Статті в журналах: "Switch logiciel"

1

Pugach, N. G., D. M. Heim, D. V. Seleznev, A. I. Chernov, and D. Menzel. "Switchable spiral Josephson junction: a superconducting spin-valve proposal." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 025002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac3f9f.

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Abstract We propose a superconducting spin valve based on a Josephson junction with B20-family magnetic metal as a barrier material. Our analysis shows that the states of this element can be switched by reorienting the intrinsic non-collinear magnetization of the spiral magnet. This reorientation modifies long-range spin-triplet correlations and thereby strongly influences the critical Josephson current. Compared to superconducting spin valves proposed earlier, our device has the following advantages: (a) it contains only one barrier layer, which makes it easier to fabricate and control; (b) its ground state is stable, which prevents uncontrolled switching; (c) it is compatible with devices of low-T Josephson electronics. This device may switch between two logical states which exhibit two different values of critical current, or its positive and negative values. I.e. 0-π switch is achievable on a simple Josephson junction.

2

Qu, Xiao Yuan, Feng Zhang, and Hui Feng Xue. "Research on New Algorithm of Network Topology Design Based on Cloud Integration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 190-191 (July 2012): 360–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.190-191.360.

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Analyzed integrated logical structure of the cloud, back-end cloud computing systems, tens of thousands of servers, how to organize such a large number of servers is the cloud computing system efficient and stable operation of one of the key issues. We surveyed the requirement of cloud computing networking. Analyzed the architecture of cloud computing networking topology, and thought that the networking topology should be composed of two parts the center switch trunk and some tree shape branch subnet. Then we proposed the Self Adaptive Algorithm for the center swish trunk’s topology design based on the graph theory, optimization theory and classic greedy algorithm. Finally we do some experiments and comparison to verify the algorithm’s usability and advantages.

3

Sun, Li Hui. "Design Method of Redundant Node in Zigbee Wireless Sensor Network." Applied Mechanics and Materials 568-570 (June 2014): 604–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.568-570.604.

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Redundancy technology is an important measure to enhance the reliability of computer control system. Two types of node redundancy architectures of wireless sensor network are analyzed. The design and implementing method of node redundancy in Zigbee network is presented. The node, which acts as master, is determined through competition after the system is powered up. The logical structure of the system is presented too. The switch protocol between master computer and backup computer and the method of competing for master among all the nodes are described in detail. The system can achieve that backup computer switches to master computer without disturbance. Because Zigbee network is adopted to achieve switching between Master and Backup, the reliability of the whole system is enhanced. The novel redundancy system is of low-cost, openness and good maintainability.

4

Lai, Xiao Liang, Cheng Guan, and Xiao Lin. "Fuzzy Logical Control Algorithm Based on Engine on/off State Switch for Hybrid Hydraulic Excavator." Advanced Materials Research 228-229 (April 2011): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.228-229.447.

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When the hybrid hydraulic excavator worked in a low load and high battery SOC value state, the maintenance of the engine working would cause unnecessary loss during energy conversion, therefore it was required to shut down the engine at this moment. Then a fuzzy logical control algorithm based on the engine on/off state switch was proposed for the hybrid hydraulic excavator. By comprehensively evaluated the current external load level, value of battery SOC and the duration of engine former state, the engine on-off state switch rules and trigger condition were established, also, parallel or pure electric driver system patterns was formed. By using MATLAB/Simulink to establish a dynamic mathematical model, the power system control performance and fuel consumption were analyzed after the application of the algorithm. The results showed that the fuzzy logic control algorithm had strong applicability for the external load changes, and the engine on/off state switch could reduce the redundancy of the energy conversion process, the machine fuel consumption when the excavator is in a low-load condition with high battery SOC.

5

Kumar, Kanike Vinod, and R. Saravana Kumar. "Real time simulation of reduced switch multilevel inverter with PWM switching sequence control." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i4.pp2305-2313.

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<span lang="EN-US">Reduction of switch count in symmetrical and asymmetrical reduced switch multilevel inverter designs has been proposed regularly with operation of conventional carrier-based pulse width modulation technique. In this study, a novel structure of symmetrical Hexa shaped model reduced switch seven level output inverter is proposed without any auxiliary switch and H-bridge. Proposed structure offers a smaller number of switch count and voltage sources which results in the cost and complexity reduction of its implementation. To operate the switching sequence of inverter from carrier based APOD, POD and PD methods, suitable logical expression to be realize which gained more prominence. Active utilization of two voltage sources in each mode of operation results in significant reduction of voltage stress across each switch is achieved. A comparative study of proposed MLI with various reduced switch MLIs has been presented. Initially, simulation model implementation has been carried out with MATLAB/Simulink and observed the performance parameters and THD. Simulation results are carried for the comparison of the results obtained in the real time work performed on OPAL-RT 5700 simulator</span><span lang="EN-US">.</span>

6

Zaki, Hatem, R. A. Swief, T. S. Abdel-Salam, and M. A. M. Mostafa. "A New Distribution System Performance Approach to the Switch Allocation Problem Under Smart Grid Framework." E3S Web of Conferences 57 (2018): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185703007.

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This paper proposes a new vision of the Distribution System Switch Allocation problem considering new system performance measures. The mathematical model has been rebuilt with a new aggregated multi-objective formula, minimizing a newly developed performance index while achieving minimum annual energy lost. A new practical weighted combined system performance index, consisting of Reliability, Resiliency and Vulnerability, is applied and tested to be used by utilities replacing the common simple reliability index combination. The new model uses mixed integer design variables to determine the number, location and status of switches. A set of eight logical and technical constraints was applied to provide the best description of the real existing system constraints. A new algorithm of checking the system radial topology is also applied to the problem. The problem was solved using the Genetic Algorithm and was tested on a 54-bus real distribution test system, deemed more complicated than the test systems found in literature, to demonstrate its validity and effectiveness in real life systems.

7

Choi, Seungdo, Geonhu Lee, and Jongmin Kim. "Cellular Computational Logic Using Toehold Switches." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 4265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23084265.

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The development of computational logic that carries programmable and predictable features is one of the key requirements for next-generation synthetic biological devices. Despite considerable progress, the construction of synthetic biological arithmetic logic units presents numerous challenges. In this paper, utilizing the unique advantages of RNA molecules in building complex logic circuits in the cellular environment, we demonstrate the RNA-only bitwise logical operation of XOR gates and basic arithmetic operations, including a half adder, a half subtractor, and a Feynman gate, in Escherichia coli. Specifically, de-novo-designed riboregulators, known as toehold switches, were concatenated to enhance the functionality of an OR gate, and a previously utilized antisense RNA strategy was further optimized to construct orthogonal NIMPLY gates. These optimized synthetic logic gates were able to be seamlessly integrated to achieve final arithmetic operations on small molecule inputs in cells. Toehold-switch-based ribocomputing devices may provide a fundamental basis for synthetic RNA-based arithmetic logic units or higher-order systems in cells.

8

Оrdabayeva G.К., Dzhusupbekova G.T., and Rakhymbek N. "DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF VIRTUAL LOCAL AREA NETWORK USING CISCO PACKET TRACER." BULLETIN 6, no. 388 (December 15, 2020): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.176.

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Modern local networks consist of several subscriber devices located inside the same building. Computers on the local network are interconnected using network equipment - switches. By default, all devices connected to the ports of the same switch can communicate by exchanging network packets. Computer networks of data transmission are the result of the information revolution and in the future will be able to form the main means of communication. The worldwide trend towards the integration of computers in the network is due to a number of important reasons, such as the acceleration of the transmission of information messages, the ability to quickly exchange information between users, receiving and transmitting messages (faxes, E-mail letters, electronic conferences, etc.) without leaving the workplace, the ability to instantly receive any information from anywhere in the world, as well as the exchange of information between computers of different manufacturers working under different software. A large number of broadcast packets sent by devices leads to a decrease in network performance, because instead of useful operations, the switches are busy processing data addressed to everyone at once. The situation forces us to divide such large networks into autonomous subnets; as a result, the logical structures of the network are different from the physical topologies. This article discusses VLAN technology (Virtual Local Area Network - VLAN), which allows you to divide one local network into separate segments.

9

Gao, Yan, Chenchen Liu, and Jiaqi Wang. "Stabilization of Periodic Switched k-Valued Logical Networks." IEEE Access 9 (2021): 74488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3077387.

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10

Vemuganti, Hari Priya, Dharmavarapu Sreenivasarao, Ganjikunta Siva Kumar, and Appikonda Sai Spandana. "Reduced carrier PWM scheme with unified logical expressions for reduced switch count multilevel inverters." IET Power Electronics 11, no. 5 (May 2018): 912–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2017.0586.

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11

Huang, PengCheng, ShuMing Chen, JianJun Chen, ZhenYu Wu, ZhengFa Liang, ChunMei Hu, Bin Liang, and BiWei Liu. "Simulation study of N-hit SET variation in differential cascade voltage switch logical circuits." Science China Information Sciences 58, no. 2 (November 29, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11432-014-5210-9.

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12

Schaffer, MHRM, Daryl. "The light switch fallacy: Emergency management and recovery in an on-demand world." Journal of Emergency Management 19, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.0545.

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Disasters typically do not abide by logical or standard rules and can be of any size or variety. But what is a disaster? How does time factor into dealing with the disaster? When will help arrive? How long will it take to recover? Why can everything not be fixed immediately? Television shows since the 1970s were instrumental in elevating public awareness of emergency service capabilities but also created a false expectation of expediency and un-implied over-exaggeration in capabilities. The speed of information from 21st century technology has created an immediacy of results expectation. People now expect the lights to come on when the switch is turned on and get impatient when that does not happen. This light switch fallacy is the expectation of what should occur in the rescue and recovery after a disaster. But the light switch cannot just be turned on, everything is solved, and life goes back to normal.

13

Chililov, A. M., and F. N. Kadyrov. "Issues of introduction of electronic personnel document management in medical organizations." Manager Zdravoochranenia, no. 5 (June 1, 2022): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37690/1811-0185-2022-5-77-80.

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Informatization is gradually spreading to all new areas of labor relations. Therefore, it is logical to switch from the transfer to electronic form of individual documents (electronic sick leave, electronic workbooks, etc.) to the comprehensive automation of the entire personnel document flow. The proposed material presents an analysis of changes in labor legislation devoted to this area.

14

Gang, Wang, and Xu Ke. "Research and application of bypass replacement logic and risk control of stability control device." E3S Web of Conferences 256 (2021): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125601024.

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In order to prevent the power failure of the whole line caused by the maintenance of line switch, bypass switch is set in 220kV Main Wiring of some power plants. When the bypass replaces a line, there are three states in turn: line, bypass and line parallel operation, bypass operation. The bypass replacement logic of stability control device needs to correctly distinguish and switch these three states. This paper deeply studies the variation law of bypass, line analog and switching value in the whole bypass replacement process, puts forward the correct switching judgment method of line outage, trip and overload criteria, as well as the operation risk and prevention and control measures of bypass platen in the bypass replacement process, and then takes a power plant stability control device as an example to verify the results, which shows that the bypass replacement logic proposed in this paper is feasible. Risk prevention and control measures can ensure the correctness of logical discrimination of stability control devices in the process of bypass replacement, and can be extended to other power plant stability control devices.

15

Высоцкий, С. Л., Ю. В. Хивинцев, В. К. Сахаров та Ю. А. Филимонов. "Электрически управляемый логический ключ на основе ступенчатого волновода из пленки железо-иттриевого граната и пьезоэлектрического актюатора". Журнал технической физики 89, № 7 (2019): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2019.07.47796.366-18.

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The possibility of performing the function of a logical key by a device based on a waveguide of spin waves containing two channels differing in the thickness of a ferrite film is shown. To switch the key state, the dependence of the type of interference (constructive or destructive) on the output converter common to both channels on the degree of waveguide deformation under the action of an electrically controlled actuator is used.

16

Vysotskii, S. L., Yu V. Khivintsev, V. K. Sakharov, and Yu A. Filimonov. "Electrically Controlled Logical Switch Based on a Step Yttrium–Iron Garnet Waveguide and a Piezoelectric Actuator." Technical Physics 64, no. 7 (July 2019): 984–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063784219070284.

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17

Li, Yalu, Haitao Li, and Peiyong Duan. "Synchronization of switched logical control networks via event-triggered control." Journal of the Franklin Institute 355, no. 12 (August 2018): 5203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfranklin.2018.04.028.

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18

Sung Lim, Hyun, In Ho Ryu, and Jun Ho Bang. "Design and modeling uninterrupted power system with IEC 61850-7-420." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.12 (April 3, 2018): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.12.11306.

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Background/Objectives: Micro-grid is new electrical networks with Distributed Energy Resources(DERs) like photovoltaic, energy storage, small generator. IEC 61850 is international standard of integrated power system with various DERs.Methods/Statistical analysis: Many researches are being conducted about modeling Distributed Energy Resource and designing system operation and protection method. So, we need integrated system modeling with IEC 61850-7-420 and design uninterrupted system with Photovoltaic, Energy Storage System, Generator.Findings: To operate DERs with uninterrupted system, it required electrical facility like Closed Transition Transfer Switch (CTTS). CTTS performs an uninterrupted switching operation between two power sources. International Electrical Code 61850-7-420 described some DERs model and LNs (logical nodes) and data classes. This logical nodes and data classes are effective in modeling DERs. So, this paper describes uninterrupted system for mapped IEC 61850 and considers LNs in existence and new logical nodes.Improvements/Applications: The proposed uninterrupted systems combined the DERs with IEC 61850 and the systems are applicable to Micro-grid system

19

Sampathkumar, Sri Krishna Kumar, and Dhal Pradyumna Kumar. "Power quality assessment of novel multilevel and multistring inverters for electric vehicle applications." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 1818–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i4.3512.

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The requirement and demand of electric vehicles is extravagantly increasing in the current era for avoiding pollutions and as well to overcome the consumptions of liquid fuels. Under this scenario, for the production and applicability of electric vehicles, inverters play a major role to render appropriate battery power supply for the perfect operation of the electric vehicle. This research study devises a novel modified multilevel inverter and a new multistring inverter designed by reducing the number of switches and enabling the effective operation of the electric vehicle. Both the developed multilevel and multistring inverter is analyzed with respect to their switching states, their output voltage and the evaluated harmonic distortion. For comparison, a sinusoidal alternating current voltage is considered as reference and all the newly modeled configurations are compared with that of the existing inverter models to prove their superiority. The switched states of the designed inverters as applicable for electric vehicles are examined to attain a logical analysis with respect to the duty cycle of the individual switches. The power quality assessment of the designed inverter models are guaranteed based on the minimized total harmonic distortion and on comparison with the other inverter models from the earlier state-of-the-art techniques.

20

Rustamov, G. A., M. B. Namazov, A. Y. Gasimov, and R. G. Rustamov. "Control of Dynamic Objects in the Conditions of Uncertainty in the Point Sliding Mode." Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 20, no. 12 (December 6, 2019): 714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.20.714-722.

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There is development of the well-known sliding mode, which in the classical formulation didn’t find the development to be applied to control systems discussed. Alternatively, there is method of organizing one of the uniformity of the sliding mode called the "point sliding mode" proposed. The distinctive feature of this mode is that here the control gaps occur at time-equal points of the switching line (hyperplane) which allows the origin of coordinates for a finite number of switches. The possibility of changing the time interval between these points makes it possible to obtain various modes: a finite mode, in which a given point is reached from any initial state in one switch, and in this mode the switch line is "isochronous"; point sliding mode in which a given point is reached in a finite number of switchings; limit mode, when the length of time intervals tend to zero, and the switching frequency to infinity. Considering this feature the concept of "degree of slip" is introduced. It is shown that in the case of forced movement in the SPS, a sliding motion is observed, which does not allow for ensuring invariance with respect to external disturbances. There are two ways to eliminate the forced component of the movement offered. One of the advantages of using a point sliding mode is that, in order to improve performance, it is not necessary to use a boundary layer, which is realized by entering various logical conditions into the control algorithm. The practical significance of a point sliding mode lies in the fact that, with a small switching frequency, it is possible to maintain the quality indices of an undefined object within an acceptable interval. The studies were conducted for onedimensional second-order linear systems (SISO). Results can be generalized for higher order multidimensional systems. Solution of model problems on MATLAB / Simulink allows us to make a number of positive conclusions that are of great practical importance in terms of expanding the area of use of skipping modes, especially in relation to the management of undefined objects.

21

Wu, Zhuang Wen, Qi Feng Gao, and Hai Lei Ren. "Variable Universe Fuzzy Control of Vehicle Cruise Control System Based on FSM Theory." Advanced Materials Research 338 (September 2011): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.338.141.

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A vehicle Cruise Control System(CCS) was designed based on Finite State Machine(FSM) theory and variable universe fuzzy logical theory. The system can control throttle angle and brake pressure coordinately by modeling vehicle powertrain. The simulation results show that vehicle under the proposed system controlled can be drived along the state switch curve, so as to make the vehicle follow the desired acceleration command accurately. And this control system provides satisfactory tracking performances and suitability insinuations such as traction, vehicle tracking and braking.

22

Negesse, Belete Belayneh, Chang-Hwan Park, Seung-Hwan Lee, Seon-Woong Hwang, and Jang-Mok Kim. "Optimized Modulation Method for Common-Mode Voltage Reduction in H7 Inverter." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 6409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196409.

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The three-phase H7 inverter topology installs an additional power semiconductor switch to the positive or negative node of the DC-link for reducing the common-mode voltage (CMV) by disconnecting the inverter from the DC source during the zero-voltage vectors. The conventional CMV reduction method for the three-phase H7 inverter uses modified discontinuous pulse width modulation (MDPWM) and generates a switching signal for the additional switch using logical operations. However, the conventional method is unable to eliminate the CMV for the entire dwell time of the zero-voltage vectors. It only has the effect of reducing the CMV in a limited area of the space vector where the V7 zero voltage vector is applied. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimized modulation method that can reduce the CMV during the entire dwell time of zero-voltage vectors. The proposed method moves the switching patterns by adding an offset voltage to guarantee that only one kind of zero-voltage vector, V7, is applied in the system. It then turns off the seventh switch only during the zero-voltage vector to disconnect the inverter from the DC source. As a result, the CMV and the leakage current are attenuated for the entire dwell time of the zero-voltage vector. Simulation and experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed method.

23

Ziemba, Ewa, and Roisin Mullins. "Identifying more about customers: the phenomenon of the switch to the knowledge exchange." Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management 4, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36965/ojakm.2016.4(1)165-179.

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The purpose of this study is to explore how the customer knowledge management systems support business follow-up of customer reviews and discussion using social media, and propose a customer stratification framework. The survey methodology was used to collect the data utilized in answering the research questions and based on the analysis and logical deduction, a conceptual customer stratification framework was proposed. This framework explains the stages required by a business to observe customers social media discussions starting with validation where business should aim to better understand how customers map themselves onto other customer experiences. Secondly, the reinforcement stage is where business should explore how the customer is better informed to make choices from the customer’s discussions. Finally, through the contradiction stage the business should recognise the value placed to explore where they are weak and have a means to correct these areas.

24

Li, Zhiqiang, Jinli Song, and Huimin Xiao. "Reachability and Controllability Analysis of Periodic Switched Boolean Control Networks." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 26, no. 5 (October 20, 2014): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2014.p0573.

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The reachability and controllability of switched Boolean (control) network are discussed in this paper. Based on semi-tensor product, using the vector form of Boolean logical variable, the switched Boolean (control) network is expressed as a discrete time system with state and control variables. For the switched Boolean network without control, the stabilization by suitable switching signal is discussed. Also, the controllability of the periodic switching signal is learned, and the conditions for stability and controllability of periodic switched Boolean networks avoiding states setCare obtained.

25

Du, Pei, Chunbo Lou, Xuejin Zhao, Qihui Wang, Xiangyu Ji, and Weijia Wei. "CRISPR-Based Genetic Switches and Other Complex Circuits: Research and Application." Life 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11111255.

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CRISPR-based enzymes have offered a unique capability to the design of genetic switches, with advantages in designability, modularity and orthogonality. CRISPR-based genetic switches operate on multiple levels of life, including transcription and translation. In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, deactivated CRISPR endonuclease and endoribonuclease have served in genetic switches for activating or repressing gene expression, at both transcriptional and translational levels. With these genetic switches, more complex circuits have been assembled to achieve sophisticated functions including inducible switches, non-linear response and logical biocomputation. As more CRISPR enzymes continue to be excavated, CRISPR-based genetic switches will be used in a much wider range of applications.

26

Jin, Sui Ying, Yu Jing Jia, and Guang Zhen Cheng. "Design and Research of Double Outlet Abrasives Forming Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 201-202 (October 2012): 450–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.201-202.450.

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This article provides an abrasive forming machine, the working principle is that: deliver and squeeze out the semi-solid abrasives which after the mixing treatment through the screw, and set up the same cross-sectional shape and size double outlet mould on the export side, Strip abrasives exported from the extrusion cut into granules by pneumatic cutting device, to realize palletizing requirement. Screw conveyor extrusion mechanism, pneumatic cutting device, combined with appropriate travel switch, Electrical control system, to realize the logical relationship of processing requirements, And compared to double exports abrasive machine, Work efficiency increased 1 time.

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Binder, Dennis, Jonas Frohwitter, Regina Mahr, Claus Bier, Alexander Grünberger, Anita Loeschcke, Petra Peters-Wendisch та ін. "Light-Controlled Cell Factories: Employing Photocaged Isopropyl-β-d-Thiogalactopyranoside for Light-Mediated Optimization oflacPromoter-Based Gene Expression and (+)-Valencene Biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, № 20 (12 серпня 2016): 6141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01457-16.

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ABSTRACTPrecise control of microbial gene expression resulting in a defined, fast, and homogeneous response is of utmost importance for synthetic bio(techno)logical applications. However, even broadly applied biotechnological workhorses, such asCorynebacterium glutamicum, for which induction of recombinant gene expression commonly relies on the addition of appropriate inducer molecules, perform moderately in this respect. Light offers an alternative to accurately control gene expression, as it allows for simple triggering in a noninvasive fashion with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. Thus, optogenetic switches are promising tools to improve the controllability of existing gene expression systems. In this regard, photocaged inducers, whose activities are initially inhibited by light-removable protection groups, represent one of the most valuable photoswitches for microbial gene expression. Here, we report on the evaluation of photocaged isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) as a light-responsive control element for the frequently appliedtac-based expression module inC. glutamicum. In contrast to conventional IPTG, the photocaged inducer mediates a tightly controlled, strong, and homogeneous expression response upon short exposure to UV-A light. To further demonstrate the unique potential of photocaged IPTG for the optimization of production processes inC. glutamicum, the optogenetic switch was finally used to improve biosynthesis of the growth-inhibiting sesquiterpene (+)-valencene, a flavoring agent and aroma compound precursor in food industry. The variation in light intensity as well as the time point of light induction proved crucial for efficient production of this toxic compound.IMPORTANCEOptogenetic tools are light-responsive modules that allow for a simple triggering of cellular functions with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution and in a noninvasive fashion. Specifically, light-controlled gene expression exhibits an enormous potential for various synthetic bio(techno)logical purposes. Before our study, poor inducibility, together with phenotypic heterogeneity, was reported for the IPTG-mediated induction oflac-based gene expression inCorynebacterium glutamicum. By applying photocaged IPTG as a synthetic inducer, however, these drawbacks could be almost completely abolished. Especially for increasing numbers of parallelized expression cultures, noninvasive and spatiotemporal light induction qualifies for a precise, homogeneous, and thus higher-order control to fully automatize or optimize future biotechnological applications.

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Wei, Tao, and Liu Zhiqiang. "Damping Multimode Switching Control of Semiactive Suspension for Vibration Reduction in a Wheel Loader." Shock and Vibration 2019 (March 21, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4535072.

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The aim of this work is the control design and analysis of a semiactive axle suspension system for vibration reduction in a wheel loader. Unlike a traditional semiactive suspension system with continuously adjustable shock absorber, in this work, a novel axle suspension with multiple damping modes is proposed for the wheel loader. The multimode switching damping characteristics are achieved by just changing the discrete statuses of two high-speed switch electromagnetic valves, which makes the damping adjustment simpler and more reliable. However, because of the existence of discrete events, i.e., the on-off statuses of switch electromagnetic valves, the axle suspension proposed for the wheel loader poses a challenging hybrid control problem. To solve this problem, the mixed logical dynamical (MLD) modeling approach for hybrid systems is applied to model the dynamic characteristics of the system damping control procedure. Using this model, a hybrid model predictive control (HMPC) strategy is further designed, which can determine the optimal switching sequences of the discrete damping modes according to the axle suspension performance indices. Finally, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed semiactive axle suspension with multiple damping modes and its control approach, simulation analyses are conducted.

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CIUBOTARIU, VLAD ANDREI, IONEL OLARU, CRINA MARIA RADU, and COSMIN GRIGORAS. "APPLICATION OF LEXICOGRAPHIC METHODS IN FINDING NEW SOLUTIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF SWITCH FAUCETS." Journal of Engineering Studies and Research 26, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/jesr.v26i4.235.

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Methods and techniques to stimulate creativity are indispensable in the process of obtaining more reliable and competitive products. For the elaboration and efficient use of logical-deductive methods and techniques in creativity, it is necessary to know a minimum of combinatorics, which include arrangements, combinations, permutations, graphs and finite networks. From the multitude of methods of orderly enumeration of all ensembles, without omissions or repetitions, the lexicographic method is recommended, according to which, the assemblies are ordered in ascending order according to the sum of the component elements index. The main purpose of this paper is to apply the lexicographic method to obtain a more efficient flow faucet body in terms of working fluid behavior. Thus, the pressure, flow, velocity variation and degree of fluid vorticity have better values for the faucet body obtained by applying the lexicographic method. Therefore, by applying the flow simulation method, it was possible to characterize the behavior of the working fluid.

30

Druzhinin, Yury. "The history of the early attempts to apply the algebra of logic to engineering problems." Вопросы истории естествознания и техники 40, no. 1 (2019): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020596060003890-1.

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The development of electric engineering led to the emergence of relay-contact systems that included dozens of relays and contacts in some areas of technology (interlocking in naval turret artillery, automated statistical calculations, etc.) back in the 1880s and 1890s. Due to their relative simplicity, notwithstanding certain expenses, such systems were designed without using the apparatus of the algebra of logic. At the same time, the need in logical description of the functioning of complicated technological systems had arisen in the railroad sector (central mechanical signal and switch control). Such descriptions that actually used binary variables had been created by the French and Belgian engineering practitioners. The operators of one of such systems, i.e. Armand Flamache’s system, were functionally the same as logical operators of the algebra of logic, while lacking a wide set of properties inherent in the latters. Flamache’s system did not go any further and was forgotten although, despite its being narrowly specialized, was the first portent of using the algebra of logic in technology.

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Han, Guo Zheng. "Harmonization of Feeder Terminal Unit Information Model Based on IEC 61850 and IEC 61968/61970." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 1787–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.1787.

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The feeder terminal unit (FTU) is a kind of distribution remote terminal unit along distribution feeders and communication with master stations (MS) in control centre. IEC 61970/61968/61850 are three important standard for smart grid. IEC 61850 logical nodes are used for FTUs information model, and IEC 61970/61968 common information model (CIM) are using in MS. To realizing seamless access FTUs to MS, harmonization of IEC 61850 and IEC 61968/61970 are studied. The status information (such as position of switch) and measurement information (such as current, voltage) are realizing mapping from IEC 61850 to IEC 61968/61970. So, the seamless communication between the master station and FTU is realized.

32

Li, Xing Zhong, Yu Long Lei, and Shao Hua Sun. "Research on Closed-Loop Control Algorithm of Pneumatic Clutch Based on Optimizing Engaged - Schedule." Applied Mechanics and Materials 509 (February 2014): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.509.213.

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According to the automatic control system of pneumatic AMT clutch, this paper proposes a novel PID control based on logical switch of clutch engagement index. The PWM control is used to make a control for the solenoid valve. And a controller is established by this control algorithm. The automatic control system of pneumatic AMT clutches modeling using the AMEsim software, related simulation analysis and modifying the control parameters of the controller. It is conducted stand test according to the test scheme for the clutch automatic control system. And the test data is record and made an analysis on. The control algorithm is verified by stand test, greatly improving the bonding quality of the clutch.

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Siva Subramanian, S., R. Saravanakumar, Bibhu Prasad Ganthia, S. Kaliappan, Surafel Mustefa Beyan, Maitri Mallick, Monalisa Mohanty, and G. Pavithra. "A Comprehensive Examination of Bandgap Semiconductor Switches." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (September 25, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3188506.

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Improvements in the material characteristics of bandgap semiconductors allow the use of high-temperature, high-voltage, and fast switch rates in power devices. Another good reason for creating new Si power converter devices is that previous models perform poorly. The implementation of novel power electronic converters means high energy efficiency but a more logical use of electricity. At this moment, titanium dioxide and gallium nitride are the most prospective semiconductor materials because of their great features, established technology, and enough supply of raw components. This study is focused on providing an in-depth look at recent developments in manufacturing Si-C- and high-powered electronic components and showcasing the whole scope of the newly developing product generation.

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Kim, Woo Seok, Minju Jeong, Sungcheol Hong, Byungkook Lim, and Sung Il Park. "Fully Implantable Low-Power High Frequency Range Optoelectronic Devices for Dual-Channel Modulation in the Brain." Sensors 20, no. 13 (June 29, 2020): 3639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133639.

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Wireless optoelectronic devices can deliver light to targeted regions in the brain and modulate discrete circuits in an animal that is awake. Here, we propose a miniaturized fully implantable low-power optoelectronic device that allows for advanced operational modes and the stimulation/inhibition of deep brain circuits in a freely-behaving animal. The combination of low power control logic circuits, including a reed switch and dual-coil wireless power transfer platform, provides powerful capabilities for the dissection of discrete brain circuits in wide spatial coverage for mouse activity. The actuating mechanism enabled by a reed switch results in a simplified, low-power wireless operation and systematic experimental studies that are required for a range of logical operating conditions. In this study, we suggest two different actuating mechanisms by (1) a magnet or (2) a radio-frequency signal that consumes only under 300 µA for switching or channel selection, which is a several ten-folds reduction in power consumption when compared with any other existing systems such as embedded microcontrollers, near field communication, and Bluetooth. With the efficient dual-coil transmission antenna, the proposed platform leads to more advantageous power budgets that offer improved volumetric and angular coverage in a cage while minimizing the secondary effects associated with a corresponding increase in transmitted power.

35

Li, Yalu, Haitao Li, and Xueying Ding. "Set stability of switched delayed logical networks with application to finite-field consensus." Automatica 113 (March 2020): 108768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2019.108768.

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36

Goren, Jessica L., and Gary M. Levin. "Mania with Bupropion: A Dose-Related Phenomenon?" Annals of Pharmacotherapy 34, no. 5 (May 2000): 619–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.19313.

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OBJECTIVE: To report a case in which bipolar depression was resistant to usual therapies, requiring dosages of bupropion >450 mg/d and to review the literature on mania associated with bupropion and propose a potential theory of a dose-related threshold associated with bupropion and mania. CASE SUMMARY: A 44-year-old white man with a 25-year history of bipolar affective disorder presented with depression resistant to usual therapies. Bupropion therapy was initiated and the dosage was titrated to 600 mg/d. After exceeding the maximum recommended daily dose (450 mg/d), he experienced a manic episode attrib uted to high-dose bupropion. DISCUSSION: Due to increased risk of seizures, current prescribing guidelines state that the total daily dose of bupropion is not to exceed 450 mg/d. Since bupropion is the agent least likely to cause a manic switch in bipolar disorder, this agent seemed a logical choice to treat the patient's depression. Due to a lack of response, the bupropion dosage was titrated to a maximum of 600 mg/d. Since the patient did not switch into mania until the dosage exceeded 450 mg/d, we speculate that this adverse reaction is a dose-related phenomenon. Scientific literature supports this theory. CONCLUSIONS: A switch into mania is a potential risk associated with antidepressant drug use in bipolar affective disorder. Bupropion is believed to be associated with a decreased risk compared with other antidepressant therapies. However, our case report as well as others support the theory that this decreased risk may be due to dosages not exceeding the recommended daily dose (450 mg/d). Doses of bupropion >450 mg/d should be used with caution in depressed patients with bipolar affective disorder.

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Dorofeeva, Marina A. "The problem of "clip thinking" in the context of the choice of teaching methods for students of higher educational institutions." Historical and social-educational ideas 13, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 244–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2021-13-2-244-264.

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The article examines the problem of the presence of clip thinking in a social group of young people-students. The novelty of the research lies in the question of the need for an interdisciplinary study of clip thinking as a biological, social and humanitarian phenomenon, and the priority in determining the essence of this phenomenon should be given to the cognitive sciences. The analysis of the results of methodological innovations of modern researchers reveals the charm of clip thinking as a new cognitive style and the presence of imperative recommendations on the transformation of the format of educational technologies in the direction of its adaptation to this mass phenomenon. The author of the article questions the thesis about the need to switch to teaching methods in higher education that take into account the peculiarities of clip thinking. The methodological basis for the study was: the concept of the theory of generations by N. Howe and W. Strauss, the concept of conceptual thinking by L.S. Vygotsky, the concept of cognitive styles by M.A. Kholodnaya, the concept of clip thinking by K.G. Frumkin. The results of the study (on the example of students of the FEFU Law School) show that it is wrong to apply the clip thinking model as the leading basic generational characteristic to Russian students a priori. Students are a differentiated community in which there is a variety of cognitive styles in individuals, including a wide distribution of the most productive of them – the conceptual-logical. In this regard, the author comes to the conclusion that educational technologies in higher education should combine methods that accumulate ways of reflecting reality in visual-figurative and verbal-logical expression, create an educational space in which to demonstrate ways of translating clip thinking into conceptual thinking and teach such refocusing, while it is necessary to teach students to use both cognitive styles and effectively switch between them, depending on the type of cognitive tasks associated with working with information.

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Tigarev, V., P. Shvahirev, O. Lopakov, V. Kosmachevskiy, and Y. Barchanova. "SIMULATION MODELING OF ADAPTIVE ROUTING UNDER EXTERNAL DESTROYING EFFECTS IN NGN NETWORKS." Odes’kyi Politechnichnyi Universytet Pratsi 3, no. 62 (December 2020): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/opu.3.62.2020.12.

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Modern subscribers of infocommunication services require a wide class of different services and applications, implying a wide variety of protocols, technologies and transmission rates. Networks are overloaded in the prevailing situation in the market of infocommunication services: they are overflowing with numerous customer interfaces, network layers and are controlled by too many control systems. High operating costs are pushing operators to look for solutions that simplify the operation, while maintaining the possibility of creating new services and ensuring the stability of existing sources of income from the provision of communication services. The NGN concept is the concept of building next-generation communication networks (Next-generation network), providing an unlimited set of services with flexible settings for their management, personalization, creation of new services through the unification of network solutions. Multiservice network is a communication network that is built in accordance with the NGN concept and provides an unlimited set of infocommunication services (VoIP, Internet, VPN, IPTV, VoD, etc.). An NGN is a packet-switched network suitable for the provision of telecommunication services and for the use of multiple broadband transport technologies with QoS enabled, in which the service-related functions are independent of the applied transport technologies. The main feature of NGN networks is the differentiation between services and transport technologies. This allows to view the network as a logically divided entity. Each layer of the network can evolve independently without affecting other layers. Inter-layer communication is based on open interfaces. The logical separation principle allows the provision of both existing and innovative services access technologies regardless of the used transport. The basic principle of the NGN concept is to separate from each other transfer and switch functions, call control functions and service control functions.

39

Yan, Qiang, Jinying Yuan, Weizhong Yuan, Mi Zhou, Yingwu Yin, and Caiyuan Pan. "Copolymer logical switches adjusted through core–shell micelles: from temperature response to fluorescence response." Chemical Communications, no. 46 (2008): 6188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b814064b.

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40

Wang, Mu Lan, Hao Zhu, Yong Liang Jin, and Bin Wen Zhang. "Application of SoC Techniques in Electrical Control System for Weaving Machinery." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.286.

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According to the main features of many switch signals, very strict logical waves, complex electromagnet interference in the weaving machinery, the embedded design scheme based on SoC technique is employed. The consideration of designing a universal electrical control system for weaving machinery based on SoC and FPGA is presented by making full use of the internal structure and the resource configuration. In accordance with the characteristics of weaving machinery, the proposed design methods are applied in the control system of glove knitting machinery. The typical structure and the partial electromagnet waveforms are provided. The practical application shows that the peripherally hardware circuits and the control programs are simplified in the embedded control system based on SoC technique. The reliability of the whole equipment is rapidly improved. This system can be widely applied in weaving machineries.

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Kabir, Golam. "Multiple Criteria Inventory Classification Under Fuzzy Environment." International Journal of Fuzzy System Applications 2, no. 4 (October 2012): 76–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijfsa.2012100105.

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A systematic approach to the inventory control and classification may have significant influence on company competitiveness. In practice, all inventories cannot be controlled with equal attention. In order control the inventory items and to determine the suitable ordering policies for them, multiple criteria inventory classification is used. A systematic and logical approach is structured for multiple criteria inventory classification under fuzzy environment through integrating Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) with Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). Fuzzy Delphi method is used to identify the important criteria and, Fuzzy AHP is used to determine the relative weights of the criteria, and to classify inventories into different categories. To accredit the proposed model, its implemented for the 351 raw materials of switch gear section of Energypac Engineering Limited (EEL), a large power engineering company of Bangladesh.

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Facchin, Ileana, Jarbas J. R. Rohwedder, and Celio Pasquini. "An automated system for liquid-liquid extraction in monosegmented flow analysis." Journal of Automatic Chemistry 19, no. 2 (1997): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1463924697000059.

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An automated system to perform liquid-liquid extraction in monosegmented flow analysis is described. The system is controlled by a microcomputer that can track the localization of the aqueous monosegmented sample in the manifold. Optical switches are employed to sense the gas-liquid interface of the air bubbles that define the monosegment. The logical level changes, generated by the switches, are flagged by the computer through a home-made interface that also contains the analogue-to-digital converter for signal acquisition. The sequence of operations, necessary for a single extraction or for concentration of the analyte in the organic phase, is triggered by these logical transitions. The system was evaluated for extraction of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) and concentration of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions at pH 9.9 (NH3/NH4Cl buffer) into chloroform containing PAN (1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol) . The results show a mean repeatability of 3% (rsd) for a 2.0 mg l-1Cd(II) solution and a linear increase of the concentration factor for a 0.5mg l-1Cd(II) solution observed for up to nine extraction cycles.

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Singh, Mahi R. "Quantum Information Processing in Photonic Crystals." Advanced Materials Research 31 (November 2007): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.31.236.

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We have studied the quantum information processing phenomenon in photonic crystals doped with four-level nanoparticles. This phenomenon occurs due to the switching mechanism in the system. We consider that one of the transition energies of nanoparticles is coupled near resonantly with a photonic band gap edge. The dipole-dipole interaction between the nanoparticles has also been included. It is found that the system switches between the transparent and nontransparent states due to the dipole-dipole interaction and the band edge coupling. This is an interesting finding and can be used to produce logical photon switches in the quantum information processing.

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Ruan, Yue, Ying Tang, and Wen Ji Yao. "Design and Implementation of a Single Chip Multi-Waveform Signal Generator Based on SOPC Design Methodology." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.550.

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This work presents a highly integrated multi-functional, multi-waveform signal generator which can generate various waveforms, with digital controller inside to adapt embedded and low power applications. The proposed system uses Nios II, a reconfigurable, programmable and optimizable soft-core embedded CPU together with modern EDA tools to accomplish system HW/SW co-design and implementation. Utilizing characteristics of Nios II, we put together core and peripheral logical units that system needs and implant them into a single FPGA chip, then uses the Avalon bus to connect peripheral modules (such as function switch buttons and 7-segment LED display units) to Nios II's Avalon bus main port (instruction and data control port). The realized system is flexible to reduce, extend, with low power consumption, and has System on Programmable Chip (SOPC) function which means the system’s software and hardware is online programmable.

45

Long, Xiaoning. "Scientific and technological innovation related to real economic growth." China Political Economy 2, no. 1 (July 24, 2019): 108–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cpe-04-2019-0012.

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Purpose Innovation is the fundamental driving force for the long-term sustainable development of an economy. After four decades of rapid economic growth, China is facing crises related to a demographic structure of “aging before getting rich,” industrial overcapacity of low-end products and environmental and resources constraints. This paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Based on logical analysis and recapitulation of previous empirical research, this study presents the conclusion. Findings Scientific and technological innovation, as strategic support to improve social productivity and overall national strength, must be placed at the center of the country’s overall development. Originality/value The development model that preys upon cheap resources for extensive growth is unsustainable. Thus, the country needs an urgent strategic switch to drive its economic growth through research and development innovation and original technological advancement.

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Kalimbetov, G., A. Toigozhinovа, and W. Wojcik. "DEVELOPMENT OF STRUCTURAL SCHEMES AND OPERATION ALGORITHMS FOR THE AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL ENERGY COMPLEX." Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 445, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.12.

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Among the promising automatic control systems, logical-dynamic control systems that change both the structure and parameters of the control device using switches formed on the basis of a certain logical algorithm have proven themselves well. The use of logical algorithms as part of MACS subsystems for complex technical objects makes it possible to increase the static and dynamic accuracy of control due to purposeful qualitative and quantitative changes in the control signal. This approach will give the control system fundamentally new properties that allow to fully take into account the nature and dynamics of the movement of the control object. When developing existing logical control algorithms, the issues of their application for multi-connected and multifunctional objects control were not considered. Common to existing logical algorithms is that when switching the structure and/or changing parameters, only the dynamics of its own subsystem is taken into account, which is unacceptable in the case of multi-connected dynamic object control, since cross-links have a significant impact on the quality of control. Thus, the problem of synthesis of logical algorithms for multi-connected objects control is an actual theoretical and applied problem. Despite the considerable amount of research conducted in this area, the application of logical algorithms for complex multidimensional objects control is not sufficiently considered, and there is no unified design concept for this type of MACS, taking into account the required quality of functioning in various operating modes. In this regard, there is a need to synthesize algorithms for logical multi-connected control that form control signals in order to coordinate the actions of all separate MACS subsystems in accordance with new external conditions and operating modes. The problem under consideration determined the purpose of this work and the research objectives.

47

Wang, Tong, Xuan Zhang, Zichao Wang, Xiuzhong Zhu, Jie Liu, Xin Min, Tao Cao, and Xiaodong Fan. "Smart Composite Hydrogels with pH-Responsiveness and Electrical Conductivity for Flexible Sensors and Logic Gates." Polymers 11, no. 10 (September 26, 2019): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101564.

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Stimuli-responsive conductive hydrogels have a wide range of applications due to their intelligent sensing of external environmental changes, which are important for smart switches, soft robotics, and flexible sensors. However, designing stimuli-responsive conductive hydrogels with logical operation, such as smart switches, remains a challenge. In this study, we synthesized pH-responsive conductive hydrogels, based on the copolymer network of acrylic acid and hydroxyethyl acrylate doped with graphene oxide. Using the good flexibility and conductivity of these hydrogels, we prepared a flexible sensor that can realize the intelligent analysis of human body motion signals. Moreover, the pH-responsive conductive hydrogels were integrated with temperature-responsive conductive hydrogels to develop logic gates with sensing, analysis, and driving functions, which realized the intellectualization of conductive hydrogels.

48

Kaplan, Kalman J., and M. Catherine McKeon. "Michigan Versus Kevorkian." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 40, no. 1 (February 2000): 271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/weyu-k6jb-54h9-cv5x.

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Our personal reflections on the Michigan versus Kevorkian trial highlight the following issues: 1) the switch from physician-assisted suicide to euthanasia, 2) the television showing of the death, 3) the dropping of the prosecution of the charge of physician-assisted suicide, 4) Kevorkian serving as his own defense attorney, trying to argue that ALS was a secondary cause of Thomas Youk's death, 5) Kevorkian's attempt to employ a logical syllogism to demonstrate that euthanasia need not be murder, 6) Kevorkian's initial reference to the civil rights tradition but sudden change to the medical analogy of Nazi medicine: a final solution, 7) the insistence of Kevorkian on “all or nothing” sentencing, 8) the irony of Kevorkian being finally convicted by a prosector who was elected on a platform of not prosecuting Kevorkian, 9) Kevorkian hiring a lawyer after the verdict is in, and 10) Kevorkian's threat to starve himself to death if sent to prison.

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Yarantseva, Katerina S., Gennady P. Shopin, Mikhail N. Piganov, and Vladimir S. Andrusenko. "Research the load capacity of microcircuits." Physics of Wave Processes and Radio Systems 23, no. 3 (December 27, 2020): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18469/1810-3189.2020.23.3.74-81.

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The device for the definition of the integrated circuits load-driving capability is offered. Device for determining the output capability of microcircuits refers to the field of microminiaturization and the technology of radio electronic equipment and can be used to control the parameters of microcircuits during their production. The device contains a rectangular pulse generator, an integrated circuit that is being tested, a repeater, load, a switch, an AND gate, a comparator, a pulse counter and a voltage reference, a vibrator, a reversible pulse counter, a decoder, and an indicator. Technical result when implementing the disclosed solution is high accuracy and reliability of determining load capacity of microcircuits. The proposed device allows increasing accuracy and reliability of defining circuits load-driving capacity. It also allows testing of TTL, Schottky-TTL, and MOSFET circuits. There are two switchable operating modes for testing fan-out for logical high and low levels. It is easy to replace a circuit that is being tested and load.

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Chanalia, Pawan, Amit Gupta, Shaina, and Surbhi Bakshi. "All Optical High Speed Multiplexer Circuit for Verification of Proposed Gates." Journal of Optical Communications 39, no. 3 (June 26, 2018): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2016-0152.

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Abstract An all optical communication is fast and reliable for next generation information carrying systems. For successful operation of fast data over flexible transmission line is only possible by all optical multiplexer and can serve for network. A 60 Gbps all optical multiplexer using cheap components has been realized and also tested on different speeds of input data streams. For integral and flexible multiplexer, optical semiconductor-based MZI switch taken into consideration. MZI-SOA is used to generate two logical gates outputs such as (AND)(XOR) gate. Multiplexer working is based on SOA nonlinearity properties and optical coupler. XOR logic gate contingent on cross-phase modulation in amplifier and logic AND for four-wave mixing is obtained from cross port and bar port respectively. Simulation is performed and multiplexer is tested for different launched power in tree architecture. System performance indicates that it can work for high speed (60 Gbps) and different data entities.

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