Статті в журналах: "Sudburg"

1

Hall, N. "George Greenstein and Arthur G. Zajonc, The Quantum Challenge. Sudburg, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1997, cloth US$50.00, paper US$25.00. ISBN 0763704679 (cloth)." British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 50, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjps/50.2.313.

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2

Kellett, R. L., and B. Rivard. "Characterization of the Benny deformation zone, Sudbury, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 9 (September 1, 1996): 1256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-095.

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Remote sensing imagery and geophysical data are well known as valuable tools for reconnaissance mapping in unknown areas, but they can also be used to reinterpret existing regional geological maps. A combination of airborne magnetic data and synthetic aperture radar images, at both a regional and a detailed scale, have been used to identify a wrench-fault system on the Canadian Shield north of the Sudbury structure. The 3–4 km wide deformation zone comprises a set of subparallel vertical faults bounding blocks of Archean granites, Archean metavolcanics of the Benny greenstone belt, and Paleoproterozoic metasediments of the Huronian supergroup. Using high-resolution airborne radar and magnetic data, the fault zone is found to extend for 40 km along the southern margin of the Benny greenstone belt. The wrench-fault system may have been tectonically active during several episodes throughout the Proterozoic. An interpretation of these data, supported by additional field mapping, indicates that the 1240 Ma Sudbury dyke swarm has been intruded through the deformation zone after its most active period of movement. Overprinting of Sudbary impact breccia at the southern edge of the deformation zone suggests that some movement occurred on the faults postdating the 1850 Ma meteorite impact. Lineaments that correlate spatially with the wrench-fault system can be traced across the southern Superior Province and the Cobalt Embayment on the regional images. However, more high-resolution studies are required to establish the same overprinting relationships along the length of the lineaments.

3

Braverman, Doreen. "Greater Sudbury / Grand Sudbury, Ontario." Raven: A Journal of Vexillology 18 (2011): 59–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/raven20111834.

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4

Wu, Jianjun, Bernd Milkereit, and David Boerner. "Timing constraints on deformation history of the Sudbury Impact Structure." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 1654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-147.

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Herein, we present new high-resolution seismic images of the Sudbury Impact Structure, acquired across the Sudbury Igneous Complex and its environs, which provide evidence for the relative timing of the deformation events that reshaped the initial Sudbury Structure. The seismic images show that the lower unit of the Sudbury basinal fill sediments, the Onwatin argillite, is penetrated by a set of blind, imbricated thrusts, whereas the overlying Chelmsford turbidites are unaffected by faulting. We interpret this observation to mean that the deposition of the Chelmsford sediments postdates the latest major deformation of the Sudbury Structure, suggesting that the uniform paleocurrent trends observed in the Chelmsford turbidites are not related to the initial shape of the Sudbury Structure.

5

Chubb, P. T., D. C. Vogel, D. C. Peck, R. S. James, and R. R. Keays. "Occurrences of pseudotachylyte at the East Bull Lake and Shakespeare–Dunlop intrusions, Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 1744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-155.

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Pseudotachylyte bodies were recently identified within and adjacent to the Early Proterozoic East Bull Lake and Shakespeare–Dunlop intrusions, located approximately 25–40 km west-southwest of the western margin of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. These breccia-like bodies locally form extensive vein networks and are preferentially developed along the contact between the intrusions and older Archean granitoid rocks. The pseudotachylyte veins comprise variable proportions of locally derived rock fragments and an aphanitic to fine-grained crystalline matrix that commonly displays flow textures. The veins appear to have formed by intense cataclasis and (or) frictional melting. These occurrences are very similar in appearance to Sudbury Breccia dykes that are observed at a radial distance of up to 80 km from the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Sudbury Breccia is widely believed to have formed as a result of the Sudbury event—a cataclysmic explosion that occurred at 1.85 Ga. The location of the pseudotachylyte veins described herein may coincide with one of the concentric bands of relatively intense Sudbury Breccia development observed to the north of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.

6

Boerner, D. E., B. Milkereit, and A. Davidson. "Geoscience impact: a synthesis of studies of the Sudbury Structure." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, no. 2-3 (April 2, 2000): 477–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-062.

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Geophysical probing results are synthesized into a three-dimensional framework necessary for understanding the genesis of the Sudbury Structure, based primarily on seismic reflection results centred on the Sudbury Igneous Complex. Remnants of crustal melting from a catastrophic meteorite impact are superimposed on the juxtaposition of mid-crustal rocks exhumed during the Archean against deformed Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks. Sedimentation, metamorphism, deformation, and metasomatic overprints are all part of the post-impact history of Sudbury and tend to dominate the geophysical response of the structure. Pre-impact deformation, although certainly preserved in some aspects of Sudbury geology, is not clearly expressed in the geophysical data, nor are any elements of impact-induced deformation. Geophysical views of the Sudbury Igneous Complex are thus somewhat biased in representing mostly the post-impact, but pre-Grenvillian history of the region, with the exception of igneous events. Establishing the proper context for integrating these geophysical results in the genetic interpretation of the Sudbury Structure depends crucially upon timing constraints.

7

Hearst, R. B., and W. A. Morris. "Regional gravity setting of the Sudbury Structure." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 6 (November 2001): 1680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1487110.

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In the vicinity of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, the boundary between the Southern and Superior tectonic provinces is overlain by the elliptical Sudbury Structure. On the basis of gravity modeling, genesis of the Sudbury Structure has been attributed to either a magmatic origin (having a dense hidden differentiate zone) or a meteorite impact origin (there being no dense hidden mass). The difference between the two gravity models centers on the problem of regional‐residual separation. As shown by numerous previous studies, any such separation of components is nonunique. This becomes especially problematic when, as in Sudbury, a portion of the near‐surface geology has a similar orientation and dimension to more deep‐seated source. In this paper, several numerical methods (upward continuation, downward continuation, wavelength filtering, trend‐surface analysis) for determining the regional component of the gravity field associated with the Sudbury Structure have been applied and evaluated. Of the numerical methods used, the upward and downward continuation operators provided the most insight into the deep structural controls of the Sudbury Basin. Our preferred interpretation of the regional gravity field invokes a two‐component structure. Underlying the southern half of the Sudbury Structure is a laterally continuous gravity anomaly that is probably associated with a zone of uplifted Huronian volcanics. The gravity anomaly under the northern portion of the Sudbury Structure has a more restricted spatial extent. The close association between the northern limit of the gravity anomaly and the surface outcrop of the Levack Gneiss suggests the source of this anomaly is probably a slab of dense Levack Gneiss. This interpretation favors a meteorite impact origin for the Sudbury Structure.

8

Archambault, Daniel J., and Keith Winterhalder. "Metal tolerance in Agrostis scabra from the Sudbury, Ontario, area." Canadian Journal of Botany 73, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 766–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b95-084.

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Acid, metal-contaminated soils are frequently colonized by plant species that have evolved tolerance to metals. Agrostis scabra (tickle grass) grows at several such sites in the Sudbury area. To test whether these populations were tolerant to metals, three experiments were performed. A hydroponic root growth experiment, in which clonal ramets from contaminated and uncontaminated sites were grown in metal-amended nutrient solutions, showed that plants from the Sudbury area had greater tolerance indices than those from outside Sudbury. A seed-based hydroponic experiment, where seeds were germinated in metal solutions, showed that metal-tolerance indices calculated from root growth were mostly greater for populations from Sudbury but that leaf growth was not a good indicator of metal tolerance. A seed-based soil-bioassay experiment, in which seeds were germinated on soils covered with filter paper, showed that seeds from contaminated sites performed better on contaminated soil and a 50:50 soil mixture (contaminated–uncontaminated) than those from uncontaminated sites. Populations of A. scabra growing on contaminated soils in the Sudbury area therefore appear to have been selected for metal tolerance. Ecological aspects of metal tolerance and the possible role of A. scabra in the revegetation of the Sudbury area are discussed. Key words: Agrostis scabra, tolerance, metals, acid soil, contamination.

9

Prevec, Stephen A., Duncan R. Cowan, and Gordon RJ Cooper. "Geophysical evidence for a pre-impact Sudbury dome, southern Superior Province, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-097.

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New filtering of aeromagnetic images of the Sudbury area indicates the existence of a large, elliptical feature that appears to underlie the deformed Sudbury Structure in the region of the exposed Levack Gneiss Complex, such that the two features have long axes which are significantly orthogonal to one another. A northsouth-oriented ellipse appears to be crosscut by that of the Sudbury Structure and does not correspond to known local lithological or structural trends. The magnetic images, combined with existing tectonic, petrological, geothermometric and geobarometric, and geochronological data, are used to suggest the existence of a pre-impact crustal dome in the southernmost Abitibi subprovince, probably related to ca. 2450 Ma rifting and magmatism in the area. This is consistent with existing petrological and tectonic evidence from a variety of sources. Although the doming is itself unrelated to the ca. 1850 Ma Sudbury event, it may have affected the thermal regime existing at the time of impact, which would have profound implications for the subsequent evolution of the Sudbury Igneous Complex.

10

Matuszek, John E., Donna L. Wales, and John M. Gunn. "Estimated Impacts of SO2 Emissions from Sudbury Smelters on Ontario's Sportfish Populations." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, S1 (December 19, 1992): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-303.

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Impacts of acidification on the major sportfish species in Ontario (lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), brook trout (S. fontinalis), smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)) were estimated from the results of extensive water quality surveys conducted during the period 1978–85. Local impacts, within the 17 000 km2 area most affected by emissions from Sudbury smelters, were also estimated and compared with the provincial values. The estimated numbers of acidic lakes in Ontario in which viable sportfish populations have disappeared were 119 lake trout lakes (5.1% of known lake trout lakes), 34 brook trout lakes (1.6%), 52 smallmouth bass lakes (2.2%), and 14 walleye lakes (0.3%). Most of these affected lakes were in the Sudbury zone, where fish populations, particularly those of lake trout, began declining more than 30 yr ago. The estimated numbers of critically acidic lakes in the Sudbury zone were 94 lake trout lakes, 14 brook trout lakes, 18 smallmouth bass lakes, and 7 walleye lakes. More recent sampling of a subset of Sudbury lakes indicated that substantial water quality improvements have occurred as a result of emission reductions from Sudbury smelters.

11

Rauser, Wilfried E., and E. Keith Winterhalder. "Evaluation of copper, nickel, and zinc tolerances in four grass species." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-009.

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Clones of Agrostis gigantea, Deschampsia caespitosa, Hordeum jubatuin, and Poa compressa were evaluated for their tolerance with respect to copper, nickel, and zinc. Most of the plants originated from acidic, copper- and nickel-contaminated soils near Sudbury, Ont. Metal tolerance was assayed by measuring all of the adventitious roots growing from tillers but excluding lateral roots. Tolerance of copper, nickel, and zinc was evident in the four clones of D. caespitosa originating from Sudbury. One clone of A. gigantea originating from a roast bed showed tolerance of copper, while none showed tolerance of cither nickel or zinc. One clone of P. compressa from Sudbury indicated increased tolerance of copper and nickel, yet its root growth was inhibited at lower zinc concentrations than that of a companion clone from Sudbury and a control. The H. jubatum plants showed no tolerance of any of the metals. Copper was most toxic to all of the species, followed by nickel and then zinc.

12

Parmenter, Andrew C., Christopher B. Lee, and Mario Coniglio. ""Sudbury Breccia" at Whitefish Falls, Ontario: evidence for an impact origin." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 971–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-006.

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Sudbury breccias are unusual clastmatrix rock bodies formed in abundance around the Sudbury Igneous Complex, the most obvious manifestation of a major impact event at Sudbury. At Whitefish Falls, ~70 km southwest of Sudbury, similar breccias consisting of clasts of argillite and amphibolite dyke enclosed in a fine-grained matrix of host rock are developed in metamorphosed argillites of the Huronian Supergroup. Pre-brecciation brittle textures in the host argillite and breccia clasts, such as layer-parallel foliation offset by cataclastic fractures, suggest that the host rock was entirely competent prior to brecciation. One composite penetrative foliation and its associated ductile folding were also formed in the argillite host prior to brecciation. Post-brecciation ductile deformation produced a regionally dominant eastwest-trending foliation, and two late-stage folding events, and indicate a syn-Penokean age of brecciation. The breccias at Whitefish Falls are enriched in ferromagnesian minerals compared to adjacent, embayed and partially digested, host rock. Flow-foliated breccia matrices surround a highly rounded clast phase. These features are characteristic of impact-related pseudotachylyte, formed during extreme cataclasis and friction melting of the impacted host rock. We propose that these breccias formed by injection of a high-strain, pseudotachylytic melt, triggered by the Sudbury impact event, and focused along a blind superfault, coincident with a post-Penokean high-strain zone.

13

Shanks, W. S., and W. M. Schwerdtner. "Structural analysis of the central and southwestern Sudbury Structure, Southern Province, Canadian Shield." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 411–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-037.

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The Sudbury Structure (SS) is an unusual crater structure which acquired its present oval surface shape during northwest-directed ductile thrusting. Lower amphibolite-facies metamorphism accompanied the thrusting which generated a major reverse shear zone. At least 50 km long, the South Range shear zone (SRSZ) transects the South Range of the Sudbury Structure and exhumes a low level of the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC). Assuming heterogeneous simple shear in the northwest–southeast vertical plane on northeasterly striking glide surfaces, minimal estimates of net displacement across the SRSZ exceed 8 km. This displacement magnitude and the map pattern of the SIC require the southwest closure of the SS to be steeply plunging, in accord with a hypothetical funnel shape of the SIC. The rocks of the metasedimentary core of the SS are deformed into a family of second-order buckle folds, the tangent surface of which forms an upright open flexure within the first-order structure of the Sudbury synclinorium. The original orientation and bulk rotation of contacts in the SIC are unknown, so its participation in large-scale folding remains uncertain.

14

Dixit, Sushil S., Aruna S. Dixit, and John P. Smol. "Assessment of Changes in Lake Water Chemistry in Sudbury Area Lakes since Preindustrial Times." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, S1 (December 19, 1992): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-295.

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Surface (recent) and bottom (pre-1880s) sediment samples from each of 72 Sudbury area lakes were analyzed for diatom valves and chrysophyte scales, and using these microfossils, we inferred changes in lake water pH, [Al], [Ni], conductance, and [Ca]. The study shows that extensive acidification has occurred in presently acidic (pH < 6.0) Sudbury lakes. Inferred [Al] has also increased in these lakes. The region also contains a few naturally acidic lakes; however, even these lakes have acidified further since the bottom sediments were deposited. Lakes that have current measured pH between 6.0 and 7.0 have either declined or increased in inferred pH in the past, whereas all lakes that are presently alkaline (pH > 7.0) have become more alkaline. The increase in inferred [Ni] in most of the study lakes indicates that Ni inputs are mainly atmospheric. Our data suggest that, in general, ion concentrations have increased in Sudbury lakes. The extent of acidification or alkalification in Sudbury lakes was primarily a function of proximity of the lakes to the smelters, orientation of prevailing wind patterns, and differences in watershed geology.

15

Belzile, Nelson, Helen A. Joly, and Hongbo Li. "Characterization of humic substances extracted from Canadian lake sediments." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-003.

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Humic substances (HS) were extracted from the sediments of four Sudbury area lakes, namely, Tilton, Clearwater, Silver, and Ramsey Lakes, with the aid of 0.1 M Na4P2O7 and 0.5 M NaOH solutions. The HS (humic and fulvic acids) were purified and characterized using the methods of elemental analysis, visible spectroscopy (E4/E6 ratio), FTIR, and solid-state 13C CPMAS NMR. A substantial amount of information with regard to the composition and chemical nature of lake sediment HS was obtained. The results obtained for the Sudbury area lake sediments were compared with one another and with HS from other sources, such as soils. The elemental composition, atomic ratios, E4/E6 ratios, and FTIR and NMR features of the samples from the above lakes were found to be nearly identical, suggesting that HS formed in the Sudbury area have similar chemical properties. Compared with soil HS, the Sudbury lake sediments HS have undergone a low degree of aromatic condensation and are considerably more aliphatic in nature. Keywords: humic substances, characterization, lake sediments, extraction, 13C NMR.

16

Naldrett, Anthony J., Denton S. Ebel, Mohammed Asif, Gordon Morrison, and Chester M. Moore. "Fractional crystallisation of sulfide melts as illustrated at Noril'sk and Sudbury." European Journal of Mineralogy 9, no. 2 (June 26, 1997): 365–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/9/2/0365.

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17

Szabó, Erika, and Henry C. Halls. "Deformation of the Sudbury Structure: Paleomagnetic evidence from the Sudbury breccia." Precambrian Research 150, no. 1-2 (October 2006): 27–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2006.07.010.

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18

Shanks, W. S., and W. M. Schwerdtner. "Crude quantitative estimates of the original northwest–southeast dimension of the Sudbury Structure, south-central Canadian Shield." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 1677–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-149.

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The Sudbury Structure, central Ontario, is the remnant of a large cryptoexplosion structure whose oval map pattern (diameter ratio 2.2) differs markedly from the circular outline of many meteorite impact craters. Finite-element modelling shows that (i) the original northwest–southeast dimension could have been 2–3 times larger than at present and (ii) the vertical dimension of the Sudbury Structure was > 10 km before tectonic deformation. Although our structural analyses furnish data that govern the geometric modelling, large uncertainties remain where the state of tectonic deformation is poorly constrained. A series of two-dimensional models was made to cope with kinematic uncertainties and to assess their effect on the estimates of the geometry of the original Sudbury Structure.

19

Pilles, Eric A., Gordon R. Osinski, Richard A. F. Grieve, Adam B. Coulter, David Smith, and Joshua Bailey. "The Pele Offset Dykes, Sudbury impact structure, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 3 (March 2018): 230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0146.

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The Offset Dykes are impact melt-bearing dykes related to the 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact structure. Currently, the dykes extend radially outward from—or occur concentrically around—the Sudbury Igneous Complex, which is the remnant of a differentiated impact melt sheet and the source of the dykes. The recently identified three Pele Offset Dykes intrude into the Archean rocks north of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. In this study, the Pele dykes are characterized for the first time by a combination of fieldwork, optical microscopy, electron microprobe analyses, and bulk geochemical analyses. The Pele Offset Dykes stand out from the other Offset Dykes at Sudbury in two significant ways: (i) All other known Offset Dykes consist of an inclusion-rich lithology in the center of the dyke and an inclusion-poor lithology along the margins. The Pele dykes, however, are only composed of the inclusion-poor phase. (ii) The Pele dykes—particularly the Central and Eastern dykes—have a more evolved chemical composition relative to the other Offset Dykes. These observations suggest that the Pele dykes were emplaced after the other known Offset Dykes during two injection events: the Western followed by the Central and Eastern Pele dykes.

20

Shaw, CSJ, G. M. Young, and C. M. Fedo. "Sudbury-type breccias in the Huronian Gowganda Formation near Whitefish Falls, Ontario: products of diabase intrusion into incompletely consolidated sediments?" Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 1435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-057.

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Sudbury breccias are commonly attributed to meteoritic impact at about 1.85 Ga in the vicinity of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. In the Whitefish Falls area, about 75 km southwest of Sudbury, similar breccias are widely developed in argillites of the ~2.3 Ga Gowganda Formation. There is abundant evidence of "soft sediment" deformation of the Huronian sediments in the form of complex "fault" contacts, clastic dyke intrusions, and chaotic folding. These movements appear to have been penecontemporaneous with intrusion of highly irregular diabase bodies, which are interpreted as being older than the ~2.2 Ga Nipissing diabase. Complex shapes of diabase bodies and highly irregular contact relationships between diabase and argillites, including intrusions of sediment veins into diabase, support intrusion of the diabase into incompletely consolidated sediments. These data, together with chemical evidence of mixing of diabase, argillite, and other materials in the breccia bodies, suggest that the breccias at Whitefish Falls may have formed as a result of interaction between hot mafic magma and semiconsolidated, water-rich mud, more than 350 Ma prior to formation of the Sudbury Igneous Complex and attendant phenomena that are presumed to be impact related.

21

Jonkmans, G. "The Sudbury neutrino observatory." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 70, no. 1-3 (January 1999): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(98)00443-5.

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22

Bellerive, A., J. R. Klein, A. B. McDonald, A. J. Noble, and A. W. P. Poon. "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." Nuclear Physics B 908 (July 2016): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2016.04.035.

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23

McCauley, N. "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 149 (December 2005): 128–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2005.05.024.

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24

Blake, J. S., R. Skog, and A. Lynch. "Sudbury Schools' Mission Nutrition." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 97, no. 9 (September 1997): A41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00466-5.

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25

Hallin, A. L. "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." Nuclear Physics A 663-664 (January 2000): 787c—790c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(99)00744-7.

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26

Staecker, Peter, Roger Pollard, and Jerry Hausner. "Roger W. Sudbury [Transitions." IEEE Microwave Magazine 11, no. 7 (December 2010): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2010.938564.

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27

Boger, J., R. L. Hahn, J. K. Rowley, A. L. Carter, B. Hollebone, D. Kessler, I. Blevis, et al. "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 449, no. 1-2 (July 2000): 172–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(99)01469-2.

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28

Ewan, G. T. "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." Nuclear Physics News 10, no. 2 (January 2000): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10506890009411527.

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29

Virtue, C. J. "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 87, no. 1-3 (June 2000): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(00)00660-5.

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30

Helmer, R. L. "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 47, no. 6 (2000): 2087–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/23.903853.

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31

McDonald, A. B. "Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Results." Physica Scripta T121 (January 1, 2005): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2005/t121/003.

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32

Jelley, Nick, Arthur B. McDonald, and R. G. Hamish Robertson. "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 59, no. 1 (November 2009): 431–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.55.090704.151550.

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33

Ewan, G. T. "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 314, no. 2 (April 1992): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90981-9.

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34

Chen, Herbert H. "The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 264, no. 1 (February 1988): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)91101-1.

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35

Allain, Greg, Guy Chiasson, and Gina Sandra Comeau. "Communautés francophones minoritaires et grappes culturelles émergentes dans les villes moyennes : une comparaison Moncton-Sudbury." Cahiers de géographie du Québec 56, no. 157 (September 12, 2012): 189–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1012218ar.

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Cet article propose une réflexion sur l’utilité du concept de grappe culturelle (cluster) dans le contexte des villes situées dans les régions périphériques, et cela, par l’entremise d’une analyse des stratégies de développement culturel francophones à Moncton et à Sudbury. Les travaux existants qui s’appuient sur ce concept portent sur l’expérience de très grandes villes capables de déployer des stratégies culturelles d’envergure mondiale, et renseignent donc peu sur les stratégies de développement culturel dans les villes situées à l’extérieur des métropoles. L’analyse des deux cas montre que le développement culturel à Moncton et à Sudbury s’appuie sur des facteurs comme la mobilisation communautaire et des dynamiques de proximité qui ne sont pas nécessairement relevés dans les études sur les grappes culturelles. L’expérience de Moncton se démarque de celle de Sudbury par l’importance accordée au quartier du centre-ville comme lieu de convergence des institutions et réseaux culturels, une dimension moins présente à Sudbury où la scène culturelle est plus éclatée géographiquement. En définitive, les études de cas suggèrent que les stratégies de développement culturel des villes périphériques sont assez différentes de celles des grandes villes et que le concept de grappe culturelle doit être utilisé de façon flexible pour bien comprendre les dynamiques à la périphérie.

36

Dixit, Sushil S., W. (Bill) Keller, Aruna S. Dixit, and John P. Smol. "Diatom-inferred dissolved organic carbon reconstructions provide assessments of past UV-B penetration in Canadian Shield lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f01-013.

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Paleolimnological approaches have provided strong inference models for lake-water acidity and metal concentrations in Sudbury-area lakes, but calibration data have not yet been explored for inferring lake-water dissolved organic carbon (DOC). A review of available limnological data provided DOC values for 80 of our 105 calibration lakes, allowing us to examine the relative importance of DOC in determining the distribution of diatom assemblages in Canadian Shield lakes, such as those in the Sudbury region. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that lake-water DOC explained a significant proportion of variation in the diatom data. Our weighted-averaging DOC model showed a strong relationship (r2 = 0.63) between measured and inferred DOC. Using this model, we reconstructed historical DOC concentrations in three Sudbury-area lakes, and then estimated temporal changes in UV-B penetration. These reconstructions showed that lake water DOC concentrations and underwater UV-B penetration have changed markedly in two of the three lakes modeled. The close correspondence between inferred and measured DOC for the 1980s in all three lakes provides further evidence that we have accurately inferred DOC concentrations. Quantitative DOC reconstructions in Sudbury-area lakes offer an excellent technique for assessing past changes in DOC concentrations and UV-B penetration in Canadian Shield lakes.

37

Bagatto, G., and J. D. Shorthouse. "Accumulation of copper and nickel in plant tissues and an insect gall of lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium, near an ore smelter at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-192.

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The accumulation of copper and nickel in plant tissues and galls of Hemadas nubilipennis on lowbush blueberry near an ore smelter at Sudbury, Ontario, was investigated. Concentrations of these metals in the root, stem, and leaf tissue decline logarithmically with increasing distance from the Sudbury smelter. The pattern of accumulation for copper and nickel in the various tissues was root > stem > leaf > berry; however, metal differences in these tissues were not as great in plants farther from the smelter. The root tissue is the primary site of accumulation of these metals when environmental levels of copper and nickel are high. The highest concentrations of copper and nickel were found in the galls, indicating that gall tissues act as a strong physiological sink for micronutrients and redirect nutrients from the host plant. Key words: Vaccinium angustifolium, copper, nickel, gall, Sudbury.

38

Mayer, Raoul Etongué. "Formes de corrosion observées sur les grès de Chelmsford, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 42, no. 1 (April 2, 1998): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/42/1998/89.

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39

Keller, W., J. Roger Pitblado, and J. Carbone. "Chemical Responses of Acidic Lakes in the Sudbury, Ontario, Area to Reduced Smelter Emissions, 1981–89." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, S1 (December 19, 1992): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-297.

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Monitoring of acidic lakes in the Sudbury, Ontario, area showed that general changes in water quality (increases in pH and acid-neutralizing capacity; decreases in concentrations of SO42−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al, and Mn) have continued through the mid-1980's, following substantial reductions in sulphur emissions from area smelters in the late 1970's. By the late 1980's, these trends had levelled off, or even reversed in some lakes. No general, temporal trends were evident during the 1980's for concentrations of Cu, Ni, or Zn, metals directly associated with the smelter emissions. The widespread water quality improvements seen in lakes of the Sudbury area provide very strong support for the use of source controls to combat aquatic acidification. However, the fact that many Sudbury area lakes are still highly acidic and metal contaminated demonstrates that additional emission controls, which are being implemented, are essential in this region.

40

Abdalla, Rifaat, Abdulahad Malik, Jonathan Sparlin, and Susanna Li. "Remote Sensing Approach for Environmental Monitoring: Application of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 6, no. 2 (July 28, 2017): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i2.11610.

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ENVI and ArcGIS software along with Landsat TM data were used to evaluate sustainability and environmental conservation efforts in Sudbury region, Ontario, Canada. The study adopted three phase analysis. First, the change in landscape from 1984 to 2007 was studied. In the second part the study area was analyzed for urban heat island phenomenon by comparing thermal changes in relation to vegetation changes. The last part dealt with observing change in water quality parameter. Findings of the study revealed that significant change has taken place in Sudbury during the study period. Post classification comparison method has quantified the change and presented the results in the form of a change matrix, also an increase in the reclaimed land and dense vegetation in 2007 was observed while a significant decrease in the built up and barren land was also evident. Thermal analysis results showed overall higher temperatures in 1984 while the thermal signatures of 2007 images showed characteristic of urban heat island where urban core of Sudbury had high temperatures while the rural and vegetative areas had low temperatures. The water quality analysis showed an increase in the levels of phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in lakes around Sudbury with the exception of Kelly Lake. The error analysis shown regression-derived phosphorus distribution maps were unreliable in this application, due to significant average error.

41

Olaniyan, Oladele, Richard S. Smith, and Bruno Lafrance. "Regional 3D geophysical investigation of the Sudbury Structure." Interpretation 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2015): SL63—SL81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0200.1.

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The 3D geologic and structural setting of the Sudbury Structure was predicted by an integration of surface and subsurface geologic data with 2.5D modeling of high-resolution airborne magnetic and gravity data using 3D GeoModeller software. Unlike other CAD-based 3D software, GeoModeller uses the field interpolator method, whereby contacts of rock units are assumed to be equipotential surfaces, whereas orientation data determine the gradient and direction of the surfaces. Contacts and orientation variables are cokriged to generate 3D continuous surfaces for each geologic unit. Our 3D geologic model was qualitatively evaluated by forward computing the predicted gravity response at 1 m above topography and by comparing this response to the measured gravity field. Large-scale structures within the Onaping Formation and Archean basement, which overlie and underlie the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC), respectively, were not the cause of the linear gravity high in the center of the Sudbury Structure. We suggested that the deformation of the initial circular SIC may have commenced under the Sudbury Basin due to the reversal of the normal faults related to the Huronian rift system during the Penokean orogeny, therefore resulting into a north verging fold at the base of the SIC in the south range. This new interpretation was consistent with the magnetic and gravity data and honoured most of the significant seismic reflectors in the Lithoprobe seismic sections.

42

Schandl, E. S., M. P. Gorton, and D. W. Davis. "Albitization at 1700 ± 2 Ma in the Sudbury – Wanapitei Lake area, Ontario: implications for deep-seated alkalic magmatism in the Southern province." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-052.

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U–Pb geochronology of hydrothermal monazite in albitized rocks from two gold deposits east of the Sudbury complex indicates that albitization in the Sudbury – Wanapitei Lake area occurred at 1700 ± 2 Ma and was coeval with a period of granitic plutonism in the Southern structural province between 1750 and 1700 Ma.A variety of rare earth element (REE) minerals, such as two generations of hydrothermal monazite, bastnäsite, synchysite, and gadolinite were identified in the albitized Huronian sediments in the Espanola – Sudbury – Wanapitei Lake areas. The presence of these REE minerals, the extraordinary light rare earth element enrichment in rocks from the Sheppard gold property east of the Sudbury igneous complex and the elevated REE concentrations in some albitized rocks suggests that sodium-rich fluids may have been generated by carbonatitic or alkalic intrusions at depth.Gold mineralization occurs in rocks that have been altered by at least two different types of fluids: (1) peralkaline; Na–REE bearing and (2) low pH, Co bearing. The high Co content of most mineralized samples and the relatively weak correlation between Au and Na2O suggests that gold was probably concentrated to economic grade by the low pH, Co-bearing fluids. The spatial association of albite and gold suggests that the albitized rocks may represent earlier fluid conduits that were subsequently refractured and invaded by the mineralizing solutions.

43

Olaniyan, Oladele, Richard S. Smith, and Bill Morris. "Qualitative geophysical interpretation of the Sudbury Structure." Interpretation 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2013): T25—T43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2012-0010.1.

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The Sudbury Structure is one of the most studied geologic structures in the world due to its enigmatic nature and mineral wealth. The available geologic work from the literature and mining industry operations accumulated for more than a century was recently assessed and compiled into a bedrock geologic map. Most regional geophysical investigations of the Sudbury Structure have been quantitative — modeling and depth estimation without a clear definition of surface control. Airborne total magnetic intensity data over the Sudbury Structure were compiled, processed, and interpreted, to define magnetic stratigraphy boundaries and near-surface lineaments. Traditional directional and normalized derivatives were computed to enhance the high-frequency information in the magnetic field. Available airborne frequency-domain electromagnetic (EM) data were also interactively interpreted along profiles and in a gridded format to isolate conductive structures. On-screen geographic information system-based information extraction from multiple derivatives was used to interpret the magnetic contacts, dykes, and lineaments. The magnetic interpretation was compared with published bedrock maps of the Sudbury Structure. Magnetic contacts based on the qualitative classification of the magnetic texture did not always correspond to the geologic boundaries on the existing maps. Some magnetic lineaments corresponded with well-defined geologic structures, some were further extensions of partially mapped structures, and others are newly identified linear structures. Conductive locations identified from the EM profiles were probably due to responses from conductive ore bodies, faults, dykes, lithological contacts, and cultural objects.

44

Keller, W. (Bill), Jocelyne Heneberry, and Brie A. Edwards. "Recovery of acidified Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, lakes: a multi-decade synthesis and update." Environmental Reviews 27, no. 1 (March 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/er-2018-0018.

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The Sudbury region of northeastern Ontario, Canada, provides one of the world’s best examples of the resilience of aquatic ecosystems after reductions in atmospheric contaminant deposition. Thousands of lakes around the Sudbury metal smelters were badly damaged by acid deposition. Lakes closest to the smelters were also contaminated by metal particulates. However, large reductions in atmospheric SO2 and metal emissions starting in the early 1970s have led to widespread chemical improvements in these lakes, and recovery has been observed for various aquatic biota. Studies of Sudbury-area lakes are advancing our understanding of chemical and biological lake recovery; however, recovery is a complicated process and much remains to be learned. Biological recovery has often been slow to follow chemical recovery, and it has become apparent that the recovery of lakes from acidification is closely linked to interactions with other large-scale environmental stressors like climate change and Ca declines. Thus, in our multiple-stressor world, recovery may not bring individual lakes back to their exact former state. However, with time, substantial natural biological recovery toward typical lake communities can be reasonably expected for most but not necessarily all biota. For organisms with limited dispersal ability, particularly fish, human assistance may be necessary to re-establish typical communities. In lakes where food webs have been severely altered, re-establishment of typical diverse fish communities may in fact be an important element aiding the recovery of other important components of aquatic ecosystems including zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates. In the lakes closest to the smelters, where historically watersheds as well as lakes were severely damaged, the recovery of aquatic systems will be closely linked to ongoing terrestrial recovery and rehabilitation, particularly through the benefits of increased inputs of terrestrially derived organic matter. The dramatic lake recovery observed in the Sudbury area points to a brighter future for these lakes. However, continued monitoring will be needed to determine future changes and help guide the management and protection of Sudbury-area lakes in this multiple-stressor age.

45

Anders, D., G. R. Osinski, R. A. F. Grieve, E. A. Pilles, A. Pentek, and D. Smith. "Origin and formation of Metabreccia in the Parkin Offset Dike, Sudbury impact structure, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 11 (November 2020): 1324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0075.

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The 1.85 Ga Sudbury impact structure is considered a remnant of a peak-ring or multi-ring basin with an estimated original diameter of 150 to 200 km. The Offset Dikes are radial and concentric dikes around the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) and are composed of the so-called inclusion-rich Quartz Diorite (IQD) and inclusion-poor Quartz Diorite (QD), and in some Offset Dikes, Metabreccia (MTBX). We carried out a detailed field and analytical investigation of MTBX from the Parkin Offset Dike in the North Range of the Sudbury structure. Our observations suggest that MTBX represents impact breccia that originally formed underneath the Main Mass of the SIC and that was subsequently contact-metamorphosed and entrained during the emplacement of the Parkin Offset Dike. The MTBX bears no resemblance to the QD and IQD in which it is hosted, but it does share many similarities with Footwall Breccia (FWBX), suggesting that the two shared a similar initial origin. A genetic relationship between MTBX and FWBX is also supported by whole rock geochemical analyses.

46

ZHANG, FENG. "RECENT RESULTS OF SNO EXPERIMENT." International Journal of Modern Physics A 23, no. 21 (August 20, 2008): 3352–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x08042110.

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47

McDonald, A. B. "The sudbury neutrino observatory project." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 77, no. 1-3 (May 1999): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(99)00395-3.

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48

Milkereit, Bernd, E. K. Berrer, Alan R. King, Anthony H. Watts, B. Roberts, Erick Adam, David W. Eaton, Jianjun Wu, and Matthew H. Salisbury. "Development of 3-D seismic exploration technology for deep nickel‐copper deposits—A case history from the Sudbury basin, Canada." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 6 (November 2000): 1890–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444873.

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Following extensive petrophysical studies and presite surveys, the Trill area of the Sudbury basin was selected for conducting the first 3-D seismic survey for mineral exploration in North America. The 3-D seismic experiment confirms that in a geological setting such as the Sudbury Igneous Complex, massive sulfide bodies cause a characteristic seismic scattering response. This provides an excellent basis for the direct detection of massive sulfides by seismic methods. The feasibility study suggests that high‐resolution seismic methods offer a large detection radius in the order of hundreds to thousands of meters, together with accurate depth estimates.

49

Bush, Elizabeth J., and Spencer C. H. Barrett. "Genetics of mine invasions by Deschampsia cespitosa (Poaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 1336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-159.

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Deschampsia cespitosa is a self-incompatible, tussock-forming, perennial grass with a scattered distribution in Ontario, primarily along the shores of the Great Lakes. In recent decades, D. cespitosa has colonized metal-contaminated sites in the mining regions of Sudbury and Cobalt. Isozyme variation in populations from contaminated and uncontaminated sites were compared to investigate the genetic consequences of mine invasion. Central Ontario populations are diploid (2n = 26); however, the complexity of electrophoretic patterns suggested that D. cespitosa is a diploidized tetraploid with considerable gene duplication. Innovative approaches were therefore required for quantitative assessment of isozyme variability within and among populations. Eighteen populations of D. cespitosa were assayed for variation at nine enzyme systems, representing 19 putative isozyme loci. Populations included eight from various uncontaminated habitats, five from mine sites around Sudbury, and five from Cobalt. Lower levels of diversity were evident in both Sudbury and Cobalt populations relative to uncontaminated populations. The results corroborated the prediction that colonization of contaminated habitats reduces levels of genetic variability, particularly where populations are recently established. Strong selection on mine sites will also compound stochastic loss of genetic diversity associated with colonization. The distribution of isozyme variation among populations of D. cespitosa was also used to infer colonization history. Cobalt and Sudbury populations were clearly differentiated by unique alleles at a number of enzyme systems, providing evidence for the independent origin of metal-tolerant populations in the two mining regions. Estimates of outcrossing frequency revealed no significant difference between a mine and an uncontaminated population; both populations exhibited high levels of outcrossing. Key words: colonization, mine invasion, genetic variation, Deschampsia cespitosa.

50

Bailey, J., B. Lafrance, A. M. McDonald, J. S. Fedorowich, S. Kamo, and D. A. Archibald. "MazatzalLabradorian-age (1.71.6 Ga) ductile deformation of the South Range Sudbury impact structure at the Thayer Lindsley mine, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 1491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-098.

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The Thayer Lindsley mine is located in the South Range of the Sudbury impact structure, near the contact between the 1.85 Ga Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) and the Paleoproterozoic Southern Province. NiCu ore zones at the mine are strongly deformed within a southeast-dipping, lower amphibolite-grade shear zone, which offsets the contact between the SIC and Southern Province rocks. Numerous shear sense indicators, including shear bands, drag folds, and δ- and σ-type rotated porphyroclasts, consistently indicate south-over-north, reverse, dip-slip movement parallel to the mineral stretching lineation in the shear zone. The attitude, slip direction, and metamorphic grade of the shear zone are similar to those of the regional northeast-striking South Range Shear Zone that formed during post-impact, northwest-directed ductile contraction of the Sudbury impact structure. The South Range Shear Zone is generally interpreted as a ca. 1.91.8 Ga Penokean structure. Anhedral brown titanite grains from the Thayer Lindsley shear zone yield a mean 207Pb/206Pb Penokean age of 1815 ± 15 Ma. These grains are mantled by younger, syntectonic, colourless titanite, which have a mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 1658 ± 68 Ma. This younger age suggests that the South Range and Thayer Lindsley shear zones may have formed during a 1.71.6 Ga collisional tectonic event that is recorded along the southeast margin of Laurentia from the southwest USA. (Mazatzal Orogeny), through the mid-continent to Wisconsin, and as far northeast as Labrador (Labradorian Orogeny). 40Ar/39Ar analyses indicate post-tectonic thermal resetting of biotite occurred at 1477 ± 8 Ma during felsic plutonism across the Sudbury area.

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