in the early 1920s, and are now well established. This region of introduction was previously inhabited by Viperine snakes (N. maura). Ever since these two species have been under monitoring (which began in 1996) the Viperine snake population has shown drastic decline. We examine here the possibility of trophic competition by analysing diet composition, prey size and trophic niche overlap. Spatial distribution is also assessed in order to address the question of spatial competitive exclusion. We found very similar diets, and thus a high trophic niche overlap, indicating no partitioning of the trophic resource. No arguments in favour of spatial competitive exclusion were found. Our study suggests that trophic competition may occur between the two natricines and that it may give an explanation for the drastic decline of the Viperine snake in this area. Other pathways potentially playing a role in the exclusion of the Viperine snake are discussed.

Codron, Jacqueline, Kevin J. Duffy, Nico L. Avenant, Matt Sponheimer, Jennifer Leichliter, Oliver Paine, Paul Sandberg, and Daryl Codron. "Stable isotope evidence for trophic niche partitioning in a South African savanna rodent community." Current Zoology 61, no. 3 (June 1, 2015): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.3.397.

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Abstract Species’ partitioning of resources remains one of the most integral components for understanding community assembly. Analysis of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in animal tissues has the potential to help resolve patterns of partitioning because these proxies represent the individual’s diet and trophic niche, respectively. Using free-ranging rodents in a southern African savanna as a model community, we find that syntopic species within habitats occupy distinct isotope niches. Moreover, species with strongly overlapping isotope niches did not overlap in their spatial distribution patterns, suggesting an underlying effect of competitive exclusion. Niche conservatism appears to characterize the behaviour of most species in our sample - with little or no observed changes across habitats - with the exception of one species, Mastomys coucha. This species displayed a generalist distribution, being found in similar abundances across a variety of habitats. This spatial pattern was coupled with a generalist isotope niche that shifted across habitats, likely in response to changes in species composition over the same spatial gradient. The case for M. coucha supports contentions that past competition effects played a significant evolutionary role in shaping community structures of today, including the absence of strong interspecific niche overlaps within particular habitats. Our study highlights the value of stable isotope approaches to help resolve key questions in community ecology, and moreover introduces novel analytical approaches to quantifying isotope niche breadths and niche overlaps that are easily comparable with traditional metrices.

Santamaría, Silvia, Camilla Aviaaja Enoksen, Jens M. Olesen, Giacomo Tavecchia, Andreu Rotger, José Manuel Igual, and Anna Traveset. "Diet composition of the lizard Podarcis lilfordi (Lacertidae) on 2 small islands: an individual-resource network approach." Current Zoology 66, no. 1 (May 21, 2019): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoz028.

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Abstract Despite it is widely accepted that intrapopulation variation is fundamental to ecological and evolutionary processes, this level of information has only recently been included into network analysis of species/population interactions. When done, it has revealed non-random patterns in the distribution of trophic resources. Nestedness in resource use among individuals is the most recurrent observed pattern, often accompanied by an absence of modularity, but no previous studies examine bipartite modularity. We use network analysis to describe the diet composition of the Balearic endemic lizard Podarcis lilfordi in 2 islets at population and individual levels, based on the occurrence of food items in fecal samples. Our objectives are to 1) compare niche structure at both levels, 2) characterize niche partition using nestedness and modularity, and 3) assess how size, sex, season, and spatial location influence niche structure. At population-level niche width was wide, but narrow at the level of the individual. Both islet networks were nested, indicating similar ranking of the food preferences among individuals, but also modular, which was partially explained by seasonality. Sex and body size did not notably affect diet composition. Large niche overlap and therefore possibly relaxed competition were observed among females in one of the islets and during spring on both islets. Likewise, higher modularity in autumn suggests that higher competition could lead to specialization in both populations, because resources are usually scarce in this season. The absence of spatial location influence on niche might respond to fine-grained spatio-temporally distribution of food resources. Behavioral traits, not included in this study, could also influence resource partitioning.

Almeida, Nathalie, Jaime A. Ramos, Isabel Rodrigues, Ivo dos Santos, Jorge M. Pereira, Diana M. Matos, Pedro M. Araújo, Pedro Geraldes, Tommy Melo, and Vitor H. Paiva. "Year-round at-sea distribution and trophic resources partitioning between two sympatric Sulids in the tropical Atlantic." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): e0253095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253095.

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In the oligotrophic tropical marine environment resources are usually more patchily distributed and less abundant to top predators. Thus, spatial and trophic competition can emerge, especially between related seabird species belonging to the same ecological guild. Here we studied the foraging ecology of two sympatric species–brown booby (BRBO) Sula leucogaster (breeding) and red-footed boobies (RFBO) Sula sula (non-breeding)–at Raso islet (Cabo Verde), across different seasons. Sexual segregation was only observed during Jun-Oct, when RFBO were present, with larger females BRBO remaining closer to the colonies, while males and RFBO travelled further and exploited different habitats. Overall, species appeared to prefer areas with specific oceanic features, particularly those related with oceanic currents and responsible for enhancing primary productivity in tropical oceanic areas (e.g. Sea Surface Height and Ocean Mixed Layer Thickness). Female BRBOs showed high foraging-site fidelity during the period of sympatry, while exploiting the same prey species as the other birds. However, during the months of co-existence (Jun.-Oct.), isotopic mixing models suggested that female BRBO would consume a higher proportion of epipelagic fish, whereas female RFBO would consume more squid compared to the other birds, possibly due to habitat-specific prey availability and breeding energy-constraints for BRBO. We conclude that divergent parental roles, environmental conditions, habitat preference and competition could be mechanisms simultaneously underlying sexual segregation for BRBO during a period of co-existence, while inter-specific foraging differences appear to be more affected by habitat preference and different breeding stages. These results support previous statements that BRBO can adapt their foraging ecology to different circumstances of environmental conditions and competition, and that marine physical features play an important role in foraging decisions of boobies.

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Дисертації з теми "Spatial distribution of trophic resources":

Lérault, Louise. "Impact de l'arrangement spatial des cultures associées sur la distribution des ressources trophiques pour les parasitoïdes et le contrôle biologique des pucerons." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARA090.

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La distribution hétérogène des ressources trophiques dans l’environnement des organismes influence leurs patrons d’exploitation.Les agroécosystèmes ont une structuration spatiale marquée des ressources trophiques essentielles aux parasitoïdes, à savoir les hôtes et la nourriture sucrée.L’association d’une culture non productrice de nectar avec une culture nectarifère est un modèle intéressant pour étudier l’influence de l’apport de ressources trophiques au sein des parcelles,et pourrait favoriser le service écosystémique de régulation des ravageurs par les parasitoïdes. Ces cultures associées peuvent être agencées selon différents arrangements spatiaux, qui font varier la distribution spatiale des ressources.Dans la cadre de cette thèse, nous explorons l’influence de la distribution spatiale des ressources trophiques dans les cultures associées sur le comportement alimentaire des parasitoïdes et le parasitisme des pucerons.Dans un premier temps, nous étudions l’influence de la distance entre hôtes et nectar sur l’alimentation et le parasitisme de femelles Aphidius ervi. Nous observons que la présence d’hôtes influence la fréquence d’alimentation mais pas le taux de parasitisme. Dans un second temps, nous explorons la complémentarité potentielle entre l’apport d’hôtes alternatifs et de nectar et la portée spatiale de cet aménagement en inter-rang en verger. Nous n’observons pas d’effet de l’apport de chaque ressource ni de la combinaison des deux sur le parasitisme des pucerons. Enfin, nous étudions l’effet du mode d’arrangement spatial d’une association céréale-légumineuse, et le comparons avec une culture pure de céréale. Nous observons un effet opposé de l’association culturale sur les populations de pucerons selon la culture, avec moins de pucerons en association sur la légumineuse et plus sur la céréale dans les arrangements fins, mais sans lien avec l’activité des parasitoïdes. Nos résultats ne permettent pas de confirmer l’effet bénéfique des cultures associées sur le contrôle biologique des pucerons par les parasitoïdes. Déterminer les conditions environnementales de disponibilité de ressources dans lesquelles l’apport de nectar pourrait avoir un impact et la portée spatiale d’aménagement à une échelle plus large, permettrait peut-être d’expliquer cette absence d’effet de l’approvisionnement en ressources trophiques pour les parasitoïdes
The heterogeneous distribution of trophic resources in the environment of organisms influences their exploitation patterns. Agroecosystems have a marked spatial structuring of trophic resources that are essential to parasitoids, namely hosts and sugar-rich food. Intercropping a nectariless crop with a nectariferous crop is an interesting model to study the influence of the provision of trophic resources within plots, and could promote the ecosystem service of pest regulation by parasitoids. Intercrops can be distributed according to different spatial arrangements, which change the spatial distribution of parasitoid resources. In this PhD thesis, we explore the influence of the spatial distribution of trophic resources in intercrops on the feeding and parasitism behaviours of aphid parasitoids. First, we study the influence of the distance between hosts and nectar on the feeding and parasitism of Aphidius ervi females.We observe that the presence of hosts influences the feeding frequency but not the parasitism rate. Secondly, we explore the potential complementarity between providing alternative hosts and nectar along with the spatial range of their effect in an orchard. We do not observe any effect of the provision of each resource separately nor the combination of both on aphid parasitism. Finally, we study the effect of spatial arrangement of a cereal-legume intercropping system, and compare it with a cereal single crop. We observe an opposite effect of intercropping on aphid populations depending on the intercrop, with fewer legume aphids but more cereal aphids in the fine arrangements intercropping plots, and without a clear relation with parasitoid activity. Our results do not confirm the beneficial effect of intercrops on the biological control of aphids by parasitoids. Determining the environmental conditions of resource availability and its spatial range in which supplying nectar or alternative hosts could have an impact on a larger scale is required to explain the lack of effect of providing trophic resources for parasitoids

Desta, Assefa, and Aregai Tecle. "Modeling Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Precipitation in an Arizona Ponderosa Pine Forest Ecosystem." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296643.

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Huang, Jie. "Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Fecal Coliform Distribution in Virginia Coastal Waters." W&M ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616702.

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The collection of fecal coliform (FC) monitoring data in shellfish growing waters is primarily to assess public health risks from consumption of contaminated product. The data is also commonly used to assess the potential sources and loads of bacteria entering the aquatic system. This project is intended to extend traditional methods of developing these assessments, by applying an inverse modeling approach to improve the estimation of FC loads in the small watersheds typically contributing to shellfish growing waters in Virginia. Many fecal contamination studies in lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, have conveniently focused on analyses over relatively small spatial and temporal scales. The potential sources of bacteria are numerous and the magnitude of their contributions is commonly unknown (Hyer and Moyer, 2004). The effects of stochastic events merely complicate the already difficult task of quantifying sources and loads in an inherently variable system (White et al., 2008). Instead of identifying and quantifying individual fecal bacteria sources, like deer or raccoons or domestic animals, it is herein proposed to analyze spatial and temporal patterns of fecal contamination on relatively large scales and quantify FC loadings based on land cover. The result would make it easier for managers to assign land-cover-based accountability to restore fecal contaminated environments. Monitoring of FC concentrations throughout Virginia by the Division of Shellfish Sanitation (DSS) provided an opportunity to analyze FC levels from 1984 to the present and quantify FC loadings by type of land cover. There are three aspects in this study---spatial analysis of FC data, temporal analysis of FC data, and FC loadings quantification based on the findings from spatial and temporal analyses. GIS tools and a variety of statistical methods are used in combination with an inverse modeling approach. The modeling method was based on some basic concepts incorporated in the Watershed Management Model and the Tidal Prism Model currently used to develop Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) models for Virginia waters. The core contributions of this dissertation are: (1) This study provided a thorough examination of FC monitoring data in Virginia coastal waters and described how contamination levels are expressed at different spatial and temporal scales. Analyses examined tidal effects, regional effects, land condition effects, and climate effects. Results not only inform management decisions, but also provide guidance for the subsequent quantification of fecal bacteria loadings. (2) Fecal bacteria loadings are quantified as a function of land cover. The model developed in this study avoids the problems associated with using highly varied and poorly documented FC production rates and population numbers. Although the model is simple, the magnitude of Fecal Coliform Event Mean Concentration (FCMC) values based on land covers effectively distinguished the seasonal FC loadings.

Molotch, Noah P. "ESTIMATING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT AND SNOWMELT IN MOUNTAINOUS WATERSHEDS OF SEMI-ARID REGIONS." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191275.

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The processes controlling snowpack mass balance are highly variable in time and space, requiring remote sensing to observe regional processes and intensive field observations to observe hilislope-scale phenomena. This research aims to further understanding of the processes controlling snowpack mass balance through innovative applications of remotely sensed data and statistical interpolations of ground observations. Four advancements were obtained: 1) the sensitivity of regression tree snow distribution models to digital elevation data and independent variables was quanitified; 2) improved ability to upscale point snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements at snow telemetry (SNOTEL) stations was obtained by quantifying the small-scale SWE variability surrounding these stations; 3) spatially distributed snowmelt algorithms were improved by incorporating remotely sensed snow-surface albedo data into snowmelt modeling; and (4) the temporal and spatial continuity of regional-scale estimates of snow covered area (SCA) and SWE were improved by combining remotely sensed data and air temperature data to extend estimates beneath the cloud cover.

Dushimumuremyi, Jean Paul. "Spatial distribution of water resources and accessibility to water : the case of Bugesera district in Rwanda /." Göteborg : Kulturgeografiska institutionen, Handelshögskolan vid Göteborgs universitet, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/21260.

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Kidder, Amí Lynne. "Ecohydrological Conditions Associated With The Distribution And Phenology Of The Pima Pineapple Cactus." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347323.

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Climate changes in temperature and precipitation are already occurring and are projected to further exhibit increasing temperature and precipitation extremes and increasing variation. Such increased temperature variation and decreased precipitation are likely to have a profound impact on vegetation communities, particularly in regions that are dominated by extreme temperatures and strongly seasonal precipitation events. Both temperature and precipitation are tightly linked to vegetation growth and distribution, and in regions such as the U.S. desert southwest, there are a number of rare and endangered species that have a particularly tight knit relationship with their environment. Here, I examine the relationship between these ecohydrological drivers and a specific, little- researched cactus: the Pima Pineapple Cactus (Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina). C. scheeri is a small, hemispherical cactus that resides in the Santa Cruz and Altar Valleys of Southern Arizona, and very little is known about the conditions that promote C. scheeri distribution and growth. To provide information that may aide in managing this species, I investigate aspects of the distribution and the phenology of this species. With respect to distribution, I hypothesize that (H1) C. scheeri locations are associated with spatial physical and climatic data within its geographic limits. A framework describing the climatic associations of C. scheeri would enable species managers to take advantage of suitable habitat when opportunities arise. With respect to phenology, within established C. scheeri habitat we lack a clear understanding of the impact ecohydrological factors can have on reproduction and size. Therefore, I also hypothesize (H2) that C. scheeri flowering phenology is triggered by available moisture, which may be in the form of precipitation, humidity, or soil moisture. My results indicate that through the use of the classification tree, C. scheeri habitat is strongly associated with climatic and physical variables at a state-wide scale; these associations indicate large losses of suitable habitat under future projected climate scenarios. Additionally, I find that C. scheeri flowering phenology appears to be associated with precipitation and the resulting increase of soil moisture; the data are also suggestive that bud formation might be associated with water-year growing degree day. Because the results indicate a tight coupling with climatic variables, with most suitable habitat within the current range in Arizona projected to be lost under future climate, I suggest managers may be inclined to increase monitoring C. scheeri in an ecohydrological context relative to the variables identified here and to consider conditions and locations where supplemental watering or microclimate amelioration could be beneficial for the species.

Dalle, Sarah Paule. "The spatial distribution of traditional plant resources on an indigenous territory (Darien, Panama) and implications for management /." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33389.

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Ecological research aimed at the conservation of useful plants has rarely considered the spatial distribution of resources nor the potential implications for management. In this thesis I examined the spatial patterning of a group of 23 useful plant species on the 3,500 ha territory of a Kuna community in Darien, Panama. A systematic random sampling scheme was used to survey the distribution and abundance of the species, as well as the physical environment. A series of canonical analyses was conducted to evaluate the species-environment relationships and to identify spatial structures in the species distributions left unexplained by the environmental variables. Four distinct distribution patterns were identified among the species; these were most strongly explained by land-use, the degree of canopy closure and topography. Significant spatial structures, independent of the environmental variables, were related to anthropogenic pressures and an edaphic gradient. The habitat associations of the individual species are described and data on one species, Sabal mauritiiformis , is used to illustrate the utility of these data in the management of plant resources on human landscapes.

Cheatham, Rhodes Carolyn. "Spatial and Temporal Variation in Mangrove Distribution (1950-2014) in Tampa, Florida USA." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6813.

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I carried out an observational study of historic high resolution aerial imagery spanning six decades (1950-2014) to identify recent and historic spatial extent of mangrove forests, within the municipal boundaries of the City of Tampa, Florida USA. My objectives were to map mangrove distribution and spatial extent and any change or patterns of change discernable. I observed variable patterns of change and rates of expansion varied between sites spatially as well as within sites between time intervals. I found notable changes in mangrove extent in the Tampa from historic and modern aerial imagery for the ~64-year period between 1950 and 2014. There were significant losses in areal extent between 1950 and 1973, much of which could be directly attributed to anthropogenic modification of the Tampa coastal landscape. All the regions observed had recovered or surpassed their original extent by the end of the period reviewed (1950-2014). It appears much of the recovery observed is a result of recolonization of created or modified shorelines. Results of these observations may contribute to the body of information used to inform conservation and management objectives in the City of Tampa and Tampa Bay.

Heller, Justin Henry. "Relative Abundance and Spatial Distribution of Lepomid Sunfishes in the Peace River." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3147.

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This study examines spatially continuous sampling data in order to investigate patterns of abundance and distribution of three recreationally important sunfish species (bluegill, redear, and spotted sunfish) along the main-stem of the Peace River, a large softwater river located in southwest Florida. A total of 467 electrofishing transects were sampled biannually from spring 2008 to spring 2010. Sampling sites ranged from the headwaters of the Peace River in Polk County, FL to the oligohaline waters located in Charlotte County, FL. All fish were collected with boat mounted electrofishing gear, and aquatic habitat and physiochemical water quality measurements were recorded at each transect. Pearson's correlation coefficient and conical correspondence analysis were used to interpret relationships between sunfish abundance and associated environmental variables. Results showed that relative abundance of sunfish varied significantly between the upper, middle, and lower basins of the river. Distance from headwaters, conductivity and macrophyte coverage were all significant predictors of relative species abundance. Spotted sunfish were found closer to the headwaters and were positively associated with higher amounts of aquatic vegetation. Redear were most common in the middle basin and were most associated with changes in conductivity. Bluegill were relatively more abundant further downriver where conductivities were higher. Woody debris was strongly associated with fish abundance for all species but did not significantly explain the variance in species composition between locations in the river. The result of this study can be used by fisheries professionals to better manage sunfish populations in the Peace River and other lotic systems.

Sabesan, Aarthy. "Geo-spatial assessment of the impact of land cover dynamics and distribution of land resources on soil and water quality in the Santa Fe River watershed." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0007460.

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Більше джерел

Книги з теми "Spatial distribution of trophic resources":

Dushimumuremyi, Jean Paul. Spatial distribution of water resources and accessibility to water: The case of Bugesera district in Rwanda. Göteborg: Department of Human and Economic Geography, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, 2009.

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Stępniak, Marcin. Przekształcenia przestrzennego rozmieszczenia zasobów mieszkaniowych w Warszawie w latach 1945-2008: Transformation of spatial distribution of housing resources in Warsaw in the period 1945-2008. Warszawa: PAN IGiPZ, 2014.

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Nogueras-Iso, Javier, F. Javier Zarazaga-Soria, and Pedro R. Muro-Medrano. Geographic Information Metadata for Spatial Data Infrastructures: Resources, Interoperability and Information Retrieval. Springer, 2005.

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Nogueras-Iso, Javier, Pedro R. Muro-Medrano, and Francisco Javier Zarazaga-Soria. Geographic Information Metadata for Spatial Data Infrastructures: Resources, Interoperability and Information Retrieval. Springer London, Limited, 2005.

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Lundqvist, L., and L. G. Mattsson. Spatial Energy Analysis: Models for Strategic Decisions in an Urban Regional Context. Avebury, 1989.

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Spatial energy analysis: Models for strategic decisions in an urban and regional context. Aldershot, Hants, England: Avebury, 1989.

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Geological Survey (U.S.), ed. Spatial Distribution, Temporal Variability, and Chemistry of the Salt Wedge in the Lower Charles River, Massachusetts, June 1998 to July 1999, U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4124, 2000, (MAP). [S.l: s.n., 2001.

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Billon, Philippe Le. The Geography of Resource Wars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.331.

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“Resource wars” refer to the linkages between armed conflict and access to natural resources.Geographically, these wars are frequently represented through world maps of “strategic resources,” combining the physical scarcity and non-substitutability of resources with their uneven spatial distribution and relative geopolitical location to pinpoint “hot-spots.” Yet perspectives on the links between war and resources are much broader than the continuation of resource policies through the use of military force. Similarly, the geographical dimensions of, and geographical perspectives on, these links are more diverse than maps of “strategic” materials. Classical geopolitical perspectives have most frequently linked the concept of resource war to interstate conflicts over the supply of strategic resources, giving way to a narrow and militaristic notion of “resource security.” To explain potential relations between resources and wars, political economy perspectives have articulated three main arguments about resources: an institutional weakening effect increasing vulnerability to conflict, a motivational effect increasing the risk of armed conflict, and an opportunity effect associated with resources financing belligerents. The other set of perspectives originates from political science and development economics studies, and is based on the assumption that the significance of resources in wars is largely rooted in questions of resource scarcity, abundance, or dependence.

Marciniak, Arkadiusz, ed. Concluding the Neolithic. Lockwood Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5913/2019833.

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The second half of the seventh millennium BC saw the demise of the previously affluent and dynamic Neolithic way of life. The period is marked by significant social and economic transformations of local communities, as manifested in a new spatial organization, patterns of architecture, burial practices, and in chipped stone and pottery manufacture. This volume has three foci. The first concerns the character of these changes in different parts of the Near East with a view to placing them in a broader comparative perspective. The second concerns the social and ideological changes that took place at the end of Neolithic and the beginning of the Chalcolithic that help to explain the disintegration of constitutive principles binding the large centers, the emergence of a new social system, as well as the consequences of this process for the development of full-fledged farming communities in the region and beyond. The third concerns changes in lifeways: subsistence strategies, exploitation of the environment, and, in particular, modes of procurement, consumption, and distribution of different resources.

Частини книг з теми "Spatial distribution of trophic resources":

Unno, Yusuke, Takuro Shinano, Jun Wasaki, and Mitsuru Osaki. "Micro-spatial Distribution of Bacteria in the Rhizosphere." In Biological Resources and Migration, 157–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06083-4_14.

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López-García, David. "The spatial distribution of public and common mobility resources." In Worker Mobility and Urban Policy in Latin America, 92–106. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003261698-6.

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Zheng, Fenli, Qinke Yang, Chao Qin, Jiaqiong Zhang, and Rui Li. "Soil Erosion Environment Background and Its Spatial Distribution in China." In Global Degradation of Soil and Water Resources, 173–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7916-2_13.

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Mohan, John, and Beth Breeze. "Spatial Logics: The Geographical Distribution of Charities and Charitable Resources." In The Logic of Charity: Great Expectations in Hard Times, 43–66. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137522658_3.

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Dixit, Jagabandhu, S. T. G. Raghukanth, and Sujit Kumar Dash. "Spatial Distribution of Seismic Site Coefficients for Guwahati City." In Geostatistical and Geospatial Approaches for the Characterization of Natural Resources in the Environment, 533–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18663-4_80.

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Liu, Jinping, Fang Xia, Yanyin Cui, Ziying Xu, and Hongjuan Wen. "Spatial Distribution of Human Resources Allocation Level of Chinese Traditional Medicine." In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computer Engineering and Networks, 587–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6554-7_64.

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Rampellini, Kate, and Bert Veenendaal. "Analysing the Spatial Distribution of Changing Labour Force Dynamics in the Pilbara." In Labour Force Mobility in the Australian Resources Industry, 29–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2018-6_3.

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Shen, Wei, Long Yang, Jin Zhang, and Guangxiong Peng. "The Survey of Fishery Resources and Spatial Distribution Using DIDSON Imaging Sonar Data." In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture VI, 366–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36124-1_44.

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Ren, Zhiyan. "Computer Modeling and Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of Tourism Resources in Xi’an." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1577–82. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3250-4_207.

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Hess, Ronald C., and George M. Pomeroy. "The Geographic Distribution of Land Trust Activities in the United States: An Analysis Based on 2005 National Land Trust Census Report Data." In Spatial Diversity and Dynamics in Resources and Urban Development, 151–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9771-9_8.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Spatial distribution of trophic resources":

Hakuta, Keiichiro, and Shigeru Tabeta. "Development of a Fish Behaviour Model in Coastal Sea." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79334.

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The evaluation of the behaviours of fish which stand on higher levels of food-web is important from the viewpoint of the resource management or other environmental impacts. Especially for the adult fish which can swim against the currents of circumference, considering the migration effects in the model is quite significant. In the present study, a fish model is developed which considers the migration effect by modeling the preference for the environmental factors. As the target fish of modeling, Pagrus major is chosen because it is one of the representative species due to its high resource value. In the model, the direction of the fish movement is determined by the preference strength for the environmental factors such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, prey density, and so on. The model is coupled with a hydrodynamic model and a lower-trophic ecosystem model which predict physical environment and water quality of the target area. Numerical simulations are carried out to reproduce the spatial distribution and seasonal variations of ecosystem in east Seto Inland Sea. As a result of the simulations, it is clarified that the both water temperature and prey density have large influence on migration and distribution of Pagrus major.

Wang, Qiqi, and Stephen Laubach. "Characterizing Subsurface Fracture Spatial Distribution in the East Painter Reservoir Anticline, Wyoming." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2020-3265.

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Kure, S., A. Tomizawa, R. Ebana, and T. Yamada. "Effects of Spatial Distribution of Hydrological Characteristics on Runoff According to the Spatial Scale of Catchments." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)608.

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Skipworth, Peter J., John Machell, and Adrian Saul. "Explicit Consideration of Spatial Flowrate Distribution in Network Model Calibration." In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)383.

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Wickham, Ross, and John Petrie. "Quantifying the Spatial Variability of Stream Bed Grain Size Distribution." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479162.176.

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Alyazichi, Y. M., B. G. Jones, and E. McLean. "Spatial distribution of heavy metal contaminations in Yowie Bay sediments and their environmental impacts." In WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wrm150311.

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Levin, Drew, Joshua P. Hecker, Melanie E. Moses, and Stephanie Forrest. "Volatility and spatial distribution of resources determine ant foraging strategies." In European Conference on Artificial Life 2015. The MIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/978-0-262-33027-5-ch050.

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"Spatial Distribution, Terminology Hotspot and Evolution of Water Resources Research." In 2018 4th International Conference on Innovative Development of E-commerce and Logistics. Clausius Scientific Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23977/icidel.2018.088.

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Badger, Andrew M., Ben Livneh, and Noah P. Molotch. "On the Role of Spatial Snow Distribution on Alpine Catchment Hydrology." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2019. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482346.022.

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Yang, Yi-Chen E., and Ximing Cai. "Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Fish Communities at the Watershed Scale." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40927(243)603.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Spatial distribution of trophic resources":

Osadetz, K. G., Z. Chen, and H. Gao. SuperSD, Version 1.0: a pool-based stochastic simulation program for modelling the spatial distribution of undiscovered petroleum resources. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/214036.

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Lundgren, Jonathan, Moshe Coll, and James Harwood. Biological control of cereal aphids in wheat: Implications of alternative foods and intraguild predation. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7699858.bard.

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The overall objective of this proposal is to understand how realistic strategies for incorporating alternative foods into wheat fields affect the intraguild (IG) interactions of omnivorous and carnivorous predators and their efficacy as biological control agents. Cereal aphids are a primary pest of wheat throughout much of the world. Naturally occurring predator communities consume large quantities of cereal aphids in wheat, and are partitioned into aphid specialists and omnivores. Within wheat fields, the relative abilities of omnivorous and carnivorous predators to reduce cereal aphids depend heavily on the availability, distribution and type of alternative foods (alternative prey, sugar, and pollen), and on the intensity and direction of IG predation events within this community. A series of eight synergistic experiments, carefully crafted to accomplish objectives while accounting for regional production practices, will be conducted to explore how cover crops (US, where large fields preclude effective use of field margins) and field margins (IS, where cover crops are not feasible) as sources of alternative foods affect the IG interactions of predators and their efficacy as biological control agents. These objectives are: 1. Determine the mechanisms whereby the availability of alternative prey and plant-provided resources affect pest suppression by omnivorous and carnivorous generalist predators; 2. Characterize the intensity of IGP within generalist predator communities of wheat systems and assess the impact of these interactions on cereal aphid predation; and 3. Evaluate how spatial patterns in the availability of non-prey resources and IGP affect predation on cereal aphids by generalist predator communities. To accomplish these goals, novel tools, including molecular and biochemical gut content analysis and geospatial analysis, will be coupled with traditional techniques used to monitor and manipulate insect populations and predator efficacy. Our approach will manipulate key alternative foods and IG prey to determine how these individual interactions contribute to the ability of predators to suppress cereal aphids within systems where cover crop and field margin management strategies are evaluated in production scale plots. Using these strategies, the proposed project will not only provide cost-effective and realistic solutions for pest management issues faced by IS and US producers, but also will provide a better understanding of how spatial dispersion, IG predation, and the availability of alternative foods contribute to biological control by omnivores and carnivores within agroecosystems. By reducing the reliance of wheat producers on insecticides, this proposal will address the BARD priorities of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and protecting plants against biotic sources of stress in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.

Huntley, D., D. Rotheram-Clarke, R. Cocking, J. Joseph, and P. Bobrowsky. Current research on slow-moving landslides in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (IMOU 5170 annual report). Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331175.

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Interdepartmental Memorandum of Understanding (IMOU) 5170 between Natural Resources Canada (NRCAN), the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) and Transport Canada Innovation Centre (TC-IC) aims to gain new insight into slow-moving landslides, and the influence of climate change, through testing conventional and emerging monitoring technologies. IMOU 5107 focuses on strategically important sections of the national railway network in the Thompson River valley, British Columbia (BC), and the Assiniboine River valley along the borders of Manitoba (MN) and Saskatchewan (SK). Results of this research are applicable elsewhere in Canada (e.g., the urban-rural-industrial landscapes of the Okanagan Valley, BC), and around the world where slow-moving landslides and climate change are adversely affecting critical socio-economic infrastructure. Open File 8931 outlines landslide mapping and changedetection monitoring protocols based on the successes of IMOU 5170 and ICL-IPL Project 202 in BC. In this region, ice sheets, glaciers, permafrost, rivers and oceans, high relief, and biogeoclimatic characteristics contribute to produce distinctive rapid and slow-moving landslide assemblages that have the potential to impact railway infrastructure and operations. Bedrock and drift-covered slopes along the transportation corridors are prone to mass wasting when favourable conditions exist. In high-relief mountainous areas, rapidly moving landslides include rock and debris avalanches, rock and debris falls, debris flows and torrents, and lahars. In areas with moderate to low relief, rapid to slow mass movements include rockslides and slumps, debris or earth slides and slumps, and earth flows. Slow-moving landslides include rock glaciers, rock and soil creep, solifluction, and lateral spreads in bedrock and surficial deposits. Research efforts lead to a better understanding of how geological conditions, extreme weather events and climate change influence landslide activity along the national railway corridor. Combining field-based landslide investigation with multi-year geospatial and in-situ time-series monitoring leads to a more resilient railway national transportation network able to meet Canada's future socioeconomic needs, while ensuring protection of the environment and resource-based communities from landslides related to extreme weather events and climate change. InSAR only measures displacement in the east-west orientation, whereas UAV and RTK-GNSS change-detection surveys capture full displacement vectors. RTK-GNSS do not provide spatial coverage, whereas InSAR and UAV surveys do. In addition, InSAR and UAV photogrammetry cannot map underwater, whereas boat-mounted bathymetric surveys reveal information on channel morphology and riverbed composition. Remote sensing datasets, consolidated in a geographic information system, capture the spatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, at-risk infrastructure, and the environmental conditions expected to correlate with landslide incidence and magnitude. Reliable real-time monitoring solutions for critical railway infrastructure (e.g., ballast, tracks, retaining walls, tunnels, and bridges) able to withstand the harsh environmental conditions of Canada are highlighted. The provision of fundamental geoscience and baseline geospatial monitoring allows stakeholders to develop robust risk tolerance, remediation, and mitigation strategies to maintain the resilience and accessibility of critical transportation infrastructure, while also protecting the natural environment, community stakeholders, and Canadian economy. We propose a best-practice solution involving three levels of investigation to describe the form and function of the wide range of rapid and slow-moving landslides occurring across Canada that is also applicable elsewhere. Research activities for 2022 to 2025 are presented by way of conclusion.

Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.

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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.