Книги: "Temporary resident"

1

Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada., ed. Temporary resident visa: What to do if an application is refused. [Ottawa]: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2005.

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2

United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service, ed. A Temporary resident's guide to applying for permanent residence. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1988.

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3

United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service., ed. A Temporary resident's guide to applying for permanent residence. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1988.

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4

United States. Immigration and Naturalization Service., ed. A Temporary resident's guide to applying for permanent residence. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1988.

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5

Canada. Citizenship and Immigration Canada., ed. Facts and figures, immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents. Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2003.

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6

Pappalettere, Silvio. Abitare temporaneo: Residenza di primo inserimento a Calenzano. Firenze: Alinea, 2011.

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7

Fagà, Giulia. Residenze temporanee: Dalle tende del paleolitico alle stampanti 3D. Ariccia (RM): Aracne, 2016.

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8

Arsanios, Marwa, Cristóbal Sarro, and Núria Güell. Temporal: Programa de residencias = residency program. Ciudad de México: MUAC, Museo Universitario Arte Contemporáneo, UNAM, 2019.

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9

Chiarantoni, Carla. La residenza temporanea per studenti: Atlante italiano. Firenze: Alinea, 2008.

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10

Kan, Arnold. Some aspects of Australia's temporary residence policy: The skill transfer scheme : a pilot survey. Parkville, Vic: Dept. of Economics, University of Melbourne, 1992.

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11

Scruton, D. A. Spatial and temporal variability in the water chemistry of Atlantic salmon rivers in insular Newfoundland: An assessment of sensitivity to and effects from acidification and implications for resident fish. St. John's, Nfld: Fisheries Research Branch, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans, 1986.

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12

Immigration, Canada Citizenship and. Statistical overview of the temporary resident and refugee claimant population: Facts and figures 2000. Ottawa, 2001.

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13

A temporary residence. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1987.

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14

Temporary Residence Application. Lulu Press, Inc., 2018.

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15

Temporary to Permanent Residence in Australia. Lawbook Co., 1992.

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16

Britain, Great. Temporary Non-Residence (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2013. Stationery Office, The, 2013.

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17

Tsuruda, Sabine. The Moral Burdens of Temporary Farmwork. Edited by Anne Barnhill, Mark Budolfson, and Tyler Doggett. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199372263.013.31.

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This chapter discusses how agricultural guest worker programs fail to treat guest workers as moral equals. Such programs are typically justified on the theory that they enable host countries to cheaply meet labor needs while offering nonresidents access to higher wages than in their home countries. The chapter explains how, to participate in the programs, guest workers must rupture personal and political ties to then come to a new country and either not establish new relations or rupture the new ones when their work authorization expires. The chapter argues that adopting such programs to reduce the amount of farmwork host-country residents must perform treats guest workers’ interests in associational life as less valuable than the like interests of host-country residents. It concludes that even if the programs could ensure decent working conditions, the programs’ unjustified effect on associational life recommends ceasing such programs under their current formulation and, instead, extending a path to citizenship to guest workers.

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18

Hsu, Madeline Y. The Wartime Transformation of Student Visitors into Refugee Citizens, 1943–1955. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164021.003.0005.

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This chapter explores how the Chinese people present in America on temporary visas as students, technical trainees, diplomats, sailors, and so forth suddenly found themselves stranded by the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War. For instance, C.Y. Lee, the author of Flower Drum Song, was rescued from refugee status by changes in immigration laws and procedures that allowed resident Chinese in good standing to receive permanent status. On behalf of this group of elite, highly educated Chinese, the State Department and Congress made accommodations rather than force such usefully trained workers to return to a now hostile state. Lee's transformation from student to refugee and then to legal immigrant mirrors that of thousands of other Chinese intellectuals who received American assistance to remain, enter the U.S. workforce, and become citizens.

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19

Levey, Geoffrey Brahm. Multiculturalism on the Move: An Australian Perspective. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428231.003.0008.

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This chapter assesses the extent to which temporary migrants are ill-served by Australian multiculturalism and the ramifications of temporary migration for Australia’s successful multicultural society. To this end, it pursues three questions: 1) Is multicultural policy accessible to temporary residents even if it is not intended for them?; 2) How are the difficulties temporary residents face linked to multicultural policy?; and 3) What is the best way forward for addressing the situation and increasing numbers of temporary residents? The chapter reaches several conclusions. Multicultural policy is much more accessible and beneficial to temporary migrants than is often claimed. An approach that valorizes citizenship and which provides clear and reasonable pathways to permanent and temporary migrants for becoming citizens is still the most effective model available. Multicultural policy should be further developed to meet the circumstances of the growing number of temporary entrants in Australia; however, this effort is currently hampered by some incongruities in government policy.

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20

Organization of health care and public health: basic provisions (for residents of the enlarged group of specialties 3.31.00.00" Clinical medicine "). SIB-Expertise, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0467.12072021.

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The electronic training manual "Organization of health care and public health: basic provisions (for residents of the UGS 31.08.00" Clinical medicine ")" was developed in accordance with the qualification requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Education, taking into account professional standards and is intended for independent classroom and extracurricular work of residents of a large group specialties "Clinical medicine") ". In 6 thematic modules, information material is offered that forms knowledge about the concepts of public health, the legal basis and organization of the healthcare system in the Russian Federation, the organization of quality control and safety of medical activities, the requirements for maintaining medical documentation for the examination of temporary disability, management and economics in healthcare. Each module is accompanied by practical work, control questions necessary to assess the level of training of residents for practical training. The modules include video lectures and interactive elements, for self-control and consolidation of information by the residents, each module is equipped with assessment tools in the form of test tasks and situational tasks. The materials of the electronic educational and methodological manual correspond to the requirements of the main educational programs of higher education - residency programs for all specialties "Clinical Medicine" with a mastering period of 72 academic hours and contribute to the formation of the residents' competencies necessary for the implementation of organizational and management activities.

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21

La casa dell'ossimoro: Abitazioni per i "nomadi residenti" : appunti per un laboratorio di progettazione architettonica 1. Santarcangelo di Romagna (RN) [i.e. Rimini, Italy]: Maggioli, 2012.

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22

O'Sullivan, Maria. Refugee Law and Durability of Protection: Temporary Residence and Cessation of Status. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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23

O'Sullivan, Maria. Refugee Law and Durability of Protection: Temporary Residence and Cessation of Status. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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24

O'Sullivan, Maria. Refugee Law and Durability of Protection: Temporary Residence and Cessation of Status. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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25

O'Sullivan, Maria. Refugee Law and Durability of Protection: Temporary Residence and Cessation of Status. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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26

O'Sullivan, Maria. Refugee Law and Durability of Protection: Temporary Residence and Cessation of Status. Taylor & Francis Group, 2019.

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27

Podolsky, Momo. Kaigai-shijo socialization: a study of children of Japanese temporary residents in Toronto, Canada. 1994.

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28

Community placement of temporary nursing home residents through enhanced preadmission screening and hospital linkages grant. Tallahassee, FL (1317 Winewood Blvd., Bldg. 2, Rm. 323, Tallahassee 32399-0700), 1993.

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29

Florida. Dept. of Health and Rehabilitative Services. and United States. Administration on Aging., eds. Community placement of temporary nursing home residents through enhanced preadmission screening and hospital linkages grant. Tallahassee, FL (1317 Winewood Blvd., Bldg. 2, Rm. 323, Tallahassee 32399-0700), 1993.

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30

Florida. Dept. of Health and Rehabilitative Services and United States. Administration on Aging, eds. Community placement of temporary nursing home residents through enhanced preadmission screening and hospital linkages grant. Tallahassee, FL (1317 Winewood Blvd., Bldg. 2, Rm. 323, Tallahassee 32399-0700), 1993.

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31

Kranc, Benjamin A., and Elena Constantin. Getting into Canada: How to Make a Successful Application for Permanent or Temporary Residence. Little, Brown Book Group Limited, 2008.

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32

Gerrard, Valerie. Getting a Job in Canada: How to Make a Successful Application for Permanent or Temporary Residence. Little, Brown Book Group Limited, 2010.

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33

Banting, Keith, and Edward Koning. Just Visiting? The Weakening of Social Protection in a Mobile World. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428231.003.0006.

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Recent scholarship has become increasingly attentive to the way different welfare states include or exclude newcomers. Much of this literature has focused on the access to benefits granted to immigrants with a permanent status. While this emphasis is understandable, it ignores the growing ranks of individuals who do not settle permanently, either because they are only given temporary status or because they choose to move on. This paper helps to fill this gap by comparing four countries that are very different in the way they treat temporary migrants: Sweden, Canada, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. We find that migrants on a temporary permit are among the most weakly protected in each of these countries, but that the exclusion is more severe in countries where politicians face considerable political pressure to appear tough on immigration and where there are few institutional protections to protect temporary residents from such pressures. These findings highlight both the fragility of social protection in a world of mobility and the importance of firmly entrenched protections of equal treatment.

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34

Bock, Jozefien De. Settlers or Movers? The Temporality of Past Migrations, Political Inaction and its Consequences, 1945–1985. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428231.003.0004.

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Historically, those societies that have the longest tradition in multicultural policies are settler societies. The question of how to deal with temporary migrants has only recently aroused their interest. In Europe, temporary migration programmes have a much longer history. In the period after WWII, a wide range of legal frameworks were set up to import temporary workers, who came to be known as guest workers. In the end, many of these ‘guests’ settled in Europe permanently. Their presence lay at the basis of European multicultural policies. However, when these policies were drafted, the former mobility of guest workers had been forgotten. This chapter will focus on this mobility of initially temporary workers, comparing the period of economic growth 1945-1974 with the years after the 1974 economic crisis. Further, it will look at the kind of policies that were developed towards guest workers in the era before multiculturalism. This way, it shows how their consideration as temporary residents had far-reaching consequences for the immigrants, their descendants and the receiving societies involved. The chapter will finish by suggesting a number of lessons from the past. If the mobility-gap between guest workers and present-day migrants is not as big as generally assumed, then the consequences of previous neglect should serve as a warning for future policy making.

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35

Veterans Affairs: Opportunities exist to improve potential recipients' awareness of the Temporary Residence Adaptation grant : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Govt. Accountability Office, 2010.

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36

Korabelnikov, Daniil, and Andrey Strahov. Arterial hypertension: guide on diagnostics, treatment, examination. Moscow Medical - Social Institute named after Friedrich Haass, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35571/mmsi.2018.1.001.

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The Guide is intended to systematize and update information on the diagnostics, treatment of arterial hypertension; examination of temporary disability, medical-social and military-medical examination of patients with arterial hypertension, for educational and practical assistance to students of medical universities in clinical residency, postgraduate and post-graduate programs, advanced training of specialist doctors; professors of medical universities in the process of their self-education and self-development, methodological and pedagogical activities.

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37

Song, Sarah. The Rights of Noncitizens in the Territory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909222.003.0011.

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Chapter 10 considers what is owed to noncitizens already present in the territory of democratic countries. It focuses on three groups of noncitizens: those admitted on a temporary basis, those who have been granted permanent residence, and those who have overstayed their temporary visas or entered the territory without authorization. What legal rights are these different groups of noncitizens morally entitled to? How should their claims be weighed against the right of states to control immigration? The chapter argues that the longer one lives in the territory, the stronger one’s moral claim to a more extensive set of rights, including the right to remain. The time spent living in a place serves as a proxy for the social ties migrants have developed (social membership principle) and for their contributions to collective life (fair-play principle).

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38

Fousekis, Natalie M. Postwar Hopes. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036255.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the protests that erupted in California when the federal government threatened to close the Lanham Act centers and the broad-based coalition that pushed for a permanent program in California. That year, 1946, marked a moment of possibility for advocates of state-supported child care for working mothers. Many in the progressive coalition insisted that wartime child care should be the basis for a universal nursery school program on the state level. While these citizens saw child care as social service the government should provide, political leaders had a different view. In the eyes of most politicians, the centers represented a temporary service only for the state's neediest residents.

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39

Kymlicka, Will. Multiculturalism without Citizenship? Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474428231.003.0007.

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The model of multiculturalism that emerged in Canada in the 1970s was intimately linked to national citizenship. Multiculturalism was premised on the assumption that immigrants would settle permanently and become citizens, and multiculturalism was seen as an attribute of Canadian citizenship, and a way of enacting citizenship. This tie to citizenship arguably served the interests of both immigrants and the native-born majority. For immigrants, it ensured that multiculturalism did not become a pretext for social exclusion and political marginalization; and for the native-born majority, it helped ensure that multiculturalism was domesticated, as it were, tying recognition of diversity to a shared social and political order. But this model has faced two major challenges in recent years: a neoliberal challenge, which sought to reorient multiculturalism more towards market principles than citizenship principles; and a mobility challenge, which sought to reorient multiculturalism away from ideas of permanent settlement and national citizenship towards ideas of temporary migration and liquid mobility. I critically evaluate these two challenges, focusing in particular on how they understand horizontal relations amongst residents/citizens and vertical relations between residents/citizens and the state. I identify some surprising parallels in the two critiques, and suggest that neither offers a compelling alternative to multicultural national citizenship.

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40

Arrangement for the Application of the European Agreement of 17 October 1980 Concerning the Provision of Medical Care to Persons During Temporary Residence (European Treaty Series). Council of Europe Publishing, 1988.

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41

Hallett, Miranda Cady. Rooted/Uprooted. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037665.003.0007.

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This chapter asks what happens when transnational migrant families own homes, plant trees, and establish businesses in small-town America but still lack a viable path to legal residency. Based on extensive fieldwork in small, rural Arkansas communities with Salvadoran transnational migrants, the author explores the contradictory dynamics between a growing identification with local geographies and continuing legal exclusion. Most Salvadoran migrants are caught between categories of national belonging; classified as either “illegal” or “temporary,” they lack rights to political participation either in the United States or in El Salvador. These legal exclusions create a mobile space of exception around the body of the migrant, which facilitate the exploitation of migrants' labor. Legal exclusion also contributes to social exclusion through the contradictory production of both invisibility and hypervisibility. Despite this, transnational migrants continue to put down roots in their new places of settlement.

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42

Mallapragada, Madhavi. Out of Place in the Domestic Space. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038631.003.0003.

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This chapter examines the textual, discursive, and networking politics of Indian immigrant women residing in the United States on the H-4 temporary visa, through a close reading of the discussion forum by and about these women on the community website, indusladies.com. It argues that the politics of household and networking evidenced through the discussion cultures and online practices of forum participants exemplifies the repurposing of the virtual network to foreground a particular immigrant formation articulated along relations of gender and visa-defined immigrant class. H-4 women make visible their diverse and embodied experiences of feeling like outsiders in the immigrant space. They narrate their histories of migration from India and relocation in the United States, culminating in their becoming out of place in the nonresident Indian (NRI) household. In turn, their testimonials unsettle idealized discourses of gendered NRI belonging, which mostly by absence of representation assume that the H-4 wives of H-1B professionals are happily ensconced in domestic bliss as NRI householders.

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43

Baloh, Robert W. Schuknecht and His Breakthrough on Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190600129.003.0017.

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In 1949, Harold Schuknecht completed his residency in John Lindsay’s Otolaryngology Department at the University of Chicago and stayed first as a clinical instructor and then as an assistant professor. Schuknecht reviewed the temporal bone specimens from the patient reported by his mentor, John Lindsay, and from patients reported by Charles Hallpike and colleagues and was struck by the similarity in the pathologic changes. He concluded that in each case damage to the labyrinth resulted from occlusion of the anterior vestibular artery. Schuknecht believed that the delayed positional vertigo that occurred in these cases must have originated from the posterior semicircular canal. He reasoned that with degeneration of the superior vestibular labyrinth, otoconia would be released from the otolithic membrane of the utricular macule and that, in certain positions of the head, the otoconia would respond to gravity and thereby activate the cupula of the posterior semicircular canal.

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44

Song, Sarah. Immigration and Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190909222.001.0001.

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Immigration and Democracy develops an intermediate ethical position on immigration between closed borders and open borders. It argues that states have the right to control borders, but this right is qualified by an obligation to assist those outside their borders. In democratic societies, the right of immigration control must also be exercised in ways that are consistent with democratic values. Part I explores the normative grounds of the modern state’s power over immigration found in US immigration law and in political theory. It argues for a qualified, not absolute, right of states to control immigration based on a particular interpretation of the value of collective self-determination. Part II considers the case for open borders. One argument for open borders rests on the demands of global distributive justice; another argument emphasizes the value of freedom of movement as a fundamental human right. The book argues that both arguments fall short of justifying open borders. Part III turns to consider the substance of immigration policy for democratic societies. What kind of immigration policies should democratic societies adopt? What is required is not closed borders or open borders but controlled borders and open doors. Open to whom? The interests of prospective migrants must be weighed against the interests of the political community. Specific chapters are devoted to refugees and other necessitous migrants, family-based immigration, temporary worker programs, discretionary admissions, and what is owed to noncitizen residents, including unauthorized migrants living in the territory of democratic states.

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45

Miller, Peggy J., and Grace E. Cho. Nuanced and Dissenting Voices. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199959723.003.0004.

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Chapter 4, “Nuanced and Dissenting Voices,” examines the nuances diverse parents brought to their understandings of childrearing and self-esteem. Framed within Bakhtinian theory, this chapter gives voice to African American parents, working-class parents, conservative Christian parents, and mothers, particularly women who had experienced low self-esteem. These parents endorsed self-esteem, but refracted the language of the self-esteem imaginary in ways that made sense, given their diverse values and ideological commitments, social positioning, and idiosyncratic experiences. This chapter also describes the perspectives of two groups from the larger study who challenged key elements of the dominant discourse: grandmothers of Centerville children who raised their children in an earlier era, and Taiwanese parents who grew up in a different cultural context but were temporarily residing and raising their children in Centerville. These two groups of dissenters underscore again the book’s theme that self-esteem is rooted in time and place.

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46

Ungaretti, Carlos Renato, Ticiana Gabrielle Amaral Nunes, and Marco Aurélio Alves de Mendonça. Texto para Discussão 3057. Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.38116/td3057-port.

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À luz do debate a respeito da distinção entre adição e transição energética, este texto para discussão busca identificar as potencialidades e limitações dos investimentos e financiamentos chineses para a descarbonização das economias de Brasil e Argentina, abrangendo um marco temporal que se estendeu até o final de 2023. Além disso, buscou-se verificar as semelhanças e diferenças entre os modos de atuação de empresas e instituições chinesas em cada país. Ambos os países observaram o crescimento do engajamento chinês no setor de energias renováveis nos últimos anos. Argumenta-se que a China tem contribuído com as trajetórias de diversificação energética de ambos os países, com impactos, potencialidades e limitações que ora se assemelham, ora se diferenciam. Nota-se que no Brasil predomina a aquisição de ativos existentes, enquanto na Argentina os financiamentos exercem um papel mais relevante. As potencialidades residem na ampliação de capacidades via inversões em novas unidades e internalização de cadeias produtivas associadas à transição energética. A prevalência das aquisições no mercado brasileiro configura importante limitação, ao passo que as fragilidades macroeconômicas da Argentina se apresentam como desafio importante.

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47

James, Philip. The Biology of Urban Environments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827238.001.0001.

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Urban environments are characterized by the density of buildings and elements of a number of infrastructures that support urban residents in their daily life. These built elements and the activities that take place within towns and cities create a distinctive climate and increase air, water, and soil pollution. Within this context the elements of the natural environment that either are residual areas representative of the pre-urbanized area or are created by people contain distinctive floral and faunal communities that do not exist in the wild. The diverse prions, viruses, micro-organisms, plants, and animals that live there for all or part of their life cycle and their relationships with each other and with humans are illustrated with examples of diseases, parasites, and pests. Plants and animals are found inside as well as outside buildings. The roles of plants inside buildings and of domestic and companion animals are evaluated. Temporal and spatial distribution patterns of plants and animals living outside buildings are set out and generalizations are drawn, while exceptions are also discussed. The strategies used and adaptions (genotypic, phenotypic, and behavioural) adopted by plants and animals in face of the challenges presented by urban environments are explained. The final two chapters contain discussions of the impacts of urban environments on human biology and how humans might change these environments in order to address the illnesses that are characteristic of urbanites in the early twenty-first century.

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48

Atlas dos assentamentos rurais do Norte do Mato Grosso. Faculdade UnB Planaltina, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/9788592912031.

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Prefácio - O Atlas dos assentamentos da região norte do estado do Mato Grosso é o resultado de estudos e ações conjuntas realizados por meio da parceria estabelecida entre o Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (Incra) e a Universidade de Brasília (UnB) – Faculdade UnB Planaltina (FUP), no âmbito do Projeto Regularização Ambiental e Diagnóstico dos Sistemas Agrários dos Assentamentos da Região Norte do Estado do Mato Grosso (Radis-MT). O Projeto Radis-MT, nasceu da necessidade da regularização ambiental das propriedades rurais, prevista na Lei nº 12.651, de 25 de maio de 2012, que dispõe sobre a proteção da vegetação nativa. Desde sua concepção, o projeto propõe uma abordagem participativa e busca inovar, associando o uso de tecnologias que permitem uma visão ampla do território, a fim de promover a regularização ambiental a partir do olhar sobre os sistemas produtivos. Neste contexto, o Radis integra a pesquisa acadêmica aplicada e a assistência técnica para alcançar os melhores resultados no atendimento às famílias assentadas. O Radis atua em 41 municípios do norte do estado do Mato Grosso, contemplando 111 assentamentos, onde residem 27.573 famílias, em uma área total de aproximadamente 1.09 milhões de hectares. Destes, 97 assentamentos estão localizados nas bacias dos rios Juruena e Teles Pires e 14 assentamentos na bacia do rio Xingu. Nesta publicação, são apresentados os resultados da primeira fase do projeto, na qual foram analisados 32 assentamentos, localizados em sete municípios do Mato Grosso. Esses assentamentos abrigam 7.579 famílias beneficiárias da reforma agrária em uma área de 491.851,6 ha. Este atlas aponta aspectos relevantes para o entendimento das questões ambientais e de uso da terra da região. O leitor encontrará, além dos mapas dos municípios, informações demográficas, econômicas, sociais, dados dos sistemas agrários e dados temporais sobre a cobertura de vegetação nativa dos assentamentos. Essa caracterização serve para o Incra e para os beneficiários avançarem no processo de regularização ambiental das famílias atendidas pela reforma agrária. Esperamos que esta publicação seja útil não só para pesquisadores, mas para técnicos, agricultores, tomadores de decisão, como fonte de consulta e base de informações para auxiliar nos processos de planejamento, gestão e uso do território, de forma a contribuir com a agenda de desenvolvimento dos assentamentos, integrando a produção de alimentos, o bem-estar das famílias, a geração de trabalho e de renda e a manutenção das funções ecossistêmicas do ambiente. César Aldrighi INCRA Mário Lúcio de Ávila FUP/UnB

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Baobaid, Mohammed, Lynda Ashbourne, Abdallah Badahdah, and Abir Al Jamal. Home / Publications / Pre and Post Migration Stressors and Marital Relations among Arab Refugee Families in Canada Pre and Post Migration Stressors and Marital Relations among Arab Refugee Families in Canada. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927137983.

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The study is funded by Doha International Family Institute (DIFI), a member of Qatar Foundation, and is a collaboration between the Muslim Resource Centre for Social Support and Integration of London, Ontario; University of Guelph, Ontario; and University of Calgary, Alberta, all located in Canada; and the Doha International Family Institute, Qatar. The study received research ethics approval from the University of Guelph and the University of Calgary. This study aims to assess the impact of pre- and post-migration on marital relationships and family dynamics for Arab refugee families resettled in Canada. The study also examines the role of professional service providers in supporting these Arab refugee families. The unique experiences of Arab families displaced from their countries due to war and political conflict, and the various hardships experienced during their stay in transit countries, impact their family relations and interactions within the nuclear family context and their interconnectedness with their extended families. Furthermore, these families encounter various challenges within their resettlement process that interrupt their integration. Understanding the impact of traumatic experiences within the pre-migration journey as well as the impact of post-migration stressors on recently settled Arab refugee families in Canada provides insight into the shift in spousal and family relationships. Refugee research studies that focus on the impact of pre-migration trauma and displacement, the migration journey, and post-migration settlement on family relationships are scarce. Since the majority of global refugees in recent years come from Arab regions, mainly Syria, as a result of armed conflicts, this study is focused on the unique experiences of Arab refugee families fleeing conflict zones. The Canadian role in recently resettling a large influx of Arab refugees and assisting them to successfully integrate has not been without challenges. Traumatic pre-migration experiences as a result of being subjected to and/or witnessing violence, separation from and loss of family members, and loss of property and social status coupled with experiences of hardships in transit countries have a profound impact on families and their integration. Refugees are subjected to individual and collective traumatic experiences associated with cultural or ethnic disconnection, mental health struggles, and discrimination and racism. These experiences have been shown to impact family interactions. Arab refugee families have different definitions of “family” and “home” from Eurocentric conceptualizations which are grounded in individualistic worldviews. The discrepancy between collectivism and individualism is mainly recognized by collectivist newcomers as challenges in the areas of gender norms, expectations regarding parenting and the physical discipline of children, and diverse aspects of the family’s daily life. For this study, we interviewed 30 adults, all Arab refugees (14 Syrian and 16 Iraqi – 17 males, 13 females) residing in London, Ontario, Canada for a period of time ranging from six months to seven years. The study participants were married couples with and without children. During the semi-structured interviews, the participants were asked to reflect on their family life during pre-migration – in the country of origin before and during the war and in the transit country – and post-migration in Canada. The inter - views were conducted in Arabic, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We also conducted one focus group with seven service providers from diverse sectors in London, Ontario who work with Arab refugee families. The study used the underlying principles of constructivist grounded theory methodology to guide interviewing and a thematic analysis was performed. MAXQDA software was used to facilitate coding and the identification of key themes within the transcribed interviews. We also conducted a thematic analysis of the focus group transcription. The thematic analysis of the individual interviews identified four key themes: • Gender role changes influence spousal relationships; • Traumatic experiences bring suffering and resilience to family well-being; • Levels of marital conflict are higher following post-migration settlement; • Post-migration experiences challenge family values. The outcome of the thematic analysis of the service provider focus group identified three key themes: • The complex needs of newly arrived Arab refugee families; • Gaps in the services available to Arab refugee families; • Key aspects of training for cultural competencies. The key themes from the individual interviews demonstrate: (i) the dramatic sociocul - tural changes associated with migration that particularly emphasize different gender norms; (ii) the impact of trauma and the refugee experience itself on family relation - ships and personal well-being; (iii) the unique and complex aspects of the family journey; and (iv) how valued aspects of cultural and religious values and traditions are linked in complex ways for these Arab refugee families. These outcomes are consist - ent with previous studies. The study finds that women were strongly involved in supporting their spouses in every aspect of family life and tried to maintain their spouses’ tolerance towards stressors. The struggles of husbands to fulfill their roles as the providers and protec - tors throughout the migratory journey were evident. Some parents experienced role shifts that they understood to be due to the unstable conditions in which they were living but these changes were considered to be temporary. Despite the diversity of refugee family experiences, they shared some commonalities in how they experi - enced changes that were frightening for families, as well as some that enhanced safety and stability. These latter changes related to safety were welcomed by these fami - lies. Some of these families reported that they sought professional help, while others dealt with changes by becoming more distant in their marital relationship. The risk of violence increased as the result of trauma, integration stressors, and escalation in marital issues. These outcomes illustrate the importance of taking into consideration the complexity of the integration process in light of post-trauma and post-migration changes and the timespan each family needs to adjust and integrate. Moreover, these families expressed hope for a better future for their children and stated that they were willing to accept change for the sake of their children as well. At the same time, these parents voiced the significance of preserving their cultural and religious values and beliefs. The service providers identified gaps in service provision to refugee families in some key areas. These included the unpreparedness of professionals and insufficiency of the resources available for newcomer families from all levels of government. This was particularly relevant in the context of meeting the needs of the large influx of Syrian refugees who were resettled in Canada within the period of November 2015 to January 2017. Furthermore, language skills and addressing trauma needs were found to require more than one year to address. The service providers identified that a longer time span of government assistance for these families was necessary. In terms of training, the service providers pinpointed the value of learning more about culturally appropriate interventions and receiving professional development to enhance their work with refugee families. In light of these findings, we recommend an increased use of culturally integrative interventions and programs to provide both formal and informal support for families within their communities. Furthermore, future research that examines the impact of culturally-based training, cultural brokers, and various culturally integrative practices will contribute to understanding best practices. These findings with regard to refugee family relationships and experiences are exploratory in their nature and support future research that extends understanding in the area of spousal relationships, inter - generational stressors during adolescence, and parenting/gender role changes.

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