Дисертації з теми "Sterol metabolism"
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1
Othman, Rgia Ali. "Assessment of sterol metabolism in sitosterolemia." Taylor & Francis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/24317.
Анотація:
Sitosterolemia (STSL) is a sterol storage disorder characterized by very high plasma plant sterol (PS) and 5α-stanol levels, and leads to premature atherosclerosis, xanthomas, macrothrombocytopenia and endocrine disruption. Ezetimibe (EZE), a sterol absorption inhibitor, reduces plasma PS levels in STSL but its effect on tissue pool of sterols has not been investigated yet. The research objectives were to assess if EZE reduces whole body sitosterol and cholesterol pool sizes, improves cholesterol homeostasis, enhance hematologic profile and reduce endocrine disruption in STSL. EZE effects on circulating levels of cholestanol and its precursors (cholesterol and bile acid derivative 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, 7α-H-C4) relative to exogenous stanols (sitostanol) were also studied.
Eight STSL patients were taken off EZE for 14 wks. After 4 wks off EZE they received intravenous doses of D7-sitosterol and 18O-cholesterol for sterol pool sizes assessments, and oral doses of 13C-cholesterol and deuterium oxide to measure fractional cholesterol absorption and synthesis rates. EZE (10 mg/d) was resumed and stable isotopes testing repeated. Measurement parameters included isotopic sterol enrichments, blood cell count, plasma and red blood cell (RBC) PS, cholesterol and its precursor (lathosterol), 5α-stanols and plasma 7α-H-C4, and thyroid hormones levels. EZE reduced plasma levels of sitosterol and total cholesterol, whole body sitosterol and cholesterol pool sizes and fractional cholesterol absorption rate while increasing cholesterol synthesis, production and clearance rates. EZE increased platelet count and decreased platelet size without affecting RBC indices of size or mass. A substantial decrease in circulating sitostanol but moderate decrease of cholestanol was noted with EZE. EZE increased lathosterol but not 7α-H-C4, suggesting increases in cholesterol biosynthesis and thus precursor availability for synthesis of cholestanol. In summary, EZE reduces body stores of PS and cholesterol, and increases cholesterol turnover by reducing cholesterol absorption and enhancing its synthesis and clearance. EZE reduces circulating PS and 5α-stanol levels, and improves macrothrombocytopenia and thyroid disruption. Endogenous cholestanol in STSL is mainly derived from cholesterol but not bile acid synthesis pathway. These data suggest that EZE may reduce the risks of developing premature atherosclerosis, bleeding and hormone disruption, thereby reinforcing the rationale for the use of EZE in treatment of STSL.February 2015
2
Williams, Steven Geraint. "Factors influencing sterol metabolism in brewing yeasts." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253296.
3
Arnqvist, Lisa. "Plant sterol metabolism with emphasis on glycoalkaloid biosynthesis in potato /." Uppsala : Dept. of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007128.pdf.
4
Wright, Edward A. "Studies on Sterol Metabolism in the Opportunistic Pathogen Pneumocystis carinii." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1367934810.
5
Dahlin, Paul. "Analysis of sterol metabolism in the pathogenic oomycetes Saprolegnia parasitica and Phytophthora infestans." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-136551.
Анотація:
The primary objective of this thesis was to investigate the sterol metabolism of two pathogenic oomycetes, specifically the processes of sterol synthesis and sterol acquisition in the fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica (Saprolegniales) and the plant pathogen Phytophthora infestans (Peronosporales). Furthermore, the effects of steroidal glycoalkaloids from Solanaceous plants, on P. infestans, were examined. The improved understanding of these processes should help to identify approaches for the identification of new oomycete inhibitors targeting sterol metabolism in agriculture and aquaculture farming systems, and to guide plant-breeding strategies to defend solanaceous plants against oomycetes. For these reasons, the molecular basis of the metabolic pathways of sterol synthesis and/or sterol acquisition was investigated. Sterols are derived from isoprenoids and indispensable in various biological processes. Our biochemical investigation of an oxidosqualene cyclase revealed that sterol synthesis in S. parasitica begins with the formation of lanosterol (Paper I), and a reconstruction of the complete sterol synthesis pathway to the final compound, fucosterol, in S. parasitica was performed using bioinformatics (Paper II). Complementary to this work, the extent to which P. infestans, which is incapable of de novo sterol synthesis, is able to modify exogenously provided sterols was investigated by determining the growth impact of various sterol supplements in the growth media (Paper II). Building on the sterol investigations, the solanaceous sterol derivatives from the glycoalkaloid family were analysed. These compounds contain both a steroidal and a carbohydrate (glycan) moiety. Data obtained by feeding various deuterium-labeled sterols to potato shoots, supported the theory that steroidal glycoalkaloids in Solanum tuberosum are produced from cholesterol (Paper III). Since these steroidal glycoalkaloids are thought to play a role in plant defense, their physiological effects on P. infestans were investigated (Paper IV). Unexpectedly we found that non-glycosylated steroidal alkaloids had a greater inhibitory effect than steroidal glycoalkaloids. Steroidal glycoalkaloids derived from other Solanaceous species exhibited different physiological effects on the growth of P. infestans. This research was conducted on two oomycete species belonging to the Saprolegniales and Peronosporales orders, hence the results presented are likely to be representative of each of these two oomycete orders.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
6
Little, Marie-Térèse E. "The ontogeny of acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase in rat liver, intestine, adipose tissue, and aorta." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29416.
Анотація:
Epidemiological studies have shown that cholesterol is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Since the atherosclerotic plaque develops over a long period interventions early in life may be of some benefit. In addition, it has been shown that the enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism can be manipulated in early life. Therefore, studies of the developmental patterns of the key enzymes in cholesterol metabolism are of great importance. Acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) is the primary enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of free cholesterol to cholesterol esters in cells. A better understanding of the role and control of ACAT during development is needed in order to trace the possible causes in early life that lead to atherosclerosis in the adult.
This research focused on the developmental pattern of ACAT in the rat liver, intestine, brown and white adipose tissue (BAT and WAT, respectively) and aorta. Age specific changes were observed in the rat liver, intestine and BAT. The rat liver and intestine possess significant amounts of ACAT activity throughout development and there appears to be marked variations in activity during this time. The rat BAT and WAT appear to be devoid of ACAT activity throughout development with the exception of adult BAT. Due to the small amount of the aortic tissue samples and/or the insensitivity of the assay, no definite conclusions could be made from this aortic study.
In searching for factors that might control the ACAT enzyme the immediate effects of short-term manipulation of diet on the activity of ACAT were studied. The rats were all weaned early on day 18 to one of the following diets: Purina Rat Chow, high carbohydrate (HG) , high fat (HF) , or 2% cholesterol. The HF was the only diet that consistently increased hepatic ACAT activity in all the age groups. The cholesterol diets significantly increased the activity of ACAT in the 22 and 25 day old rats. The HG diet increased the activity of ACAT in the 22, 25, and 30 day old rats. No significant differences were observed between the adult control and HG diet groups. Feeding rats a HF or HG diet precipitated a dramatic drop in intestinal ACAT activity in the 22 day old animals. These effects were not observed in the older animals. The high cholesterol diet had no significant effect on the intestinal enzyme's activity in 22 day old rats. There was no significant change in the BAT and WAT ACAT activity with the experimental diets with the exception that all the experimental diets decreased ACAT activity in the adult BAT.Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine, Department of
Experimental Medicine, Division of
Graduate
7
Storey, Margo Kathleen. "Coordinate regulation of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in sterol regulatory defective Chinese hamster ovary cells." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ36563.pdf.
8
Jain, Deepak M. "Effect of corn fibre oil and its constituents on cholesterol metabolism and intestinal sterol transporter gene expression in hamsters." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98732.
Анотація:
The cholesterol-lowering effect of corn fiber oil, obtained from the seed coats of corn kernels, has been reported previously. Corn fiber oil contains phytosteryl fatty acyl esters, ferulate phytostanyl esters, and free phytosterols. To date, however, no studies have examined the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of ferulate phytostanyl esters. Moreover, although plant stanols and sterols have been established as cholesterol-lowering agents over the past five decades, their exact mechanisms of action are not clearly understood. One of the possible mechanism is that plant sterols/stanols disrupts the normal sub-cellular cholesterol absorption by down-regulation of the influx sterol transporters such as the Niemann pick C1 like 1(NPC1L1) protein and/or up-regulation of efflux sterol transporters such as the ATP binding cassette (ABC) G5 and ABCG8 protein. Hence, the objectives of this thesis were to assess the efficacy of corn fiber oil, ferulate phytostanyl esters and their parent compounds including sitostanol and ferulic acid, on plasma cholesterol levels. Further, objectives were to investigate their impact on parameters of cholesterol kinetics and gene expression of sterol transporters to obtain insight into their role in genetic control of regulation of cholesterol flux. Results of this experiment demonstrate that the hypocholesterolemic effect of corn fiber oil is mostly due to sitostanol, while esterification of ferulic acid and sitostanol yields no apparent synergistic cholesterol lowering effect. Present data exhibited a cholesterol absorption lowering effect of corn fiber oil and sitostanol and suggest that this effect may be due to up-regulation of intestinal enterocyte efflux sterol transporters such as ABCG5 and ABCG8.
9
Winsor, Barbara. "Caracterisation de mutants de saccharomyces cerevisiae affectes dans la biosynthese des arn messagers rpobl, isel, rnal4, rnal5." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13216.
10
Pons-Tostivint, Elvire. "Stratégies thérapeutiques innovantes pour stimuler la réponse immune antitumorale de cytotoxiques utilisés pour le traitement des cancers du sein." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30216.
Анотація:
Cette dernière décennie, de nombreuses données cliniques et pré-cliniques ont démontrées le rôle primordial du système immunitaire dans l'efficacité des chimiothérapies cytotoxiques. Ceci est lié, en partie, au déclenchement d'une mort cellulaire immunogène (MCI) par certains cytotoxiques, stimulant l'adjuvanticité des cellules tumorales. La MCI de la cellule tumorale est caractérisée par l'émission de signaux de dangers permettant de favoriser le recrutement et l'activation des cellules dendritiques, ainsi que la réponse immune antitumorale adaptative médiée par les lymphocytes T. La première étape de la MCI est l'exposition de la calréticuline à la face externe de la membrane plasmique, favorisant la phagocytose par les cellules dendritiques. Ensuite, les cellules tumorales sécrètent de l'ATP dans le milieu extra-cellulaire, par un mécanisme d'exocytose lysosomale dépendant de l'autophagie, favorisant le recrutement des cellules dendritiques. Enfin à un stade tardif, les cellules tumorales mourantes libèrent d'importantes quantité de protéines nucléaires dont l'HMGB1, ce qui entrainera la maturation des cellules dendritiques. Parmi les cancers du sein, le sous-type triple-négatif (TN) est le plus agressif, mais également le plus immunogène. Les patientes présentant un cancer du sein TN métastatique peuvent désormais bénéficier d'une combinaison de chimiothérapie et d'immunothérapie (avec un inhibiteur de checkpoint anti-PD-L1), même si les résultats présentés en septembre 2020 au congrès Européen de cancérologie (ESMO) remettent en cause l'efficacité de cette association. Malgré cette combinaison, la majorité des patientes rechuteront la première année. Le développement de thérapeutiques potentialisant la réponse immune est donc un enjeu majeur. La Dendrogénine A (DDA) est un métabolite suppresseur de tumeur caractérisé par l'équipe de Marc Poirot, avec une activité cytotoxique démontrée dans le cancer du sein hormono-dépendant, le mélanome et la leucémie aigüe myéloïde. La DDA induit une mort cellulaire par le déclenchement d'une autophagie dépendante de la voie du récepteur Liver-X-receptor (LXR) ß. Durant ma thèse, nous avons montré que la DDA exerçait une activité cytotoxique dans plusieurs lignées murines in vitro et in vivo, et une lignée humaine de cancer du sein TN in vitro. Nous avons montré que la DDA induisait des marqueurs d'autophagie dans ce modèle, in vitro et in vivo. Ensuite, nous avons montré qu'un traitement par DDA déclenchait les signaux de MCI sur deux lignées de cancer du sein TN (murine 4T1, et humaine MDA-MB-231), et une lignée murine de mélanome (B16F10). Les signaux de MCI induite par la DDA étaient supérieurs à ceux obtenus avec deux cytotoxiques standard, la doxorubicine et le mafosfamide. Nous avons enfin montré in vivo qu'une vaccination de souris immunocompétentes par des cellules mourantes traitées avec de la DDA, à partir de deux lignées cellulaires distinctes (4T1 et B16F10), induisait une protection prophylactique partielle lors du rechallenge de ces souris avec des cellules tumorales viables, en dehors de tout traitement systémique. Ces résultats nous montrent que la DDA pourrait être une nouvelle thérapeutique potentialisant la réponse immune antitumorale dans le cancer du sein TNLast decade, several pre-clinical and clinical studies well demonstrated that the efficacy of conventional chemotherapies involves an immunological component. A part of the explanation comes from the demonstration that conventional chemotherapies can boost the adjuvanticity of cancer cells by inducing an immunogenic cell death (ICD). ICD of tumour cells drive an inflammatory response characterized by the activation of dendritic cells and the initiation of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immunity. During ICD, the reticulum endoplasmic stress promotes the translocation of the calreticulin protein to the cell surface, that facilitates the phagocytic uptake of tumour cells by immature dendritic cells. Then, the activation of autophagy in tumor cells induces the lysosomal secretion of ATP, that promotes the recruitment of dendritic cells. Lastly, dying cancer cells release a large amount of nuclear proteins including HMGB1, that drives the maturation of dendritic cells upon binding to TLR4. TNBC is defined as the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, classified by its lack of expression of the hormonal receptor and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, but also considered as the most immunogenic subtype of breast cancer. A subset of TNBC patients are now eligible for immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy, but all of them will finally relapse, mostly during the first year of treatment. Development of novel therapeutics to optimize immune response in these patients is urgently needed. Dendrogenin A has been characterized by the Marc Poirot's team as a tumour suppressor metabolite present in normal breast tissue, but absent in neoplastic breast tumour. DDA has an anti-tumour activity demonstrated in hormone-dependent breast cancer and melanoma cells, through the induction of an LXRß-dependent autophagy. During my thesis, we showed that DDA elicit cell death and autophagy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) models in vitro and in vivo. Then, we demonstrated that DDA induced hallmarks of ICD in vitro in TNBC and melanoma cells lines. Indeed, we demonstrated that a treatment with DDA trigger (1) surface exposure of CALR, (2) release of ATP in the supernatant in an autophagy-dependent manner, and (3) release of HMGB1 in the supernatant. These danger signals were induced by DDA in a larger extent than doxorubicin and mafosfamide, described as two ICD-inducers. We then demonstrated in two different models that cancer cells undergoing ICD after being treated with DDA provide partial immune-mediated prophylactic protection against a subsequent challenge with living cancer cells of the same type. These results suggested that DDA could be a new therapeutic developed to potentiate antitumoral immune response in TNBC
11
Ntanios, Fady Y. "Cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant sterols : mechanisms of action." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0018/NQ44534.pdf.
12
Heverin, Maura. "Brain cholesterol metabolism : a study of mouse and man /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-474-0/.
13
Robinson, David Thomas. "The metabolism of trilostane and epostane." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1989. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847952/.
Анотація:
Trilostane and epostane are synthetic steroids which inhibit the 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzyme. This enzyme is part of a system which catalyses an essential step in the synthesis of biologically active steroids. In animals and man trilostane preferentially inhibits adrenal steroid synthesis whilst epostane inhibits placental/ovarian steroid synthesis. The synthesis of radiolabelled trilostane and epostane are described. Stability investigations showed these radiolabelled compounds to be susceptible to degradation, although trilostane less so than epostane. Careful handling procedures were essential for metabolism studies. Animal studies showed no difference in the overall excretion and distribution of radioactivity for [[14]Cl-trilostane and [[14]C]-epostane. However the site specific localisation of active components within adrenals and ovaries reflected the in vivo organ selectivity observed for these compounds. In man a major plasma metabolite of trilostane was shown to be 17-ketotrilostane which is intrinsically twice as active as parent compound with regard to 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition. A specific, sensitive and accurate HPLC assay was developed which enabled the measurement of trilostane and 17-ketotrilostane in plasma. Plasma concentrations of 17-ketotrilostane in male volunteers were approximately three-fold higher than trilostane, and consequently this metabolite may be an important contributor to the clinical efficacy of this drug. Micronisation of both trilostane and epostane was shown to be appropriate in order to maximise the oral systemic availability of these compounds. However even with micronised formulations considerable inter-and intra-subject variability was noted. For trilostane, variability in absorption, coupled with individual differences in the metabolism to the more active 17-ketotrilostane, may in part account for the variable efficacy encountered in clinical trials.
14
Miettinen, M. (Minna). "17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase types 1 and 2:expression and activities in various tissues and cell lines and effect of the type 1 enzyme on estrogen-dependent growth of breast cancer cells". Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 1999. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514254163.
Анотація:
Abstract
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17HSDs) catalyze
the reactions between 17-hydroxy and 17-keto steroids. In the present
study, the enzyme activities and tissue distribution of 17HSD type
1, type 2 and type 4 were characterized. Furthermore, the role of
17HSD type 1 in estrogen-dependent growth was studied in MCF-7 breast
cancer cells which were stably transfected with type 1 cDNA.
Endogenous oxidative 17HSD activity found in COS-m6 monkey
kidney cells was first compared with that of human placental 17HSD.
Cultured COS-m6 cells exclusively possessed oxidative 17HSD activity,
converting estradiol (E2) to less active estrone (E1). When placental
17HSD was transfected into these cells, highly reductive activity
appeared. The 17HSD enzyme in COS-m6 cells also catalyzed the conversion
of testosterone to androstenedione, whereas the placental enzyme
was estrogen-specific. These results further proved the existence
of different 17HSD isoenzymes.
The enzymatic properties and cell- and tissue-specific expression
of 17HSD type 1, type 2 and oxidative type 4 were further characterized.
The data confirmed that in cultured cells the direction of 17HSD
activity is determined by the expression of different isoenzymes
and not by the intracellular environment. In addition, the 17HSD
type 1 gene expresses two mRNA signals, 1.3 kb and 2.3 kb in size.
The expression of 1.3 kb mRNA, but not 2.3 kb mRNA was related to
enzyme concentration in all the cell types studied. The type 1 enzyme
was expressed in the placenta, ovary and in some breast cancer specimens
and in the cell lines originated from these tissues. 17HSD type
2 was more widely expressed in both steroidogenic and in target
tissues of steroid action. 17HSD type 4 was expressed in almost
all cell lines and in all tissues studied, but no correlation with
17HSD activity was detected. These results suggest that 17HSD type
1 is involved in E2 production in females and 17HSD type 2 is responsible
for inactivation of sex steroids. However, the oxidation of 17β-hydroxysteroids
seems not to be the primary activity of 17HSD type 4.
The mRNAs for 17HSD type 1, type 2 and type 4 were found to
be expressed in human mammary epithelial cells. In breast tissue
samples both 17HSD type 1 and type 2 were detected by in
situ hybridization. Despite the presence of 17HSD type
1 mRNA in human mammary epithelial cells, only oxidative 17HSD activity
was detected. The reason for the lack of reductive activity is not
yet known.
Finally, MCF-7 breast cancer cells were stably transfected
with 17HSD type 1 cDNA in order to study the effect of 17HSD type
1 on estrogen-dependent growth. In wild type MCF-7 cells, very low 17HSD
activity was detected and E1 did not have any effect on cell growth.
In the cells expressing 17HSD type 1, E1 was rapidly converted to
E2. Hence in these cells E1 had a similar growth-promoting effect
as E2 as a result of the action of 17HSD type 1. The presence of
17HSD type 1 in breast cancer cells may thus be an important factor
regulating estrogen exposure and the estrogen-responsive growth
of breast cancer tissue.
15
Biddle, Simon. "Steroid metabolism in racing greyhounds." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14878.
Анотація:
The metabolism of androgenic anabolic steroids has been studied in the racing greyhound. Various drug preparations have been investigated utilising different derivatisation techniques, coupled with gas chromatographic analysis, to enable the identification of key metabolites in canine post administration samples. This has led to an increased understanding of some of the generic routes of steroid metabolism that take place in the greyhound. This valuable information can help to support metabolism studies in the future. The identification of specific metabolites for each compound investigated, has provided a means for controlling the misuse of these compounds, and contributed valuable enhancements to screening protocols utilised in the canine sports drug testing industry. Utilisation of the techniques described, resulted in the identification of specific major metabolites of the anabolic steroid methyltestosterone, namely 17??-methyl-5??- androstan-3??-17??-diol and 17??-methyl-5??-androstan-3??,16??,17??-triol. 16??- hydroxylation was shown to be a major phase I metabolic pathway in the canine along with phase II conjugation with glucuronic acid. Similar results were obtained during the metabolism study of the progestatgenic steroid norethisterone. Several di- and trihydroxy metabolites were detected in the glucuronic acid fraction of the post administration urines from this study. The norethisterone metabolism study also provided some insight, into the area of trace contaminants of pharmaceutical preparations. Low levels of nandrolone metabolites were also detected in the norethisterone post administration urine samples, leading to the discovery that the administered pharmaceutical tablets contained small quantities of nandrolone and 19- norandrostenedione, albeit below FDA approved contaminant levels. Modern methods of drug screening employ such highly sensitive techniques, that they allow for the detection of metabolites of such trace contaminants, following administration of the drug preparation to the greyhound. It is therefore important to have a broad understanding of the metabolism of various drug preparations, both banned and permitted substances alike; as detection of a trace amount of a banned substance metabolite, arising from the administration of a permitted medication, whose iii metabolite profile is unknown, and therefore potentially not detected, could present an interesting case. In conjunction with research into controlling the use of banned substances for the purposes of suppressing oestrus in the greyhound bitch, an investigation into normal/reference levels of endogenous hormones has been carried out. The endogenous steroid levels in a population of 212 greyhound bitches have been studied with a view to establishing a method for the detection of the exogenous administration of the endogenous anabolic steroid testosterone. The major urinary metabolites investigated were epiandrosterone, 5??-androstane-3??,17??-diol and 5??-androstane-3??,17??-diol. Statistical evaluations have been carried out to support the implementation of a suitable threshold for the key testosterone metabolites, namely 5??-androstane-3??,17??-diol and epiandrosterone. The detection of 5??-androstane-3??,17??-diol was found to be a very good indicator of the exogenous administration of testosterone to the greyhound bitch, when compared with the reference population data for this metabolite. However, further statistical/analytical data evaluation was deemed necessary before an absolute threshold could be implemented for this analyte, for the purposes of controlling the misuse of testosterone in the racing greyhound bitch. To support the understanding of endogenous steroid levels in the female greyhound, yet further, the endogenous reproductive steroid profiles were measured throughout the entire oestrus cycle of a cohort of 33 racing bitches. The results of the study clearly indicate a surge in androgen metabolites during the first 7-10 days of the oestrus cycle, in particular epiandrosterone and 5??-androstane-3??,17??-diol. This unique set of data has provided detailed information regarding the fluctuating concentrations of androgen and progesterone metabolites (following ovulation), at key stages of the canine oestrus cycle. The information obtained from this research can be used to support regulatory decisions regarding the misuse of testosterone in the racing greyhound bitch.
16
WORSHAM, DeALMA NICOLE. "EVIDENCE FOR METABOLISM OF SCAVENGED STEROLS BY THE P CARINII SAM:SMT: TRANSMETHYLATION OF DESMOSTEROL." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1100886621.
17
Williams, Catherine Ann. "The role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537664.
18
Goold, Richard David. "Influence of endogenous female sex-steroids on mutagen metabolism." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004919.
Анотація:
Cytochrome P-450, the terminal oxidase of the metabolic mono-oxygenase system, is thought to exist in multiple forms, which have differing substrate specificities, and are variably inducible by different enzyme inducers. Many mutagens, themselves unreactive, require metabolic activation by one or more of these cytochrome P-450-dependent microsomal enzymes for mutagenic activity. Such mutagens may be detected in the Salmonella mutagenicity test only by the incorporation of an hepatic microsomal (59) fraction into the assay (as a first approximation to in vivo metabolism). Induction of the microsomal enzymes by different agents enhances the metabolic activation of mutagens; in fact, many mutagens are only detected when the 59 fraction has been induced by appropriate agents. Inducers of the phenobarbital-type are known to enhance microsomal steroid hydroxylation when administered at supraphysiological levels, inducers of several mono-oxygenase activities. In turn, the steroids, have been reported to be The inductive effects of the female sex-steroids and the combined effects of steroid and phenobarbital (PB) pretreatment on the metabolic activation of four mutagens have been investigated using the Salmonella assay. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were pret reated with 17a-oestradiol (E2) or progesterone (PRG) , at a level of either 1 mg/kg or 20 mg / kg daily for 14 days. A duplicate set of similarly pretreated groups were also induced with PB. Hepatic microsomal fractions were prepared from each group and incubated with each of the te st mutagens in the presence of a tester strain known to detect each particular type of mutagen. Induction of the hepatic metabolizing system by PB increased the activation of the mutagens significantly (as reflected by an increased number of revertant prototrophic S .typhimurium colonies). The administration of PRG also caused significant, and dose-dependent, induction of the activation of af l atoxin B1, benzo(a)pyrene, and dimethylnitrosamine. In general, E2 exhibited no inductive effect, but it did produce an increase in the activation of aflatoxin B1 (a reaction which is known to be catalysed by a mono-oxygenase prefe rentially inducible by PB). When use was made of a microsomal fraction that was prepared from animals which were both steroidpretreated and induced by PB, mutagenic activation was of the same order of magnitude as that observed when induction was brought about by PB alone. The absence of additive effect, taken together with the observations already mentioned, indicate that steroids induce the same cytochrome isozymes that are induced by PB. The implications of sex-hormonal regulation of the metabolic activation of mutagens are briefly discussed.KMBT_363
Adobe Acrobat 9.53 Paper Capture Plug-in
19
Warrier, Manya. "Role of FKBP51 and FKBP52 in Glucocorticoid Receptor Regulated Metabolism." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1223923687.
20
Huf, Peter A., and mikewood@deakin edu au. "Androgen metabolism in the Australian lizard Tiliqua Rugosa." Deakin University. School of Sciences, 1989. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20051111.134448.
Анотація:
Nonmammalian vertebrates possess some unusual features in their hormonal systems/ when compared to mammals. As a consequence, they can make an important contribution in investigations concerning the fundamental mechanisms operating in endocrinology. Such studies concerning androgens include inter alia their effects on developmental aspects in the brain of birds and related singing behaviour; the role of neural enzymes in reproductive processes in fish; and the relation between androgens and the stages of spermatogenesis in amphibia, The present thesis examines the biochemistry of androgens in the Australian lizard Tiliqua rugosa. The major compounds studied were testosterone and epitestosterone, which are known to be present in high concentrations in the plasma of the male animal. Previous investigations are expanded, particularly in the areas of steroid identification and testicular biosynthesis. In addition, preliminary studies on the metabolism in the brain (and other tissues) and plasma protein binding are reported.
The presence of epitestosterone as a major free androgen in the plasma of the male lizard was confirmed. Other steroids were found in the sulphate fraction. Testosterone sulphate was the most rigorously identified compound, while some evidence was also found for the presence of conjugated 5-androstene-3β,17-diols, etiocholanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA). Epitestosterone does not appear to be extensively conjugated in this animal. Steroids were not found to be conjugated as glucuronides. The identification studies employed a novel method of electrochemical detection of steroids. This technique was investigated and extended in the current thesis.
Biosynthetic studies were carried out on androgen interconversions in the testis, in vitro. The major enzyme activities detected were 17α-arid 17β-oxidoreductases (17α-OR and l7β-OR) and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD)/isonerase. No evidence was found for the presence of a steroid-17-epimerase that would directly interconvert testosterone and epitestosterone. The 17-oxidoreductases were found to be dependent on the cofactor NBDFH. Testosterone appears to be formed mainly via the 4-ene pathway, whereas epitestosterone is formed from both the 4- and 5-ene routes. The compound 5-androstene-3β, 17α-diol
was found to be an intermediate in the synthesis of epitestosterone from DHA. Temperature was found to significantly affect 17α-OR
activity (maximum at 32°C). In contrast,17β-OR activity was independent of this factor in the testis. Androgen metabolism in the testis was found to be regulated by cofactors, temperature and season.
The major enzyme activities found in the male brain were 17α- and 17β-OR. 3βHSD/isomerase was not found; however a low activity of 5α-reductase was identified. Aromatase activity was not positively identified, but preliminary results suggest that it may be present at low levels. The 17-oxidoreductases were widespread throughout the brain. The 17α-OR was significantly lower in the forebrain than other brain sections. The 170-OR activity did not vary significantly throughout the organ, although there was a trend for its activity to be higher in the midbrain region (containing the hypothalamus in these sections). The concentration of endogenous steroids in brain tissue was estimated by radioimmunoassay. Epitestosterone was found throughout the organ structure, whereas testosterone was found mainly in the midbrain (containing hypothalamic regions in these sections). Correlations between enzyme activities and steroid concentrations in brain regions suggested that the main function of 17α-OR is to produce epitestosterone, whereas the 17β-OR may catalyse a more reversible reaction in vivo. Temperature was found to significantly affect both 17α- and 17β-OR activities in the brain. In contrast to the testis, the maximum activity of the brain enzymes occurred at 37°C. The level of 17α-OR activity in the male lizard (100 nmol/g tissue/h) is the highest reported for this enzyme in vertebrates. Both activities were found to be quantitatively similar in the whole brain homogenates of male and female animals, and did not vary seasonally when examined in the male.
The 17-oxidoreductases were also found in most other tissues in T.rugosa, including epididymis, adrenal, kidney and liver (but not blood). This suggests that the high activities of both 17α-OR and 17β-OR are dominant features of the steroid system in this animal. The formation of 11-oxygenated compounds was found in the adrenal, in addition to the formation of polar metabolites in the kidney and liver (possibly polyhydroxylated and conjugated steroids).
A preliminary investigation into the plasma binding of androgens was carried out. The insults suggest that there are several binding sites for testosterone; one with high affinity and low capacity; the other with low affinity and high capacity. Binding experiments were carried out at 32°C. At this temperature, specific binding was greater than at 25 or 37°C. From the results of competition studies it was suggested that epitestosterone (with a K(i)= 3 X 10 (-6)M for testosterone binding) regulates the binding of testosterone (K(i)=10(-7)M) and hence the concentrations of the latter steroid as a free compound in plasma.
In general, the study has shown that the biochemistry of androgens in the reptile T.rugosa is largely similar to that found in other vertebrates. The major difference is a greatly increased activity of 17α-OR, which causes a higher concentration of 17α-compounds to be present in the tissues of this lizard. The physiological roles for epitestosterone are not yet clear. However it appears from this study that this steroid regulates testosterone concentrations in several tissues by either steroidogenic or binding mechanisms. Several major influences on this regulation include temperature, availability of cofactors and seasonal effects.
21
Hosseinpour, Fardin. "Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in the Metabolism of Vitamin D3." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2002. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5242-6/.
22
Vanstone, Catherine A. "Influence of phytosterols versus phytostanols on plasma lipid levels and cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemic humans." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33854.
Анотація:
The objective of this research was to examine the effects of sitosterol and sitostanol supplementation on plasma cholesterol levels and cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemic subjects consuming a fixed foods diet in a four-phase crossover design. It was hypothesized that addition of either phytosterols, phytostenols, or a 50:50 mixture of sterols and stanols to butter would reduce circulating cholesterol levels, despite butter's hypercholesterolemic effect, through actions involving cholesterol absorption, synthesis, and turnover rates. The data obtained indicate that in their free, unesterified form, plant sterols and stanols lower plasma LDL cholesterol equivalently in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Results of this study provide new data that phytosterols and stanols function by suppressing cholesterol absorption while increasing cholesterol synthesis, however, the de-suppression in synthesis cannot fully compensate for the decrease in absorption making the treatment effective, thus may assist in the development of a food which offers health-promoting advantages related to the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
23
Lund-Pero, Margaretha. "Nonspecific esterases in human tissues evidence for their involvement in steroid metabolism and in carcinogenesis /." Lund : Dept. of Molecular Ecogenetics, the Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Lund, 1995. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39781861.html.
24
Worsham, DeAlma N. "Evidence for metabolism of scavenged sterols by the P. carinii SAM: SMT enzyme transmethylation of desmosterol /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=ucin1100886621.
25
Löfgren, Lars. "Hormones and breast cancer : aspects on receptor expression and metabolism /." Stockholm, 2006. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2006/91-7140-635-2/.
26
Stucky, Daniel Floyd. "Steryl glucosides: a genetic approach to determine their role in cellulose synthesis and lipid metabolism in Arabidopsis." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16985.
Анотація:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Biology
Kathrin Schrick
Steryl glucosides (SGs) are a common conjugate of sterols found in the plasma membranes of most plants and fungi, but their cellular functions remain largely unknown. Glycosylation of the C3 hydroxyl group of the sterol nucleus is catalyzed by UDP-glucose:steryl glucosyltransferase 80 (UGT80) enzymes. Two genes encoding UGT80A2 and UGT80B1 are responsible for most SG production in Arabidopsis thaliana, while UGT80C1 presents a putative third enzyme. In Arabidopsis, seed imbibition signals the epidermal seed coat cells to secrete an encapsulating mucilage that consists primarily of hydrated polysaccharides. Cellulose has been identified in the inner layer of the mucilage, providing a convenient model to study cellulose synthesis since seed mucilage is dispensable for viability and pectin and cellulose staining dyes are readily available. A reverse genetics and biochemical approach was used to characterize the role of UGT80 enzymes and their impact on cellulose synthesis in seed mucilage. ugt80B1 mucilage was found to have elongated cellulosic rays, but no defects in pectin synthesis. A double mutant of ugt80B1 and mum3-1, a mutant allele of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE 5 (CESA5), displays a novel phenotype with irregular cellulose patterning and extreme shedding of the pectinaceous layer surrounding the seed coat. The observed mucilage defects may be indicative of disrupted cellulose synthesis and a mechanistic relationship between SGs and the cellulose synthase machinery. UGT80A2 and B1 demonstrate glycosylation activity with a multitude of plant sterols. The two enzymes do display some substrate specificity, however, with UGT80A2 producing the large majority of sitosterol and stigmasterol glucoside compared to B1. UGT80C1 shows little or no sterol glucosyltransferase activity in vitro or in vivo and likely has evolved a different function from the two other genes. GFP:UGT80C1 expressed either from the constitutive 35S or from its native promoter was localized to lipid droplets and possibly chloroplasts as well, creating a new perspective on the role of the protein in plant lipid metabolism. This study extends the currently limited view of SGs as ubiquitous components of the plasma membrane to active regulators of cellulose synthesis in seeds. Evidence presented here changes the perceived role of the plant conserved protein, UGT80C1, from a putative steryl glucosyltransferase enzyme to having a function in intracellular lipid droplets.
27
Corio-Costet, Marie-France. "Modification par le fenpropimorphe du profil sterolique de plantes et effet sur le metabolisme steroidien d'un insecte phytophage (locusta migratoria)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986STR13155.
Анотація:
Nous avons adopte une strategie, consistant en la modification qualitative et quantitative de la composition sterolique de plantes. Pour cefaire, nous avons traite des plantes a l'aide d'inhibiteurs de la biosynthese des sterols, possedant essentiellement deux cibles: la cycloeucalenol-obtusifoliol isomerase et la delta-huit-delta-sept-sterol isomerase. En agissant de la sorte, en bloquant diverses etapes de la biosynthese des phytosterols, nous accumulons de nouveaux sterols, en l'occurence des cyclopropylsterols. La molecule utilisee pour induire de telles modifications, est un fongicide systemique: le fenpropimorphe. Nous avons etudie le comportement de cette molecule en tant qu'inhibiteur chez des cellules animales (fibroblastes de souris) et chez des cellules vegetales (mais et ble)
28
Pinnameneni, Srijan Kumar, and s3083722@student rmit edu au. "Role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase1 in fatty acid-induced insulin resistance." RMIT University. Medical Sciences, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070119.162450.
Анотація:
Recent investigations suggest that reducing stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD) 1 expression confers protection against obesity and insulin resistance, whereas others show that increasing SCD1 expression protects cells from lipotoxicity. The overall aim of this thesis was to establish the role of SCD1 expression in fatty acid metabolism and insulin stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between fatty acid subtype, SCD1 expression and fuel metabolism. The role of fatty acid subtype on fatty acid metabolite accumulation and insulin resistance was initially examined in rats. Rats were provided with a low fat diet or a high fat diet consisting of predominantly saturated (SAT) or polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Rats fed a SAT diet were insulin resistant and had increased skeletal muscle diacylglycerol content whereas rats fed a PUFA diet retained insulin sensitivity and accumulated triacylglycerol rather than diacylglycerol. Interestingly, SCD1 mRNA and protein content were elevated in SAT rats compared with PUFA fed and control fed rats, indicating a possible involvement of SCD1 in the aetiology of insulin resistance. Subsequently, SCD1 expression was examined in the skeletal muscle of various rodent models of genetic and diet-induced obesity. SCD1 content was consistently upregulated in the skeletal muscle of obese rodents. To determine whether SCD1 contributes to or protects from fatty-acid induced insulin resistance, SCD1 levels were transiently altered in L6 skeletal muscle myotubes. Short interfering (si) RNA was used to decrease SCD1 content and a pcDNA3.1/HygromSCD1 vector was introduced to increase SCD1 content. Reducing SCD1 protein resulted in marked esterification of exogenous fatty acids into diacylglycerol and ceramide. Insulin-stimulated Akt (acute transforming retrovirus thymoma) phosphorylation and 2-deoxyglucose uptake were reduced with SCD1 siRNA. Exposure of L6 myotubes to palmitate abolished insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in both control and SCD1 siRNA myotubes. Transient overexpression of SCD1 resulted in triacylglycerol esterification but attenuated ceramide and diacylglycerol accumulation and protected myotubes from fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Further, these changes were associated with reduced phosphorylation of c-Jun Amino-Terminal Kinase (JNK) and the inhibitor of IêB kinase (IKK), both of which impair insulin signalling. These studies indicated that SCD1 protects from cellular toxicity in L6 myotubes by preventing excessive accumulation of bioactive lipid metabolites. Collectively, these experiments indicate that increasing SCD1 expression may be a protective mechanism designed to prevent insulin resistance in obese phenotypes.
29
Gibson, Douglas Alistair. "Role for oestrogen in dynamic interactions between cell types within the human endometrium." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9890.
Анотація:
The human endometrium is a complex multicellular tissue, located within the cavity of the uterus. Its luminal surface is defined by a layer of epithelial cells supported on a multicellular stroma containing fibroblasts, glands (lined by a secretory epithelium), blood vessels (lined with endothelial cells) and several populations of immune cells; the latter includes a unique population of natural killer (uNK) cells. The endometrium undergoes dynamic remodelling across the menstrual cycle in response to fluctuating levels of sex steroids secreted by ovarian cells. The phases of the endometrial cycle include an oestrogendominated proliferative phase, a progesterone-dominated secretory phase and menses (endometrial shedding precipitated by falling levels of progesterone). A key feature of the secretory phase is differentiation (decidualisation) of endometrial stromal fibroblasts (ESC) an event characterised by transformation of cell shape, secretion of growth factors/cytokines, angiogenesis/vascular remodelling and an increase in the numbers of resident immune cells. Decidualisation ensures an appropriate nutritional and hormonal environment exists during the establishment of pregnancy. Studies in mice suggest that de novo biosynthesis of oestrogen within the uterus may play an essential role in regulation of decidualisation but no data exist for human. Endometrial endothelial and uNK cells both contain oestrogen receptors but the impact of oestrogens on their function has not been explored. In the current studies three questions have been addressed: 1. Is oestrogen biosynthesis a feature of human endometrial stromal cell decidualisation? 2. What is the impact of oestrogen on uNK cell function? 3. What role (if any) does oestrogen play in the interplay between decidual, immune and vascular cells within the human endometrial stroma? Results obtained provide the first evidence that de novo biosynthesis of oestrogens occurs during decidualisation of human ESC. This was attributed to changes in expression patterns of mRNAs encoding proteins that play a critical role in regulation of oestrogen biosynthesis (STAR, CYP11A1, CYP19A1 [aromatase], HSD17B2 [17βHSD2] and STS [steroid sulphatase]). Changes in the pattern of metabolism were confirmed using thin layer chromatography and analysis of concentrations of oestrone (E1) and oestradiol (E2) in culture media. Secretion of E1 and E2 was reduced by addition of an aromatase inhibitor. Data derived from studies described within this thesis also show for the first time that incubation of uNK cells with E2 not only enhanced cell migration but also stimulated secretion of factors that had a significant impact on endothelial cell angiogenesis. These findings were supported by novel evidence that E2 had a significant impact on expression of genes associated with cell motility and angiogenesis. In addition, factors, including E1/E2, secreted by decidualised stromal cells, stimulated chemotaxis of uNK cells. Future experiments will focus on determining the identity of the angiogenic factors secreted by uNK cells in response to E2 and the mechanisms responsible for uNK cell movement. In summary, new data presented in this thesis provide evidence that local biosynthesis of oestrogens within the endometrial stroma may play a previously unrecognised role in regulating the function of uNK cells and endometrial endothelial cells in women. These results have implications for treatment of disorders such as infertility, heavy menstrual bleeding and endometriosis.
30
Redón, Miralles Maria Antonia. "Estudio global del metabolismo lipídico de saccharomyces spp. En fermentaciones a bajas temperaturas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31915.
Анотація:
El objetivo global de esta tesis consiste en mejorar el control de las fermentaciones a bajas
temperaturas a partir de los cambios en el metabolismo lipídico. En el primer capítulo, observamos
que el almacenamiento en condiciones inadecuadas de una levadura seca activa tenía como
consecuencias una menor vitalidad y contenido lipídico. Estos efectos desaparecían tras una
recuperación en medio de cultivo óptimo. En el segundo capítulo, la cepa híbrida S. cerevisiae/S.
bayanus presentó la mejor cinética fermentativa sin necesidad de aclimatación. Sin embargo, el
resto de especies analizadas mostraron una modificación en la composición lipídica y una mejora de
su actividad fermentativa a 13 ºC al hacer coincidir la temperatura de fermentación con la de
precultivo. En el tercer trabajo, nos centramos en la nutrición lipídica de la levadura consiguiendo
una reducción del tiempo de fermentación a bajas temperaturas mediante la adición de ácido
palmitoleico en el medio de precultivo. Finalmente, en el último capítulo se analizó el efecto de la
supresión de genes del metabolismo de los fosfolípidos sobre la vitalidad a bajas temperaturas y la
composición en fosfolípidos.The global aim of this thesis consists in improving the control of low temperature fermentations by considering the changes in lipid metabolism. In the first chapter, we reported that poor ADWY storage conditions resulted in an impairment of the vitality and a decrease in the lipid content. These effects disappeared after a recovery in optimal medium. In the second chapter, we analysed the strain and specific-response to fermentation temperature, showing that the hybrid S. cerevisiae/S. bayanus presented the highest sugar consumption whatever the preculture temperature used. The rest of the species needed a preadaptation at low temperature involving a change in their lipid composition to improve their fermentation rate at 13 ºC. In the third chapter, we focused on the lipid nutrition of yeast and we saw that palmitoleic acid supplementation reduced significantly the fermentation length at low temperature. In the last chapter various phospholipid mutants were tested to ascertain whether the suppression of some genes could modify the vitality at low temperature and the phospholipid composition.
31
Fabregat, Rossell Andreu 1986. "Re-exploring testosterone metabolism : new insights for doping control." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/289784.
Анотація:
The detection of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) is one of the most difficult analytical challenges in the doping control field. The main problem for their detection is to distinguish between normally endogenous concentrations and those observed after the exogenous administration of an EAAS. The screening methods for EAAS are currently based on the determination of the steroid profile and the application of the athlete biological passport. The inclusion of new steroid metabolites can improve the screening capabilities of the steroid profile. Thus, the objective of the thesis is to elucidate and characterize new testosterone metabolites that can be implemented to the current steroid profile and to evaluate their usefulness for doping control analysis.
Four unreported testosterone metabolites were detected and characterized by using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry approaches.
These compounds were demonstrated to come from degradation of cysteine conjugates. The formation of these conjugates implies an addition of a double bond as a phase I metabolism followed by conjugation with glutathione and the subsequent transformation to cysteine conjugates in urine.
In order to determinate the usefulness of the cysteinyl compounds for doping control purposes, a quantitative method for the indirect determination of these compounds was developed and validated. Using this method, reference population limits were established by the analysis of 174 urine samples. Additionally, different factors that can potentially influence the excretion of these compounds were evaluated.
Finally, the usefulness of these cysteinyl metabolites for the detection of EAAS misuse was evaluated by the analysis of samples collected after different EAAS administration. The use of these metabolites seems to improve in some cases the detection capabilities of the current marker used in routine analysis.La detecció d’esteroides androgènics anabolitzants endògens (EAAE) és un dels reptes analítics més difícils en la lluita contra el dopatge. El problema més important per a la seva detecció és distingir entre concentracions endògenes i aquelles que s’observen després de l’administració exògena d’un EAAE. Els mètodes de cribatge per a la detecció d’EAAE estan basats en la determinació del perfil esteroïdal i la introducció d’aquest en el passaport biològic de l’atleta. La inclusió de nous metabòlits d’esteroides pot ajudar a millorar les capacitats de cribatge del perfil esteroïdal. Per tant, l’objectiu d’aquesta tesis és detectar i caracteritzar nous metabòlits d’EAAE que puguin implementar-se en l’actual perfil esteroïdal i l’avaluació de la seva utilitat en la lluita contra el dopatge. Quatre metabòlits desconeguts de la testosterona van ser detectats i caracteritzats mitjançant la utilització de la cromatografia líquida acoblada a l’espectrometria de masses en tàndem. L’origen d’aquests compostos es va demostrar que provenia de la degradació de conjugats amb cisteïna. La formació d’aquests conjugats implica l’addició d’un doble enllaç com a reacció metabòlica de fase I acompanyat per la conjugació amb glutationa i la subseqüent degradació d’aquesta a cisteïna en orina. Per tal de poder veure la seva aplicació en el camp del dopatge, es va desenvolupar i validar un mètode per la quantificació indirecta d’aquests compostos en orina. Utilitzant aquest mètode es van establir límits de referència basats en l’anàlisi de 174 mostres de orina. Addicionalment, diferents factors descrits que poden afectar l’excreció en orina d’aquests compostos també van ser estudiats en detall. Finalment, es va avaluar la utilitat d’aquests metabòlits conjugats amb cisteïna per a la detecció de l’abús d’EAAE mitjançant l’ anàlisis de mostres després de l’administració de diferents EAAE. L’ús d’aquests metabòlits va millorar (en alguns casos) els temps de detecció comparant-los amb els actuals marcadors utilitzats en rutina.
32
Hoong, Isabelle Yoke Yien. "Expression of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in mice and the role of glucocorticoids in adipocyte function". Monash University, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9473.
33
Schmitt, Florent. "Rôle de la stéaroyl-coenzyme A désaturase 1, une enzyme de synthèse des acides gras mono-insaturés, dans un modèle transgénique d’étude de la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ085/document.
Анотація:
La sclérose latérale amyotrophique est une maladie neurodégénérative associée à un dysfonctionnement métabolique. Des altérations du métabolisme des lipides, décrites chez les patients SLA et les animaux modèles, pourraient participer à la mise en place des premières étapes de la maladie. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier le rôle de la stéaroyl-coenzyme A désaturase 1 (SCD1), une enzyme clé du métabolisme des lipides, dans la SLA. En étudiant le profil d’acides gras périphériques dans un modèle de souris SLA, les souris SOD1m, nous avons vu une diminution de l’activité de la SCD1 dès les stades précoces (subcliniques) de la maladie. Cette diminution pourrait expliquer, à elle seule, les altérations du métabolisme des lipides caractéristiques de la SLA. La répercussion de la perte de l’activité de la SCD1 sur l’axe moteur a été étudiée. Une délétion du gène ou une inhibition pharmacologique de la SCD1 améliore la récupération fonctionnelle après lésion du nerf sciatique chez la souris sauvage. Nous avons cherché à voir si la perte d’activité de la SCD1 trouvée chez les souris SOD1m est un mécanisme de protection mis en place pour lutter contre l’évolution de la SLA. Nous avons traité des souris SOD1m avec un inhibiteur de l’activité de la SCD1. Le traitement a conduit à une augmentation du métabolisme oxydatif, une préservation de l’intégrité neuromusculaire ainsi qu’une amélioration de la survie des motoneurones. Nousconcluons que l’inhibition de la SCD1 représente une cible thérapeutique prometteuse dans la SLAAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease, associated with metabolic dysfunction. Alteration of lipid metabolism has been documented in ALS patients and animal models, and could participate to the first pathological steps of the disease. The objective of this thesis was to study the role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), a key enzyme of lipid metabolism, in ALS. By studying the profile of peripheral fatty acids in an animal model of ALS, the SOD1 mice, we found that SCD1 activity was strongly reduced at early (sub-clinical) disease stage, and that this reduction could explain in itself the alteration of lipid metabolism characteristic of ALS. The impact of loss of SCD1 activity for the motor axis was then studied. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of SCD1 enhanced functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in mice. Wefurther explored if the loss of SCD1 activity found in SOD1 mice is a protective mechanism elicited in response to ALS. We treated SOD1 mice with an inhibitor of SCD1 activity. The treatment resulted in exacerbated muscular oxidative metabolism,preservation of neuromuscular integrity and enhanced motor neuron survival. We conclude that inhibition of SCD1 represents a promising therapeutic target for ALS
34
Keim, Ana Verónica Beatriz. "Metabolismo lipídico en "Arabidopsis thaliana": Caracterización de mutantes "arv" y de las isoenzimas farnesildifosfato sintasa citosólicas Ana Verónica Beatriz Keim 2012." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96118.
Анотація:
Los estudios realizados sobre las proteínas Arv indican que estaría involucrada en la regulación de la homeostasis de esteroles y esfingolípidos. En levadura se observó una posible función en la síntesis de GPI (Kajiwara et al., 2008) y respecto a su topología, posee 3 dominios hidrofóbicos con el extremo N-terminal orientado hacia el citosol (Villasmil y Nickels 2011). En plantas, se caracterizaron los genes AtARV1 y AtARV2 de Arabidopsis thaliana que codifican dos proteínas de RE funcionales, AtArv1 y AtArv2. Estas comparten una identidad del 66% entre sí y poseen un dominio N-terminal AHD muy conservado en diferentes especies. Ambos genes poseen patrones solapantes de expresión en tejidos meristemáticos, excepto en hojas donde AtARV2 no se expresa (Forés et al., 2006). En este trabajo se determinó que AtArv1 posee un número par de dominios hidrofóbicos y que los extremos N- y C-terminales están orientados hacia el citosol. Además, se caracterizaron mutantes simples con pérdida de función (arv1) y dobles (arv1:arv2), que si bien no mostraron alteraciones fenotípicas, la activación de un RNAi en los doble mutantes arv1:arv2 indica que la pérdida de AtArv produce alteraciones fenotípicas en plántulas, que presentan acortamiento de la raíz y de los cotiledones que se vuelven amarillentos y se curvan en forma de « punta de flecha ». Los niveles de esteroles disminuyen y se ven incrementadas algunas BECL (Bases Esfingoides de Cadena Larga). Por otro lado, AtArv1 no parece estar vinculada a la UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) y su pérdida no es capaz de activar esta respuesta.
La farnesildifosfato sintasa (FPS) es una enzima dimérica que cataliza la condensación de una molécula de dimetilalildifosfato con dos moléculas de isopentenildifosfato para dar lugar a farnesildifosfato, que es el punto de partida para la síntesis de isoprenoides en el citosol y las mitocondrias. Los genes FPS1 y FPS2 de Arabidopsis thaliana codifican las isoenzimas FPS1L mitocondrial), FPS1S y FPS2. Las secuencias aminoacídicas de FPS1S y FPS2 poseen una identidad del 90.6% y difieren en sólo 32 aminoácidos. El gen FPS1 se expresa de forma generalizada durante todo el desarrollo de la planta, en cambio, FPS2 muestra un patrón de expresión restringido a órganos florales, semillas y estadios tempranos de la germinación. En la caracterización de los mutantes nulos de Arabidopsis fps1 y fps2 se observó que el gen FPS2 es más importante en las semillas y las etapas tempranas de la germinación. La isoenzima FPS2 contribuye entre un 70-80% a la actividad FPS total en semillas maduras. Como consecuencia, las semillas del mutante fps2 presentan niveles reducidos de sitosterol, un aumento de la actividad HMG-CoA reductasa (HMGR) e hipersensibilidad a la mevastatina (Closa et al., 2010). En este trabajo se ha determinado mediante ensayos bioquímicos, que la isoenzima FPS2 es catalíticamente más eficiente, más sensible al efecto inhibitorio del NaCl, y termodinámicamente más estable que FPS1S. También se ha demostrado la localización citosólica de ambas isoenzimas. Los patrones de expresión de los genes FPS1 y FPS2 son complementarios en semilla e indican que el FPP necesario para el desarrollo de las semillas tiene dos posibles orígenes separados en el espacio y en el tiempo. Por último, los estudios de complementación funcional en semillas del mutante fps2 demuestran que en condiciones normales FPS1S y FPS2 son funcionalmente intercambiables.The previously characterized Arabidopsis thaliana proteins AtArv1 and AtArv2 have been suggested to be involved in the regulation of cellular lipid homeostasis as demonstrated for their yeast and mammalian counterparts. In this study, we established the citosolic orientation of both N- and C-terminal ends of the AtArv1 protein in the yeast ER membrane. Functional complementation assays of an arv1Δ yeast strain with a truncated AtArv1 protein also showed that the C-terminal 31 aminoacids are essential for AtArv1 function. Characterization of single Arabidopsis arv mutants did not reveal any effect on plant phenotype. On the contrary, characterization of loss-of-function Arabidopsis arv1:arv2 double mutants obtained by inducible siRNA-mediated silencing of AtARV genes demonstrated that lack of AtArv function leads to reduced root lenght and pale green curved cotiledons as well as to reduced levels of major sterols and increased levels of some sphingolipid LCBs (Long Chain Bases). In contrast to S. cerevisiae Arv1p, AtArv is not involved in the UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) in Arabidopsis since lack of AtArv1 does not activate this response. Previous results obtained in our laboratory showed that Arabidopsis thaliana contains two genes encoding farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase (FPS), the short-chain prenyl diphoshate synthase that catalyzes the synthesis of FPP from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). The FPS1 gene is widely expressed in all plant tissues throughout development, whereas FPS2 shows a pattern of expression restricted to specific floral organs, developing and mature seeds. Characterization of fps single knock-out mutants suggested that FPS2 has a major role in seeds and during the early stages of seedling development. Actually, FPS2 provides 70-80% of total FPS activity in mature Arabidopsis seeds, hence lack of FPS2 activity in seeds leads to a marked reduction in sitosterol content and a positive feedback regulatory response of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) activity that renders seeds hypersensitive to mevastatin. In this study, we provide evidence that the two Arabidopsis short FPS isozymes FPS1S and FPS2 localize to the cytosol. Biochemical characterization of these recombinant enzymes expressed in E. coli, revealed that, despite FPS1S and FPS2 share more than 90% amino acid sequence identity, FPS2 is more efficient as a catalyst, more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of NaCl, and more resistant to thermal inactivation than FPS1S. Expression analysis of FPS::GUS genes in seeds also showed that FPS1 and FPS2 display complementary patterns of expression particularly at late stages of seed development, which suggests that developping Arabidopsis seeds have two spatially segregated sources of FPP. Functional complementation studies of the fps2 knock-out mutant seed phenotypes demonstrated that at least under normal conditions FPS1S and FPS2 are functionally interchangeable.
35
Pettersson, Hanna. "Steroid-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 (CYP) Enzymes in the Maintenance of Cholesterol and Sex Hormone Levels." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-100787.
Анотація:
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2009.Disputationsordförande;Professor Eva Brittebo, Inst. för Biovetenskap, Avd. för Toxikologi, Uppsala Universitet, UppsalaBetygsnämndens ledamöten; Docent Lena Ekström, Inst. för Laboratoriemedicin, Avd. för Klinisk Kemi, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, HuddingeDocent Ulf Diczfaluzy, Inst. för Laboratoriemedicin, Avd. för Klinisk Kemi, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, HuddingeProfessor Agneta Oskarsson, Inst. BVF, Avd. för farmakologi och toxikologi, SLU, Uppsala. Härtill 4 uppsatser.
36
Wiman, Josefin. "Investigation of the intra-day variation in stearoyl-CoA-desaturase activity by measuring the product-to-precursor ratios of fatty acids (16:1/16:0 and 18:1/18:0)." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-87728.
Анотація:
Obesity is today a problem that has reached epidemic proportions. One of the causes of obesity is the over-consumption of energy. Fat is the most energy-dense nutrient, where the quality seems to be more important for the development of the metabolic diseases than the quantity. The fatty acid composition in serum lipid fractions can be used to mirror the dietary fat quality.
Stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD) is an enzyme that converts saturated to monounsaturated fatty acids. A surrogate measure of SCD activity can be estimated as a fatty acid ratio; 16:1/16:0 (palmitoleic acid/palmitic acid) and 18:1/18:0 (oleic acid/stearic acid). The aim of this project was to investigate the intra-day variation in the SCD-ratio in humans eating a standardized diet. The results showed that triacylglycerol and nonesterified fatty acid fractions in serum lipids had a significant variance in the 16:1/16:0 ratio during the day, whereas 18:1/18:0 ratio in the same fractions did not exhibit the same pattern. In this study 16:1/16:0 ratio also seems to be a better marker than 18:1/18:0 ratio for estimating SCD activity. For further evaluation of the intra-day variation there need to be a more long-term study of the SCD-activity for a larger group of subjects.
37
Asp, Vendela. "In Vitro Studies of Adrenocorticolytic DDT Metabolites, with Special Focus on 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ekotoxikologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122721.
Анотація:
The DDT metabolite 3-methylsulfonyl-DDE (3-MeSO2-DDE) is bioactivated by cytochrome P450 11B1 (CYP11B1) in the adrenal cortex of mice and forms irreversibly bound protein adducts, reduces glucocorticoid secretion, and induces cell death selectively in cortisol-producing adrenocortical cells. 3-MeSO2-DDE has therefore been proposed as a lead compound for an improved adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) therapy. The aims of this thesis were to (1) develop in vitro test systems based on murine and human adrenocortical cell lines and to (2) investigate the mechanisms behind 3-MeSO2-DDE toxicity in adrenocortical cells. The cytotoxic and endocrine-modulating effects of 3-MeSO2-DDE were compared to those of o,p′-DDD (mitotane), the current ACC therapy, and to those of several structurally analogous compounds in both murine and human cell lines. 3-MeSO2-DDE bioactivation and cytotoxicity proceeded in a similar manner in the murine adrenocortical Y-1 cell line as in mice in vivo. The effects were highly structure-specific. Moreover, 3-MeSO2-DDE formed irreversibly bound protein adducts and caused cell death also in the human H295R cell line, and was slightly more cytotoxic than o,p′-DDD. However, 3-MeSO2-DDE toxicity in human cells was not affected by the CYP11B1 inhibitor etomidate, suggesting that bioactivation in human cells is performed by additional/other enzyme(s) than CYP11B1. 3-MeSO2-DDE generated biphasic responses in cortisol and aldosterone secretion and in expression levels of the steroidogenic genes CYP11B1, CYP11B2, and StAR. Such hormesis-like responses were not seen for o,p′-DDD or the precursor DDT metabolite p,p′-DDE. In addition, the two o,p′-DDD enantiomers (R)-(+)-o,p′-DDD and (S)-(-)-o,p′-DDD exhibited slight differences in cytotoxic and endocrine-modulating activity in H295R cells. In conclusion, this thesis provides extended knowledge on the mechanisms of action of 3-MeSO2-DDE and points out important differences in effects between murine and human cells. Lead optimisation studies of 3-MeSO2-DDE using the herein presented in vitro test systems are ongoing.
38
Warensjö, Eva. "Fatty Acid Desaturase Activities in Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease : Special Reference to Stearoyl-CoA-Desaturase and Biomarkers of Dietary Fat." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8312.
Анотація:
The development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases have been suggested to be influenced more by the quality than the amount of dietary fat. The FA composition of serum lipids may be used as biomarkers of dietary fat quality. FAs can, however, also be endogenously synthesized by lipogenic enzymes such as elongases and desaturases. Three desaturases are important in humans: Stearoyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD), ∆6-desaturase (D6D) and ∆5-desaturase (D5D) and surrogate measures of desaturase activities can be estimated as product-to-precursor FA ratios.
In this thesis, we demonstrated that high SCD, D6D and low D5D estimated activities predicted MetS 20 years later, as well as cardiovascular and total mortality during a maximum of 33.7 years. The relation between D5D and MetS was independent of lifestyle and BMI, while the relation between SCD, D6D and MetS was confounded by BMI. Serum proportions of palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (16:1) and dihomo-γ-linoleic acids were higher and the serum proportion of linoleic acid (LA) lower at baseline in those individuals who developed MetS. Further, LA was inversely related to mortality, while palmitic, palmitoleic and dihomo-γ-linoleic acids were directly associated with mortality. We also demonstrated that a diet rich in saturated fat “induced” a similar serum FA pattern (including estimated desaturase activities) that was associated with MetS, cardiovascular disease and mortality. We also propose that the SCD ratio [16:1/16:0] might be a novel and useful marker of dietary saturated fat, at least in Western high-fat diets. Finally, genetic variations in the human SCD1 gene were linked to obesity and insulin sensitivity, results that agree with data in SCD1 deficient mice.
This thesis suggests that dietary fat quality and endogenous desaturation may play a role in the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases and the results support current dietary guidelines.
39
Bertrand, Philippe. "Couplages des recepteurs adenohypophysaires a l'adenylate cyclase : caracteristiques, localisation cellulaire et modulation par l'oestradiol." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066264.
40
Hussain, Ghulam. "Rôle de la stéaroyl-CoA désaturase-1 dans le maintien de l'activité musculaire : étude d'un modèle lésionel pour la compréhension des altérations métaboliques caractéristiques de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921430.
Анотація:
Les patients SLA et les souris modèles présentent un dysfonctionnement métabolique qui coïncide avec le changement de concentration de différentes espèces lipidiques. Notre hypothèse est qu'un tel dysfonctionnement métabolique au niveau musculaire conduirait aux premiers changements observés dans la SLA. Nous avons montré que l'expression de la stéaroyl-coenzyme A désaturase 1 (SCD1), une enzyme clé de la synthèse des acides gras mono-insaturés à partir des acides gras saturés, est diminuée dans le muscle avant les premiers symptômes moteurs observés chez les souris modèles de SLA. Dans ce modèle murin, les altérations en acides gras au niveau circulant et hépatique, traduisant les changements de SCD1,apparaissent lors des premiers symptômes de la pathologie. De plus, l'inhibition pharmacologique de l'activité de SCD1 mime le phénotype métabolique des souris modèles de SLA. Notre étude a ainsi montré que la diminution de la SCD1 joue un rôle important pour l'activité neuromusculaire. Elle module les besoins énergétiques, maintien l'activité musculaire par augmentation du métabolisme oxydatif et agit sur l'expression de gènes impliqués dans le développement et le fonctionnement de la jonction neuromusculaire. De plus, l'ablation du gène SCD1 stimule la récupération fonctionnelle musculaire après lésion du nerf. L'inhibition pharmacologique de SCD1 apporte également une protection au muscle. Nous avons pu conclure de cette étude qu'une modification de l'expression de SCD1 ainsi que du profil d'acides gras peut apporter une protection au muscle pour lutter contre la pathologie. En outre, des inhibiteurs de l'activité enzymatique de la SCD1 pourraient être développés comme traitement thérapeutique dans la SLA.
41
Plantamura, Emilie. "Rôle de la voie des hélicases de type RIG dans la régulation de l'homéostasie du microbiote intestinal et des réponses inflammatoires « stériles »." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10251.
Анотація:
La voie des RLR (RIG-I like Receptors) joue un rôle essentiel dans la détection des virus à ARN, déclenchant une réponse immunitaire antivirale grâce au recrutement de la protéine adaptatrice mitochondriale MAVS (Mitochondrial AntiViral Signaling protein). Nous avons mis en évidence que les souris déficientes pour la protéine MAVS (MAVS KO) présentaient un phénotype proallergénique dans un modèle d'inflammation stérile d'hypersensibilité retardée de contact (HSRC) qui reproduit la dermatite allergique de contact (DAC) chez l'homme. Nous avons caractérisé le système immunitaire des souris MAVS KO en condition d'équilibre et durant la réponse d'HSRC. Nous avons identifié un rôle du microbiote intestinal des souris MAVS KO dans l'exacerbation de réponse d'HSRC et mis en évidence une dysbiose du microbiote bactérien. Nous avons démontré que la dysbiose était responsable du phénotype inflammatoire observé, phénotype transmissible à des souris sauvages par des expériences de cohébergement et de transplantation fécale. Cette dysbiose induit une augmentation de la perméabilité intestinale chez les souris MAVS KO lors de la réponse d'HSRC, aboutissant à une translocation bactérienne dans les organes lymphoïdes et à la modulation des réponses immunitaires à l'origine de l'exacerbation de réponse d'hypersensibilité. La 2ème partie de ma thèse vise à étudier les conséquences de la déficience en MAVS sur le métabolisme glucidique. Nos expériences ont démontré que les souris MAVS KO développaient une surcharge pondérale et une insulino-résistance sous régime riche en lipides et sucrose, dépendants de la dysbiose intestinale. Au niveau cellulaire, une altération des interactions aux points de contact entre la mitochondrie et le réticulum endoplasmique a été observée. Nos résultats permettent d'envisager le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques des pathologies allergiques et métaboliques humaines par la modulation du microbiote intestinalRIG-I like receptors (RLRs) play a major role in response to cytosolic viral RNAs by initiating an antiviral immune response through the recruitment of the mitochondrial adaptor protein MAVS (Mitochondrial AntiViral Signaling protein). We showed that MAVS-deficient mice developed an exacerbated response in a sterile inflammatory model of Contact Hypersensitivity (CHS), that reproduces the pathophysiology of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in human. We characterized the immune system of MAVS KO mice at steady state and during CHS response. We found that MAVS deficiency leads to changes in the gut bacterial composition suggesting an unexpected role of the RLR pathway in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. We demonstrated that intestinal dysbiosis is responsible for the increased CHS response, and showed that the inflammatory phenotype of MAVS KO mice can be transferred to WT mice by cohousing and fecal transplantation. We demonstrated that the dysbiotic gut microbiota exerts its effect due to an increased intestinal permeability during DTH sensitization. The ensuing bacterial translocation within lymphoid organs enhances characteristic cytokines production that increases CHS response. The 2nd part of my thesis aimed to study the consequences of MAVS deficiency on glucose metabolism. Our experiments showed that MAVS KO mice exhibit disorders of glucose homeostasis during high fat diet (HFD) associated with the development of overweight and insulin resistance. We also observed alterations of MAM (Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes), contact poins between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Recent preliminary data suggested that the metabolic disorders associated with MAVS deficiency are due to intestinal dysbiosis. Our results highlight a new role for the RLR pathway and allow to consider the development of new therapeutic approaches to human allergic and metabolic diseases by modulation of the intestinal microbiota
42
Ruiz, Matthieu. "Rôle de PGC-1α dans le système cardiovasculaire : recherche d’activateurs cœur-spécifiques et étude de ses mécanismes de régulation dans le muscle lisse aortique". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA114830/document.
Анотація:
L’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) reste la cause majeure de morbimortalité dans les pays industrialisés justifiant ainsi la recherche de traitements plus ciblés. Caractérisée par des désordres métaboliques importants qui impliquent notamment une dysfonction mitochondriale, le métabolisme énergétique apparait comme une composante majeure du développement de l’IC. Ces dernières années, le co-activateur transcriptionnel PGC-1α a été proposé comme un acteur central du contrôle de la fonction mitochondriale et constitue ainsi une cible thérapeutique d’intérêt. Ainsi, l’objectif principal de ce travail est de développer un test cellulaire robotisé permettant la recherche d’activateurs de PGC-1α dans un contexte cardiaque.La mise en place de ce test cellulaire de criblage dans des cellules H9c2 différenciées en cellules pseudo-cardiaques a permis l’identification de trois familles majeures : les hormones stéroïdiennes, les vitamines B et les acides gras, capables d’activer l’expression de PGC-1α et par ce biais d’induire une biogenèse mitochondriale ainsi qu’une augmentation de la respiration mitochondriale. La validation de ces effets dans des cardiomyocytes de rat adulte a permis d’une part de valider la pertinence du test et du choix du modèle cellulaire et d’autre part de vérifier qu’une induction de l’expression de PGC-1α se répercute bien sur la cascade transcriptionnelle de la biogenèse mitochondriale. Ce test constitue donc un atout majeur dans le recherche de nouveaux activateurs de PGC-1α pour mieux comprendre ses mécanismes de régulation dans le cœur, mais offre aussi des perspectives intéressantes pour la recherche de composés pharmacologiques à visée thérapeutique.Par ailleurs, peu de connaissances sont disponibles dans la littérature concernant le contrôle de la biogenèse mitochondriale dans le muscle lisse vasculaire et plus particulièrement dans l’hypertension artérielle. Ainsi, la deuxième partie de ce travail a été de caractériser la biogenèse mitochondriale dans un contexte d’hypertension. A travers l’utilisation d’un modèle expérimental d’hypertension et après confirmation dans des cellules musculaires lisses en culture, nous avons montré une induction importante de la biogenèse mitochondriale dans l’hypertension par un mécanisme stress oxydant-dépendant. De plus, cette induction est corrélée à une forte activation de la CaMKII, totalement bloquée par la présence d’un anti-oxydant : le resvératrol. Ces résultats suggèrent donc un contrôle de la biogenèse mitochondriale dépendante de la balance pro/anti-oxydante via l’activation de la CaMKII dans le muscle lisse vasculaireHeart failure (HF) is still the major cause of morbimortality in industrialized countries that justify the research of new treatments. Characterized in part by metabolic disorders including mitochondrial dysfunction, energetic metabolism appears as an essential component in HF development. These last years, PGC-1α has been proposed as a central actor of mitochondrial function control and thus as a therapeutic target of interest.The development of a cellular robotized assay in cardiac-like differentiated H9c2 cells allowed identification of three families: steroid hormones, B vitamins and fatty acids, able to induce the expression of PGC-1α and thus up-regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial respiration. The validation of these effects in adult rat cardiomyocytes lets in the one hand to validate the suitability of the assay and in the other hand to confirm that PGC-1α induction leads to mitochondrial biogenesis activation. Consequently, this assay constitutes a major asset to find new activators of PGC-1α to better understand its regulation in heart and provides interesting perspectives for the research of therapeutic pharmacologic compounds.Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in response to hypertension in vascular smooth muscle remain unclear. In this context, the second part of this work was to identify how mitochondrial biogenesis is modulated in arterial hypertension. Using an experimental model of hypertension and after validation in cultivated smooth muscle cells, we show a mitochondrial biogenesis induction in response to hypertension in relation with an increase in oxidative stress. Moreover, this induction is associated with a significant increase in CaMKII activity which was totally blocked by an antioxidant: resveratrol. These results suggest a regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis by oxidative stress via a CaMKII mechanism in vascular smooth muscle
43
Zwain, Ismaïl. "Production et aromatisation gonadique des androgenes dans l'espece equine." Caen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CAEN2018.
44
Tronik, Le Roux Diana. "Regulation genetique et hormonale de la synthese de renine et de la proteine smr1 chez la souris et le rat." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077163.
Анотація:
Biosynthese et expression genique de renin dans la glande sousmaxillaire. Caracterisation d'une proteine smr1 tres abondante chez le rat male et absente chez la femelle. Les proteines de la glande sousmaxillaire du rat ne sont pas homologues de celles de la souris
45
Bjermo, Helena. "Dietary Fatty Acids and Inflammation : Observational and Interventional Studies." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Klinisk nutrition och metabolism, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-156074.
Анотація:
Dietary fat quality influences the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A low-grade inflammation is suggested to contribute to the disease development, often accompanied by obesity. Whereas n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been considered anti-inflammatory, n-6 PUFA have been proposed to act pro-inflammatory. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) act pro-inflammatory in vitro. This thesis aimed to investigate effects of different fatty acids on low-grade inflammation in observational and interventional studies. In Paper I and II, fatty acid composition in serum cholesterol esters was used as objective marker of dietary fat quality and related to serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and other circulating inflammatory markers in two population-based cohorts, conducted in middle-aged men and elderly men and women, respectively. In Paper III and IV, the impact of diets differing in fat quality on inflammation and oxidative stress was investigated in randomised controlled studies, in subjects with metabolic syndrome and abdominal obesity. In Paper I and II, a low proportion of linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) in serum was associated with higher CRP concentrations, indicating that a low intake of vegetable fats may be related to low-grade inflammation. High CRP concentrations were also associated with high proportions of palmitoleic (16:1) and oleic (18:1) acids and high stearoyl coenzymeA desaturase index, possibly reflecting altered fat metabolism and/or high SFA intake in this population. When comparing two high-fat diets rich in either saturated or monounsaturated fat, and two low-fat diets with or without long-chain n-3 PUFA supplementation during 12 weeks (Paper III), no differences in inflammation or oxidative stress markers were observed. Moreover, a 10-week intervention (Paper IV) with high linoleic acid intake showed no adverse effects on inflammation or oxidative stress. Instead, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumor necrosis factor receptor-2 decreased after linoleic acid intake compared with a diet high in SFA. The results in this thesis indicate that dietary n-6 PUFA found in vegetable fats is associated with lower inflammation marker levels, and to some extent reduces systemic inflammation when compared with SFA. Supplementation of n-3 PUFA did not exert any systemic anti-inflammatory effects, maybe due to a relatively low dose.
46
Briot, Pascal. "Etudes in vivo et in vitro de la biosynthèse des œstrogènes chez la hase (Lepus europaeus)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066159.
Анотація:
Etude sur le sang des veines périphériques, ovariennes, utérines au cave de femelles gestantes ou non gestantes, stimulées par PMSG ou non stimulées. In vitro étude sur tissus incubés (follicules, corps jaune, surrénale, endomètre ou placenta).
47
Delongeas, Jean-Luc. "Contribution à l'étude de la différenciation et du maintien de la structure de l'épididyme de rat." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10112.
Анотація:
Importance des facteurs endoluminaux d'origine testiculaire dans la différenciation et le maintien de la structure de l'épididyme de rat, notamment au segment initial. Une androgénodépendance différentielle des cellules épithéliales a été mise en évidence. Étude de la lame basale et du métabolisme oxydatif
48
Blais, Catherine. "Rôle et métabolisme des ecdystéroïdes au niveau des disques imaginaux alaires de Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptère)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066217.
Анотація:
Les disques imaginaux alaires de larves âgées et de prénymphes de Pieris brassicae (Lépidoptère) se différencient in vitro en présence d'ecdysone (0,2-4 mu m) ou de 20-hydroxyecdysone (0,2 mu m). Ces hormones sont métabolisées par les tissus imaginaux (organes entiers, homogénats ou fractions subcellulaires); les réactions intéressent trois positions de la molécule d'ecdysone: les carbones c-26 (26-hydroxylation et formation d'acides ecdysonoïques), c-20 (20-hydroxylation) et c-3 (formation réversible de dérivés 3-déhydro). Les systèmes enzymatiques responsables des réactions d'oxydation en c-20 (microsomal) et d'oxydo-réduction en c-3 (cytosolique) ont été caractérisés chez les chrysalides. Cette étude soulève le problème de la signification physiologique de ce métabolisme des ecdystéroïdes (inactivation et/ou transformation en métabolites actifs biologiquement) dans les disques imaginaux, organes-cibles des hormones
49
Adjroud, Ounassa. "Identification d'une réactivité enképhalinergique de l'utérus chez la ratte préparturiente. Interaction des Enképhalines avec quelques facteurs de régulation de la motricité utérine." Rouen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ROUES013.
Анотація:
Un accroissement de la motricité utérine est induit par 2 inhibiteurs de l'enképhalinase: l'Acétorphan et le Thiorphan chez la rate au 21ème jour de la gestation. Elévation des prostaglandines F2 alpha et E2 et décroissance du Bêta -Oestradiol
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Joubert, Bridget Mae. "Key enzymes in parasite sterol metabolism." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/18095.
Анотація:
The lanosterol synthases from Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei and Pneumocystis carinii, the lanosterol 14-demethylases from Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi, and the cytochrome P450 reductase from Trypanosoma brucei were cloned and characterized. The two trypanosome lanosterol synthases showed a novel difference in protein sequence identity from that of other lanosterol synthases, which could be exploited for the development of specific antitrypanosome inhibitors.
Yeast strains for expressing lanosterol 14alpha-demethylases were also developed. The first strains developed by tetrad dissection were time-consuming to produce, therefore another expression system was developed. The new system involved transforming the existing yeast strains, BJY1[pTb14DM] or BJY5[pTb14DM], and selection on FOA medium. With the addition of the T. brucei P450 reductase characterized in this study, the trypanosome lanosterol 14alpha-demethylases were able to regenerate their catalytic activity more efficiently than the strains containing only the native yeast P450 reductase.
The various yeast strains developed in this study should be useful for screening antiparasite drugs. The BJY1[pTb14DM] (without reductase) and BJY5[pTb14DM] (with reductase) strains would also be useful in creating expression strains for other 14DM genes. Hopefully, these will be cloned in the near future.