Дисертації з теми "Stéatose hépatique"
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Perazzo, Pedroso Barbosa Hugo. "Marqueurs non-invasifs de stéatose et fibrose hépatique." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00989999.
Повний текст джерелаLavallard, Vanessa. "Étude de la mort hépatocytaire associée à la stéatohépatite non alcoolique : implication de l'autophagie." Nice, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NICE4063.
Повний текст джерелаObesity is associated with a large spectrum of hepatic complications called non alcoholic fatty liver diseases. They evolve from steatosis (hepatic accumulation of triglycerides) to inflammation (NASH : non alcoholic steatohepatitis) which can progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocarninoma. NASH is characterized by fatty liver, hepatic inflammation and hepatocyte death (necro-inflammation). Alcoholic liver diseases share the same spectrum of hepatic alterations. The mechanisms involved in the evolution from steatosis to inflammation and then fibrosis are complex. Among the several factors, metabolic endotoxinemia and hepatocyte death could play an important role. The increase in circulating LPS level due to the modifications of intestinal permeability activates hepatic inflammation which induces necro-inflammation and fibrosis. Hepatocyte apoptosis also increases inflammation and fibrosis. So, improving cell survival could be a therapeutic target to prevent evolution of hepatic complications. The study of this hepatocyte death in hepatic complications in obesity determined : i) Serum hepatocyte death markers levels predict hepatic inflammation. Hepatic biopsy, an invasive approach, remains the gold standard for assessment of liver inflammation? Identifying non invasive markers is a real need for clinical. Our first goal was to determine whether serum markers of hepatocyte death could predict hepatic inflammation in chronic liver diseases associated to obesity and chronic alcohol consumption. In morbidly obese and alcoholic patients, we have reported that the circulating level of apoptotic markers significantly increased with hepatic inflammation. These markers also predict hepatic fibrosis in alcoholic patients. Further, association of apoptotic hepatocyte marker with ALT and metabolic syndrome improves prediction of hepatic inflammation in morbidly obese patients. Ii) Inflammation negatively regulates the hepato-protective role of autophagy. Studies have recently reported that autophagy could play an hepato-protective role. In our second project, we have determined the role of inflammation in hepatic autophagic turnover and cell death. In mouse models of NASH (menthionine choline deficient-diet, obese mice upon LPS challenge), hepatic inflammation is associated with a decrease in autophagic flux and an increase in hepatocyte suffering. Activation (fasting) or inhibition of autophagic flux decreases or increases liver injury induced by inflammation, respectively. In mouse primary hepatocytes, autophagic flux is decreased in response to TNFα and IL1β. The inhibition of autophagic flux also enhances HepG2 cells death induced by TNFα and IL1β. In obese patients, hepatic expression level of autophagic markers is increased and correlated with ALT level. Autophagosomes and p62 accumulation suggest an alteration of autophagic flux. We have therefore shown that hepatic inflammation decreases hepatic autophagic turnover and enhances liver injury in steatotic liver associated with obesity. Iii) Autophagy is activated for cell survival after lipoapotosis in HepG2 cells. Obesity is associated with elevated free saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate, which are involved in lipotoxicity and lipoapoptosis in liver cells. Palmitate also regulates autophagy leading to either cell death or survival in other cells. The objective of the last study was to determine if palmitate regulates autophagic turnover and to evaluate its role in lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Palmitate induces autophagic turnover independently of TNFα and ceramides and partially dependent on JNK activation. The inhibition of autophagy enhances cell death induced by palmitate. In addition, treatment of cells with an unsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) prevented the activation of JNK, autophagic flux partially via the JNK pathway in HepG2 cells. The induction of autophagy played a protective role but the level of activation of this compensatory effect was insufficient to completely prevent lipoapoptosis. Our studies highlight new potentially actors involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic complications in obesity
Lemoine, Maud. "Rôle des PPAR, de SREBP-1 et des adipokines dans la physiopathogénie des lésions hépatiques au cours de la stéatose métabolique." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066640.
Повний текст джерелаPersonnaz, Jean. "Rôle de la protéine HMGB1 dans la stéatose hépatique associée à l'obésité." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30241/document.
Повний текст джерелаDuring obesity, the excess of circulating lipids, are stored in the peripheral organs, and mainly in the liver. This ectopic storage of lipids may have long-term deleterious consequences on carbohydrate metabolism. Over time, excess of intra-hepatic lipids can lead to the development of steatohepatitis that can evolve to cirrhosis and liver cancer. In the hepatocyte, lipid homeostasis is finely regulated by the balance between synthesis (de novo lipogenesis-DNL) and degradation (ß-oxidation) of lipids. These two metabolic pathways are under the control of several transcription factors like ChREBP, SREBP1, PPARƴ or PPARa. The compaction and accessibility of chromatin are crucial parameters, which regulate the activity of these transcription factors. In the nucleus, the compaction of DNA is regulated by histones but also by High Mobility Group (HMG) proteins. Among the HMG protein family, High Mobility Group box 1 protein (HMGB1), mainly located in the nucleus, is able to indirectly regulate gene transcription in many tissues. In addition to its nuclear role, HMGB1 can be actively secreted by innate immunes cells during acute inflammatory reactions. In mice, the global deletion of Hmgb1 gene leads to perinatal lethality due to a severe hypoglycemia. Moreover, preliminary data from our laboratory show that circulating concentrations of HMGB1 are increased in mice subjected to high fat diet (HFD). All these results support a role of HMGB1 in hepatic and energetic metabolism but also in tissue-low grade inflammation related to metabolic stress. [...]
Flamment, Mélissa. "Métabolisme énergétique mitochondrial dans le développement de la stéatose hépatique." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00455835.
Повний текст джерелаFedchuk, Larysa. "Progression et tests diagnostiques de la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066210/document.
Повний текст джерелаNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) covers a spectrum ranging from isolated steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and is becoming one of the most frequent causes of chronic liver disease, mainly because of its close association with the worldwide epidemic of diabetes and obesity. Liver steatosis can predict the occurrence of metabolic complications associated with insulin resistance, such as diabetes and cardiovascular events. Our understanding of the natural history of NAFLD is still incomplete. Currently, the explicative model is based on a dichotomy between steatohepatitis, considered the progressive form of the disease, which can lead to cirrhosis and isolated steatosis with or without minimal inflammation, which is considered a non-progressive condition that does not impact overall survival or result in liver-related mortality and morbidity. This dichotomy largely determines the management of NAFLD patients: patients without steatohepatitis usually do not undergo specific monitoring for liver disease progression. Liver biopsy is considered the reference diagnostic method but its implementation in clinical practice remains limited due to procedure complexity, invasiveness, cost, potential complications, sampling error and inter-observer variability. Non-invasive methods of hepatic injury have become a real alternative to liver biopsy for the diagnosis of patients with chronic liver disease in the past decade. The aims of this thesis were: 1) to better understand the histological course of the disease, to better identify patients at risk of histological progression based on initial histological findings and to establish a correlation between histological changes and the course of metabolic co-morbidities often associated with NAFLD : 2) to establish factors associated with short-term variability of repeated measurements of elastometry in patients with chronic liver diseases in order to understand how this non invasive procedure can be used for patient monitoring 3) to determine the diagnostic value and limitations of several steatosis biomarkers using liver biopsy as a reference standard in a large cohort of patients with suspected NAFLD. Our study shows that a fraction of patients with isolated steatosis can unambiguously evolve towards well-defined steatohepatitis, and in some of them, bridging fibrosis. The presence of mild lobular inflammation or any amount of fibrosis substantially increases the risk of histological progression in the mid-term while those with steatosis alone are at lowest risk. Patients with disease progression experienced a deterioration of cardio-metabolic risk factors. Our data if validated by independent studies, allow for better stratification of patients at risk of disease progression. The results of this study favor a change in the practices of monitoring and risk assessment of patients with steatosis but without steatohepatitis
Monsenego, Julia. "Rôle de l'oxydation mitochondriale hépatique des acides gras dans la stéatose hépatique, l'insulinorésistance et la lipotoxicité." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066255.
Повний текст джерелаA decrease in hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) leads to hepatic steatosis that can participate to the induction of insulin resistance (IR). The liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1A) constitutes the key regulatory site in the control of FAO. My PhD objective was to determine if an increase in FAO, through the expression of a constitutively active CPT1A (CPT1mt), could represent a potential target to counteract hepatic steatosis and IR. Liver CPT1mt expression in diet (high-fat/high-sucrose (HF/HS))- or genetic (ob/ob)-induced obese mice does not alter hepatic steatosis but ameliorates glucose tolerance in HF/HS and ob/ob mice and attenuates insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. These results suggest a dissociation between hepatic steatosis and IR. In HF/HS mouse liver, improved insulin signaling was linked to a decreased lipotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation. Therefore, CPT1A is a pertinent target to diminish metabolic disorders associated with obesity. I also participated to a project which aim is to better understand hepatic lipid metabolism in obese patients. Our preliminary data suggest that during steatohepatitis (NASH) development, metabolic FA orientation and gene expression pattern of most of the key enzymes involved in glucido-lipidic metabolism are not modified. However, the hepatic capability to fully oxidize oleate into CO2 seems to be decreased in obese patients with NASH, which could participate to oxidative stress development
Bertola, Adeline. "Rôle de l'inflammation dans le développement de la stéatohépatite non alcoolique chez les patients obèses : interrelations entre le foie et le tissu adipeux." Nice, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NICE4087.
Повний текст джерелаObesity is associated with hepatic complications ranging from steatosis to nonalcoolic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of NASH remain poorly understood. In obesity, production of proinflammatory cytokines by adipocytes and adipose tissue- infiltrating macrophages may play a central role in the development of these hepatic complications. Using a large scale real-time quantitative PCR technique, we identified genes related to inflammation and immune response whose expression is altered in the liver of morbidly obese patients with NASH. These results suggest that immune response may be polarized towards a Th1 phenotype in the lover of these patients. Furthermore, we have identified immune semaphorins as potential new players in NASH. Recently, adipose tissue has been identified as a new source of osteopontin. This proinflammatory cytokine plays an important role in several murine models of liver diseases. We have shown that osteopontin expression is associated with adipose tissue inflammation and hepatic steatosis in morbidly obese patients. Our results suggest that osteopontin may contribute to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue and that its enhanced expression during steatosis may be involver in the progression of hepatic complications. We have thus identified new players involved in the development of hepatic complication of obesity in humans
Camiré, Étienne. "Identification et caractérisation de Lrrc54, une protéine hépatique modulée en condition d'obésité." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27633.
Повний текст джерелаKammoun, Hélène. "Implication directe du stress du réticulum endoplasmique dans l'activation du facteur de transcription SREBP-1c et le développement de la stéatose hépatique chez le rongeur." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066192.
Повний текст джерелаChiappini, Franck. "Etude des altérations mitochondriales dans la stéatose et la cancérogenèse hépatique." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA11T088.
Повний текст джерелаJegatheesan, Prasanthi. "Stéatose hépatique non-alcoolique : intérêt d’un apport nutritionnel en acides aminés." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB096.
Повний текст джерелаNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a manifestation of the metabolic syndrome whose prevalence is constantly growing. Therapeutic strategies are either difficult to implement or of limited effectiveness. We studied a nutritional approach with three specific amino acids: glutamine, arginine and citrulline (Cit) for their pharmaconutrient properties. In a model of moderate fructose-induced NAFLD, citrulline alone (1 g/kg/day) improved lipid metabolism. However, the study of the kinetics of NAFLD suggested a protective effect of nitrogen supply by itself. The specific effect of Cit compared to that of nitrogen (NEAAs) has been determined in a model of 8 week fructose diet-induced NAFLD. This has confirmed the protective effect of Cit and NEAAs. However, Cit exerted a specific effect on the expression of Fas and SREBP1c and improves peripheral Arg availability, an important component of insulin sensitivity. Steatosis was associated with loss of lean mass, suggesting AA oxidation at the expense of muscle anabolism, and lipid accumulation causing steatosis and visceral fat gain; Cit and NEAAs by acting on NAFLD would prevent this effect of fructose. We then evaluated the effects of Cit in a model of more severe steatosis induced by western diet. Cit improved liver function (reduced fat and liver inflammation) and protected the liver-gut axis (restoration of Bacteroides/Prevotella group in the colonic mucosa, decreased intestinal inflammation and increased expression of claudin 1) but did not prevent all western diet-induced alterations. It would be interesting to assess the dose/effect relationship and the effectiveness of Cit in combination with other treatments. Furthermore, the cellular mechanisms remain to be elucidated
Alberto, Jean-Marc. "Influence des déterminants nutritionnels de l'homocystéïne sur la stéatose hépatique chez le rongeur." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0234_ALBERTO.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаVilleneuve, Julien. "CD154 et adaptation cellulaire au stress métabolique : exemple de la stéatose hépatique expérimentale." Bordeaux 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR21591.
Повний текст джерелаNon Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a major public health concern. Its prevalence is high and its severity is related to the risk of transition towards cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A distinctive histological feature of NAFLD is liver steatosis, resulting from the triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes. The mechanisms underlying liver steatosis are not yet understood, however, the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is being increasingly emphasized. Excess lipid input to the hepatocyte disrupts the ER homeostasis, its loading overwhelming its processing abilities, leading to what is termed the ER stress. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) that corresponds to the activation of specific signalization pathways, whose effectors aim at adjusting the functional capacities of the ER. ER stress and the inflammatory reaction are linked, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. CD154 is a key mediator of inflammation and, therefore, we studied its involvement in the mechanisms leading to liver steatosis. CD154 knock-out mice developed a steatosis when fed with an olive oil-rich diet. When studying the corresponding mechanisms, we found that CD154 amplified the UPR and, more specifically, increased the unconventional splicing of an effector of the UPR, the X-box binding protein 1. Hence, CD154 increases cell adaptation by controlling the ER homeostasis. Our work highlights a new biological function for CD154, which appears to be an important mediator in the natural history of NAFLD
Milhade, Jean-François. "Stéatose hépatique et troubles nutritionnels aprés duodéno-pancréatectomie céphalique avec lymphadenectomie étendue." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR23055.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Mentec Hélène. "Impact de perturbateurs endocriniens sur la stéatose hépatique et sa progression pathologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Rennes (2023-....), 2023. https://ged.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/78c59db4-86ae-460e-b535-a00dcb37c55e.
Повний текст джерелаNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are the most common form of liver diseases in the world, affecting around 25% of the general population. The first stage of NAFLD is the steatosis, a benign condition defined by the accumulation of lipid droplets in liver. Around 20% of people with steatosis develop the pathological stage, steatohepatitis, characterized by cell death of hepatocytes associated with hepatic inflammation. Recently, exposure to endocrine disruptors (EDs), to which humans are continuously exposed, has been described to impact these diseases. In this context, the aim of this thesis was to develop two biological tests, based on fluorescence microscopy and using the in vivo model of the zebrafish larva, thereby allowing to estimate the impact of EDs on the induction (1st test,"Steatosis Assay on Zebrafish" - StAZ) and progression of NAFLD (2nd test, "Steatohepatitis Assay on Zebrafish" - ShAZ). The StAZ allowed us to identify DDE as a potent steatogenic compound. Looking for underlying mechanisms, it has been shown that scd1 desaturase induction by DDE was partly responsible for steatosis and membrane remodeling (fluidization of hepatic cell membranes). The ShAZ, aims at identifying EDs capable of promoting the progression to steatohepatitis by measuring characteristic markers of this pathology by microscopy (i.e. cell death, oxidative stress and inflammation). Overall, these studies should allow the identification of EDs involved in the initiation and pathological progression of NAFLD, as well as a better understanding of their modes of action, in order to allow a better regulation of EDs
Trak, Smayra Viviane. "La stéatose hépatique non-alcoolique et la NASH : approche diagnostique et modèles murins." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077247.
Повний текст джерелаBonnet, Frédéric. "Stéatose hépatique sous interféron alfa-2B : une série de trente et un cas." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2P042.
Повний текст джерелаMeghelli-Bouchenak, Malika. "Etude expérimentale de la stéatose hépatique et du transport des lipides au cours de 2 types de malnutrition protéique suivis d'une réalimentation équilibrée chez le rat en croissance." Dijon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989DIJOS014.
Повний текст джерелаPicot, d'Aligny d'Assignies Gaspard. "Nouvelles techniques non invasives d'étude de la stéatose hépatique par résonance magnétique : implications cliniques." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077034.
Повний текст джерелаFatty liver affects nearly 20% of the population and its frequency is growing exponentially. This condition located at the crossroads of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk and carcinogenesis has a major impact on public health. The need to develop methods for detecting and quantifying fatty liver is imperious. Liver biopsy is invasive and prone to sampling bias that compromises its clinical use. In this context, Inagnetic resonance (MR) methods are superior to other non- invasive methods such as ultrasonography and CT. MR spectroscopy has become the reference method for liver fat quantification. Because of MR spectroscopy complexity, MR imaging is the preferred method in the clinics and allows for a morphological and regional approach. In a preliminary study we have shown that liver fat can be detected precisely with spectroscopy and MR imaging. Using an image segmentation method (morphometry) at histology to overcome the variability of visual interpretation we have shown an excellent correlation between histology and MR methods in quantifying liver fat. The following studies that form the body of this thesis use the methods of MR quantification to address several clinical questions. First, we have shown that the early onset of steatosis in a glucolipotoxic rat model can be detected. The control rats can be differentiated from treated rats with MR quantification methods, while histology fails to show these subtle differences. The rate of liver fat is correlated with biomarkers of insulin resistance. At MR imaging, we have developed an algorithm for semi- automatic segmentation that allows analyzing during the same examination the hepatic volume and the total liver fat content. We show that while there is a macroscopic heterogeneity of fat distribution, it does not have a systematic segmentai distribution. Finally, we have shown that the presence of hepatic steatosis > 5% , detected by routine MR imaging , is associated with a significant increase in postoperative complications and time of hospitalization alter major hepatectomy. Ln conclusion, MRI imaging can reliably quantify hepatic steatosis and is thus a major tool for assessing the causes and consequences of fatty liver disease. It also paves the way for therapeutic interventions by permitting objective screening and monitoring
Moucari, Rami. "Rôle des facteurs viraux dans l'histoire naturelle des hépatites virales : VHC et insulino-résistance." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077062.
Повний текст джерелаHepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to be a non cytopathogenic virus. However, in vitro and animal studies have shown that viral proteins may directly impair insulin signalling pathway, leading to the development of insulin-resistance (IR). In the first work, we brought indirect evidences on the relation between HCV infection and IR in humans. In this study, we showed that IR was more frequent among patients with chronic hepatitis C compared to those with chronic hepatitis B. We also showed an association between IR and HC genotypes 1 and 4, as well as with the level of viral. In this same work we showed an independent and negative effect of IR on the severity of liver fibrosis. In a second work, we have also demonstrated a direct role of IR in the development of histological lesions of steatohepatitis among these patients, worsening thus their hepatic disease. In the third work, we showed an independent and negative effect of IR on the response to treatment among patients with genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C. This is an interesting model because of the heterogeneity of genotype 4 on the epidemiologic level as well as on the virologic and histopathologic levels. In the fourth work, we brought direct and definitive evidence on the role of HCV proteins, mainly of HCV protease NS3-4A, in the development of IR in humans. In this study, we showed that a specific inhibitor of the HCV protease but not placebo, administered in monotherapy during 14 days in patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C may restore insulin-sensitivity in these patients. The decrease in viral load and the improvement of the IR score showed a perfect parallelism throughout study
Fromenty, Bernard. "Stéatoses microvésiculaires médicamenteuses." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P235.
Повний текст джерелаPais, Raluca. "L’inflammation hépatique dans les formes sévères de NAFLD : implications cliniques, médiateurs et stratégies diagnostiques." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066223/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work was to analyze the role of chronic systemic inflammation into the natural history of NAFLD. We first undertook a study of NAFLD patients with repeat liver biopsies and demonstrated that mild lobular or portal inflammation or fibrosis in any location substantially increases the risk of progression to steatohepatitis or advanced fibrosis. Disease progression occurred concomitant with worsening of the metabolic conditions during follow-up. In the second study, we analyzed the prevalence and the impact of steatosis and metabolic risk factors on the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis undergoing liver transplantation. The main finding of this study was that patients with advanced ALD have a high prevalence of NAFLD, and that this comorbid association confers a significantly increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. These findings are important for risk stratification of HCC in patients with ALD. In the third study we demonstrated that steatosis predicted carotid atherosclerosis independently of the association with classical cardiovascular risk factors. Second, in a subset of patients with longitudinal follow-up we demonstrated that baseline NAFLD was an independent predictor for incident carotid plaques. These results suggest that NAFLD is not only a marker but also an “active player” in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, our results suggests that low-grade chronic inflammation responsible for the production of pro-atherogenic cytokines and the activation of pro-oncogenic signaling pathways might be the link between liver fibrosis progression, hepatocellular carcinoma and cardiovascular risk
Benkhaled, Sami. "Influence de l'état corporel au vélage et du niveau d'alimentation en début de lactation sur la stéatose hépatique chez la vache laitière." Paris 12, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA120004.
Повний текст джерелаDomart, Marie-Charlotte. "Etude des mécanismes de mort et de survie cellulaires au cours de la stéatose hépatique." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T112.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Guillou Dounia. "Altérations de l'homéostasie de l'ADN mitochondrial par les médicaments et modulation par la stéatose hépatique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B039/document.
Повний текст джерелаIt is currently estimated that more than 350 drugs can induce liver injury with different clinical presentations such as hepatic cytolysis, steatosis, even cirrhosis. Many hepatotoxic drugs can induce mitochondrial damage and dysfunction. However, not all mechanisms that lead to such deleterious effects are clarified, especially those concerning mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its homeostasis, which are not often investigated. Moreover, there is little information regarding the impact of non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on drug-induced liver injury. Thus, the aim of this work was, first of all, to develop a model of NAFLD in the hepatic cell line HepaRG in order to study further effects of nine hepatotoxic and presumably mitochondriotoxic drugs – amiodarone, atorvastatin, carbamazepine, imipramine, lovastatin, perhexiline, ritonavir, terbinafine and troglitazone –, on mtDNA homeostasis in the context of NAFLD or not. By using drug concentrations that did not induce major cytotoxicity, we found that, among the nine drugs, studied, ritonavir and imipramine induced mitochondrial effects suggesting alteration of mtDNA translation. Notably, ritonavir toxicity was stronger in non-steatotic cells. Furthermore, none of the nine drugs decreased mtDNA levels. However, increased mtDNA was observed with six drugs, especially in non-steatotic cells. This result was also accompanied by a modulation of the expression of various factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis (e.g. PGC-1α, PGC-1β, AMPK).Therefore, this data suggests that drug-induced impairment of mtDNA translation may not be a rare event and increased mtDNA levels and modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis could be a frequent adaptive response to mitochondrial impairments, which could be dampened by steatosis
Aubert, Jacinthe. "Etude du rôle respectif de la stéatose et du cytochrome P450 2E1 dans l'hépatotoxicité précoce du paracétamol chez la souris." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1B100.
Повний текст джерелаHepatotoxicity after acetaminophen (APAP) overdose could be more severe in the context of obesity and fatty liver disease. The pre-existence of fat accumulation and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) induction could be two major mechanisms accounting for such hepatic susceptibility. To explore this issue, experiments were performed in female obese and diabetic db/db (moderate steatosis and induction of hepatic CYP2E1 activity) and ob/ob (massive steatosis without induction of CYP2E1 activity) mice. APAP (500 mg/kg) was administered in wild-type, ob/ob and db/db mice and investigations were carried out 0. 5, 2, 4 and 8 h after APAP intoxication. Liver injury 8 h after APAP intoxication was higher in db/db mice, as assessed by plasma transaminases, liver histology and TUNEL assay. In db/db mice, however, there was no difference with the other genotypes as regards the following parameters: 1) hepatic glutathione depletion, 2) levels of APAP-protein adducts, 3) activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase and, 4) changes in the expression of different genes involved in oxidative stress, glutathione homeostaosis and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, in the db/db genotype, plasma lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate were not specifically altered, whereas plasma levels of APAP-glucuronide were intermediary between wild-type and ob/ob mice. Thus, after APAP intoxication, early hepatotoxicity was greater in db/db than in ob/ob mice, despite less severe fatty liver. Hepatic CYP2E1 induction could have an important pathogenic role when APAP-induced liver injury occurs in the context of obesity and related metabolic disorders
Castro, benitez Carlos. "Innovative strategies to improve liver grafts quality before transplantation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS068.
Повний текст джерелаStatic cold storage (SCS) is the gold standard of organ preservation after being procured for transplantation. Due to the organ shortage and the increase of number of patients in the waiting list have pushed the use organs from extended criteria donors which are very susceptible to the ischemia reperfusion syndrome (IRS) leading to primary non-function (PNF) or to early allograft dysfunction (EAD).This research was aimed to study and identify new strategies to improve the quality of organ preservation -liver, to attenuate the IRS sequels by using the liver perfusion machine (LPM) at different temperatures and times of usage after the organ procurement or by adding an extracellular hemoglobin as an oxygen carrier during SCS.Two different ex-vivo models were analyzed: small animal -normal and steatotic rat livers, for hypothermic perfusion (HMP) and SCS with the oxygen carrier and preclinical -steatotic discarded human livers, for normothermic perfusion (NMP).The results significantly confirmed the benefit of the HMP in the preischemic phase of SCS and that of the use of the extracellular hemoglobin by improving the liver function, maintenance of the hepatocytes anatomy and by a reduction of the oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation markers. Also, the use of NMP permitted to analyze the severely steatotic livers that can be rescued for transplantation in the very near future.This investigation unveils new approaches in organ preservation that could increase the pool of organs and improve the results in liver transplantation. Key words: liver transplantation, static cold storage, liver machine perfusion, ischemia reperfusion injury, oxygen carrier
Martel, Cécile. "Rôle de la perméabilité membranaire mitochondriale, de la phosphorylation de VDAC et de la signalisation de l’apoptose dans la pathogenèse de la stéatose hépatique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T075.
Повний текст джерелаNon-alcoholic steatosis is a liver disease characterized by lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. For a long time, it has been considered as a benign condition. Now it is known that it can precede the development of a severe stage, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is accompanied by severe dammages of the liver linked to the genesis of oxidative stress, inflammation and cell death. Mitochondrion is a central player of this disease; however, the knowledge of mitochondrial dysfunction and its consequences on apoptosis is still insufficient. Indeed, mitochondria are responsible for lipid degradation by -oxidation. Mitochondria act as a central integrator of apoptotic signals by triggering the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) leading to the release of apoptogenic factors. This process is considered as the point of no return of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. We aimed to better understand the molecular mechanisms linking mitochondrial liver apoptosis and steatosis. Combination of four experimental models of steatosis (human biopsies, isolated mitochondria from ob/ob obese mice, high fat diet-fed mice or hepatic cell lines) displayed, in steatotic livers, increased sensitivity to MMP induction and permeability of VDAC (Voltage dependent anion channel), a protein which forms a channel in the outer mitochondrial membrane. These findings are associated with the hypo-phosphorylation of VDAC on a threonine residue and the loss of its interaction with the anti-apoptotic Bcl-XL and GSK3 kinase, thus revealing a new lipid-induced signaling pathway. Our work is based on the use of functional assays on isolated mitochondria that we have developed and validated in several studies involving various strategies. To conclude, our study increases the knowledge on the lipid-induced mitochondrial weakness preceding hepatic apoptosis and opens perspectives in biomedical applications
Rogue, Alexandra. "Recherche de gènes cibles de ligands de PPARs et étude de leurs mécanismes d'action." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1B082.
Повний текст джерелаPoupeau, Audrey. "ChREBP et le contrôle de la lipogenèse hépatique : interrelation avec les récepteurs nucléaires et la signalisation insulinique." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066240.
Повний текст джерелаThis work focused on ChREBP, a master regulator of fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis) from glucose. This metabolic pathway is stimulated by a glucose signal, via ChREBP, and by an insulin signal, via transcription factors LXR and SREBP-1c. Adenoviral expression of a constitutive active form of ChREBP (ChREBPCA) in liver was sufficient to promote lipogenesis and triglyceride accumulation (steatosis) even in a situation of SREBP-1c deficiency (insulinopenic streptozotocin (STZ) treated mice) or synergistic LXR and SREBP-1c deficiency (LXR/KO mice). Hepatic steatosis, by itself, is benign, but represents the first step of a spectrum of deleterious liver diseases (NAFLD). In STZ mice, ChREBPCA rescued the hepatic insulin signaling pathway and led to enhanced hepatic glucose storage under the form of glycogen and lipids. These mice also displayed improved glycemia, probably due to the stimulation by ChREBPCA of the insulin-sensitizer circulating factor FGF21. In contrast, expression of ChREBPCA in liver of LXR/KO mice was deleterious. Steatosis in this model was linked to inflammatory markers and to hepatocyte apoptosis. In addition, ChREBPCA, by downregulating the expression of the nuclear receptor CAR, led to an alteration in the bile acid and bilirubin detoxification pathway. In turn, accumulation of these toxic components in liver caused critical alterations in liver of LXR/KO but not in wild type mice, underlining the protective role of LXR against stressed-induced damages. These results provide novel insights on the ambivalent role of ChREBP in liver physiology, as well as on the mechanisms triggering simple steatosis transition toward more severe liver damages
Collin, de l'Hortet Alexandra. "La dérégulation de l’axe GH/EGFR inhibe la régénération du foie dans le cadre de la stéatose hépatique." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T003/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis doctoral work focused on liver regeneration in physiological conditions and during steatosis. These last decades, several studies used gene invalidation models to identify important actors during the liver regeneration. In this context, it had been observed that animals displaying a defect of growth hormone pathway had a drastic defect of liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Initially, we started this work by focusing on understanding how growth hormone controls liver regeneration at the molecular level. To do so, we performed partial hepatectomies on animals deleted for the growth hormone receptor gene (GHrKO). These results showed that growth hormone plays a central role in the control of liver regeneration through the expression of EGFR and the activation of Erk1/2. Secondly, we focused our attention on a pathological situation showing a defect of growth hormone signaling : hepatic steatosis. Interestingly, many mice models of hepatic steatosis also present a drastic inhibition of hepatocytes proliferation after partial hepatectomy. In Humans, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents an important risk factor regarding liver transplantations and resections. Through quantified analysis of several parameters from obese patient biopsies, we showed the existence of a strong correlation between hepatic steatosis and decrease in EGFR expression on humans. We also performed partial hepatectomies on two models of hepatic steatosis, one being genetic (ob/ob) and the other one being induced by a methionine choline deficient diet (MCD). Kinetics of regeneration post hepatectomy led us to confirm the defect of liver regeneration in on ob/ob and MCD mice. Moreover, the study of these steatotic models allowed us to corroborate the downregulation of the growth hormone signaling and the transcriptional decrease of EGFR expression. We also underlight the importance of TGF-β, a signaling pathway inhibiting proliferation, in the liver regeneration defect observed in ob/ob mice. Indeed, many members of this pathway have been found to be upregulated after partial hepatectomy, possibly being involved in the drastic regeneration defect observed in ob/ob mice. To finish, we also showed that growth hormone injections on a small period of time in ob/ob mice were capable of rescuing hepatocyte proliferation post hepatectomy. This phenotypic rescue was associated with a reexpression of EGFR at the transcription and protein level. This work led us to propose that the defect of the growth hormone/EGFR pathway represents a general mechanism associated with hepatic steatosis and is responsible for the liver regeneration defect linked to this disease
Pioche, Tracy. "La stéatose hépatique chez le canard mulard : étude cinétique du métabolisme intermédiaire, stress cellulaire, autophagie et nouvelle approche par les microARNs." Thesis, Pau, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PAUU3043.
Повний текст джерелаThe main objective of this thesis was to continue the investigations carried out on the mechanisms underlying the development of foie gras in mule ducks. This process, known as hepatic steatosis and induced by overfeeding, needs to be further studied in order to contribute to overfeeding optimization.A kinetic study of the expression of genes related to hepatic steatosis, intermediate metabolism and cellular stress in mule ducks highlighted firstly the strong mobilization of carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms. Secondly a significant induction of the insulin / mTOR signalling pathway and the activation of various cellular protection mechanisms in hepatocytes were observed allowing them to fight against the increased intake of starch brought by the overfeeding. Among these are various protective mechanisms, autophagy has been the subject of extensive study in overfed ducks whose steatosis has been barely induced compared to non-overfed ducks. Autophagic flux measurements (LC3-II) showed that overfeeding induced inhibition of the autophagic process in mule ducks’ hepatocytes from the early stage of hepatic steatosis. This same study found that the mechanisms associated with cellular stress such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress or apoptosis did not occur early in the development of hepatic steatosis but much later. The same is true for the impact of overfeeding on mTOR signalling pathway.In addition, the kinetic study also revealed the significant induction of cholesterol metabolism correlated with the liver weight gain of ducks during overfeeding. These results aroused the interest of investigating plasma biomarkers for the development of hepatic steatosis related to cholesterol metabolism among microRNAs. Thus, duck's plasmatic miRNome was sequenced and it allowed to define the most differentially expressed microRNAs in the plasma of mule ducks but also to detect microRNAs (miR-122, miR-107 and mi-R194) as potential biomarkers that could be used for monitoring the development of fatty liver.All of this work contributes to the advancement of research on understanding the mechanisms of establishment of hepatic steatosis in mule ducks
Delprat, Leslie. "Effets des régimes alimentaires riches en lipides et en fructose sur la performance et le métabolisme de canards Mulard." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68773.
Повний текст джерелаDifferent types of dietary carbohydrate and lipids are known to alter feed intake and adiposity in rodents. Long-term feeding of high-fat, high-fructose diets has been shown to alter feed intake and cause fatty liver in mammals. Such diets in combination with the addition of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) in the drinking water may result in a similar phenotype in ducks destined for the production of foie gras. The aims of these studies were therefore firstly to assess the short-term effects of a diet rich in fat and fructose in mulard ducks and secondly to assess the long-term impact of this type of diet combined with sugar water. Despite its higher energy content, feed intake was not reduced by the FF diet, suggesting a potential alteration of satiety signals, which may impact body liver and weight under longer-term interventions in ducks destined to produce foie gras. However, HFCS in the drinking water reduced voluntary feed intake, whereas overall, FF and C had similar feed intake. In contrast to rodent and human studies, FF diets failed to induce hyperphagia and liver steatosis. In the absence of overfeeding, the long-term feeding of high-fructose, highfat diets, does not promote fatty liver.
Canivet, Clémence. "Étude de deux acteurs dans le développement des complications hépatiques liées à l’obésité : la vitamine D et FNDC5/Irisine." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2019AZUR6036.
Повний текст джерелаNon-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases (NAFLD) is a major public health concern with global prevalence of 25%. NAFLD is increasingly recognized as the most common chronic liver disease. The spectrum of the hepatic diseases ranges from steatosis (fatty liver) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) (steatosis, inflammation, liver injury) and subsequently to the activation of fibrogenic pathways, which correlates with a high risk of developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The treatment of NASH is still limited because of the lack of effective pharmacological treatment as well as lack of effective and practical diagnostic tools. NAFLD is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome and the presence of type 2 diabetes can increase the risk of liver diseases. Inversely, NAFLD is also a risk factor for many metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms underlying the progression of NAFLD are multifactorial and not well understood. Better understand the pathogenesis of NASH will lead to identify new potential therapeutic targets. One part of my work focused on clinical aspects in a large cohort of obese patients regarding factors that potentially regulate the development of NAFLD. We here reported that: 1) binge eating disorders were associated as expected with obesity but independently of NAFLD severity and 2) the circulating level of vitamin D, well-known to display anti-oxidant and anti-fibrotic properties, was not diminished with NAFLD severity.In parallel, we investigated the expression level and the role of a new "hepatokine", Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) and its soluble form irisin in NAFLD. We reported that hepatic expression of FNDC5 increased in the presence of hepatic steatosis and liver injury without impacting the systemic level of irisin in mouse models of NAFLD and in obese patients. This local production of FNDC5 was mainly influenced by genotoxic stress and behaved as local protective factor against NAFLD by preventing hepatocyte steatosis and injury. Finally, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) FNDC5 rs3480 was protective of severe steatosis independently of PNPLA3 SNP rs738409, age, female, BMI and type 2 diabetes in a cohort of 613 patients. In conclusion, our human and experimental data strongly suggest that hepatic expression of FNDC5 could dampen the development of NAFL by negatively regulating steatogenesis and hepatocyte death
Schneck, Anne-Sophie. "Effets de la chirurgie bariatrique sur les complications hépatiques de l’obésité." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4144/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe mechanisms responsible for weight loss and improvement of metabolic disturbances have not been completely elucidated. We investigated the effect of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on body weight, adipose tissue depots, glucose tolerance, and liver steatosis independent of reduced caloric intake in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Mice fed a high fat diet were divided into 3 groups: SG, sham-operated ad libitum fed and sham-operated pair fed. SG mice showed improved glucose tolerance and lower levels of liver steatosis. This was associated with a decrease in the ratios of the weight of pancreas, epididymal and inguinal adipose tissues to body weight. Reduced white adipose tissue inflammation, modification of adipose tissue development, and ectopic fat are potential mechanisms that may account for the reduced caloric intake independent effects of SG. We also investigated long-term impact of RYGB surgery on liver complications in morbidly obese patients with NASH. Ten morbidly obese patients with biopsy-proven NASH were followed after RYGB and underwent a second liver biopsy. The median interval between the RYGB and second liver biopsy was 57 months. Clinical and biological data were obtained at baseline and ≥40 months after RYGB. RYGB was associated with significant weight loss, improved hepatic steatosis, resolution of hepatic inflammation and hepatocyte ballooning. Hepatocyte apoptosis, as evaluated by serum K18 fragment improved within the first year and at 57 months. Hepatic fibrosis resolved in 90% of cases. RYGB in morbidly obese patients with NASH is associated with a long-term beneficial impact on hepatic steatosis, inflammation, injury and, possibly, fibrosis
Collin, De L'Hortet Alexandra. "La dérégulation de l'axe GH/EGFR inhibe la régénération du foie dans le cadre de la stéatose hépatique." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00986411.
Повний текст джерелаAbdul-Wahed, Kayali Aya. "Étude du rôle de la production hépatique de glucose dans le développement du diabète et de l’obésité." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10146.
Повний текст джерелаType 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance of glucose uptake by peripheral tissues, insulin secretion deficiency and increased endogenous glucose production. Our aim is to demonstrate the specific role of hepatic glucose production in triggering insulin resistance and diabetes. For that, we developed an inducible and liver-specific knock-out mouse model for the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of G6Pase, a key enzyme of glucose production. When fed a high fat/high sucrose diet, transgenic mice resisted to the development of fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, and even showed enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. These mice are also resistant to diet induced obesity, due to the induction of basal metabolism, associated with increased brown and white adipose tissue thermogenesis machinery and remodeling of skeletal muscle towards a more oxidative phenotype. When liver G6pc deletion was realized in obese and diabetic mice, this resulted in a spectacular and early amelioration of glucose metabolism compared to that before liver G6pc deletion, and to stabilization of body mass of obese mice, which was associated with induction of oxidative genes in peripheral tissues. These beneficial effects could be explained by the secretion of hepatic circulating hormones known to control glucose and energy metabolism in peripheral tissues. This work underlines the deleterious role of hepatic glucose production in the development of obesity and diabetes, and sets the liver as a master-switch in the regulation of whole-body glucose and energy metabolism
Bénard, Geneviève. "Contribution à l'optimisation des productions de palmipèdes gras." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT009A.
Повний текст джерелаSetiawan, Iwan. "Etudes comparatives de différents types génétiques de canards mulards : croissance, composition corporelle et tissulaire, et qualité des produits obtenus avant et après gavage." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT028A.
Повний текст джерелаPham, Sandrine. "Rôle de LECT2 dans les maladies stéatosiques non alcooliques du foie." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03176850.
Повний текст джерелаThe liver is the privileged site of metabolic regulations that must be tightly coordinated to prevent metabolic imbalance to preserve homeostasis. Alteration of these processes can promote steatosis, an essential feature of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases (NAFLD), representing the new global epidemic threat. During this thesis work, we demonstrated that LECT2, a liver secreted factor, is increased in both Human and mice harboring fatty liver. In a physiological context, we demonstrated that LECT2 controls liver lipogenesis through the LXR signalling pathway. At the molecular level, the absence of LECT2 induces a specific accumulation of 25-OHC oxysterol which leads to a significant increase in the activity of LXR and its target genes. From a mechanistic point of view, hepatospecific re-expression of LECT2 in Lect2-deficient mice is sufficient to specifically decrease the activity of LXR and the expression of its target genes. These results demonstrate that Lect2 behaves as a regulator of LXR signaling in the liver and illustrate that LECT2 is a key player in hepatic lipogenesis. Taken together, our results suggest that LECT2 is a key player in NAFLD, and open up new diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives for these diseases
Deprince, Audrey. "Rôle de l’Apolipoprotéine F dans le métabolisme des lipides : impact sur le développement de la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique." Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDBSL/2021/2021LILUS063.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаNon-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a chronic, progressive disease which includes a spectrum of disease states ranging from isolated hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis (or NASH). These changes in the liver have a significant impact on overall physiology and indicate higher risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanisms driving NAFLD evolution to NASH remain poorly understood. Through an unbiased transcriptomic analysis, we identified Apolipoprotein F (ApoF) whose expression is inversely correlated with steatosis and reduced ~ 50% in subjects with NASH. ApoF is secreted exclusively from the liver and found associated with high-density (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Previous functional studies of ApoF have shown that ApoF favors reverse cholesterol transport in mice. These results suggest ApoF could affect NAFLD development and/or its cardiovascular complications.However, the precise role of ApoF in lipoprotein metabolism remains poorly understood. In this project, we have identified a new role for ApoF. Our results show that overexpression of APOF in mice is associated with a decrease in fasting plasma triglycerides (TG) levels by promoting both VLDL secretion and clearance of TG-rich particles via an increase in their hepatic uptake, probably through activation of the SREBP2 pathway.Subsequently, we sought to determine the impact of modulating hepatic ApoF expression on the development of NAFLD in mice fed with a high fat diet supplemented with sucrose and cholesterol, which induces NASH. Surprisingly, our results show that raising the level of hepatic APOF in the context of NAFLD may rather be deleterious. We observed an aggravation of hepatic inflammation and unfavorable changes in plasma lipids (reduced HDL-C and increased LDL-C) in mice overexpressing APOF compared to GFP after being fed the NASH-inducing diet. Similarly, total deletion of ApoF does not seem to accelerate the development of the disease. Thus, our results suggest that the decrease in hepatic APOF expression in NAFLD patients may be a compensatory mechanism to prevent a deleterious effect of ApoF activity. However, further studies are needed to confirm the role of ApoF in the development of NAFLD
Grzych, Guillaume. "Étude du profil métabolomique des patients atteints de stéatose hépatique non alcoolique (NASH) : recherche d’hypothèses physiopathologiques et de biomarqueurs." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S026.
Повний текст джерелаNAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease), a major public health issue, is considered thehepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is characterized by liver injury dueto an accumulation of triglycerides in the liver which, when associated with inflammation, canprogress to steatohepatitis (NASH Non-Alcoholic Steato Hepatitis). The molecular mechanismsunderlying the pathogenesis, and particularly the transition from steatosis to NASH, are still poorly understood. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of NASH is necessary to identify potential therapeutic targets and non-invasive markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of the pathology. In this context, metabolomic approaches are promising.Metabolomics is the comprehensive analysis of metabolites in a biological medium, and it complements other "omics" techniques for the study of dynamic biological processes. The objective of this work is to use the metabolomics approach to highlight a particular profile in NASH patients in order to understand the pathophysiology and identify potential biomarkers.For this, we have used two metabolomic approaches: 1/ the targeted approach, on plasma,focusing on two classes of metabolites, amino acids and bile acids, 2/ the non-targeted approach on human plasma and livers (results are pending).In the literature, bile acids (B A) are studied as pathophysiological actors and potential biomarkers in the context of NASH. However, interpretation of many cohort studies is complicated by the close association of NASH with type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance(IR) and obesity, which are also associated with variations in BA. We therefore sought tounderstand the complex relationship between NASH and BA concentrations, as a function ofT2D status, considering IR and obesity as confounding parameters. Through analysis of BAprofiles in two cohorts (ABOS n=219, RESOLVE n=58) of well-characterized obese patients (histological analysis of liver biopsies, clinical-biological status, well-powered statistically), weshow that plasma BA concentrations are higher in NASH vs. non-NASH patients in both T2Dand non-T2D patients. These increases are dependent on the degree of IR, suggesting that NASH causes AB alterations only in the presence of advanced IR and independently of diabetes status.In the literature, plasma levels of branched-chain AA (BCAA) are associated with obesity, IR,and severity of liver damage in NAFLD. In addition, plasma BCAA concentrations differ between genders, which display different susceptibilities to development of cardiometabolicdisease. We evaluated the association between plasma BCAA concentrations and the severity stages of NAFLD, independent of gender, IR and obesity. In the RESOLVE cohort, 112 obese patients were divided into four groups based on NAFLD severity and matched for gender, BMI,IR, and HbA1c. As expected, a modest positive correlation was observed between BCAAconcentrations and NAFLD severity, as well as a major impact of gender on BCAAconcentrations. Subgroup analysis revealed that while plasma BCAA concentrations increased with the severity of NAFLD in females, they tended to decrease in males, suggesting an impact of gender on the metabolic component of NAFLD. Analysis of other AA in the cohort reveals plasma AA alterations involved in the methionine cycle (serine, cysteine, ...), whose molecular mechanisms are being explored in mouse models. The use of metabolomics has allowed us to better characterize the complex interactions of NASH with IR and sex on BA and AA
Bauvin, Pierre. "Modélisation de la stéatose hépatique (NAFLD) et de ses facteurs de risque par apprentissage sur des données de santé." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S028.
Повний текст джерелаNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease which is a combination of simple, slowly progressing steatosis, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an inflammatory form which accelerates its progression. It is estimated that one in four people in the world is affected by NAFLD, and its prevalence is increasing rapidly, in parallel with the prevalence of its main risk factors: overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes.This pathology is asymptomatic up to the complications, cirrhosis and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC), which leads to late diagnosis and a negative impact on the associated morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the reference diagnosis requires a liver biopsy, an invasive examination that cannot be performed routinely. As a result, the progression of the disease is poorly known and its estimation may suffer from a selection bias, towards patients with significant risk factors, who require a biopsy in the first place. A better understanding would allow the implementation of strategies to reduce its burden.The modelling approach is appropriate to take into account all susceptible patients, without having to carry out a large-scale follow-up study using liver biopsies in patients who are mostly asymptomatic. The objectives of this thesis are to describe and quantify the progression of NAFLD, to predict the associated morbidity and mortality, and to identify the population at risk, using Markov models. To do this, it is necessary to fill in some of the progression parameters via a literature review, to characterise the initial states (population likely to develop NAFLD) and the final states (mortality due to NAFLD), in order to deduce the missing progression parameters between the onset of the disease and mortality, by back-calculation.To exhaustively characterise NAFLD mortality, we identified all patients with cirrhosis or HCC from national hospital databases, representing more than 380,000 patients. We then developed an identification algorithm to determine the etiology underlying the hepatic complication, based on all the stays of the identified patients. This algorithm requires the identification of patients with cirrhosis or HCC of alcoholic or viral origin, to obtain by elimination only NAFLD patients. Once the specific mortality data had been obtained, we estimated the population likely to develop NAFLD, defined as all individuals with overweight or type 2 diabetes, excluding the population of excessive drinkers. We estimated the prevalence and incidence of this population, and modelled its evolution with age and years, based on individual data from surveys representative of the French population.Finally, we quantified the progression of NAFLD, and the impact of risk factors, using two approaches: from the literature, and from biopsy data from more than 1,800 obese patients who were candidates for bariatric surgery, resulting in a tool for predicting the progression of NAFLD in this population. We chose to back-calculate the progression parameters corresponding to the asymptomatic states, which are the most susceptible to selection bias.We obtained a model of the progression of NAFLD, taking into account the dynamic distribution of the population among weight classes and diabetes status, and resulting in the observed statistics of NAFLD deaths. The model takes into account gender, age, year, BMI (body mass index) class, diabetes status and the presence of a genetic polymorphism (PNPLA3 rs738409, C→G) as covariates of progression. It is a tool for assessing the impact of a possible treatment or public health policy on morbidity and mortality
Michaut, Anaïs. "Mise au point d'un modèle de stéatose hépatique liée à l'obésité : application à l'étude de la toxicité du paracétamol." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1B015/document.
Повний текст джерелаObesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are able to increase the risk and the severity of hepatotoxicity induced by some xenobiotics including drugs, but the involved mechanisms are still poorly understood. For toxic compounds such as ethanol and acetaminophen (APAP), a role of hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is suspected since the activity of this enzyme is consistently enhanced during obesity and NAFLD. The first aim of our experimental study was to set up a cellular model of NAFLD characterized not only by triglyceride accumulation but also by higher CYP2E1 activity. To this end, differentiated human HepaRG cells were incubated during one week with stearic acid, or oleic acid, in the presence of 3 different concentrations of insulin. Cellular triglycerides and the expression of lipid-responsive genes were similar with both fatty acids. However, CYP2E1 activity was significantly increased only by stearate and this was associated with lower CYP3A4 activity, another metabolic feature reported in NAFLD. CYP2E1 activity in HepaRG cells was reduced by insulin in a concentration-dependent manner and this effect was reproduced in cultured primary human hepatocytes. Hence, the highest CYP2E1 activity was observed in HepaRG cells with stearate and without insulin. Next, the second aim of our study was to assess APAP cytotoxicity in HepaRG cells presenting or not lipid accretion and CYP2E1 induction. Experiments with a large range of APAP concentrations (1 to 20 mM) showed that the cellular loss of ATP and glutathione (GSH) was almost always stronger in the presence of stearic acid. In cells pretreated with the CYP2E1 inhibitor chlormethiazole (CMZ), recovery of cellular ATP was significantly higher in the presence of stearic acid with both low (2.5 mM) and high (20 mM) concentrations of APAP. However, in the absence of insulin, CMZ-induced ATP recovery was significantly greater only for 20 mM of APAP. Surprisingly, there was no recovery of cellular GSH and no reduction of APAP-protein adducts following CMZ pretreatment. Finally, levels of APAP-glucuronide were significantly enhanced in the presence of insulin. Hence, when studied in specific conditions of culture, the HepaRG cell line can be a valuable model of human NAFLD, especially regarding CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 activity. Our data also suggest that higher CYP2E1 activity in NAFLD could be secondary to the hepatic accumulation of some fatty acids and to the presence of low insulin signaling. This cellular model can be thus used to unveil the main metabolic and hormonal factors favoring APAP hepatotoxicity in obese individuals. This thesis also includes a review on APAP hepatotoxicity in the context of obesity and NAFLD (Michaut et al., Liver Int 2014)
Popineau, Lucie. "Régulation de l’homéostasie métabolique hépatique : contrôle par Grb14 de la sensibilité à l’insuline et influence de la stéatose sur la carcinogenèse." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T028.
Повний текст джерелаThe prevalence of metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, are expanding in a worldwide epidemic way. These diseases are associated with metabolic disorders, resulting in the development of NAFLD (Non‐alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease) in the liver. NAFLD is generated by excessive accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes, and is associated with insulin resistance. In liver, insulin resistance leads to a blunted inhibitory action on hepatic glucose production, inducing hyperglycemia, whereas de novo lipogenesis, which is positively regulated by insulin, is paradoxically exacerbated, contributing to hepatic steatosis. Steatosis may also evolve into more serious diseases such as fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of my thesis was to study the molecular mechanisms that may contribute to the selectivity of hepatic insulin resistance and the development of HCC. Initially, we studied the role of the molecular adapter Grb14, an inhibitor of the insulin receptor kinase activity, in the regulation of hepatic metabolism in mice. Invalidation of Grb14 in the liver leads on the one hand to an activation of the insulin signaling and improved glucose tolerance, and on the other hand to a decrease of LXR activity resulting in lipogenesis inhibition. Invalidation of Grb14 in the liver of obese and diabetic mice restores blood glucose levels and hepatic steatosis similar to control values. These data suggest that Grb14 is a new player involved in the selectivity of the insulin resistance in the liver. The second study demonstrated the involvement of hepatic steatosis induced by a high‐calorie diet on the development of HCC. Indeed, on a genetic background favoring carcinogenesis, a diet rich in fat and sugar contributing to hepatic insulin resistance accelerates appearance of tumors and increases their number
Piodi, Aurélie. "Caractérisation des déterminants viraux de la stéatose hépatocytaire induite par le virus de l'hépatite." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0013/document.
Повний текст джерелаHepatocellular steatosis is common in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Steatosis can be considered as a true cytopathic lesion induced by hepatitis C virus genotype 3, suggesting that one or more viral proteins produced during genotype 3 infection are involved in the steatogenic process, while the same proteins produced during infection by other genotypes are not. Our objective was to identify the viral determinants of HCV-induced steatosis and to understand the underlying mechanisms. Extensive analysis performed on HCV sequences selected on their genotype and their association with in vivo steatosis are revealed putative viral determinants of viral-induced steatosis in E1-E2 and NS3 proteins coding regions. However, we can not rule out the potential role of these positions in HCV-induced steatosis and experimental study should be drawn to explore this issue. In addition, the FATG164-167 motif, which has been implicated in HCV core protein induced steatosis, was constantly present on genotype 3a sequences independently of the original presence or absence of liver steatosis. We examined in vitro interactions between lipid droplets and full-length core protein isolated from patients with HCV genotype 3a infection, with and without steatosis, and from steatosis-free patients infected by hepatitis C HCV 1b. We also examined morphological changes in the lipid droplets according to the HCV genotype and the presence of steatosis in vivo. We showed that the core protein of both HCV genotypes 1b and 3a binds tightly to the surface of intracellular lipid droplets. However, cells transfected with genotype 3a contain more neutral lipids in lipid droplets, and more large lipid droplets, than cells transfected with genotype 1b sequences. This suggests that hepatitis C virus core protein-lipid droplet interaction could play a role in virus-induced steatosis. Importantly, we found no genetic or functional differences between genotype 3a core proteins from patients with and without hepatitis C virus-induced steatosis. This suggests that other viral proteins and/or host factors are involved in the development of hepatocellular steatosis in patients infected by hepatitis C virus genotype 3a
Dubuquoy, Céline. "Expression et fonction de l’adiponutrine/PNPLA3 dans le foie : Relation entre la voie Wnt/β-caténine, la sensibilité à l’insuline et la stéatose hépatique". Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05T008/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) has increased in industrial countries. The hallmark of MetS in the liver is an excessive accumulation of triglyceride, which is called hepatic steatosis. Different SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) are associated with hepatic steatosis or MetS. One of them is found on adiponutrin/PNPLA3 (Patatin-like Phospholipase Domain-Containing) gene (SNP I148M) and is now considered as a new marker of hepatic steatosis and severity of NAFLD (Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver diseases). In order to understand the physiological role of adiponutrin in the liver, we studied its transcriptional regulation by SREBP1c (Sterol Responive Element Binding Protein) and ChREBP (Carbohydrate Responsive Element Binding Protein), mediators of insulin and glucose respectively. Moreover, by overexpressing adiponutrin in mice liver, we investigated its role in hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. We showed that adiponutrin is regulated as lipogenic genes and could have a role lipid metabolism. As for adiponutrin I148M, different SNP are found on substrats of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, a major pathway controlling acinus zonation. We examined the regulation of this pathway by nutritionnal status and in a pathophysiological context of insulin resistance and steatosis. We showed that Wnt/β-catenin pathway is regulated by pancreatic hormones (insulin and glucagon) in the liver in order to adapt hepatocyte phenotype to energetic needs. Moreover, this pathway is dysregulated in insulin resistant mice liver. These data may suggest a link between Wnt/β-catenin pathway deregulation and hepatic metabolic disorders
Dumas, Karine. "Implication de la protéine REDD1 dans les maladies métaboliques associées à l’obésité : REDD1 = Regulated in Development and DNA damage responses 1." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4045.
Повний текст джерелаObesity is defined as an abnormal fat accumulation which could lead to health disorders and its prevalence is in constant increase worldwide. Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and type 2 diabetes. REDD1 (Regulated in Development DNA damages responses 1) regulates most of signaling pathways implicated in cell energetic balance. In my host lab, we have demonstrated that REDD1 is implicated in insulin signaling pathway. The goal of my thesis was to study the REDD1 implication in obesity associated metabolic diseases. We observed that REDD1 expression was increased in epidydimal adipose tissue and in liver of control high fat diet (HFD) fed-mice (WT). Furthermore, REDD1 expression was increased in liver biopsies from obese patients with hepatic steatosis and its expression was correlated with the severity of the pathology and insulin resistance. To identify the role of REDD1 in the development of obesity-induced diseases, we have characterized the phenotype of REDD1 knockout mice (REDD1-KO) fed with HFD. Under HFD, the REDD1-KO mice showed a similar weight gain and insulin resistance compared to WT mice. Interestingly, REDD1-KO mice were protected from hepatic steatosis under HFD. In liver of REDD1-KO mice, no modification of protein expression implicated in hepatic lipid flux was observed. In REDD1-KO mice liver, we observed a decrease of protein expression implicated in lipogenesis pathways associated to an increase of the expression of proteins involved in β-oxydation. In WT mice, hepatic steatosis is correlated with an increase of mitochondrial size. In REDD1-KO mice, HFD did not induce an enlargement of mitochondria. Moreover, the expression pattern of proteins involved in autophagy and mitophagy is increased in HFD REDD1-KO livers. Our results suggest that in HFD conditions, liver of REDD1- KO mice could be protected from mitochondrial dysfunction because of an increase of mitophagy. In a second part of my thesis, we have studied the effect of partial decrease of REDD1 expression on obesity-induced complications using REDD1 heterozygous mice (REDD1-He). Partial decrease of REDD1 did not influence weight gain and hepatic steatosis development under HFD compared to WT mice. However, REDD1-He mice have developed an important glucose and insulin resistance under HFD compared to WT mice. This is associated with an impairment of the use of lipid as substrate during fasting. To conclude, my thesis research project allows us to show for the first time that REDD1 is implicated in hepatic steatosis under obesity
Tête, Arnaud. "Impact de la co-exposition au benzo[a]pyrène et à l'éthanol sur la progression pathologique de la stéatose hépatique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B021/document.
Повний текст джерелаSteatosis is the most common form of liver disease in the world, affecting around 25 % of the general population and up to 80 % of obese people. The disease is defined by the accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes and is generally considered as a benign condition. However, around 20 % of people with steatosis develop steatohepatitis, a disease characterized by cell death and inflammation, a condition that favors the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The causes and mechanisms involved in the progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis are yet not fully understood. Obesity, exposure to environmental contaminants and alcohol consumption are three major factors contributing to the development of liver diseases. However, is still not yet clear what is the effect of the interaction between these different factors on liver diseases. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a co-exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), an environmental carcinogenic contaminant, and ethanol, used at low doses, in WIF-B9 hepatic cell line, with a prior steatosis . The results demonstrate that this type of co-exposition induces a progression of hepatic steatosis to a steatohepatitis-like stage, marked by an increased cell death and an inflammation. We have shown that in this condition, cell death results from the activation of p53 and lipid peroxidation. Activation of the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor and production of nitric oxide are the origin of these events by a modification of both ethanol and B[a]P metabolism leading to peroxynitrite-dependent DNA damage