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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 19 червня 2021
Оновлено: 5 лютого 2022

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1

Serianz, Luka, Nina Rman, and Mihael Brenčič. "Hydrogeochemical Characterization of a Warm Spring System in a Carbonate Mountain Range of the Eastern Julian Alps, Slovenia." Water 12, no. 5 (May 17, 2020): 1427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051427.

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The Alps represent an area where many deep groundwater circulations occur as thermal springs. In the Bled case study, the thermal water temperature, at it is discharged to the surface, is between 19–23 °C. In order to determine the extent (e.g., geometry) and the origin of the pronounced deep circulation system in the Bled area, chemical and isotopic measurements of waters from different hydrogeological systems were performed (e.g., surface water, thermal water, fresh groundwater). Hydrogeochemical methods were used to tie together the above-mentioned parameters. The results have shown that thermal outflow in Bled is determined by the presence of a deep-water circulation system, where the dissolution of carbonates minerals is the main hydrogeochemical process affecting chemical components of natural water flow. The correlation of the major ions suggests that the recharge area is represented by both limestone and dolomite rocks. Moreover, the results of δ18O and δ2H of all samples indicate that the recharge is mainly meteoric precipitation. The recharge altitude was estimated for two sampled fresh groundwater springs. The isotopic compositions of those two springs suggest the range from δ18O = −8.68‰, δ2H = −57.4‰ at an elevation of 629 m to δ18O = −9.30‰, δ2H = −60.1‰ at an elevation of 1216 m. The isotopic analysis has confirmed that the thermal water recharges from altitudes of 1282–1620 m a.s.l.
2

Luhmann, A. J., M. D. Covington, J. M. Myre, M. Perne, S. W. Jones, E. C. Alexander Jr., and M. O. Saar. "Thermal damping and retardation in karst conduits." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 1 (January 9, 2015): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-137-2015.

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Abstract. Water temperature is a non-conservative tracer in the environment. Variations in recharge temperature are damped and retarded as water moves through an aquifer due to heat exchange between water and rock. However, within karst aquifers, seasonal and short-term fluctuations in recharge temperature are often transmitted over long distances before they are fully damped. Using analytical solutions and numerical simulations, we develop relationships that describe the effect of flow path properties, flow-through time, recharge characteristics, and water and rock physical properties on the damping and retardation of thermal peaks/troughs in karst conduits. Using these relationships, one can estimate the thermal retardation and damping that would occur under given conditions with a given conduit geometry. Ultimately, these relationships can be used with thermal damping and retardation field data to estimate parameters such as conduit diameter. We also examine sets of numerical simulations where we relax some of the assumptions used to develop these relationships, testing the effects of variable diameter, variable velocity, open channels, and recharge shape on thermal damping and retardation to provide some constraints on uncertainty. Finally, we discuss a multitracer experiment that provides some field confirmation of our relationships. High temporal resolution water temperature data are required to obtain sufficient constraints on the magnitude and timing of thermal peaks and troughs in order to take full advantage of water temperature as a tracer.
3

Luhmann, A. J., M. D. Covington, J. M. Myre, M. Perne, S. W. Jones, E. C. Alexander, and M. O. Saar. "Thermal damping and retardation in karst conduits." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2014): 9589–642. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-9589-2014.

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Abstract. Water temperature is a non-conservative tracer in the environment. Variations in recharge temperature are damped and retarded as water moves through an aquifer due to heat exchange between water and rock. However, within karst aquifers, seasonal and short-term fluctuations in recharge temperature are often transmitted over long distances before they are fully damped. Using analytical solutions and numerical simulations, we develop relationships that describe the effect of flow path properties, flow-through time, recharge characteristics, and water and rock physical properties on the damping and retardation of thermal peaks/troughs in karst conduits. Using these relationships, one can estimate the thermal retardation and damping that would occur under given conditions with a given conduit geometry. Ultimately, these relationships can be used with thermal damping and retardation field data to estimate parameters such as conduit diameter. We also examine sets of numerical experiments where we relax some of the assumptions used to develop these relationships, testing the effects of variable diameter, variable velocity, open channels, and recharge shape on thermal damping and retardation to provide some constraints on uncertainty. Finally, we discuss a tracer experiment that provides field confirmation of our relationships. High temporal resolution water temperature data are required to obtain sufficient constraints on the magnitude and timing of thermal peaks and troughs in order to take full advantage of water temperature as a tracer.
4

Dhia, Hamed Ben. "Thermal regime and hydrodynamics in Tunisia and Algeria." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 7 (July 1991): 1093–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443121.

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The thermal regime of Algeria and Tunisia and its relation to hydrodynamics is studied by means of available geological and geothermal, and petroleum data. Heat flow densities in the area range from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. Several Paleozoic to Tertiary aquifers have been identified, together with potential recharge and discharge areas. The area is a transition zone between the African and European plates. The more tectonically active northern Alpine domain does not exhibit an obvious geothermal trend, and high heat flow anomalies that occur there may be related to structure rather than hydrodynamics. The more stable southern Saharan tectonic domain, with background heat flow of approximately [Formula: see text], exhibits anomalous zones correlated to the hydrodynamic regime with low values in recharge areas (Algerian Tinrhert and High Plateaux) and values in discharge areas (Tunisian Jeffara and Algerian Tademait). The hydrodynamic perturbation to the normal heat flow is estimated to be as great as [Formula: see text] in recharge and discharge zones.
5

Foulquier, Arnaud, Florian Malard, Sylvie Barraud, and Janine Gibert. "Thermal influence of urban groundwater recharge from stormwater infiltration basins." Hydrological Processes 23, no. 12 (June 15, 2009): 1701–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7305.

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6

Nathenson, M., J. M. Thompson, and L. D. White. "Slightly thermal springs and non-thermal springs at Mount Shasta, California: Chemistry and recharge elevations." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 121, no. 1-2 (February 2003): 137–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(02)00426-2.

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7

Perumal, P. Shunmuga, V. Rhymend Uthariaraj, and V. R. Elgin Christo. "Novel Steam Powered Gravity Assisted Standalone Power System (SP-GA-SP System) Design for Remote Wireless Sensor Networks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 440 (October 2013): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.440.248.

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Uninterrupted power supply through electrical grid is not possible for many remote areas like dense forest, hill areas, and deserts. The objective of the proposed work is to generate stand alone electricity using steam powered gravity assisted SP system for remote WSN applications. The proposed design drives the generator by triggering gravity force using steam powered cylinders with high thermal efficiency. The proposed SP system is used to recharge the battery systems of UAVs in remote sites thereby the UAVs are further used to recharge the remote wireless sensor nodes using laser beam transmissions.
8

Milovanović, Branislav, Svetislav Stanković, Miomir Komatina, Munevera Hadžišehović, Mladen Župančić, Nada Miljević, Rista Stepić, and Bogomil Obelić. "Isotopic Investigation of the Surdulica Geothermal System." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012510.

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The object of our investigation was to study a mechanism of water formation in the Surdulica geothermal system (recharge area, age and homogeneity of the waters). We collected 56 samples to determine the chemical, stable isotope, 14C and tritium content of the waters. We found large stable isotope variations in precipitation collected at different altitudes, whereas the geothermal waters are largely homogeneous and seasonally independent. Data on springs and rivers, the local meteoric water line and recharge area were obtained. Three groups of groundwater were identified by age – modern from natural springs, old from mines and very old from the Vranjska Banja. Because the initial 14C activity of infiltrated waters from the recharge area is unknown, the age of thermal waters can only be inferred, from HCO3 −, 14C and 3H content, to be 10,000 to 28,000 years old.
9

Kiryukhin, A., V. Sugrobov, and E. Sonnenthal. "Geysers Valley CO2 Cycling Geological Engine (Kamchatka, Russia)." Geofluids 2018 (June 27, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1963618.

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1941–2017 period of the Valley of Geysers monitoring (Kamchatka, Kronotsky Reserve) reveals a very dynamic geyser behavior under natural state conditions: significant changes of IBE (interval between eruptions) and power of eruptions, chloride and other chemical components, and preeruption bottom temperature. Nevertheless, the total deep thermal water discharge remains relatively stable; thus all of the changes are caused by redistribution of the thermal discharge due to giant landslide of June 3, 2007, mudflow of Jan. 3, 2014, and other events of geothermal caprock erosion and water injection into the geothermal reservoir. In some cases, water chemistry and isotope data point to local meteoric water influx into the geothermal reservoir and geysers conduits. TOUGHREACT V.3 modeling of Velikan geyser chemical history confirms 20% dilution of deep recharge water and CO2 components after 2014. Temperature logging in geysers Velikan (1994, 2007, 2015, 2016, and 2017) and Bolshoy (2015, 2016, and 2017) conduits shows preeruption temperatures below boiling at corresponding hydrostatic pressure, which means partial pressure of CO2 creates gas-lift upflow conditions in geyser conduits. Velikan geyser IBE history explained in terms of gradual CO2 recharge decline (1941–2013), followed by CO2 recharge significant dilution after the mudflow of Jan. 3, 2014, also reshaped geyser conduit and diminished its power.
10

Poulsen, S. E., N. Balling, and S. B. Nielsen. "A parametric study of the thermal recharge of low enthalpy geothermal reservoirs." Geothermics 53 (January 2015): 464–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.08.003.

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11

Kiryukhin, Alexey, Pavel Voronin, Nikita Zhuravlev, Andrey Polyakov, Tatiana Rychkova, Vasily Lavrushin, Elena Kartasheva, Natalia Asaulova, Larisa Vorozheikina, and Ivan Chernev. "Isotopes & Geochemistry: Tools For Geothermal Reservoir Characterization (Kamchatka Examples)." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 08013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199808013.

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The thermal, hydrogeological, and chemical processes affecting Kamchatka geothermal reservoirs were studied by using isotope and geochemistry data: (1) The Geysers Valley hydrothermal reservoirs; (2) The Paratunsky low temperature reservoirs; (3) The North-Koryaksky hydrothermal system; (4) The Mutnovsky high temperature geothermal reservoir; (5) The Pauzhetsky geothermal reservoir. In most cases water isotope in combination with Cl- transient data are found to be useful tool to estimate reservoirs natural and disturbed by exploitation recharge conditions, isotopes of carbon-13 (in CO2) data are pointed either active magmatic recharge took place, while SiO2 and Na-K geothermometers shows opposite time transient trends (Paratunsky, Geysers Valley) suggest that it is necessary to use more complicated geochemical systems of water/mineral equilibria.
12

Zhang, Shu Mi, and Qing Gao. "The Study on Thermal Interaction of the Underground Water Source Heat Pump’s Different Pumping/Injecting Well Groups’ Arranged Modes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 455 (November 2013): 212–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.455.212.

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The coupled model of groundwater flow and temperature is established, the thermal interaction of different pumping/injecting well groups arranged modes is simulated and analyzed, and the changing trend of groundwater temperature is predicted, which is to propose reasonable arranged wells programs. The thermal interaction of groundwater is compared and analyzed according to different arranged wells scheme, the pumping/injecting wells distance affect the thermal interaction significantly, the similar wells distance didnt affect significantly. The more number of pumping/injecting wells the thermal interaction is weaker, in order to delay the time of heat through, solve the problem of poor water recharge, we should increase appropriately the injecting wells number under keeping the pumping wells number constant.
13

Zhang, Wei, Guiling Wang, Linxiao Xing, Tingxin Li, and Jiayi Zhao. "Geochemical response of deep geothermal processes in the Litang region, Western Sichuan." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 37, no. 2 (November 28, 2018): 626–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718812550.

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The geochemical characteristics of geothermically heated water can reveal deep geothermal processes, leading to a better understanding of geothermal system genesis and providing guidance for improved development and utilization of such resources. Hydrochemical and hydrogen oxygen isotope analysis of two geothermal field (district) hot springs based on regional geothermal conditions revealed that the thermal water in the Litang region is primarily of the HCO3Na type. The positive correlations found between F−, Li2+, As+, and Cl− indicated a common origin, and the relatively high Na+ and metaboric acid concentrations suggested a relatively long groundwater recharge time and a slow flow rate. The values of δD and δ18O were well distributed along the local meteoric line, indicating a groundwater recharge essentially driven by precipitation. The thermal reservoir temperature (152°C–195°C) and thermal cycle depth (3156–4070 m) were calculated, and the cold water mixing ratio (60%–68%) was obtained using the silica-enthalpy model. Finally, hydrogeochemical pathway simulation was used to analyze the evolution of geothermal water in the region. The results were further supported by the high metasilicate content in the region. Of the geothermal fields in the region, it was found that the Kahui is primarily affected by albite, calcite precipitation, and silicate, while the Gezha field is primarily affected by calcite dissolution, dolomite precipitation, and silicate.
14

Baijjali, William, Ian D. Clark, and Peter Fritz. "The artesian thermal groundwaters of northern Jordan: insights into their recharge history and age." Journal of Hydrology 192, no. 1-4 (May 1997): 355–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(96)03082-x.

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15

Park, Daehee, Min-Ho Koo, and Yongcheol Kim. "Hydro-thermal Numerical Simulation for an Artificial Recharge Test in a Fractured Rock Aquifer." Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment 20, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7857/jsge.2015.20.1.065.

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16

Verdoya, Massimo, Paolo Chiozzi, Gianluca Gola, and Elie El Jbeily. "Conductive heat flow pattern of the central-northern Apennines, Italy." International Journal of Terrestrial Heat Flow and Applications 2, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31214/ijthfa.v2i1.33.

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We analyzed thermal data from deep oil exploration and geothermal boreholes in the 1000-7000 m depth range to unravel thermal regime beneath the central-northern Apennines chain and the surrounding sedimentary basins. We particularly selected deepest bottom hole temperatures, all recorded within the permeable carbonate Paleogene-Mesozoic formations, which represent the most widespread tectono-stratigraphic unit of the study area. The available temperatures were corrected for the drilling disturbanceand the thermal conductivity was estimated from detailed litho-stratigraphic information and by taking into account the pressure and temperature effect. The thermal resistance approach, including also the radiogenic heat production, was used to infer the terrestrial heat flow and to highlight possible advective perturbation due to groundwater circulation. Only two boreholes close to recharge areas argue for deep groundwater flow in the permeable carbonate unit, whereas most of the obtained heat-flow data may reflect the deep, undisturbed, conductive thermal regime.
17

Zhenhua, Ren, Zhou Xun, Yang Miaolin, Wang Xiaocui, Zheng Yuhui, Li Xiaolu, and Shen Ye. "Hydrochemical Characteristics and Formation of the Madeng Hot Spring in Yunnan, China." Geofluids 2018 (July 2, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2368246.

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The Madeng hot spring emerges in the central river valley in the northeastern Lanping Basin in Jianchuan county of Yunnan Province in China. Quaternary sand and gravel occur in the valley which is underlain by the red beds consisting of sandstone and mudstone. The temperature of the hot spring is 42.1°C. The spring water has a pH value of 6.41, TDS of 3.98 g/L, F contents of 3.08 mg/L, and H2SiO3 of 35.6 mg/L. The hot water is of SO4•Cl-Na•Ca type. There is a slight hydrogen sulfide odor in the spring water. Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes indicate that the hot water is of meteoric origin. It is estimated that the elevation of the recharge area of the hot spring is approximately 3800 m, the age of the hot water is some 140 years, the temperature of the geothermal reservoir is 75°C–80°C, the mixture ratio of cold water is approximately 80%, and the circulation depth of the thermal groundwater is 1870 m. After receiving recharge from infiltration of precipitation in the mountainous recharge areas, the groundwater undergoes a deep circulation, obtains heat from the heat flow, flows upward along the fractured zone, and emerges as an upflow spring through the Quaternary sand and gravel in the central low-lying river valley.
18

Furushima, Yasuo, Masayuki Nagao, Atsushi Suzuki, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, and Tadashi Maruyama. "Periodic Behavior of the Bubble Jet (Geyser) in the Taketomi Submarine Hot Springs of the Southern Part of Yaeyama Archipelago, Japan." Marine Technology Society Journal 43, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.43.3.1.

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AbstractThe periodicity of the bubble jet that spouts intermittently from the Taketomi submarine hot spring in Yaeyama archipelago, Japan, was measured for the first time using an acoustic current meter. The time series analysis of the upward velocity for the data, without a spiky signal, indicates that the cycle fluctuates between 38 and 85 s. Focusing on the period of high and low tide, the dominant time cycles were 66 and 41 s, respectively. These results show that the fluctuation of pressure with tide affected the eruption period of the bubble jet. In accordance with the vertical tube theory, estimations of thermal source and recharge water temperatures were carried out by taking into account the boiling point change due to the tidal variation in hydrostatic pressure. The result indicated that if the heat source temperature was higher than 200.0 °C and recharge water temperature was preheated to 117.96 °C, the observed eruption time cycles at high and low tide were stable.
19

Dong, Linyao, Congsheng Fu, Jigen Liu, and Yifeng Wang. "Disturbances of Temperature-Depth Profiles by Surface Warming and Groundwater Flow Convection in Kumamoto Plain, Japan." Geofluids 2018 (September 19, 2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8451276.

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Subsurface temperatures depend on climate and groundwater flow. A lack of observations of subsurface temperature collected over decades limits interpretation of the combined influences of surface warming and groundwater flow on subsurface thermal regimes. Subsurface temperature-depth profile data acquired for Kumamoto Plain, Japan, between 1987 and 2012 were collected and analyzed to elucidate regional groundwater and heat flows. The observed and simulated temperature-depth profiles showed the following: subsurface water flows from northeast to southwest in the study area; the combined influence of surface warming and water flow perturbation produces different temporal changes in thermal profiles in recharge, intermediate, and discharge areas; and aquifer thermal properties contribute more than hydraulic parameters to the perturbation of temperature-depth profiles. Spatial and temporal evolution features of subsurface thermal regimes may be utilized to investigate the influence of surface warming events on subsurface water and heat flows at the basin scale.
20

Kiryukhin, A. V., A. Y. Polyakov, O. O. Usacheva, and P. A. Kiryukhin. "Thermal-permeability structure and recharge conditions of the Mutnovsky high-temperature geothermal field (Kamchatka, Russia)." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 356 (May 2018): 36–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.02.010.

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21

Luo, Mingming, Zhihua Chen, Hong Zhou, Liang Zhang, and Zhaofeng Han. "Hydrological response and thermal effect of karst springs linked to aquifer geometry and recharge processes." Hydrogeology Journal 26, no. 2 (September 12, 2017): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1664-3.

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22

Thorne, G. A., J. Laporte, and D. Clarke. "The Effects of Frozen Soils on Groundwater Recharge and Discharge in Granitic Rock Terrane of the Canadian Shield." Hydrology Research 29, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1998.0028.

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Hydrologic measurements on groundwater flow systems of the Canadian Shield during the winter period provide insight into groundwater dynamics and can support conclusions based on measurements of the more “active” spring-to-fall, open-water period. To illustrate this, we present the results of detailed and continuous year-round measurements of parameters such as groundwater levels, air/soil temperatures, soil heat flux and soil moisture content which were made in upland recharge and wetland discharge areas of a local groundwater flow system in granitic terrane of the Canadian Shield. Recharge to the groundwater flow system in the rocks of the study area occurs as rain or snowmelt waters infiltrate exposed vertical and/or sub-horizontal soil-infilled fractures in outcrops of the upland area. During winter, soils in the fractures of the recharge area do not normally freeze below 0.5 m depth and shallow (5-20 cm depth) soil temperatures are most often only 1-2°C below freezing. During the spring melt period the temperature of these frozen soils remains near 0°C for several weeks as the pore ice absorbs thermal energy necessary for the phase transition from ice to water. However, despite these soils being completely or partially frozen, infiltration and recharge to the groundwater flow system in the rock occurs as shown by large and rapid rises in watertable and piezometric levels. In the groundwater discharge area of this flow system, near-surface soil temperatures (5 cm depth) reached minimums of about -12°C during the 1996 winter and freezing soils extended downward to more than 75 cm depth. During the spring melt period, as meltwaters add heat to the substrate, these shallow soil temperatures also, rise to near 0°C and remain frozen for several weeks as latent heat of fusion of ice becomes a factor. However, during the spring melt period, while ice covers ithe surface and soils are still frozen in the discharge area, groundwater level rises are recorded in both the overburden and bedrock of the discharge area. This is attributed to hydraulic pressure being rapidly transmitted to the discharge area through the low storativity groundwater flow system in the rock from the large waterlevel increases occurring in the rock of the adjacent upland recharge area.
23

Ba, Jun Jie, Shi Guang Xu, and Chen Chen Li. "Analysis and Research of Hydrogeochemical Characteristics about Yiliang Geothermal Field." Applied Mechanics and Materials 707 (December 2014): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.707.294.

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Hydrogeochemy data is not only applied to the analysis of spatial and temporal variations of groundwater quality, but also provide information about groundwater hydrodynamic environment. To explore the cause, groundwater recharge source, etc., the hydrogeochemical analysis method has become to be a commonly used research techniques. Based on the geological data resent years,this article synthetically analyses thermal reservoir characteristic,and geochemical characteristic,and thinks that Yiliang geothermal field is a stratabound low temperature geothermal field.The thermal reservoir is Dengying Formation (Sinian). Hydrogeochemical field is determined by the hydrogeology of a geothermal field. This paper also discusses the chemical distribution characteristics of thermal reservoir fluid water, and the relationship between fluid chemical composition and temperature, etc. While chemical characteristics of reservoir fluid and the other basic geological characteristics of geothermal standard can be used as the reference to the planning and development.
24

Brkić, Željka, Mladen Kuhta, Tamara Hunjak, and Ozren Larva. "Regional Isotopic Signatures of Groundwater in Croatia." Water 12, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071983.

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Tracer methods are useful for investigating groundwater travel times and recharge rates and analysing impacts on groundwater quality. The most frequently used tracers are stable isotopes and tritium. Stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δ2H) are mainly used as indicators of the recharge condition. Tritium (3H) is used to estimate an approximate mean groundwater age. This paper presents the results of an analysis of stable isotope data and tritium activity in Croatian groundwater samples that were collected between 1997 and 2014 at approximately 100 sites. The composition of the stable isotopes of groundwater in Croatia originates from recent precipitation and is described using two regional groundwater lines. One of them is applied to groundwater accumulated in the aquifers in the Pannonian part of Croatia and the other is for groundwater accumulated in the Dinaric karst of Croatia. The isotope content shows that the studied groundwater is mainly modern water. A mix of sub-modern and modern water is mostly accumulated in semi-confined porous aquifers in northern Croatia, deep carbonate aquifers, and (sub)thermal springs.
25

Zhang, Mu Yuan, Qiu Yang Chen, Yan Ran Wang, and Kai Feng. "The Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopic Analysis of Geothermal Water in Guihu." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3526.

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Geothermal resources are abundantly available, low-cost, renewable, and clean. Therefore, the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources would exert a great influence on society and economy. Fuzhou geothermal, which is on behalf of the medium and low temperature magmatite rock fissure type geothermal, is often with surface thermal manifestations and distributes zonally along the tectonic fissures. Aiming to investigate the origin of the Fuzhou geothermal field, this paper takes Fuzhou Guihu geothermal field as the research object, analyzing its geothermal background of regional tectonic characteristics. Special analyses of the geothermal water chemical and isotopic characteristics (including the formation and origin mode of ground water constants and trace elements, D/18O isotopes) revealed that the underground hot water of Guihu was originated from precipitation and formed by the heating effect of the deep geothermal circulation. Based on isotopic fractionation, the calculated precipitation infiltration recharge elevation for the Guihu geothermal water is 536.3m. In the light of the surrounding topography, it is reasonably inferred that the Jialiang Mountain is the recharge source of the Guihu geothermal water.
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Hertelendi, Ede, Mihály Veres, István Futó, Éva Svingor, Lajos Mikó, László Lénárt, József Deák, and Miklós Süveges. "Radiocarbon Concentration and Origin of Thermal Karst Waters in the Region of the Bükk Mountains, Northeastern Hungary." Radiocarbon 37, no. 2 (1995): 543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200031039.

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Karst springs are abundant in Hungary, and many are thermal (temperatures >30°). As thermal springs are a significant part of Hungary's water resources, it is important to quantify their travel times in the karst systems. Thus, we chose to measure T and δ18O in the water and δ13C and 14C in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water from 50 thermal and nonthermal springs and wells in the Bükk Mountains, northeastern Hungary. Environmental isotope data confirm the karst water-flow pattern implied by earlier studies. We found the water in warm springs and boreholes to be mixtures of cold young and old thermal water. We also determined short mean-residence times for some large cold springs. The 14C activities measured in these springs indicate that the recharge area of the karst aquifer is open to the atmosphere, and atmospheric CO2 contributes to the 14C activity of these groundwaters. We observed good correlation between 14C and 3H activities and we determined negative correlations between 14C concentration and δ13C values and temperature. From the δ18O values of the oldest thermal waters, we attribute their origin to precipitation during colder temperatures than at present.
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Kirk, Robert W. Van, Bryce A. Contor, Christina N. Morrisett, Sarah E. Null, and Ashly S. Loibman. "Potential for Managed Aquifer Recharge to Enhance Fish Habitat in a Regulated River." Water 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030673.

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Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is typically used to enhance the agricultural water supply but may also be promising to maintain summer streamflows and temperatures for cold-water fish. An existing aquifer model, water temperature data, and analysis of water administration were used to assess potential benefits of MAR to cold-water fisheries in Idaho’s Snake River. This highly-regulated river supports irrigated agriculture worth US $10 billion and recreational trout fisheries worth $100 million. The assessment focused on the Henry’s Fork Snake River, which receives groundwater from recharge incidental to irrigation and from MAR operations 8 km from the river, addressing (1) the quantity and timing of MAR-produced streamflow response, (2) the mechanism through which MAR increases streamflow, (3) whether groundwater inputs decrease the local stream temperature, and (4) the legal and administrative hurdles to using MAR for cold-water fisheries conservation in Idaho. The model estimated a long-term 4%–7% increase in summertime streamflow from annual MAR similar to that conducted in 2019. Water temperature observations confirmed that recharge increased streamflow via aquifer discharge rather than reduction in river losses to the aquifer. In addition, groundwater seeps created summer thermal refugia. Measured summer stream temperature at seeps was within the optimal temperature range for brown trout, averaging 14.4 °C, whereas ambient stream temperature exceeded 19 °C, the stress threshold for brown trout. Implementing MAR for fisheries conservation is challenged by administrative water rules and regulations. Well-developed and trusted water rights and water-transaction systems in Idaho and other western states enable MAR. However, in Idaho, conservation groups are unable to engage directly in water transactions, hampering MAR for fisheries protection.
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Love, Erica, Richard Hammack, William Harbert, James Sams, Garret Veloski, and Terry Ackman. "Using airborne thermal infrared imagery and helicopter EM conductivity to locate mine pools and discharges in the Kettle Creek watershed, north-central Pennsylvania." GEOPHYSICS 70, no. 6 (November 2005): B73—B81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2127110.

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The Kettle Creek watershed contains 50–100-year-old surface and underground coal mines that are a continuing source of acid mine drainage (AMD). To characterize the mining-altered hydrology of this watershed, an airborne reconnaissance was conducted in 2002 using airborne thermal infrared imagery (TIR) and helicopter-mounted electromagnetic (HEM) surveys. TIR uses the temperature differential between surface water and groundwater to locate areas where groundwater emerges at the surface. TIR anomalies located in the survey included seeps and springs, as well as mine discharges. In a follow-up ground investigation, hand-held GPS units were used to locate 103 of the TIR anomalies. Of the sites investigated, 26 correlated with known mine discharges, whereas 27 were previously unknown. Seven known mine discharges previously obscured from TIR imagery were documented. HEM surveys were used to delineate the groundwater table and also to locate mine pools, mine discharges, and groundwater recharge zones. These surveys located 12 source regions and flow paths for acidic, metal-containing (conductive) mine drainage; areas containing acid-generating mine spoil; and areas of groundwater recharge and discharge, as well as identifying potential mine discharges previously obscured from TIR imagery by nondeciduous vegetation. Follow-up ground-based electromagnetic surveys verified the results of the HEM survey. Our study suggests that airborne reconnaissance can make the remediation of large watersheds more efficient by focusing expensive ground surveys on small target areas.
29

Wang, Xiao, Guoping Lu, and Bill X. Hu. "Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Geothermometry Applications of Thermal Waters in Coastal Xinzhou and Shenzao Geothermal Fields, Guangdong, China." Geofluids 2018 (January 31, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8715080.

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Two separate groups of geothermal waters have been identified in the coastal region of Guangdong, China. One is Xinzhou thermal water of regional groundwater flow system in a granite batholith and the other is thermal water derived from shallow coastal aquifers in Shenzao geothermal field, characterized by high salinity. The hydrochemical characteristics of the thermal waters were examined and characterized as Na-Cl and Ca-Na-Cl types, which are very similar to that of seawater. The hydrochemical evolution is revealed by analyzing the correlations of components versus Cl and their relative changes for different water samples, reflecting different extents of water-rock interactions and clear mixing trends with seawaters. Nevertheless, isotopic data indicate that thermal waters are all of the meteoric origins. Isotopic data also allowed determination of different recharge elevations and presentation of different mixing proportions of seawater with thermal waters. The reservoir temperatures were estimated by chemical geothermometries and validated by fluid-mineral equilibrium calculations. The most reliable estimates of reservoir temperature lie in the range of 148–162°C for Xinzhou and the range of 135–144°C for Shenzao thermal waters, based on the retrograde and prograde solubilities of anhydrite and chalcedony. Finally, a schematic cross-sectional fault-hydrology conceptual model was proposed.
30

Audra, Philippe, Jean-Claude D’antoni-Nobecourt, and Jean-Yves Bigot. "Hypogenic caves in France. Speleogenesis and morphology of the cave systems." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 181, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.181.4.327.

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Abstract Hypogenic caves develop by recharge from below, not directly influenced by seepage from the overlying land surface. Several processes of speleogenesis are combined, involving CO2 or H2S produced at depth. If the recharge from depth remains uniform, the growth of selected fissures is prevented, giving rise to maze cave systems with an upward development trend, which is defined as “transverse speleogenesis” [Klimchouk, 2003]. Hypogenic caves are much fewer than epigenic caves (i.e. developed downwards by meteoric water with aggressivity derived from soil). In France, as in the rest of the world, hypogenic caves were poorly recognized until recently because of their lower frequency, subsequent epigenic imprint often hiding the true origin, and the absence of a global conceptual model. However, about a hundred of hypogenic caves have been identified recently in France. The extreme diversity of hypogenic cave patterns and features is due to the variety of geological and topographic settings and types of flow. Thermal caves are a sub-set of hypogenic caves. Active thermal caves are few and small (Mas d’En Caraman, Vallon du Salut). Often, thermal influences only occur as point thermal infeeders into epigenic caves (Mescla, Estramar). In addition to the higher temperature, they may be characterized by CO2 (Madeleine) or H2S degassing, by warm water flowing in ceiling channels, or by manganese deposits. The Giant Phreatic Shafts locate along regional active faultlines. They combine all characteristics (thermal, CO2, H2S), due to the fast rising of deep water. The Salins Spring has been explored by scuba diving down to −70 m. Such a hyperkarstification is responsible for the development of the deepest phreatic shafts of the world: pozzo del Merro, Italy (−392 in). Inactive hypogenic caves may be recognized by their specific mineralization or by the presence of large calcite spar. Metallic deposits are due to the rising of deep waters that are warm, aggressive, and low in oxidation potential. Mixing with meteoric water generates Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) sulfidic ores. Iron deposits as massive bodies (Lagnes) or onto microbial media (Iboussières, Malacoste) making specific facies, such as “black tubes”, iron flakes, and iron pool fingers. Other frequent minerals are Mn oxides and Pb sulfur. In such low thermal conditions, calcite deposits occur as large spar in geodes or as passage linings. Other inactive hypogenic caves may also be recognized by characteristic patterns, such as mazes. The relatively constant recharge into confined karst aquifers suppresses fissure competition, so they enlarge at similar rates, producing a maze pattern. In horizontal beds, mazes extend centrifugally around the upwelling feeder. The juxtaposition of multiple discrete vertical feeders produces extended horizontal mazes. In gently tilted structures, 2D mazes extend below aquitards, or along bedding or more porous beds (Saint-Sébastien). In thick folded limestone the rising hypogenic flow alternatively follows joints and bedding planes, producing a 3D maze cave in a staircase pattern (Pigette). Isolated chambers are large cupola-like chambers fed by thermal slots. Thermal convection of air in a CO2-rich atmosphere causes condensation-corrosion that quickly produces voids above the water table (Champignons Cave). Sulfuric acid caves with replacement gypsum are produced by H2S degassing in the cave atmosphere. H2S oxidizes to H2SO4, which corrodes the carbonate rock and replaces it with gypsum. The strongest corrosion occurs above the water table, where sulfide degassing and thermal convection produce strong condensation-corrosion. Caves develop headward from springs and from thermo-sulfuric slots upward (Chevalley-Serpents System). The low-gradient main drains record base-level positions and even the slightest stages of water-table lowering (Chat Cave). Hypogenic speleogenesis provides better understanding of the distribution of karst voids responsible for subsidence hazards and the emplacement of minerals and hydrocarbons.
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Kiryukhin, A. V., L. A. Vorozheikina, P. О. Voronin, and P. A. Kiryukhin. "Thermal and permeability structure and recharge conditions of the low temperature Paratunsky geothermal reservoirs in Kamchatka, Russia." Geothermics 70 (November 2017): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2017.06.002.

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32

Desens, A., V. E. A. Post, G. J. Houben, T. Kuhn, M. Walther, and Thomas Graf. "It’s hydrogeology but not as we know it: Sub-seafloor groundwater flow driven by thermal gradients." E3S Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 00008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185400008.

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Groundwater flow beneath the oceans plays an important role for cooling the earth’s crust and geochemical cycles, yet it remains an understudied subject in hydrogeology. This contribution focuses on the circulation of seawater through basalt covered by deep-sea sediments in the equatorial northeast Pacific Ocean. Numerical model simulations are used to infer the factors controlling the flow patterns that develop between basalt outcrops. The energy to drive the flow is derived from the crustal heat flux. It is found that the sediment thickness plays a key role in determining the development of hydrothermal siphons, i.e. the flow between two adjacent seamounts where one acts as a recharge point and the other as a discharge point for seawater. Amongst the various factors tested, the outcrop width was an important factor as well.
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Hilpert, Markus, Bruce D. Marsh, and Peter Geiser. "The radiator-enhanced geothermal system: Benefits of emulating a natural hydrothermal system." Interpretation 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): SR35—SR48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0032.1.

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We have developed a novel enhanced geothermal system (EGS) called radiator EGS (RAD-EGS). This system attempts to emulate naturally occurring hydrothermal systems by creating a vertically oriented heat exchanger or vane in the deep subsurface, mimicking a radiator in an internal combustion engine. Water is injected at the bottom of the vane and produced on the top. We propose to build the RAD-EGS in hot sedimentary aquifers (HSAs) with high-permeability vane(s) created in the plane defined by [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] (vertical). We have evaluated 3D heat-transfer simulations to better understand the fluid and heat flows that may occur in RAD-EGSs. The simulations account for subsurface heterogeneity including the presence of underlying basement rock, an overlying confining layer, and an ambient hydraulic gradient, which causes background groundwater flow. Our simulations indicate that our induced upward flow in the vane significantly prolongs the lifetime of RAD-EGS when compared with downward flow because hydraulic short circuiting is avoided. Within the vane, convection may occur, and its onset is analyzed in terms of a characteristic Rayleigh number. A critical aspect of RAD-EGS, therefore, is that thermal recharge does not rely solely on heat conduction from the surrounding wall rock, which is typical for EGS built in hot dry rock (HDR). Instead, recharge is also due to heat advection through the surrounding water-saturated aquifer, substantially prolonging the lifetime of the thermal reservoir. Moreover, fluid losses as typical for EGS built in HDR do not occur. It is also possible that cold water injected at the bottom of the vane may sink into deeper rock layers, which displaces hot water from the surrounding aquifer into the RAD-EGS. We suggest that mimicking a natural hydrothermal system is a successful EGS strategy via RAD-EGS.
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Diamond, R. E., and C. Harris. "Oxygen and hydrogen isotope geochemistry of thermal springs of the Western Cape, South Africa: Recharge at high altitude?" Journal of African Earth Sciences 31, no. 3-4 (October 2000): 467–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(00)80002-0.

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35

Grasby, Stephen E., and Dwayne A. W. Lepitzki. "Physical and chemical properties of the Sulphur Mountain thermal springs, Banff National Park, and implications for endangered snails." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-056.

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Nine thermal springs, in three groups, occur along the flank of Sulphur Mountain in Banff National Park. The principal recharge zone is suggested to be above 2000 m elevation on Mount Rundle, circulation depths are estimated to be 3.2 ± 0.6 km, and discharge is focused along the Sulphur Mountain Thrust. Springs show constant temperature and total dissolved solids load throughout the winter, whereas both drop in association with spring snowmelt. The degree and timing of temperature drops are a function of elevation, with the highest springs showing the earliest and most significant temperature drop. The highest elevation springs also show the greatest seasonal variability in water chemistry. Unusual seasonal flow stoppages of these springs are related to extreme low precipitation years. The biogeochemistry of the thermal springs and population fluctuations of the endemic and endangered Banff springs snail (Physella johnsoni) are strongly related to seasonal variability in flow rates. Changes in redox conditions associated with an influx of shallow groundwater during spring snowmelt negatively impact the microbial community that forms a principal food supply for the snail.
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Hamza, Valiya M. "Tectonic leakage of fault bounded aquifers subject to non-isothermal recharge: a mechanism generating thermal precursors to seismic events." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 126, no. 3-4 (November 2001): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9201(01)00253-9.

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37

Yanguang, Liu, Liu Guihong, Zhao Zhihong, and Zhang Hongliang. "Theoretical model of geothermal tail water reinjection based on an equivalent flow channel model: A case study in Xianxian, North China Plain." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 37, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 849–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718822401.

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Based on tracer tests and the equivalent flow channel model, this study proposes a theoretical modelling framework to back-calculate the unknown parameters of geothermal reservoirs and predict the thermal breakthrough in production wells. The inverse modelling module combines the analytical solution of the tracer transport equation with the method of moving asymptotes, and then an analytical model that considers heat advection and transfer was used to predict the thermal breakthrough in a production well. Based on the results of tracer tests in the double geothermal wells, Xianxian geothermal field, China, two equivalent flow channels were determined, and their average flow velocity, dispersion coefficient, section area, and channel length were estimated using this theoretical framework. The possible thermal breakthrough in the production well and its main influencing factors are also discussed. The theoretical model was applied to the engineering case, and the tracer test data were used to carry out the parameter back analysis and obtain the goodness of fit ( R2)=0.7907 > 0.6, indicating that the optimization result strongly correlated with the measured value and the fit was good. The values of the thermal reservoir parameters from the tracer test’s back analysis were used to predict the thermal breakthrough for the geothermal well system. The results indicated that due to the lower tracer recovery rate, the hydraulic connection between the production well and the recharge well was poor. During the 100-year service life of a geothermal well system, the production water temperature will not obviously change, and no thermal breakthrough will occur.
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Tran, Anh Phuong, Baptiste Dafflon, Susan S. Hubbard, Michael B. Kowalsky, Philip Long, Tetsu K. Tokunaga, and Kenneth H. Williams. "Quantifying shallow subsurface water and heat dynamics using coupled hydrological-thermal-geophysical inversion." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 9 (August 31, 2016): 3477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-3477-2016.

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Abstract. Improving our ability to estimate the parameters that control water and heat fluxes in the shallow subsurface is particularly important due to their strong control on recharge, evaporation and biogeochemical processes. The objectives of this study are to develop and test a new inversion scheme to simultaneously estimate subsurface hydrological, thermal and petrophysical parameters using hydrological, thermal and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data. The inversion scheme – which is based on a nonisothermal, multiphase hydrological model – provides the desired subsurface property estimates in high spatiotemporal resolution. A particularly novel aspect of the inversion scheme is the explicit incorporation of the dependence of the subsurface electrical resistivity on both moisture and temperature. The scheme was applied to synthetic case studies, as well as to real datasets that were autonomously collected at a biogeochemical field study site in Rifle, Colorado. At the Rifle site, the coupled hydrological-thermal-geophysical inversion approach well predicted the matric potential, temperature and apparent resistivity with the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency criterion greater than 0.92. Synthetic studies found that neglecting the subsurface temperature variability, and its effect on the electrical resistivity in the hydrogeophysical inversion, may lead to an incorrect estimation of the hydrological parameters. The approach is expected to be especially useful for the increasing number of studies that are taking advantage of autonomously collected ERT and soil measurements to explore complex terrestrial system dynamics.
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Hung, Chih-Ying, Jian-Hong Yu, Liang-Wei Su, Jun-Yen Uan, Yin-Chia Chen, and Dan-Jae Lin. "Shear Bonding Strength and Thermal Cycling Effect of Fluoride Releasable/Rechargeable Orthodontic Adhesive Resins Containing LiAl-F Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Filler." Materials 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2019): 3204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193204.

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This study aims to investigate the shear bonding strength (SBS) and thermal cycling effect of orthodontic brackets bonded with fluoride release/rechargeable LiAl-F layered double hydroxide (LDH-F) contained dental orthodontic resin. 3% and 5% of LDH-F nanopowder were gently mixed to commercial resin-based adhesives Orthomite LC (LC, LC3, LC5) and Transbond XT (XT, XT3). A fluoroaluminosilicate modified resin adhesive Transbond color change (TC) was selected as a positive control. Fifteen brackets each group were bonded to bovine enamel and the SBS was tested with/without thermal cycling. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was evaluated at 20× magnification. The fluoride-releasing/rechargeability and cytocompatibility were also evaluated. The SBS of LC, LC3, and LC5 were significantly higher than XT and TC. After thermal cycling, the SBS of LC, LC3, and LC5 did not decrease and was significantly higher than TC. The changes of ARI scores indicate that failure occurred not only cohesive but also semi-cohesive fracture. The 30 days accumulated daily fluoride release of LC3, LC5, and TC without recharge are higher than 300 μg/cm2. The LDH-F contained resin adhesive possesses higher SBS compared to positive control TC. Fluoride release and the rechargeable feature can be achieved for preventing enamel demineralization without cytotoxicity.
40

Chang, Xing-Wang, Mo Xu, Liang-Wen Jiang, Xiao Li, and Yun-Hui Zhang. "Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Formation of Low-Temperature Geothermal Waters in Mangbang-Longling Area of Western Yunnan, China." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (July 28, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5527354.

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Numerous low-temperature geothermal waters are distributed extensively in Mangbang-Longling of western Yunnan in China, whose formation mechanism has not been completely investigated yet. This study focused on the hydrogeochemical evolution, reservoir temperature, and recharge origin of geothermal waters using hydrogeochemical and deuterium-oxygen (D-O) isotopic studies. The low-temperature geothermal waters were characterized by HCO3-Na type, while shallow cold spring was of the hydrochemical type of HCO3-Ca. The hydrogeochemical characteristics of low-temperature geothermal waters were mainly determined by the dissolution of silicate minerals based on the geological condition and correlations of major and minor ions. The reservoir temperatures of low-temperature geothermal waters ranged from 111°C to 126°C estimated by silica geothermometry and the silicon-enthalpy graphic method. Low-temperature geothermal waters circulated at the largest depth of 1794–2077 m where deep high-temperature geothermal waters were involved. The data points of δD and δ18O of the hot spring water samples in the study area show a linear right-up trend, indicating the δ18O reaction between the water and rock and a possible mixture of magmatic water from below. The low-temperature thermal waters were recharged by meteoric water at the elevation of 2362–3653 m calculated by δD values. Upwelling by heating energy, low-temperature geothermal waters were exposed as geothermal springs in the fault and fracture intersection and mixed by up to 72% shallow cold waters at surface. Based on acquired data, a conceptual model of the low-temperature geothermal waters in the Mangbang-Longling area was proposed for future exploitation.
41

Wang, Xiaocui, and Xun Zhou. "Geothermometry and Circulation Behavior of the Hot Springs in Yunlong County of Yunnan in Southwest China." Geofluids 2019 (March 11, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8432496.

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Travertine and nontravertine thermal springs have been studied in Yunlong County in southwest China to determine the geothermal reservoir temperatures and to find the geochemical processes that affect the evolution of thermal groundwater constituents during subsurface circulation. Hydrochemical characteristics distinguish travertine from nontravertine types. Travertine springs show HCO3·Cl-Na and SO4·HCO3-Ca·Na type, and a nontravertine spring presents Cl·HCO3·SO4-Na type. Log(Q/K) versus T diagrams show that reservoir temperatures can be expressed as intervals based on the equilibrium mineral assemblages coexisting in equilibrium and multiminerals in equilibrium with the aid of the PHREEQC and WATCH programs. The spring water mixing ratio with shallow water is between 59% and 82% with steam loss ranging from 12.1% to 27.8%. The Dalang Spring mixes with the highest proportion of cold water (76% to 82%) among the four hot springs and has the highest geothermal reservoir temperature (132°C to 176.9°C). The water-rock interaction during recharge from precipitation demonstrates that the minerals halite, kaolinite, chalcedony, plagioclase, and CO2(g) play an important part in the evolution of the thermal groundwater. Four inverse modeling simulation paths between precipitation and spring discharge were established to calculate the mass flux of minerals by the PHREEQC program. Halite, kaolinite, chalcedony, plagioclase, and CO2(g) participate in dissolution reactions in the thermal groundwater circulation, while gypsum, calcite, dolomite, biotite, and fluorite keep the geochemical processes in equilibrium.
42

Miklós, Rita, László Lénárt, Enikő Darabos, Attila Kovács, Ágnes Pelczéder, Norbert Péter Szabó, and Péter Szűcs. "Karst water resources and their complex utilization in the Bükk Mountains, northeast Hungary: an assessment from a regional hydrogeological perspective." Hydrogeology Journal 28, no. 6 (May 11, 2020): 2159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02168-0.

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Abstract The cold and thermal karst water resources of the Bükk Mountains play a significant role in the hydrogeological setting of northeastern Hungary. Although there is much geological and hydrogeological information available, the regional hydrogeology of the Bükk Mountains had not been described in a standalone study involving all this information. The drinking water supply of the city of Miskolc and some other neighboring cities is based on the cold karst water resources of the Bükk Mountains. The thermal water resources have been getting more important, in terms of balneology and geothermal energy production, in this region over the last decade. An evaluation of the measurements of a 27-year-old groundwater quantity and quality monitoring system was performed. As a result, several types of new field hydrogeology, meteorology and spring discharge measurements were added to the monitoring scheme to provide information for studying the tendencies connected to extreme weather conditions. This will help to achieve sustainable utilization of the karst water resources. The main conclusions drawn in this study underline the importance of the strict measures associated with the water management of the Bükk Mountains because of the limited natural recharge and the continuously increasing demands on the cold and thermal water resources. A success story is found in Miskolc, which demonstrates the sustainable utilization of the deep thermal karst water; Miskolc hosts the largest geothermal heating plant in Central Europe with 60 MWt capacity.
43

Zuber, A., S. M. Weise, K. Osenbrück, J. Grabczak, and W. Ciȩżkowski. "Age and recharge area of thermal waters in La̧dek Spa (Sudeten, Poland) deduced from environmental isotope and noble gas data." Journal of Hydrology 167, no. 1-4 (May 1995): 327–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(94)02587-2.

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44

Strelec, Stjepan, Filip Dodigovic, Kristijan Grabar, and Barica Marincic-Kovacev. "The Influence of Aquifer Parameters on the Design of Extraction and Recharge Wells for Heat Pump Systems." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 5, no. 1 (November 26, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecg2020-08550.

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Groundwater can be considered a non-polluting, renewable energy source. It can be used as a fluid in industrial, commercial, and residential building heating and air-conditioning systems. Usually, the water table is deep enough, so atmospheric conditions have a negligible influence on water temperature. Consequently, annual temperature variations are minor, and groundwater can therefore also be considered a reliable energy source. This paper presents some aspects of groundwater heat pump (GWHP) well design and addresses problems that can occur during their exploitation. The heat pump system consists of two types of well: extraction wells and recharge wells. This paper shows that the distance between the two is a crucial parameter that affects the efficiency of the whole system. An example of well design for a production hall groundwater heat pump is given. The wells were constructed in the northern part of Croatia. Geological and the hydrogeological conditions at the site, regarding water temperature and soil hydraulic conductivity, are highly favorable. Due to insufficient distance between wells, thermal breakthrough occurred, i.e., water temperature in the extraction well rose, which resulted in the lower efficiency of the GWHP system.
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Elbarbary, Samah, Mohamed Abdel Zaher, Adam El-Shahat, Mohamed Al Deep, and Khaled M. Khedher. "Hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics of thermal groundwater at Farafra Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 20, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 408–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/geochem2020-009.

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Groundwater from the Nubian sandstone aquifer at Farafra Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt has been investigated using chemical tracers and environmental isotopes to clarify the hydrochemical features of this aquifer. The majority of the collected samples are characterized by Ca-Cl water type, which may be attributed to dissolution of the carbonate-rich sediments. Calculated saturation indices show that the main hydrogeochemical processes were the dissolution of carbonates and evaporites and the precipitation of Fe-rich minerals. Temperatures calculated using the K-Mg geothermometer show that the reservoir temperature ranges from 58°C to 121°C. The groundwater samples have δD and δ18O values similar to the isotopic content of the Nubian aquifer palaeowater in the Western Desert. Additionally, the isotopic composition suggests that there is no active potential current recharge from the local precipitation. Gamma spectrometry of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activities indicates that the groundwater of the Nubian aquifer is safe with respect to radioactivity. Groundwater in Farafra Oasis is the main source of irrigation and drinking water for local residents. All the samples are excellent for irrigation uses for all types of crops. It is suggested that the water samples may require some treatment regarding the high iron content before usage as drinking water.Supplementary material: Locations of the collected groundwater samples and their Na-K-Mg ternary cation plot is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4938252
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Szczucińska, Anna Maria, and Hieronim Wasielewski. "Seasonal Water Temperature Variability of Springs From Porous Sediments in Gryżynka Valley, Western Poland." Quaestiones Geographicae 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2013-0019.

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Abstract This paper discusses fluctuations in spring water temperature and its correlation to climate and aquifer characteristics. Data from nine springs in the Gryżynka River catchment (Polish Plain) were taken monthly (November 2005 to October 2010). The springs examined in this study are characterised by significant thermal inertia in contrast to air temperature, that is expressed in small temperature amplitudes that range from 1.3°C to 2.3°C. The average temperature of the springs is about 9°C. The research proved that observed groundwater temperature variations on the surface resulted mainly from atmospheric conditions, especially air temperature. The highest water temperatures (up to 10°C) were observed during late summer and early autumn, and the lowest temperature (7.7°C) was observed at the end of the winter period. The range of spring water temperature variability may reflect amount of water contribution from local water recharge in the spring vicinity.
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Yi, Xueying, Danyang Su, Bruno Bussière, and K. Mayer. "Thermal-Hydrological-Chemical Modeling of a Covered Waste Rock Pile in a Permafrost Region." Minerals 11, no. 6 (May 26, 2021): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060565.

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In order to reduce contaminant mass loadings, thermal cover systems may be incorporated in the design of waste rock piles located in regions of continuous permafrost. In this study, reactive transport modeling was used to improve the understanding of coupled thermo-hydrological and chemical processes controlling the evolution of a covered waste rock pile located in Northern Canada. Material properties from previous field and laboratory tests were incorporated into the model to constrain the simulations. Good agreement between simulated and observational temperature data indicates that the model is capable of capturing the coupled thermo-hydrological processes occurring within the pile. Simulations were also useful for forecasting the pile’s long-term evolution with an emphasis on water flow and heat transport mechanisms, but also including geochemical weathering processes and sulfate mass loadings as an indicator for the release of contaminated drainage. An uncertainty analysis was carried out to address different scenarios of the cover’s performance as a function of the applied infiltration rate, accounting for the impacts of evaporation, runoff, and snow ablation. The model results indicate that the cover performance is insensitive to the magnitude of recharge rates, except for limited changes of the flow regime in the shallow active layer. The model was expanded by performing an additional sensitivity analysis to assess the role of cover thicknesses. The simulated results reveal that a cover design with an appropriate thickness can effectively minimize mass loadings in drainage by maintaining the active layer completely within the cover.
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Schlegel, Melissa E., Alan L. Mayo, Steve Nelson, Dave Tingey, Rachel Henderson та Dennis Eggett. "Paleo-climate of the Boise area, Idaho from the last glacial maximum to the present based on groundwater δ2H and δ18O compositions". Quaternary Research 71, № 2 (березень 2009): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.09.008.

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AbstractA 30 ka paleo-climate record of the Boise area, Idaho, USA has been delineated using groundwater stable isotopic compositions. Groundwater ages are modern (cold batholith), 5–15 ka (thermal batholith), 10–20 ka (frontal fault), and 20–30 ka (Snake River plain thermal). The stable isotopic composition of groundwaters have been used as a surrogate for the stable isotopic composition of precipitation. Using δ2H and δ18O compositions, local groundwater lines (LGWL's) were defined for each system. Each LGWL has been evaluated with defined slopes of 6.94 and 8, respectively, and resulting deuterium excess values (d) were found for each groundwater system for each slope. Time dependent changes in moisture source humidity and temperature, and Boise area recharge temperatures, calculated from stable isotopic data and the deuterium excess factors, agree with previous paleo-climate studies. Results indicate that from the last glacial maximum to the present time the humidity over the ocean moisture source increased by 9%, sea surface temperature at the moisture source increased 6–7°C, and local Boise temperature increased by 4–5°C. A greater increase of temperature at the moisture source as compared to the Boise area may impart be due to a shift in the moisture source area.
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Kiryukhin, Alexey, Evgenia Chernykh, Andrey Polyakov, and Alexey Solomatin. "Magma Fracking Beneath Active Volcanoes Based on Seismic Data and Hydrothermal Activity Observations." Geosciences 10, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10020052.

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Active volcanoes are associated with microearthquake (MEQ) hypocenters that form plane-oriented cluster distributions. These are faults delineating a magma injection system of dykes and sills. The Frac-Digger program was used to track fracking faults in the Kamchatka active volcanic belt and fore-arc region of Russia. In the case of magma laterally injected from volcanoes into adjacent structures, high-temperature hydrothermal systems arise, for example at Mutnovsky and Koryaksky volcanoes. Thermal features adjacent to these active volcanoes respond to magma injection events by degassing CO2 and by transient temperature changes. Geysers created by CO2-gaslift activity in silicic volcanism areas also flag magma and CO2 recharge and redistributions, for example at the Uzon-Geyserny, Kamchatka, Russia and Yellowstone, USA magma hydrothermal systems. Seismogenic faults in the Kamchatka fore-arc region are indicators of geofluid fracking; those faults can be traced down to 250 km depth, which is within the subduction slab below primary magma sources.
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Renac, C., Fr Gal, R. P. Ménot, P. Squarcioni, and Ch Perrache. "Mean recharge times and chemical modelling transfers from shallow groundwater to mineralized thermal waters at Montrond-les-Bains, Eastern Massif Central, France." Journal of Hydrology 376, no. 1-2 (September 2009): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.07.011.

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