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Книги з теми "Substantial investment"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 червня 2025

Оновлено: 2 серпня 2025

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1

Sirotkin, Sergey, and Natal'ya Kel'chevskaya. Economic evaluation of investment projects. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014648.

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The tutorial focuses on challenges of economic evaluation of investment projects. It provides both theoretical and methodological foundations of economic evaluation of investment projects and required a substantial mathematical reasoning. Lighted the economic substance of the investment structure of the investment project, commercial efficiency and financial marketability, and methods of evaluation of investment project risks. The material is presented using the normative legal documents, in particular the Tax code of the Russian Federation, Federal laws, accounting regulations and other

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2

Office, United States Government Accountability. Workforce Investment Act: Substantial funds are used for training, but little is known nationally about training outcomes : report to congressional requesters. GAO, 2005.

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3

Laurence, Shore, and Weiniger Matthew, eds. International investment arbitration: Substantive principles. Oxford University Press, 2007.

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4

Campbell, McLachlan. International investment arbitration: Substantive principles. Oxford University Press, 2007.

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5

Williams, Larry R. The secret of selecting stocks for immediate and substantial gains. 2nd ed. Windsor Books, 1986.

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6

Katia, Yannaca-Small, ed. Arbitration under international investment agreements: Procedural and substantive issues. Oxford University Press, 2010.

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7

Duman, Anil, and Sévane Ananian. Labour market trajectories, social protection and the green transition in France and Viet Nam. ILO, 2024. https://doi.org/10.54394/eiib1462.

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This study investigates labour market transitions to green occupations in France (2017–2021) and Viet Nam (2021–2022) using the longitudinal dimension of labour force surveys in the two countries. According to a task-based definition of green jobs derived from the ISCO-08 classification, our findings show that 21.5 per cent and 15 per cent of workers in France and Viet Nam, respectively, are employed in green jobs. In particular, education appears to have a substantial impact on the transition to green occupations, suggesting that investment in skills may facilitate green transitions in the la

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8

Fratzscher, Marcel. The investment gap. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676575.003.0006.

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The widespread perception at home and abroad is that Germany is Europe’s economic superstar: its economy is booming, and its economic and social policies have been impeccable. But there is a flip side to this success: Germany’s economy has fundamental weaknesses, and its economic policies have serious flaws. This chapter identifies the substantial and growing public and private investment gap in Germany as the main source of weakness and vulnerability in the German economy and discusses the measurement and origin of this investment gap, as well as its sectoral and regional distribution. In add

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9

Michael D, Nolan, Sourgens Frédéric Gilles, and Carlson Hugh. Leviathan on Life Support? Restructuring Sovereign Debt and International Investment Protection After Abaclat. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780199983025.016.0012.

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This chapter focuses on the 2011 jurisdictional decision in Abaclat et al. v. Argentina, the first International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) decision to green-light a group bondholder claim brought pursuant to a bilateral investment treaty following a sovereign debt restructuring. The decision was subject to a substantial dissent. It is argued that the majority, as well as the dissenting opinion should have accorded greater interpretative significance to the ordinary meaning of the treaty text and the drafting history of the ICSID Convention. In particular, more attent

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10

Levy, Kevin. Financial Speculator: Fundamental Data about Contributing and How to Earn Substantial Sums of Money the Investment Way. Independently Published, 2019.

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11

Andrea K, Bjorklund. Part IV Guide to Key Substantive Issues, 21 The National Treatment Obligation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0021.

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Most investment agreements contain a national treatment obligation, which requires that a host State treat foreign-owned investments at least as well as similarly situated national investments, or foreign investors as well as domestic investors. This chapter first explores the historical development of the national treatment obligation. It then addresses national treatment in practice, with particular reference to the investment treaty practice of the last decade and a half. As part of that examination, it sets forth the difficult and unresolved issues in the national treatment jurisprudence,

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12

Shore, Laurence, Campbell McLachlan, and Matthew Weiniger. International Investment Arbitration: Substantive Principles. Oxford University Press, 2008.

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13

Shore, Laurence, Campbell McLachlan, and Matthew Weiniger. International Investment Arbitration: Substantive Principles. Oxford University Press, 2017.

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14

Abby Cohen, Smutny, Polášek Petr, and Farrell Chad. Part IV Guide to Key Substantive Issues, 23 The MFN Clause and Its Evolving Boundaries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0023.

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This chapter discusses most-favoured-nation (MFN) clauses from early references in trade agreements to contemporary references in investor-state arbitrations. MFN clauses originated in early international trade practice and have continued to be incorporated in modern trade and investment treaties, both bilateral and multilateral. Their intended purpose is to lessen discrimination and encourage the growth of trade and foreign investment by ensuring that certain defined benefits accorded to one set of States (or their nationals, investments, goods, etc.) are extended to other States (or their na

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15

McLachlan et al. International Investment Arbitration: Substantive Principles, First Edition. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199557516.001.0001.

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16

Schreuer, Christoph, and August Reinisch. International Protection of Investments: The Substantive Standards. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2020.

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17

Schreuer, Christoph, and August Reinisch. International Protection of Investments: The Substantive Standards. Cambridge University Press, 2020.

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18

Cram, Stacey. SDG 16 as an Enabler of the 2030 Agenda: Policy Paper No. 32, July 2024. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2024.47.

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This Policy Paper explores the interlinkages between Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions) and the 2030 Agenda’s other Sustainable Development Goals. Despite SDG 16’s crucial role in promoting democratic principles, human rights and the rule of law, it is often overlooked, and the financing needed to deliver SDG 16 is substantial, requiring sustained investment for long-term development. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis of 185 articles and highlights how SDG 16 acts as an enabler for other SDGs. This paper calls fo

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19

Shore, Laurence, Loukas Mistelis, Campbell McLachlan QC, and Matthew Weiniger. International Investment Arbitration: Substantive Principles (Oxford International Arbitration). Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.

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20

Gebert, Alexander. Legal Protection for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises through Investor-State Dispute Settlement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795650.003.0012.

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The chapter illustrates the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) system, as well as obstacles from pursuing claims under investment treaties with corresponding solutions. SMEs are increasingly investing in foreign countries, and may be subject to state measures violating international law standards afforded under investment treaties. Investment treaties regularly also provide for ISDS as a means to enforce these standards by allowing foreign investors to commence arbitration proceedings against a state in a neutral forum. Th

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21

Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part III Substantive Rights, 7 Treatment of Investors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 examines central treaty provisions on the treatment of investors. It begins with a discussion of the basis and character of treatment obligations, paying attention to the rule of law in international investment protection, the structure of investor treatment provisions within investment treaties, the historical evolution of the treatment standards, and the use of general rules in their interpretation. It then considers how the treatment standards have been developed and applied in contemporary arbitral awards. It conducts a detailed analysis of the principal treaty protections of fai

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22

The social impact of sport. Unlocking the potential of sport to drive social transformations. UNESCO, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54678/unqq6059.

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Sport as a tool for social impact has gained recognition from international bodies and initiatives such as the SDGs and UNESCO’s flagship, Fit for Life. At UNESCO’s 7th International Conference of Ministers and Senior Officials Responsible for Physical Education and Sport (MINEPS VII), practitioners, experts and representatives of 110 countries in attendance reaffirmed UNESCO’s leading role in building knowledge, developing Member States’ capacities and implementing programmes in the field of impact investment in sport, as critical means to increase public and private investments in Sport for

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23

Bonnitcha, Jonathan. Substantive Protection under Investment Treaties: A Legal and Economic Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 2016.

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24

Bonnitcha, Jonathan. Substantive Protection under Investment Treaties: A Legal and Economic Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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25

Bonnitcha, Jonathan. Substantive Protection under Investment Treaties: A Legal and Economic Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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26

Bonnitcha, Jonathan. Substantive Protection under Investment Treaties: A Legal and Economic Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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27

Bonnitcha, Jonathan. Substantive Protection under Investment Treaties: A Legal and Economic Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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28

Bonnitcha, Jonathan. Substantive Protection under Investment Treaties: A Legal and Economic Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

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29

Corruption and Fraud in Investment Arbitration: Procedural and Substantive Challenges. Springer International Publishing AG, 2023.

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30

Substantive Protections in International Investment Law: Analysis, Cases and Commentary. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2020.

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31

Corruption and Fraud in Investment Arbitration: Procedural and Substantive Challenges. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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32

Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. Part III Substantive Rights, 8 Expropriation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 deals with the protection from the expropriation of an investor’s property. It places this important protection against the background of its historical development before considering the particular formulations now commonly found in the key investment treaties. It then examines, case by case, the circumstances in which arbitral tribunals have found State conduct to be expropriatory, analysing the degree of State interference required to constitute expropriation as well as the kinds of governmental measures that may constitute expropriation; the nature of the claimant’s rights that a

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33

Kaal, Wulf A., and Dale A. Oesterle. Hedge Fund Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0020.

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The hedge fund industry in the United States has evolved from a niche market participant in the early 1950s to a major industry operating in international financial markets today. Hedge funds in the United States began as privately held and privately managed investment funds, unregistered and exempt from federal securities regulation. An increasing investor demand for hedge funds and substantial growth of the hedge fund industry resulted in a tectonic shift in the regulatory framework applicable to the industry via the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection (Dodd-Frank) Act. Thi

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34

Top Reasons Why You Should Never Invest in a Hedge Fund, the Advantages and Disadvantages to Investing in a Hedge Fund, How to Strategically Invest in Alternative Investment Vehicles Without Investing in a Hedge Fund, and How to Make Substantial Money. Independently Published, 2020.

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35

Reilly, Catherine, and Alistair Byrne. Investing for Retirement in a Low Returns Environment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827443.003.0005.

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Low returns on financial assets and increasing longevity mean saving for retirement is becoming more challenging than it has been in the past. Generations retiring in the near term face increased longevity but have lived through periods with strong market returns boosting their assets, and many also have defined benefit plan entitlements. Younger generations, who also face increasing longevity, are unlikely to earn historical investment returns on their retirement portfolios, and few have traditional pensions. We model the likely outcomes for different cohorts under scenarios for savings behav

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36

Campbell, McLachlan, Shore Laurence, and Weiniger Matthew. International Investment Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199676798.001.0001.

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This is the long-awaited second edition of this widely-referenced work on the substantive law principles of investment treaty arbitration. It forms a detailed critical review of the substantive principles of international law applied by investment arbitration tribunals, and a clear and comprehensive description of the present state of the law. The first edition met with immediate success as a result of the authors’ achievement in describing and analysing the volume of law created, applied and analysed by tribunals. The second edition is fully updated to take account of the arbitration awards r

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37

Roberto, Echandi. Part I Investment Treaties and the Settlement of Investment Disputes: The Framework, 1 Bilateral Investment Treaties and Investment Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Recent Developments in Investment Rule-making. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0001.

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Анотація:

This chapter argues that investment disputes, particularly those that have arisen in the context of the implementation of NAFTA, have influenced the refinement of the provisions of new generation international investment agreements (IIAs) as well as the inclusion of a series of procedural and substantive innovations. It addresses the main distinction between BITs and investment chapters in preferential trade agreements (PTAs), focusing on the evolution of their respective rationales. It looks at the main features of the new generation of IIAs and explains how such features respond to challenge

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38

Hinton, David A. The Medieval Workshop. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.21.

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Archaeological evidence of medieval production is mostly in the form of residues rather than of workshops, although pits and hearths have been excavated. Apart from bone and antler, few organic products survive, unlike metal objects. This chapter considers the evidence for agricultural processing and production, textiles, metal-working, carcass products such as tanning, shoe-making, and bone-working, as well as stone, mineral (e.g. salt), and the more familiar clay products of pottery and tile production. Most recent developments have been in analyses, distribution studies, and considerations

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39

Lhabitant, François-Serge, and Michel Brocard. The Tax Framework of Hedge Funds. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0008.

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Hedge funds have grown in size, number, and complexity, but continue to operate largely outside the scope of government regulation and with limited disclosure requirements. This provides them with several advantages over institutional investors such as traditional investment funds. Hedge funds also often reap substantial benefits from special tax provisions that are increasingly criticized and deemed no longer appropriate. This chapter reviews the legal and operational structures typically used by hedge funds and their managers, sponsors, and investors to optimize their tax setup. In particula

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40

Sarnoff, Joshua D. Intellectual Property and Climate Change, with an Emphasis on Patents and Technology Transfer. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0018.

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This chapter addresses some of the issues raised between the patent system and the international climate change regime. Substantial theoretical and empirical uncertainties remain regarding whether the patent system is the best method of promoting investment, innovation, and dissemination of technologies. It highlights the end of the Sixteenth Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Cancún where the UNFCCC agreed to focus its technology development and transfer efforts to the patent system through two new subsidiary institutions: the Te

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41

Stefan, Grundmann, and Hacker Philipp. Part II Investment Firms and Investment Services, 7 Conflicts of Interest. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198767671.003.0007.

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This chapter discusses conflicts of interest in services regulated by MiFID, mainly with respect to the MiFID II regime, but taking the abundantly discussed MiFID I regime as a background, because the basic structure and many single solutions remain broadly unchanged. It combines legal and social science theories with an analysis of substantive law solutions and presents them with an evolutionary perspective, focusing on detailed analysis of the new regime. It first exposes the foundations—the most important theoretical approaches to a regulation of conflicts of interest and the legislative ba

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42

Jonathan, Bonnitcha, Skovgaard Poulsen Lauge N, and Waibel Michael. 4 Standards of Investment Protection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198719540.003.0004.

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Анотація:

This chapter introduces the substantive obligations in investment treaties. Most offer a common core of six substantive protections to foreign investors. The chapter first considers the two ‘relative’ standards of protection—most-favoured nation treatment and national treatment. It then turns to four ‘absolute’ standards of protection: expropriation, fair and equitable treatment, umbrella clauses, and free transfer of funds. The third section examines carve-outs that remove certain state measures from the scope of application of investment treaties, defences that can justify or excuse breaches

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43

Gamberini, Andrea. The Rise of Visconti Power. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824312.003.0014.

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This chapter focuses on the affirmation of a strong lordly government in the early decades of the fourteenth century. The arrival of Henry VII and the conferring of the imperial vicariate signified a watershed in the Visconti world, which saw the lord detached, not without some initial hesitation, from bottom-up forms of legitimacy to adhere to a royal conception of authority, one that was not always coherent to itself. Its definition, from time to time, involved substantial investment in terms of munificence, the adoption of a true regimen regale, expensive marriage arrangements with the ruli

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44

Hyde-Price, Adrian. The Common Security and Defence Policy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790501.003.0023.

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Since the late 1990s, EU member states have committed themselves to deeper and more structured military cooperation, within the framework of the ESDP/CSDP. At the same time, European defence budgets have shrunk and military capabilities reduced. This chapter analyses the evolution of European military cooperation and identifies its key drivers and the changing strategic context to Europe’s east and south. The chapter argues that the emergence of a credible EU military capability will depend both on developing new defence synergies and on investment in critical military capabilities and infrast

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45

Guthrie, Graeme. With one hand tied behind their back. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190641184.003.0008.

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This chapter uses the New York cable television provider Cablevision to describe the way in which boards can delegate some of the task of monitoring management to participants in external capital markets. Unlike a firm’s current shareholders, who have little say over how their funds are allocated, external capital markets provide their funds only if the investment returns are adequate. This chapter shows how managers of firms with substantial cash-generating assets in place can use the collateral that these assets provide to weaken the discipline of external capital markets. It shows how their

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46

Menon, Rajan. India and Russia. Edited by David M. Malone, C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.37.

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Pragmatism defined the partnership between India and the Soviet Union. What sustained it was the overlap between India’s non-alignment strategy and the USSR’s objective of countering the American policy of containment. The Soviet leadership sold India substantial amounts of arms and helped build its state-run industrial sector; India’s leaders saw the Soviet connection as a counterbalance against Pakistan, China, and the United States. Pragmatism also defines the India–Russia relationship. Russia remains India’s largest arms supplier. Their views on sovereignty, the dangers of unilateral milit

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47

Archer, Harriet. Richard Niccols’s Mirour for Magistrates (1610). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806172.003.0006.

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The final chapter addresses Richard Niccols’s ghost complaint collection, A Winter Nights Vision, and the edition to which it was appended in 1610. It reflects on the changed political and literary landscape within which Niccols situates his new Mirror, and considers potential explanations for the collection’s declining popularity. Niccols made substantial editorial changes, perpetuating the narrative of imperfection which had characterized its Elizabethan evolution. Using Niccols’s wider oeuvre and late Elizabethan influences to reconstruct a picture of his ethical and aesthetic priorities, t

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48

(Editor), Norbert Horn, and Stefan Kroll (Editor), eds. Arbitrating Foreign Investment Disputes: Procedural And Substantive Legal Aspects (Studies in Transnational Economic Law). Kluwer Law International, 2004.

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49

Yas, Banifatemi. Part IV Guide to Key Substantive Issues, 19 The Law Applicable in Investment Treaty Arbitration. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0019.

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Анотація:

Investment treaty arbitration, being an arbitral process, in no way differs from international commercial arbitration in that the principle of party autonomy is the primary rule governing the arbitration, including as regards the law applicable to the substance of the dispute. When the applicable law has been chosen by the parties, the arbitrators have a duty to apply such law and nothing but such law. It is only in the absence of a choice by the parties that the arbitrators are entitled to exercise a degree of discretion in the determination of the applicable law. This chapter examines each o

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50

Estes, James A., and M. Tim Tinker. Rehabilitating sea otters. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0020.

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This chapter examines the complexities of assessing the merits and drawbacks of wildlife rehabilitation. Wildlife rehabilitation is often costly, and the resulting benefits differ depending on whether one’s interest is in the welfare of individual animals or conserving populations. Two examples of this dilemma include the rehabilitation of oiled sea otters following the Exxon Valdez spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, and the rehabilitation of stranded sea otter pups in central California. In the first example, substantial financial investment resulted in little or no benefits for populatio

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