Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme"

Many large irrigation projects in Nepal operate under command area development works that emphasize on-farm water distribution and management. These projects have specific design characteristics that were planned to comply with available water resources, climatic conditions, soil type, and water distribution technology. The water distribution technologies differ based on the design needs of each individual project and the design preferences of various foreign consulting firms. This article focuses on the issues of planning and designing water distribution systems of large irrigation systems at the irrigation service delivery level. The layout planning of an irrigation system is an important aspect of design for water distribution, typically guided by hierarchical system. This article also highlights the existing canal hierarchy of these systems and their appropriateness for efficient water distribution. Furthermore, the appropriateness of the structured system is also examined in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Project. The article concluded with some suggestions for planning and designing command area development works of forthcoming large irrigation projects such as the Sikta Irrigation Project, the Babai Irrigation Project, and the Mahakali Irrigation Project Stage-III.HYDRO Nepal JournalJournal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentIssue: 19Page: 25-30

The Nepalese Sunsari Morang Irrigation district is the lifeblood of millions of people in the Koshi River basin. Despite its fundamental importance to food security, little is known about the impacts of climate change on future irrigation demand and grain yields in this region. Here, we examined the impacts of climate change on the irrigation demand and grain yield of wheat crop. Climate change was simulated using Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) of 4.5 and 8.5 for three time horizons (2016–2045, 2036–2065, and 2071–2100) in the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM). For the field data’s measured period (2018–2020), we showed that farmers applied only 25% of the irrigation water required to achieve the maximum potential grain yield. Actual yields were less than 50% of the potential yields. Projected irrigation water demand is likely to increase for RCP4.5 (3%) but likely to decrease under RCP8.5 (8%) due to the truncated crop duration and lower maturity biomass by the end of the 21st century. However, simulated yields declined by 20%, suggesting that even irrigation will not be enough to mitigate the severe and detrimental effects of climate change on crop production. While our results herald positive implications for irrigation demand in the region, the implications for regional food security may be dire.

Mapping rice area can be beneficial for change detection, irrigation management, climate change impact and vegetation protection and restoration programs. Remote sensing has provided a vantage means of mapping rice area. The unique physical characteristics of rice plants is that it is grown in flooded soil, which significantly affect the spectral reflectance from the rice fields. After a period of two months, the dense rice canopy cover replaces the flooded soil. This dynamic of the rice field is captured with the help of vegetation indices and are used to identify rice fields. Multi-spectral and multi-temporal data Landsat 8 data is used in the study. An algorithm that uses Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and Land-surface Water Index (LSWI) derived from Landsat 16-days 30-meter data was used to differentiate paddy field from other areas. It works on the basis of sensitivity of LSWI for surface moisture and NDVI for vegetation content. This algorithm was used to detect rice fields in twelve local levels in Sunsari and Morang districts of Nepal. The results were validated using 0.44m resolution digital globe satellite imagery with 79 well-distributed control points. The overall accuracy of the method was found to be 79.746%.

In the year 2001 the leaders of BPKIHS started a micro social insurance scheme; Social Health Insurance (SHI) for prospective research. It is a method of financing and managing health care using compulsory contributions from employers, employees and may be from the government.Household members from organized groups in catchment areas enrolled voluntarily. Photographed service cards were issued entitled for free IPD/OPD consultations, investigations and bed charges excluding CT scans and specialty treatment. Institute bore operation and medicine costs up to 10000 and 3500 respectively for IPD yearly. Premium was fixed after a research through focus group discussion in villages of Morang, Sunsari and Biratnagar. A flat rate premium of 15 and 50 NRS/adult/month for villagers, city dwellers and half for children was fixed. Marginalized community and handicapped paid 33% of premium, 33% by Institute and 33% by concerned VDC.As the client number increased from 2383 to 7392 in second and to 15779 in third year, Premium: Expenditure ratio moved from 225:222 to 198:391. Average cost sharing of premium to expenditure came to 226:332 showing a negative balance.This scheme completed its fourth year till this research in 2005 A.D. But it was closed due to deficit. As reinsured population occasionally concealed information by not incorporating all family members. They defaulted in subsequent year after utilizing the benefits of SHI and misused the card for uninsured ones. It may, in its optimized form, become a model to be widely adopted to bridge the gap between the cost of treatment and the ability to pay in developing countries.

Area and production of raw jute has decreased, though there is a high demand of raw jute in the country. In order to assess production constraints, a survey was carried out in 2005/06 in Jhapa, Morang and Sunsari districts. The study revealed that unstable or low price of raw jute, unavailability of quality jute seed, limited irrigation water at sowing period, diseases complex (wilt), labor shortage during peak season, weed problem, lack of retting water/retting pond were the main constraints in jute production and processing. The study indicates that the maximum production cost has involved in fiber extraction (16.9%) and weeding (16.33%). Jute productivity ranged from 1788 to 2260 kg per hectare. JRO-524 variety of jute has been widely grown across the region due to its wider adaptability, high yield potential and quality fiber. Jute area has been replaced by sugarcane due to its high yield potential and high profit margin. It is observed that the cost of production of jute is high as compared to other crops in the season. Average cost of production of fiber was estimated to be Rs.1563/quintal. For the promotion of jute cultivation in the eastern Terai, it would be better to provide subsidies on seeds and fertilizer to jute growers as practiced in neighboring countries thereby profit margin becomes high and will encourage growers in producing more raw jute within the country for the fulfillment of raw jute requirement of local jute industries. Cost effective technologies have to be developed in jute production and processing aspects for lowering the production cost and increasing the profit margin. Popular genotypes JRO- 524 which was widely adopted needs to be recommended officially for the general cultivation in this region. Being an eco-friendly crop, promotion is required to adapt climate change effect and maintaining the soil properties in jute growing areas. Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 3. 2013, Page 117-122 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajn.v3i0.9013

The study was conducted to analyze the socioeconomic factors and profitability of hybrid maize production in eastern Nepal. A household survey was conducted from March to April, 2017 in two districts Morang and Sunsari to collect information on socioeconomic characteristics and economics of maize production. The Structured questionnaire was administered to 98 randomly selected households from two districts i.e. 41 from Morang and 57 from Sunsari district. Descriptive and statistical tools including multiple regression model were used to analyze the data. The multiple regression model showed that larger the maize area, higher the education of household head and households who received maize farming related training were significant and positive towards maize output. Farmers of Morang district have higher maize production than Sunsari district. The benefit-cost ratio (1.7) indicates that hybrid maize farming was profitable with productivity of 6.9 ton per hectare. Despite the importance of maize crop to household income, many constraints were reported in its productivity including lack of irrigation, a high cost of inputs and the incidence of pests and diseases. Ensuring access to irrigation, training on maize farming, mechanization and efficient extension services were recommended to increase hybrid maize production in eastern Nepal.

The impacts of climate change on water resources and agriculture, accompanied by a growing population, have contributed to increasing food and water scarcity. Due to the continuing growth in population and changes in food requirement habits, the demand for agricultural products is increasing continuously. It has been projected that the rise in food demand will increase by 50-100% between 2009 to 2050. The irrigation sector plays a crucial role in the agricultural food production system, utilizing about 70% of the world‘s total annual water consumption. About 16% of the world‘s cropland is irrigated, accounting for about 44% of the world‘s food production. Climate variability influences water availability for agriculture, crop water demand, and crop grain yield, rendering global food security vulnerable to climate change. Research has shown that South Asia will face negative impacts on agriculture due to climate change, and food scarcity will increase if adaptation measures are not considered. In this regard, there is a need to investigate existing irrigation schemes by assessing the impacts of climate change on both the supply and demand sides of irrigation water simultaneously to cope with changes in future water availability and food scarcity. This research aims to holistically investigate the climate change impacts on both the supply and demand sides of irrigation water. The methodology developed in this research investigated climate change impacts on the supply and demand sides of irrigation water in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme in the Koshi River basin of Nepal. The irrigation command area is 68,000 hectares. With this background, the objective of this research is to assess the climate change impacts on the supply and demand sides of irrigation water. This research is divided into four major components. 1. Selection of global climate models and downscaling of global climate model outputs to assess climate change impacts on daily rainfall and temperature (minimum and maximum) in the river basin and irrigation command area. 2. Future impacts of climate change on river water availability at the main irrigation canal intake. 3. Crop water requirements due to climate change. 4. The irrigation canal system‘s hydraulic capacity requirements for irrigation water supply in the climate change context. Climate change is the main driver in assessing river water availability for irrigation, crop irrigation requirements, and canal system capacity needs for the future. In this study, climate change scenarios Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5 for the short-term (2016–2045), mid-century (2036–2065), and end-of-century (2071–2100) periods were considered. Representative General Circulation Models (GCMs) were selected for the study area under each climate change scenario and study period. Daily precipitation and temperature data based on selected GCMs were downscaled to a higher resolution (10 × 10 km2). The downscaled daily precipitation and temperature data were applied to assess the climate change impacts on water availability in the river, and irrigation water demand in the irrigation command area. The irrigation canal system capacity assessment was based on water availability in the river, and irrigation water demand. The selection of global climate models for a specific geographical location, with high capacities to represent the past and to project the likely future climate, is a crucial step when assessing climate change impacts. An advanced envelope-based selection approach for the selection of a representative global climate model has been used in this research to select a representative climate model for the Koshi River basin. A total of 105 GCM simulations and 78 GCM simulations were taken for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios respectively for the initial selection of GCMs. The GCMs selection process involved three steps: (a) initial model selection considering changes in climatic means (mean air temperature and annual precipitation), (b) refined model selection based on projected changes in climatic extremes, and (c) final model selection based on past performance. One GCM/ensemble was selected at each corner of four climate extremes (cold/dry, warm/dry, cold/wet, and warm/wet) for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in the short-term (2016-2045), mid-century (2036-2065), and end-of-century (2071-2100) periods. After the selection of representative GCMs/ensembles, quantile mapping was applied for bias correction at a finer resolution of 10 km × 10 km. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model was used for hydrological modelling, and was calibrated and validated using observed river flow data measured near the headworks (intake) of the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme in the Koshi River. Impacts of climate change on the flow of the Koshi River were projected for the short-term, mid-century, and end-of-century periods considering climate change scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 using downscaled daily precipitation and temperature data. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) crop model was selected for crop modelling, and was calibrated and validated using measured field data which included phenological development, biomass yield, and grain yield for the winter wheat crop in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme command area over two years. Impacts of climate change on the irrigation water demand, biomass yield, and grain yield were predicted for the short-term, mid-century, and end-of-century periods considering climate change scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, using downscaled daily precipitation and temperature data. In addition, the irrigation demand (mm/cropping period) required to reach potential wheat grain yields under current climate conditions was compared with observed irrigation practices and crop grain yield. The hydraulic capacity of the main canal networks in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme, in terms of water losses and flow carrying capacity, were assessed using the Personal Computer Stormwater Management Model (PCSWMM) hydraulic model, which was calibrated and validated using measured canal characteristics, discharge, flow velocity, and water depth data. Information on daily water availability at the headwork of Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme in the Koshi River, drawn from hydrological assessments, was used to estimate water intakes into the canal network system. Based on irrigation water availability at the headwork, and the amount of irrigation water required for winter wheat crops, (both present and future), the winter wheat crop area coverage and the water carrying capacity of the main canal were assessed. The key innovation of this research is the development of a comprehensive methodology to assess the climate change impacts on the supply and demand sides of irrigation water. The research has demonstrated its effectiveness through its successful application in the Sunsari Morang Irrigation Scheme in the Koshi River of Nepal. The methodology and outcome of the research could be adapted to similar physical-climatic conditions around the world to holistically assess the climate change impacts on both the supply and demand sides of irrigation water. The findings of this research are beneficial to water practitioners, the agricultural community, policymakers, planners, and researchers in Nepal and internationally. The findings on representative General Circulation Models (GCMs) selection for the Koshi River basin could also be used by research and scientific communities. Findings on climate change impacts on precipitation and temperature, and projected Koshi River flows could be used by the National Planning Commission, Nepal and Water and Energy Commission Secretariat, Nepal, for sectoral and water resources project planning, and in formulating water resources policies and basin plans for the Koshi River basin respectively. Findings on climatic changes and their potential implications could be used by the relevant sectors for the development of adaptation strategies, including the National Planning Commission, Nepal. It could also be used by the Department of Water Resources and Irrigation, Nepal, for planning and management of irrigation projects and the expansion of the irrigation command areas. The findings on projected climate change impacts on water resources, irrigation water demand and hydraulic assessment of the irrigation canal network could be used by the Department of Water Resources and Irrigation, Nepal, to manage irrigation projects in the region and by local farmers to increase crop yield in study area. It is also hoped that the challenge of agricultural production for the growing population in the developing world could be addressed with some insights provided by this research, despite the negative impacts of climate change on the irrigation and water resources sector.