Статті в журналах: "Surface traps"

1

Fouks, B. I., and N. M. Storonskii. "Surface Coulomb Traps." Defect and Diffusion Forum 103-105 (January 1993): 603–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.103-105.603.

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2

Milionis, Athanasios, Despina Fragouli, Luigi Martiradonna, George C. Anyfantis, P. Davide Cozzoli, Ilker S. Bayer, and Athanassia Athanassiou. "Spatially Controlled Surface Energy Traps on Superhydrophobic Surfaces." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6, no. 2 (January 3, 2014): 1036–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am404565a.

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3

Hammond, H. E. James, David W. Langor, and Dustin J. Hartley. "Effect of pitfall trap depth on epigaeic beetle sampling (Coleoptera: Carabidae and Staphylinidae) in wet forested ecosites in Alberta, Canada." Canadian Entomologist 150, no. 6 (August 24, 2018): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2018.34.

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AbstractThe depth at which pitfall traps were sunk into the ground and the resulting catches of epigaeic Carabidae (Coleoptera) and Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) assemblages in subhygric to hydric ecosites with very deep organic soil layers was investigated in the upper foothills ecoregion of Alberta, Canada. Traps were installed at seven sites, with six surface traps (the pitfall trap lip <5 cm below soil surface) and six deep traps (the pitfall trap lip >20 cm below soil surface) at each site. A total of 5289 beetles representing 75 taxa were collected. There were no significant effects of trap depth on catch. Rarefaction estimates of species diversity were higher in surface pitfall traps for both taxa. The similarity of pooled catches between deep and surface traps was on average 75%, suggesting that both trap types were collecting similar faunas. We found no advantage to using deep pitfall traps in addition to surface traps to sample the epigaeic fauna of wet forest stands and peatlands.

4

Hite, D. A., Y. Colombe, A. C. Wilson, D. T. C. Allcock, D. Leibfried, D. J. Wineland, and D. P. Pappas. "Surface science for improved ion traps." MRS Bulletin 38, no. 10 (October 2013): 826–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.207.

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5

Reichel, J., W. Hänsel, and T. W. Hänsch. "Atomic Micromanipulation with Magnetic Surface Traps." Physical Review Letters 83, no. 17 (October 25, 1999): 3398–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.83.3398.

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6

Nakajima, Akira, Shuichi Yagi, Mitsuaki Shimizu, and Hajime Okumura. "Effect of Deep Trap on Breakdown Voltage in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs." Materials Science Forum 600-603 (September 2008): 1345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.600-603.1345.

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The effect of AlGaN surface traps on breakdown voltage VB and drain current collapse in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) were investigated using experimental measurement and numerical simulation. The drain current transient due to surface traps was systematically measured and analyzed, and the activation energy of a surface trap was evaluated as approximately 0.7 eV. Results from the device simulation of VB in HEMTs were in good agreement with the experimental results when assuming surface traps. The results indicate that surface traps increase VB, and induce a crucial current collapse.

7

Moreno, R. A., M. T. de Figueiredo, and G. F. Leal Ferreira. "Injection of Charge from Surface Traps into Films with Deep Bulk Traps." IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation EI-21, no. 3 (June 1986): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tei.1986.349069.

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8

Imai, T., Y. Kasaishi, and T. Fukushima. "Influence of Trap Position with respect to Height and Placement Surface on Capture of the Tobacco Moth, Ephestiaelutella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Pheromone Traps." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 24, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0878.

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AbstractThe efficacy of pheromone traps is affected by trap placement and pest biology, as well as by the trap and lure design. We evaluated the effect of trap height and placement in relation to surfaces on tobacco moth catches using release-capture experiments. Six traps were mounted vertically in a 9 × 15 × 4.2-5.8 m shed on a wall at heights of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 m. More catches were obtained near the ceiling and at 1 m above the floor in the dark. Catches at 1 m were negligible when light shone through the upper windows. In a 42.3 × 36.5 × 4 m tobacco warehouse, the respective efficacies of aerially suspended traps and surface-mounted traps were examined. The number of catches obtained using traps mounted on pillars was significantly higher than that obtained in traps suspended from poles. These results suggest practical considerations for monitoring in warehouses. We recommend eliminating any night lighting and placing traps on surfaces, such as walls and stored commodities, at higher positions that are within reach (1 m) to facilitate convenient inspection.

9

Cai, J., and C. T. Sah. "Interfacial electronic traps in surface controlled transistors." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 47, no. 3 (March 2000): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/16.824733.

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10

Masset, F. S., A. Morbidelli, A. Crida, and J. Ferreira. "Disk Surface Density Transitions as Protoplanet Traps." Astrophysical Journal 642, no. 1 (May 2006): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/500967.

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11

D'Amario, Luca, Jens Föhlinger, Gerrit Boschloo, and Leif Hammarström. "Unveiling hole trapping and surface dynamics of NiO nanoparticles." Chemical Science 9, no. 1 (2018): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sc03442c.

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Mesoporous NiO is used as p-type material in photoelectrochemical energy conversion devices. The presence of two kinds of hole traps can affect device performance. Here, after band-gap excitation, the relaxation of the hole into two different traps was observed and characterized.

12

Johnson, C. K., and N. E. West. "Laboratory comparisons of five seed-trap designs for dry, windy environments." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-055.

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Five seed-trap designs were tested for relative seed-trapping ability in a wind tunnel. Seeds of 12 plant species were blown over random combinations of seed-trap designs with an average wind speed of 16 km∙h−1. Results showed significant effects of seed-trap design on the number of seeds collected by the traps. Seed traps simulating the ground surface (gravel, marbles, loose soil) caught significantly (P < 0.05) fewer seeds than those simulating soil depressions or holes (glued dirt, funnel). Gravel surfaces trapped significantly (P < 0.05) more seeds than the surfaces with marbles. Results of this study may be used in the selection of seed traps for use in the field where sticky surfaces are unsuitable because of drying and dust.

13

Look, D. C., and Z. Q. Fang. "Characterization of near-surface traps in semiconductors: GaN." Applied Physics Letters 79, no. 1 (July 2, 2001): 84–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1379982.

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14

Wang, Po-Jen, Tongcang Li, C. Noel, A. Chuang, Xiang Zhang, and H. Häffner. "Surface traps for freely rotating ion ring crystals." Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 48, no. 20 (September 17, 2015): 205002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-4075/48/20/205002.

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15

Liebendorfer, Adam. "Whiskered foam surface traps secondary electrons in simulations." Scilight 2018, no. 2 (January 8, 2018): 020003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5020509.

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16

Antohi, P. B., D. Schuster, G. M. Akselrod, J. Labaziewicz, Y. Ge, Z. Lin, W. S. Bakr, and I. L. Chuang. "Cryogenic ion trapping systems with surface-electrode traps." Review of Scientific Instruments 80, no. 1 (January 2009): 013103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3058605.

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17

Yee, Wee L. "Three-Dimensional Versus Rectangular Sticky Yellow Traps for Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 1780–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz092.

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Abstract The most effective traps tested against western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, have been the Yellow Sticky Strip (YSS) rectangle made of styrene and the three-dimensional yellow Rebell cross made of polypropylene. However, three-dimensional YSS styrene traps have never been tested against this or any other fruit fly. The main objectives of this study were to determine the efficacies of 1) YSS cross, Rebell cross, YSS cylinder, and YSS rectangle traps, 2) Rebell cross versus Rebell rectangle traps, and 3) YSS tent versus YSS rectangle traps for R. indifferens. For 1), the YSS cross caught more flies than the Rebell cross of equivalent surface area and more than a smaller YSS cylinder, but not any more than a YSS rectangle of similar surface area as the YSS cross. For 2), a Rebell cross caught more flies than a rectangle of equivalent surface area made of Rebell panels. For 3), YSS tent and YSS rectangle traps of equivalent surface area did not differ in fly captures. Results suggest that the YSS cross was more effective than the Rebell cross due to its color and that when trap color is highly attractive, three-dimensional shape may be unimportant, whereas it could be when trap color is less attractive. A new trap modeled after the YSS cross, compact but with high trap surface area to increase fly captures, could be an effective option or addition to rectangles for monitoring R. indifferens.

18

Дементьев, П. А., E. B. Иванова та M. B. Заморянская. "Ловушки в нанокомпозитном слое кремний-диоксид кремния и их влияние на люминесцентные свойства". Физика твердого тела 61, № 8 (2019): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2019.08.47968.454.

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The traps in thermal films of silicon dioxide and silicon dioxide with a nanocomposite layer on the surface were investigated by Kelvin-probe microscopy and cathode luminescence. In the layers, both electron traps and hole traps are observed. The effect of the charge state of electron traps on the luminescent properties of films is demonstrated. It is shown that in the presence of a nanocomposite layer in silicon dioxide films, the number of electron traps increases, but their activation energy remains close to the activation energy of traps in pure silicon dioxide, which suggests that the nature of the traps in such layers is similar.

19

Hou, Yizhu, Xinfang Zhang, Wei Wu, Ting Zhang, Pingxing Chen, and Zhijiao Deng. "Controlling the Surface Roughness of Surface-Electrode Ion Trap Based on Micro-Nano Fabrication." Coatings 11, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040406.

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The surface-electrode ion trap is one of the most promising devices to realize large-scale and integrated quantum information processing. However, a series of problems are faced in the micro-nano fabrication of surface-electrode ion traps. A prominent one is the difficulty to control the thick film surface roughness. A rough electrode surface could produce excessive radio frequency (RF) loss and deteriorate trapping ability of the surface-electrode ion trap. In this paper, a thick film micro-nano fabrication technology to control the surface roughness is presented, which can reduce the roughness of thick film surface-electrode down to 6.2 nm, while being controllable between 6.2 nm and 45 nm. Therefore, it can also provide a basis for studying the influence of electrode surface roughness on trap performance. The micro-nano fabrication technology is not only suitable for surface-electrode ion traps with various configurations, but also be further applied to researches of MEMS, solar cells and surface science.

20

Morrison, I. K. "Effect of trap dimensions on mass of litterfall collected in an Acersaccharum stand in northern Ontario." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, no. 6 (June 1, 1991): 939–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x91-130.

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A comparison of four types of litter traps was conducted during three growing seasons in an old-growth Acersaccharum Marsh, dominated forest on rugged topography in northern Ontario, Canada. The comparison involved traps of two rim heights (0.25 and 1.0 m) and two surface areas (0.25 and 1.0 m2). A supplementary study, also described, compared the two smaller sizes of traps over the same time period. Analysis of variance showed significant effects of both height and surface area on the mass of litter trapped. In a four-way comparison, however, only small traps positioned close to the ground produced estimates that differed significantly from the others. The higher catches associated with these traps are probably the result of a more favorable microsite for entrapment and accumulation of windblown leaves. The number of traps of each type required to constitute a representative sample ranged from ca. 6 to 14 when calculated over three growing seasons. Over the course of a single growing season, the number of traps required increased substantially. No trap type exhibited a distinct advantage in this regard. Generally, however, traps that present a favorable microsite for accumulation of windblown leaves should be avoided in A. saccharum forest.

21

Chiaverini, J., R. B. Blakestad, J. Britton, J. D. Jost, C. Langer, D. Leibfried, R. Ozeri, and D. J. Wineland. "Surface-electrode architecture for ion-trap quantum information processing." Quantum Information and Computation 5, no. 6 (September 2005): 419–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic5.6-1.

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We investigate a surface-mounted electrode geometry for miniature linear radio frequency Paul ion traps. The electrodes reside in a single plane on a substrate, and the pseudopotential minimum of the trap is located above the substrate at a distance on the order of the electrodes' lateral extent or separation. This architecture provides the possibility to apply standard microfabrication principles to the construction of multiplexed ion traps, which may be of particular importance in light of recent proposals for large-scale quantum computation based on individual trapped ions.

22

Pacheco, Renata, and Heraldo L. Vasconcelos. "Subterranean Pitfall Traps: Is It Worth Including Them in Your Ant Sampling Protocol?" Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/870794.

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The use of subterranean traps is a relatively novel method to sample ants, and few studies have evaluated its performance relative to other methods. We collected ants in forests, savannas, and crops in central Brazil using subterranean pitfall traps and conventional pitfall traps placed on the soil surface. Sampling duration, soil depth, and sprinkling vegetal oil around traps all tended to affect the number of species found in subterranean traps. Sixteen percent of the species collected in subterranean traps were unique, and most of these had cryptobiotic morphology (i.e., were truly hypogaeic species). Surprisingly, however, subterranean and conventional traps were similarly efficient at capturing cryptobiotic species. Furthermore, subterranean traps captured far fewer species in total than conventional traps (75 versus 220 species), and this was true in all three habitats sampled. Sampling completeness increased very little using a combination of conventional and subterranean traps than using just conventional traps.

23

Ji Xian-Ming, Mu Ren-Wang, and Yin Jian-Ping. "A novel array of surface hollow optical micro-traps." Acta Physica Sinica 54, no. 11 (2005): 5109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.54.5109.

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24

Tarasenko, A., and L. Jastrabik. "Diffusion of particles over strongly anisotropic surface with traps." Surface Science 603, no. 3 (February 2009): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2008.12.015.

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25

Fernández-Serra, M. V., Ch Adessi, and X. Blase. "Conductance, Surface Traps, and Passivation in Doped Silicon Nanowires." Nano Letters 6, no. 12 (December 2006): 2674–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl0614258.

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26

Phan, H. K., L. H. Phu, and N. T. Nguyet Anh. "Switching characteristics of MISS devices containing electron surface traps." Physica Status Solidi (a) 99, no. 1 (January 16, 1987): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2210990137.

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27

Wan, Wei, Liang Chen, Hao-Yu Wu, Yi Xie, Fei Zhou, and Mang Feng. "Manipulation of Ions in Microscopic Surface-Electrode Ion Traps." Chinese Physics Letters 30, no. 7 (July 2013): 073701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0256-307x/30/7/073701.

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28

Salem, R., Y. Japha, J. Chabé, B. Hadad, M. Keil, K. A. Milton, and R. Folman. "Nanowire atomchip traps for sub-micron atom–surface distances." New Journal of Physics 12, no. 2 (February 26, 2010): 023039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/12/2/023039.

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29

Abbasov, Timur, Ivan Kazakov, Ivan Sherstov, Sergey Kontorov, Arkadi Shipulin, Franko Kueppers, and Kirill Lakhmanskiy. "Focusing grating couplers for radio-frequency surface ion traps." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2015, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2015/1/012001.

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Abstract We present a photonic integrated circuit design with multiple focusing grating couplers that can be used in a surface ion trap. This system allows transferring laser radiation from different laser sources to the ion trapped 240 μm above the surface for further manipulations.

30

Omura, Yasuhisa. "Empirical and Theoretical Modeling of Low-Frequency Noise Behavior of Ultrathin Silicon-on-Insulator MOSFETs Aiming at Low-Voltage and Low-Energy Regime." Micromachines 10, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10010005.

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This paper theoretically revisits the low-frequency noise behavior of the inversion-channel silicon-on-insulator metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (SOI MOSFET) and the buried-channel SOI MOSFET because the quality of both Si/SiO2 interfaces (top and bottom) should modulate the low-frequency fluctuation characteristics of both devices. It also addresses the low-frequency noise behavior of sub-100-nm channel SOI MOSFETs. We deepen the discussion of the low-frequency noise behavior in the subthreshold bias range in order to elucidate the device’s potential for future low-voltage and low-power applications. As expected, analyses suggest that the weak inversion channel near the top surface of the SOI MOSFET is strongly influenced by interface traps near the top surface of the SOI layer because the traps are not well shielded by low-density surface inversion carriers in the subthreshold bias range. Unexpectedly, we find that the buried channel is primarily influenced by interface traps near the top surface of the SOI layer, not by traps near the bottom surface of the SOI layer. This is not due to the simplified capacitance coupling effect. These interesting characteristics of current fluctuation spectral intensity are explained well by the theoretical models proposed here.

31

Rychkov, Andrey, Alexey Kuznetsov, Anna Gulyakova, and Dmitry Rychkov. "Surface Potential Decay of Corona Charged Polyethylene Films: Influence of Deep Surface Traps." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 28, no. 6 (December 2021): 1933–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdei.2021.009698.

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32

Шалимова, М. Б., та Н. В. Сачук. "Особенности МДП-структур с фторидом самария на кремниевых и германиевых подложках". Физика и техника полупроводников 53, № 2 (2019): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2019.02.47106.8873.

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AbstractThe electrophysical characteristics of silicon and germanium MIS structures with an SmF_3 insulator film, as well as their degradation due to the effect of electric fields, although similar, have a number of specific features. The current-transmission mechanism in all studied structures is described by the power dependence. Interface traps form the charge of electrically active traps, which varies during capacitance–voltage measurements, and the charge of inactive traps, which remains invariable. This charge is negative on the n -Ge surface, and the corresponding charge on the n -type and p -type silicon surface is positive. The trap charge density in the bulk of samarium fluoride lies in the range from –0.2 × 10^–8 to 0.6 × 10^–8 C/cm^2 and is negligibly small when compared with the charge of interface traps in most cases.

33

Tedders, W. L., and B. W. Wood. "A New Technique for Monitoring Pecan Weevil Emergence (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 29, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-29.1.18.

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An inexpensive pyramidal-shaped trap was designed and demonstrated to effectively monitor the emergence of pecan weevil adults Curculio caryae (Horn). The trap is constructed of masonite and uses a modified boll weevil eradication trap top as a collecting container. Weevils were preferentially attracted to brown traps when traps were painted brown vs. white. Brown traps positioned adjacent to pecan trees having whitewashed trunks also were more attractive to weevils than when positioned beneath non-white washed trees. Tall traps attracted more weevils than short traps having the same surface area. Two traps per tree captured twice as many weevils as one trap. This report describes the new trap design and presents information to which its effectiveness could possibly be attributed.

34

Budiaman and Arief Rahman. "UJI EFEKTIVITAS EMPAT VARIASI PROPOLIS TRAP TERHADAP PRODUKSI PROPOLIS LEBAH MADU Apis mellifera L." PERENNIAL 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/perennial.v2i2.154.

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The propolis produced by honeybees as it is used a material for cosmetic and health industry fiberglass-constructed has high economy value. However, the effective methode for the propolis production has not been found. The objective of this research was to find out the effectiveness of four propolis traps variations on the propolis production of Apis mellifera honeybees. Materials used in this research were sixteen colony of Apis mellifera honeybees and propolis traps. The propolis production and the formed surface area on traps were collected from four trap treatments with four replications. The obtained data were analyzed by using Completely Random Design Analysis and Tukey Test. The most effective of propolis traps was that made of fiberglasses with hole direction same as frame direction (the average production of 2.03 g). The largest of propolis surface area was produced by propolis trap with hole direction same as frame direction (28.29 cm2). No corellation between the large of propolis survace (cm2) and propolis production (g) was observed. Keywords: honeybees, propolis traps, propolis production.

35

Dodds, Kevin J., and Marc F. DiGirolomo. "Effect of Cleaning Multiple-Funnel Traps on Captures of Bark and Woodboring Beetles in Northeastern United States." Insects 11, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100702.

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Two experiments were conducted in mixed hardwood-conifer forests in the northeastern United States to test the effects of cleaning surfactant and non-surfactant treated multiple-funnel traps used to catch bark and woodboring beetles. Large amounts of pollen and other debris often form a crust on the interior of traps (personal observations). Such surface deposits may provide footholds for beetles to escape capture in traps. In one experiment, we tested cleaned surfactant and non-surfactant traps against non-cleaned surfactant and non-surfactant traps. In a second experiment, we tested field cleaning of modified multiple-funnel traps as an alternative to substituting clean traps on each collection visit. There was no effect of surfactant treated traps, cleaned or not, on total beetles or individual bark beetle species captured. However, in situ cleaned traps were statistically better at capturing total beetles, total bark beetles, and several bark beetle species than non-cleaned control traps. Surfactant-treated non-modified traps and cleaned modified traps had higher species richness and abundance than other treatments at the site level. Our results suggest that cleaning traps to remove accumulated pollen and debris may be helpful for some species but would have limited benefit for broad-scale trapping of bark and woodboring beetles in northeastern forests.

36

Francese, Joseph A., Ivich Fraser, Michael L. Rietz, Damon J. Crook, David R. Lance, and Victor C. Mastro. "Relation of color, size, and canopy placement of prism traps in determining capture of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)." Canadian Entomologist 142, no. 6 (December 2010): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n10-041.

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AbstractIn 2008 we compared numbers of emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, captured on glue-coated prism traps of different sizes (standard, double-length narrow, and quarter), colors (green and purple), and height in relation to the canopy of ash host trees (midcanopy (10–13 m) and ground level (1.5 m)). Standard-size prism traps caught more A. planipennis than did quarter-size prism traps, but catch per square metre of surface area did not differ significantly among the three trap sizes. Twenty percent of quarter-size prism traps failed to catch a single beetle, while all traps of the two larger sizes were successful. The larger traps therefore appear to be more useful as detection tools. In 2009 we compared purple and green standard-size prism traps at three heights: midcanopy (13 m), lower canopy (6 m), and ground (1.5 m). Green traps caught more adult emerald ash borers than did purple traps in the mid and lower canopy, but there was no difference between traps hung at 1.5 m. The ratio of male to female adult emerald ash borers was also higher on green than on purple traps at all three heights.

37

Haniotakis, G. E. "Effect of size, color and height of pheromone baited sticky traps on captures of Dacus oleae flies." ENTOMOLOGIA HELLENICA 4 (May 29, 2017): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/eh.13933.

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The size of sticky pheromone traps has no effect on Dacus οleae catches when insect population densities are low. At high population densities trap catches increase with surface area. There were no differences in the numbers of D. οleae caught on yellow and white pheromone traps in periods of high pheromone effectiveness, which coincide with periods of high insect reproductive activity. During periods of reduced pheromone effectiveness, due either to low temperatures at the time of pheromone activity (dusk) or reduced insect reproductive activity, traps of yellow hues tend to capture more insects than traps of white color. The height at which pheromone traps are located inside the tree canopy has no effect on catches of D. οleae.

38

Hardwick, S., and B. Harens. "Influence of trap colour design and height on catch of flying clover root weevil adults." New Zealand Plant Protection 60 (August 1, 2007): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2007.60.4623.

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Adult clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus CRW) catches on sticky traps of different colours design and height were evaluated in two field experiments carried out on the outskirts of Hamilton in the summer of 19992000 In Experiment 1 yellow cylinder traps placed at a height of 1200 mm caught the most CRW In Experiment 2 both white and yellow cylinder traps placed at a height of 1200 mm were equally attractive to CRW adults In both experiments fewer CRW adults were caught on cylinder traps of all colours set 400 mm above the ground Cylinder traps painted red green and blue and set 1200 mm above the ground caught similar numbers of insects to traps of all colours set at 400 mm In Experiment 2 flat traps with a sticky surface that was parallel to the ground caught very few weevils irrespective of their colour and height

39

XIA, HUI, XIAO DONG WANG, and ZHONG XING CAO. "SIMULATION OF STATIC SURFACE STATES IN AlGaN/GaN HEMT INCLUDING HOT ELECTRON AND QUANTUM EFFECTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 06 (March 10, 2012): 1250045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979212500452.

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Two-dimensional simulations of hot electron and quantum effects in AlGaN / GaN HEMT devices are performed. The effect of surface states is accounted for by defining effective net surface charges in our simulation. Simulation results show that surface states and surface traps which model the electron depletion play an important role in the electrical characteristic of AlGaN / GaN HEMT. Hot electrons play an important role in the charge transport by spilling over into the bulk GaN where they are captured by traps. Excessive net surface charges make the 2DEG much hotter through the role of vertical electric field above the channel. Lattice scattering and electron tunneling are enhanced with the increasing density of net surface charges, and electron mobility and saturation velocity are significantly reduced.

40

Samuelsson, C., and L. Johansson. "Long-Lived Radon Decay Products as a Long-Term Radon Exposure Indicator." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, no. 1-4 (December 1, 1994): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082435.

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Abstract The different members of the uranium decay series have distinct roles to play in the scenario of indoor radon. The 222Rn gas is the airborne carrier of the dose giving short-lived decay products. These transform into long-lived daughters (LRnD) of low activity, useful as retrospective radon tracers. Porous objects constitute volume traps for LRnD via radon diffusion, while surfaces trap LRnD through alpha recoil implantation. Only when the build-up of LRnD activity proceeds undisturbed over many years, do we have a system which is potentially useful for retrospective radon/radon daughter exposure studies. The feasibility of using LRnD in humans and in volume and surface traps as radon retrospective monitors is discussed. It is concluded that only surface implantation sinks are potentially well suited for long-term studies at radon levels met in dwellings.

41

Font, D., T. Sato, K. Kosugi, A. Sato, and J. M. Vilaplana. "Mass-flux measurements in a cold wind tunnel: comparison of the mechanical traps with a snow-particle counter." Annals of Glaciology 32 (2001): 121–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781819102.

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AbstractDuring September and October 1997, in the framework of a stay at the Shinjo Branch of Snow and Ice Studies, we used a Cryospheric Environment Simulator (Higashiura and others, 1997) and simulated drifting snow to test four mechanical traps. First we present the intercomparison of the four mechanical gauges, then we compare the gauges with the snow-particle counter (SPG). Comparing the four different traps tested, we have observed that the box type (snow collector) is generally more efficient than the net-type collectors. These results confirm the tendency observed in field experiments (Font and others, 1998b). Using the SPG to calibrate the mechanical gauges, we observed that the net-type traps underestimate transport in low-transport conditions, but as transport increases the underestimation tends to zero. Comparing the snow collector with the SPG, we observed good agreement between the two gauges.

42

Li, Chuang, Dan Wang, Jiangli Gu, Yichun Liu, and Xintong Zhang. "Promoting Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation on Ti-Doped Fe2O3 Nanowires Photoanode by O2 Plasma Treatment." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010082.

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Surface electron traps on semiconductor photoanodes mediate surface recombination and deteriorate the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation performance of the photoanode. Developing convenient methods to reduce surface electron traps is therefore essential for high efficiency PEC water oxidation on semiconductor photoanodes, particularly for nanostructured photoanodes with large surface area. Herein, we employ a O2 plasma treatment to boost the PEC water oxidation performance of Ti-doped Fe2O3 (Ti-Fe2O3) nanowires photoanodes, aiming to reduce surface oxygen vacancies, the dominant electron traps on Ti-Fe2O3 surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopic analyses show that the oxygen plasma treatment changes the structural, morphological and optical properties negligibly, but it does reduce the content of surface oxygen vacancies, as estimated from O1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra. An optimal O2 plasma treatment (200 W, 70 s) increases the photocurrent density of the Ti-Fe2O3 nanowire photoanode to 2.14 mA·cm−2 (1.23 V vs. RHE) under air mass 1.5G simulated solar light, which is 1.95 times higher than the pristine Ti-Fe2O3 nanowire photoanode. The surface hole transfer efficiency is also improved by 1.66 times due to the reduced surface recombination. The work suggests that O2 plasma treatment is a convenient but effective method to boost the PEC water oxidation performance of Ti-Fe2O3 photoanode and might be applicable to other semiconducting oxide photoanodes for high efficiency PEC water splitting.

43

Li, Chuang, Dan Wang, Jiangli Gu, Yichun Liu, and Xintong Zhang. "Promoting Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation on Ti-Doped Fe2O3 Nanowires Photoanode by O2 Plasma Treatment." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010082.

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Surface electron traps on semiconductor photoanodes mediate surface recombination and deteriorate the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation performance of the photoanode. Developing convenient methods to reduce surface electron traps is therefore essential for high efficiency PEC water oxidation on semiconductor photoanodes, particularly for nanostructured photoanodes with large surface area. Herein, we employ a O2 plasma treatment to boost the PEC water oxidation performance of Ti-doped Fe2O3 (Ti-Fe2O3) nanowires photoanodes, aiming to reduce surface oxygen vacancies, the dominant electron traps on Ti-Fe2O3 surface. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and spectroscopic analyses show that the oxygen plasma treatment changes the structural, morphological and optical properties negligibly, but it does reduce the content of surface oxygen vacancies, as estimated from O1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra. An optimal O2 plasma treatment (200 W, 70 s) increases the photocurrent density of the Ti-Fe2O3 nanowire photoanode to 2.14 mA·cm−2 (1.23 V vs. RHE) under air mass 1.5G simulated solar light, which is 1.95 times higher than the pristine Ti-Fe2O3 nanowire photoanode. The surface hole transfer efficiency is also improved by 1.66 times due to the reduced surface recombination. The work suggests that O2 plasma treatment is a convenient but effective method to boost the PEC water oxidation performance of Ti-Fe2O3 photoanode and might be applicable to other semiconducting oxide photoanodes for high efficiency PEC water splitting.

44

Акимов, А. Н., И. О. Ахундов, Д. В. Ищенко, А. Э. Климов, И. Г. Неизвестный, Н. С. Пащин, С. П. Супрун та ін. "Знакопеременная фотопроводимость в пленках PbSnTe : In в режиме тока, ограниченного пространственным зарядом". Физика и техника полупроводников 54, № 8 (2020): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftp.2020.08.49628.04.

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The dependence of the photoconductivity sign on the bias voltage, intensity and duration of illumination was studied in PbSnTe:In films in the space charge limited current regime. The role of traps with a complex energy spectrum, including the surface traps, in the observed effects is discussed

45

Wilson, Joshua M., Julia N. Tilles, Raymond A. Haltli, Eric Ou, Matthew G. Blain, Susan M. Clark, and Melissa C. Revelle. "In situ detection of RF breakdown on microfabricated surface ion traps." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 13 (April 7, 2022): 134401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0082740.

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Microfabricated surface ion traps are a principal component of many ion-based quantum information science platforms. The operational parameters of these devices are pushed to the edge of their physical capabilities as the experiments strive for increasing performance. When the applied radio-frequency (RF) voltage is increased excessively, the devices can experience damaging electric discharge events known as RF breakdown. We introduce two novel techniques for in situ detection of RF breakdown, which we implemented while characterizing the breakdown threshold of surface ion traps produced at Sandia National Laboratories. In these traps, breakdown did not always occur immediately after increasing the RF voltage, but often minutes or even hours later. This result is surprising in the context of the suggested mechanisms for RF breakdown in vacuum. Additionally, the extent of visible damage caused by breakdown events increased with the applied voltage. To minimize the probability for damage when RF power is first applied to a device, our results strongly suggest that the voltage should be ramped up over the course of several hours and monitored for breakdown.

46

Wang, Weiwang, and Shengtao Li. "Improvement of Dielectric Breakdown Performance by Surface Modification in Polyethylene/TiO2 Nanocomposites." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 14, 2019): 3346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203346.

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Dielectric breakdown is a significant property for the insulation system in high voltage power equipment. This paper is dedicated to the improvement of dielectric breakdown by surface-functionalized nanoparticles in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Prior to the preparation of LDPE/TiO2 nanocomposites, the nanoparticles were surface modified by the silane coupling followed by the chemical reaction process. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that some polar groups and chemical bonding were introduced on the surface of TiO2 nanoparticles. A reduction of dielectric permittivity was observed at low nanoparticle loading (<2 wt%) samples, which responded to the restriction of the molecular chain in the interface region. High nanoparticle loadings (2 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%) introduced an obvious relaxation polarization. The trap parameters detected by the thermally stimulated current (TSC) method indicated that the deep traps were introduced by small amounts of nanoparticles (≤2 wt%), while more shallow traps occurred in high loading (5 wt%, 10 wt%) samples. Meanwhile, the increase of breakdown strength at low loading samples were closely related to the deep traps, which was ascribed to the interface region by surface chemical modification.

47

Samways, M. J. "Spatial distribution of Scirtothrips aurantii Faure (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and threshold level for one per cent. damage on citrus fruit based on trapping with fluorescent yellow sticky traps." Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, no. 4 (December 1986): 649–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300015145.

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AbstractThe citrus pest Scirtothrips aurantii Faure shows a positive phototactic response to yellow surfaces, particularly fluorescent yellow with peak reflectance at about 525 nm. A fluorescent yellow sticky trap was devised. Impact of individuals on the trap surface was principally random. Taylor's power law gave a generalized value of 1·42 for slope of b. Widespread geographical locations gave similar values for biologically significant values of b. Habitat differences within one geographical area influenced b, which was highest in natural vegetation and lowest in certain citrus monocultures. Three traps per orchard (>5000 trees) were practicable, and produced statistically realistic results. The period during which S. aurantii can damage fruit was divided into a longer risk period and a shorter, central critical period. Where S. aurantii was present on the traps at less than nine individuals per set of three traps throughout the central critical period and 20 during the late risk period, the percentage of fruit so damaged as not to be of export grade was less than 1·0. This method of monitoring was sufficiently robust to allow for some human error in reading the traps under commercial conditions, and to permit variability in placement of the traps in the orchard.

48

Antonova, I. V., M. B. Gulyaev, R. A. Soots, V. A. Seleznev, and V. Ya Prinz. "Passivation of Si and SiGe/Si Structures with 1-Octadecene Monolayers." Solid State Phenomena 131-133 (October 2007): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.131-133.83.

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The electrical properties of structures included 1-octadecene (CnH2n, n=18) monolayers deposed onto the oxide-free silicon surface or Si/SiGe/Si layers were analyzed as a function of surface pretreatment (hydrogen- or iodine-terminated silicon surface) and layer deposition regime (thermal- or photo-activated process). Two types of traps (for electrons and holes) were found at the interface between the monolayers and substrate. The density of traps was shown to depend on the, H- or I-termination of the silicon surface, the illumination intensity and deposition time during photo-activated deposition, and the temperature of thermal-activated deposition. The optimal regimes can be chosen for minimization of the surface charge in the structures covered with 1- octadecene monolayers, which provides a high conductivity of thin near-surface layers.

49

Vittorini, Grahame, Kenneth Wright, Kenneth R. Brown, Alexa W. Harter, and S. Charles Doret. "Modular cryostat for ion trapping with surface-electrode ion traps." Review of Scientific Instruments 84, no. 4 (April 2013): 043112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4802948.

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50

OHTA, Eiji, Kazuhiko KAKISHITA, Hee-Young Lee, Testuya SATO, and Makoto SAKATA. "Electron traps in the surface region of n-type silicon." Hyomen Kagaku 10, no. 5 (1989): 320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.10.320.

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