Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Tomato extract"
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Статті в журналах з теми "Tomato extract"
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Ramadhani, Saidina, M. Abduh Ulim, and Trisda Kurniawan. "Perlakuan biopriming kombinasi ekstrak tomat dan Trichoderma spp. terhadap viabilitas dan vigor benih terung (Solanum melongena L.) kadaluarsa." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v3i2.7493.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstrak. Penelitian tentang pengaruh perlakuan biopriming terhadap viabilitas dan vigor benih terung kadaluarsa dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih dan Laboratorium Penyakit Tanaman Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh pada bulan Agustus sampai dengan Oktober 2017. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi ekstrak buah tomat dan spesies Trichoderma spp. serta interaksi antara konsentrasi ekstrak buah tomat dan spesies Trichoderma spp. terhadap viabilitras dan vigor benih terung kadaluarsa. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAL) pola faktorial dengan 2 faktor dan 3 ulangan. Faktor pertama yaitu konsentrasi ekstrak buah tomat yang terdiri atas 4 taraf dan faktor kedua yaitu spesies Trichoderma spp. yang terdiri atas 3 taraf. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi ekstrak buah tomat terbaik dijumpai pada konsentrasi ekstrak buah tomat 10%, baik yang dikombinasikan dengan T. harzianum maupun T. asperellum. Jenis Trichoderma spp. terbaik dijumpai pada T. harzianum pada semua konsentrasi ekstrak buah tomat.Kata kunci: Biopriming, Ekstrak Buah Tomat, Trichoderma spp..Biopriming Treatment Combination of Tomato Extract and Trichoderma spp. to Viability and Vigor of Expired Eggplant Seeds Abstract. Research on the effect of biopriming treatment on viability and vigor of expired eggplant seeds was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology and Plant Disease Laboratory of Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh from August to October 2017. This study aims to determine the effect of tomato extract concentration and species Trichoderma spp. as well as the interaction between the concentration of tomato extract and species Trichoderma spp. to viability and vigor of expired eggplant seeds. This research was conducted by using Randomized Block Design (RBD) factorial pattern with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is the concentration of tomato extract consisting of 4 levels and the second factor is species Trichoderma spp. which consists of 3 levels. The results showed that the best concentration of tomato extract was found in the concentration of 10% tomato extract, both combined with T. harzianum and T. asperellum. The best species of Trichoderma spp. found in T. harzianum in all concentrations of tomato extracts.Keywords : Biopriming, Tomato Extract, Trichoderma spp..
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Alaa, Almasri, Azizieh Abdulhakim, and Tlay Rawaa. "Potato and tomato peel extract – A natural antioxidant for retarding lipid peroxidation in lamb meat (Awassi) refrigerator storage." Journal of Food, Nutrition and Agriculture 2, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21839/jfna.2019.v2i1.179.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This work examined the utilization of potato and tomato peels, as antioxidants natural source for retarding lipid oxidation in slices of lamb meat (Awassi). Meat slices treated with potato peel extract (PPE) and tomato peel extract (TPE) in two different concentrations (0.1%, 0.5%). Then, lipid peroxidation and pH was determined in samples at three different periods with 5 days. We found low levels of peroxide value in samples due to treatment with natural antioxidants. Potato peel extracts were less effective than tomato peel extracts due to lower phenolic content 96.66 mg of Gallic acid /100 g in potato peel extract vs 130.53 mg of Gallic acid /100 g. We suggest using tomato peel extract for retarding lipid peroxidation in chilled storage of lamb meat.
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Concha-Meyer, Anibal, Iván Palomo, Andrea Plaza, Adriana Gadioli Tarone, Mário Roberto Maróstica Junior, Sonia G. Sáyago-Ayerdi, and Eduardo Fuentes. "Platelet Anti-Aggregant Activity and Bioactive Compounds of Ultrasound-Assisted Extracts from Whole and Seedless Tomato Pomace." Foods 9, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 1564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111564.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tomato paste production generates a residue known as tomato pomace, which corresponds to peels and seeds separated during tomato processing. Currently, there is an opportunity to use tomato pomace to obtain a functional extract with antithrombotic properties, such as platelet anti-aggregant activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield and inhibitory activity of different extracts of tomato pomace on in vitro platelet aggregation, comparing this activity with commercial cardioprotective products, and quantify bioactive compounds. Aqueous or ethanolic/water (1:1) extracts of whole tomato pomace, seedless tomato pomace, tomato pomace supplemented with seeds (50% and 20%), and only seeds were obtained with different ultrasound-assisted extraction times. The inhibition of platelet aggregation was evaluated using a lumi-aggregometer. The quantification of bioactive compounds was determined by HPLC-MS. From 5 g of each type of tomato pomace sample, 0.023–0.22 g of a dry extract was obtained for the platelet aggregation assay. The time of sonication and extraction solvent had a significant role in platelet anti-aggregant activity of some extracts respect the control. Thus, the most active extracts decreased adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation from 87 ± 6% (control) to values between 26 ± 6% and 34 ± 2% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, different ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions of tomato pomace fractions had varied concentration of flavonoids and nucleosides, and had an effect on extract yield.
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Kurniawan, Edy, Idham Halid, and Agustina Agustina. "Antibacterial Activity Of Plants Extract Drug Effective Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antibiotics Resistance To Quinolone And Cephalosporine." Medicra (Journal of Medical Laboratory Science/Technology) 5, no. 1 (July 31, 2022): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/medicra.v5i1.1627.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Antibiotics are empirically used as drugs to treat bacterial infections, but the irrational use of antibiotics causes bacterial resistance to certain antibiotic regimens, therefore solutions are needed to explore alternative drugs. This study aims to explore medicinal plants that are able to inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria that are resistant to quinolones and cephalosporins. The method used is descriptive observational and antibacterial activity test of plant extracts using the well diffusion method. Three plant extracts were used, binahong extract (Andredera cordifolia), tomato fruit extract (Lycopersicon esculentum), and aloe vera extract (Aloe vera). The results showed that only tomato extract inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria with a strong category, while binahong and aloe vera extracts could not inhibit the test bacteria. It was concluded that tomato fruit extract might be an alternative as a medicinal plant because it was able to inhibit P. aeruginosa resistant to quinolones and cephalosporin antibiotics.
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de Leeuw, Peter W., and Aalt Bast. "Tomato Extract for Hypertension?" Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy 23, no. 2 (February 14, 2009): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10557-008-6161-4.
Повний текст джерела
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Khumara, Agustina P., Henry Y. Mandalas, and Vinna K. Sugiaman. "Effect of Servo Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) extract on Incision Wound Healing." e-GiGi 10, no. 2 (August 7, 2022): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.35790/eg.v10i2.41503.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: Herbal medicines such as Servo tomato containing flavonoids and saponins can increase the number of fibroblasts in the wound tissue, therefore, it can help to speed up wound healing time. This study aimed to determine the effect of servo tomato ethanol extract on wound healing time based on the day of the incision. This was a true laboratory experimental study using 30 male Wistar rats (Rattus Norvegicus) divided into six groups; each group consisted of five rats, Group I was given aquadest as a negative control, Group II was given 10% povidone iodine solution as a positive control, and Groups III-VI were given 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% solutions of Servo tomato ethanol extract, consecutively. The results showed that there were differences in the length of the incision wounds among groups from time to time as a response of wound healing. Incision wound length in Group VI (100%) after seven days had a mean of zero (0.00 mm). The ANOVA test resulted in a p-value of 0.1537 (<0.05) in the six treatment groups. The mean incision length was the shortest in the group applied with 100% Servo tomato ethanol extract. In conclusion, there was an effect of Servo tomato ethanol extract on incision wound healing time on the labial mucosa of male Wistar rats.Keywords: tomato ethanol extract; incision wound; healing time Abstrak: Tanaman herbal seperti tomat Servo yang mengandung flavonoid dan saponin dapat mening-katkan jumlah fibroblas dalam jaringan luka yang membantu mempercepat waktu penyembuhan luka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak etanol tomat Servo terhadap waktu penyembuhan luka berdasarkan hari dilakukan insisi. Jenis penelitian ialah eksperimental laboratorik dengan hewan coba tikus Wistar jantan (Rattus norvegicus) berjumlah 30 ekor, dibagi menjadi enam kelompok penelitian; setiap kelompok terdiri dari lima ekor tikus. Kelompok I diberikan larutan aquadest sebagai kontrol negatif, kelompok II diberikan larutan povidone iodine 10% sebagai kontrol positif, dan kelompok III-VI diberikan larutan ekstrak etanol tomat Servo 25%, 50%, 75%, dan 100%. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan perbedaan panjang luka insisi antar kelompok dari waktu ke waktu sebagai respon penyembuhan luka. Panjang luka insisi pada kelompok VI (100%) setelah tujuh hari memiliki rerata nol (0,00 mm). Hasil uji ANOVA mendapatkan nilai p=0,1537<0,05 pada keenam kelompok perlakuan. Jumlah rerata panjang luka insisi paling kecil pada kelompok yang diaplikasikan dengan ekstrak etanol tomat Servo 100%. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah terdapat pengaruh ekstrak etanol tomat Servo (Solanum lycopersicum) terhadap panjang luka selama waktu penyembuhan luka insisi pada mukosa labial tikus Wistar jantan.Kata kunci: ekstrak etanol tomat; luka insisi; waktu penyembuhan
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Stajcic, Sladjana, Gordana Cetkovic, Sonja Djilas, and Jasna Canadanovic-Brunet. "Kinetic study of the DPPH antiradical activity of lipophilic tomato waste extracts." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 44 (2013): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1344301s.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, lipophilic tomato waste extracts (obtained from the Knjaz, Backa, Saint Pierre, Rutgers and Novosadski niski genotypes) were analyzed to determine their lycopene and ?-carotene content, as well as their kinetics of antiradical activity. The kinetic behaviour of lipophilic tomato waste extracts and standard antioxidant compound (BHA) were investigated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical test. In addition, correlations between the contents of lycopene and ?-carotene content and antiradical activity of lipophilic tomato waste extracts were also sought. The content of lycopene in tomato waste extracts ranged from 4.29 ? 0.14 mg/g for Rutgers waste exract to 22.64 ? 0.86 mg/g for Knjaz waste extract, while the content of ?-carotene varied from 2.48 ? 0.09 mg/g for Novosadski niski waste exract to 15.93 ? 0.56 mg/g for Knjaz waste extract. Based on the time required for the DPPH radical-extract reaction to reach steady state, the investigated lipophilic extracts, as well as BHA can be classified as the antioxidants with slow (steady state ? 150 min) antiradical behaviour. A comparison of the efficient concentrations at different kinetic times (EC50,t) for the lipophilic tomato waste extracts and BHA showed that the DPPH antiradical activity decreased in the order of BHA > Knjaz > Backa > Saint Pierre > Rutgers > Novosadski niski. The results of the correlation analysis suggest that lycopene is the main individual carotenoid responsible for the EC50,t values of the tomato waste extracts towards the stable DPPH radical.
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Nuraeni, Farida, Leny Heliawati, and Melani Nurastuti. "Antioxidant Activity Test from Vegetable Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme) in Hand and Body Cream." Helium: Journal of Science and Applied Chemistry 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/helium.v2i1.5302.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dry, scaly, rough skin conditions accompanied by wrinkles and black spots characterize the skin that experiences premature aging. One of the causes of premature aging is free radicals. These free radicals can be overcome with natural or artificial antioxidants. Natural antioxidants are found in fruits and vegetables, one of which is tomatoes. Tomatoes in direct use are less effective, so they are made in the form of hand and body cream. Production of vegetable tomato and cherry tomato extracts fruit extraction and maceration using 96% ethanol, then concentrated with a rotary evaporator until the extract is thick. The extracts of vegetable tomatoes and cherry tomatoes were then tested for phytochemical, antioxidant activity, and identification of compounds with LC-MS, then applied to hand and body cream with a concentration of 1% and 3% with codes F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4. Hand and body cream of tomato extract are tested by measuring pH, viscosity, specific gravity, total microbial Contamination, homogeneity and testing for antioxidant activity using the DPPH method. Phytochemical test results showed that flavonoid compounds were present in both extracts. The antioxidant activity of vegetable tomato ethanol extract was obtained with an IC50 value of 947.81ppm, and an IC50 value of 473.51 ppm was obtained for cherry tomato extract. From the LC-MS analysis, the compounds contained in cherry tomatoes, namely esculeoside A and B as cytotoxic activity, dehydrotomat as an antibacterial, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside as an antioxidant, and tomatidine as an antibiotic. Antioxidant activity of hand and body cream, hand and body cream F4 (964.05 ppm), hand and body cream F3 (1001.97 ppm), hand and body cream F2 (1033.73 ppm), hand body cream F1 (1036.61 ppm), and hand and body cream F0 (1486.14 ppm). Hand and body cream cherry tomato extract 3%, formula 4 (F4), has the highest antioxidant activity. It can be concluded that the addition of extract concentration affects the antioxidant activity value of hand and body cream. Body cream F2 (1033.73 ppm), hand body cream F1 (1036.61 ppm), and hand and body cream F0 (1486.14 ppm). Hand and body cream cherry tomato extract 3%, formula 4 (F4), has the highest antioxidant activity. It can be concluded that the addition of extract concentration affects the antioxidant activity value of hand and body cream. Body cream F2 (1033.73 ppm), hand body cream F1 (1036.61 ppm), and hand and body cream F0 (1486.14 ppm). Hand and body cream cherry tomato extract 3%, formula 4 (F4), has the highest antioxidant activity. It can be concluded that the addition of extract concentration affects the antioxidant activity value of hand and body cream.
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Le Thi, Thuy, and Thu Nguyen Thi Hoai. "Bioefficacy of plant extracts against the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.)." Journal of Science Natural Science 66, no. 1 (March 2021): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2021-0019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three types of plant extracts on pest mortality, pest chasing away effects, and antifeedant index. The results released that the rate of chasing diamondback moth reached 53.10% when spraying ginger-garlic-chili extract. This ratio when using the extracts from shallot and tomato leaves was respectively 31.48% and 27.80%. Similarly, with two other research criteria, the use of ginger-garlic-chili extract also brought the strongest efficiency when the pest mortality and antifeedant index were created 86.63% and 94.60%. Spraying the extracts of shallot and tomato leaves showed the low effects on the diamondback moth mortality at the rates of 50.25% and 40.65%. Besides, the antifeedant index of the pest was only 64.23% and 44.45% respectively when using the extracts from the shallot and tomato leaf. These results initially indicated that the ginger-garlic-chili extract had a positive effect on the prevention of diamondback moth.
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Khan, Rashid Iqbal. "Fenugreek extract application improves plant performance of Alternaria solani infected tomato plants." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58, no. 04 (September 1, 2021): 1263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/21.1575.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant extracts (PE’s) has emerged as a safer alternative to manage the fungal pathogens affecting tomato productivity. The current study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of methanolic fenugreek extract against Alternaria solani, a causal agent of early blight disease in tomato. Fenugreek extract was used at different concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% under in vitro conditions. Results concluded that 25% fenugreek extract significantly reduced the radial growth (2.5 cm) of A. solani under in vitro conditions. Based on in vitro results, three concentrations (5%, 15% and 25%) of fenugreek extract was examined under greenhouse and field conditions. The outcomes expressed that 5% fenugreek extract reduced the disease severity up to 30.19% under greenhouse conditions and up to 40.53% under field trials. Although, application of fenugreek extract had exhibited non-significant impact on vegetative and reproductive growth parameters. However, its application had proved better results as compared to those plants which are infected with A. solani but received zero application of fenugreek extract. Furthermore, the effectiveness of plant extracts was evaluated by variant photosynthetic, antioxidative, polyphenolic and hypersensitive response of A. solani affected tomato plants. The 25% fenugreek extract application had augmented the chlorophyll pigments along with the significant increment of superoxide dismutase (174.16 U mg-1 protein), peroxidase (7.61 µmol min-1 g-1 protein) and catalase activity (4.73 nmol min-1 g-1 protein). Similar outcomes were observed regarding phenolic compounds, where 5% fenugreek extract application had enhanced flavonoid levels (26.62 mg QuE g-1), tannins (1.28 mg TE g-1 extract) and total phenolic contents (2.39 mg GAE g-1) in tomato leaves demonstrating its protective effect against early blight. In dose response, 25% fenugreek extract was most effective in reducing lipid peroxidation and enhancing H2O2 levels. The outcomes of study exhibited the fenugreek extract as an effective strategy to be used against A. solani to control early blight infection in tomato plants. Thus, it can serve as suitable fungicide alternative for resource-poor agriculture areas mainly in developing countries.
Дисертації з теми "Tomato extract"
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PENON, ANTONELLA, and ANTONIO GIORDANO. "BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CORBARINO TOMATO LIPOPHILIC EXTRACT AND ITS PROCESSED FORM ON COLORECTAL CANCER CELL LINES AND RELATED MOLECULAR PATHWAY INVOLVED." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1009543.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death in the Western world. Most of the colon tumors are sporadic and develop somatically in epithelial cells. Apart from genetic factors, nutritional factors can markedly affect tumor development. In particular, while a high intake of red meat and animal fat is considered key points predisposing to colorectal cancer development, epidemiological studies often observed an inverse correlation between tomato and tomato product (sauce, paste) consumption and colon cancer risk. Tomato antioxidant bioactive molecules such as carotenoids and polyphenols could be responsible, at least in part, for the healthy effect. Here we analyzed the effect of total lipophilic extracts of a Southern Italy tomato variety, Corbarino and its processed form, Corbarino sauce, on two in vitro model of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines, Colo–320 and SW-480, characterized by different aggressiveness. Our results support the hypothesis of a role for this variety of tomato in the inhibition of some features involved in the neoplastic advancement. The treatment with tomato extracts affected cancer cell ability to grow both in adherence and in semisolid medium, reducing also cell migration ability as highlighted after 24 hrs and more relevant results were gained after 72 hrs of incubation. Moreover, the most effective results were obtained with Corbarino sauce extract. No toxic effects were observed on non-tumoral cells, Human Skin Fibroblasts (HSFs). The observed inhibition of cancer cell growth and aggressiveness is associated with a negative regulation of cell cycle progression as pointed out by the increased expression levels of pRb/p105, p107 and pRb2/p130 while p21-Cip1 and p27-Kip1 expression levels decreased. The extent of antineoplastic effects, furthermore, seem to be correlated with the antioxidant activity of the two tomatoes form. Our data indicate that Corbarino tomato and its processed form intake might be further considered as nutritional support not only in cancer prevention, but also for cancer patient diet
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D'Angelo, Costantino. "Evaluation of anti-proliferative and antioxidant potential of tomato extract against melanoma." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1133306.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract
Melanoma is a form of skin cancer occurring prevalently, in fair-skinned and lighthaired person; its incidence is constantly increasing and in Italy is the second most
frequent cancer males under 50 and third most frequent in female under 50 years.
Increasing evidences are demonstrating that antioxidants from vegetables have both
antriproliferative activity and ratio-sensiting property on cancer cell. Here, we will
investigate the anti-proliferative and ratio-sensitizing potential of polyphenolic fraction
from different tomato cultivars in melanoma cells lines. Aim of this work is to expand
the existing knowledge on the effects of anti-oxidants and antiproliferative on
melanoma cancer cells. The melanoma cancer cell line we used for this study is M14
with mutation in the BRAF gene which is involved in cancer drug resistance.
Polyphenolic fraction obtained from our tomatoes extracts has been examined for
identification of polyphenols by High Performance Liquid Chromatography technology,
and we will study the effects of these compounds on the main pathways to be
deregulated in cancer (Rb2, p21/Cip1 and p27/Kip1), according with our published results.
Cytotoxicity assay, western blot, qRT-PCR, cell cycle analysis and will be performed to
study the impact of these compouds on melanoma cells biology. In the second part of
this work we evaluated also the capacity to inhibition of UV-A induced ROS generation
in fibroblast cell by tomato extract and the ability to screen UV light and to reduce the
harm to DNA caused by free oxygen radicals.
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Balbi-Peña, Maria Isabel. "Efeito do extrato do rizoma de Curcuma longa e solução de curcumina em Alternaria solani e controle de pinta preta em tomateiro." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2005. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1335.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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Previous issue date: 2005-02-28Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is one of the most important diseases of tomato in Brazil. This disease affects leaves, stems, petioles and fruits causing important economicaI losses. New alternatives to fungicides have been evaluated to control the diseases with low environmental impact and low toxicity to living beings. The discovery of vegetal secondary compounds with antimicrobiotic activity or secondary compounds that induce disease resistance shows to be very promissory. Turmeric, Curcuma longa, has compounds in its rhizomes with proved antimicrobiotic activity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the in vitro fungitoxic activity of turmeric extracts and curcumin against A. solani and to determinate their potential in the control of tomato early blight. Four different concentrations (1, 5, 10 and 20%) of aqueous extracts of turmeric rhizomes (sterilized by autoclavation) and four curcumin solutions (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1) were incorporated into potato dextrose agar medium in order to evaluate fungal micelial growth and esporulation. To evaluate the effect of autoclavation, 10% and 15% turmeric extracts were sterilized by filtration. The effects of autoclavated and non autoclavated turmeric extracts and curcumin on in vitro spore germination were tested. The concentrations of 10 and 15% non autoclavated turmeric extracts inhibited the micelial growth by 38,2% and 23,2%, respectively, and the fungal sporulation by 71,7% and 87% respectively. When the turmeric extracts were autoclavated, neither micelial growth nor spore germination was inhibited and the effect on the sporulation was reduced, suggesting the presence of thermolabile antimicrobiotic compounds. The non autoclavated 5% extract inhibited by 15% the spore germination. At the highest concentration, the curcumin solution inhibited the micelial growth by 29,5%. Neither in vitro esporulation nor spore germination was affected by curcumin. At a greenhouse experiment, desease severity, fruit production and classification were evaluated. The treatments were: 1 and 10% turmeric extracts, 50 e 100 mg L-1 curcumin solutions, acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (2,5 g 100 L-1 of a.i.), copper oxychloride (110 g L-1 of a.i.), azoxystrobin (40 g L-1 of a.i.) and control (water). The disease control showed by turmeric extracts and curcumin solutions was similar to cuprous fungicide, but inferior to azoxystrobin control. There was no statistical difference in comercial fruit production between treatments. Only 50 mg L-1 curcumin treatment had higher porcentage of bigger fruits compared to the control. Another experiment with tomato plants growing in vases was performed with the subject of veryfing resistance induction. After 26 days of transplanting, the 7th. leaf was sprayed with turmeric extract (1 and 10%), curcumin (50 e 100 mg L-1), ASM (2,5 g a.i. 100 L-1) and water. Seventy two hours later, 7th. treated leaf and 8th. untreated leaf were inoculated with A. solani. At 7th. leaf, 10% turmeric extract and 100 mg L-1 curcumin treatments showed an statistically inferior area under disease progress curve, compared to the control, what could suggest induction of local resistance or direct antimicrobiotic activity. At 8th. leaf, only 10% turmeric extract shows significant difference compared with the control, what could mean a systemic resistance induced by turmeric extract. These results show the potential of turmeric and curcumin in the control in tomato early blight.
A pinta preta, causada por Alternaria solani, é uma das mais importantes doenças da cultura do tomateiro no Brasil. A doença ocorre em folhas, hastes, pecíolos e frutos, ocasionando elevados prejuízos econômicos. Várias alternativas aos fungicidas têm sido avaliadas nos últimos anos na busca de produtos que controlem satisfatoriamente as doenças, tenham pequeno impacto ambiental e baixa toxicidade aos seres vivos. A descoberta de muitos compostos secundários de plantas com atividade antimicrobiana e/ou indutores de resistência, mostra-se promissora. A cúrcuma, Curcuma longa, apresenta compostos em seus rizomas com comprovada atividade antimicrobiana. Dessa forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a atividade fungitóxica in vitro dos extratos brutos de cúrcuma e da curcumina contra A. solani e determinar o potencial dos mesmos no controle da pinta preta em tomateiro. Foram utilizados extratos brutos aquosos de rizomas de cúrcuma (esterilizados por autoclavagem) nas concentrações de 1, 5, 10 e 20% e curcumina nas concentrações de 50, 100, 200 e 400 mg L-1, os quais foram incorporados em meio de cultura batata-dextrose-ágar para avaliação de crescimento micelial e esporulação do fungo. Para avaliar o efeito da autoclavagem, foram testados extratos de cúrcuma a 10 e 15% esterilizados por filtração. Foi testado também o efeito dos extratos de cúrcuma autoclavados e não autoclavados e da curcumina na germinação de esporos in vitro. Os extratos de cúrcuma a 10 e 15% sem autoclavar, inibiram em 38,2% e 23,2% respectivamente o crescimento micelial e 71,7% e 87%, respectivamente, a esporulação do fungo. Quando autoclavados, não apresentaram inibição do crescimento micelial nem da germinação de esporos e a inibição da esporulação foi menor, indicando a presença de compostos antimicrobianos termolábeis. O extrato não autoclavado na concentração de 5%, inibiu um máximo de 15% a germinação dos esporos. A curcumina inibiu o crescimento micelial em 29,5% na maior concentração. Não foi verificado efeito da curcumina sobre a esporulação e a germinação de esporos in vitro. No ensaio in vivo, conduzido em casa de vegetação, foi avaliada a severidade da doença e a produção e classificação de frutos. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: extrato de cúrcuma (1 e 10%), curcumina (50 e 100 mg L-1), acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM) (2,5 g 100 L-1 de i.a.), oxicloreto de cobre (110 g L-1 de i.a.), azoxystrobin (40 g L-1 de i.a.) e testemunha (água). A curcumina e os extratos brutos de cúrcuma apresentaram níveis de controle de pinta preta, no campo, similares ao tratamento com fungicida cúprico, mas inferior ao azoxystrobin. Não houve diferenças estatísticas na produção comercial de frutos entre tratamentos. Somente o tratamento de curcumina 50 mg L-1 apresentou maior porcentagem de frutos grandes em relação à testemunha. Outro ensaio foi conduzido com o objetivo de verificar a indução de resistência em plantas cultivadas em vasos. Aos 26 dias após o transplante, a 7ª folha da planta recebeu extrato de cúrcuma (1 e 10%), curcumina (50 e 100 mg L-1), ASM (2,5 g 100 L-1 de i.a.) ou água, por aspersão. Após 72 h, a 7a folha tratada e a 8a folha (não tratada) foram inoculadas com A. solani. Na 7ª folha, os tratamentos com extrato de cúrcuma 10% e curcumina 100 mg L-1 apresentaram um valor de área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença estatisticamente menor à testemunha, o que poderia indicar indução de resistência local ou atividade antimicrobiana direta. Na 8ª folha, somente o extrato de cúrcuma 10% apresentou diferença significativa com a testemunha o que poderia indicar uma indução de resistência sistêmica pelo extrato bruto de cúrcuma. Esses resultados indicam o potencial de cúrcuma e curcumina para o controle de pinta preta no tomateiro.
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Cesare, Maria Michela. "ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION OF TUSCAN TOMATO PEEL POLYPHENOLS IN A CELLULAR MODEL OF SARCOPENIA." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1186467.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Tomato by-products contain a great variety of biologically active substances and might represent a significant source of natural antioxidant supplements of the human diet. The preliminary studies were carried out on two ancient Tuscan tomato peel varieties, Rosso di Pitigliano (RED) and Perina a Punta della Valtiberina (PER), obtained by growing plants in normal (-Ctr) or in drought stress conditions (-Ds) present in the Regional Bank of the Germplasm of Tuscany. The variety chosen was Rosso di Pitigliano for the best beneficial effects on vascular related dysfunction. The preliminary aim of the thesis was to create an in vitro model of sarcopenia, induced by dexamethasone using human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMM). Sarcopenia is a disease that affects athletes who practice endurance physical activity. In these, an excessive exercise increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, that, if not properly balanced by the endogenous antioxidant system, can compromise the performance of the athletes. Furthermore, in controlling muscle mass an important role is played by serine/threonine kinase and a decreased activation of the Akt-mTOR pathway by sarcopenia contributes to protein synthesis reduction. The main aim of study was to evaluate the cytoprotective properties of tomato peel polyphenols from Rosso di Pitigliano, cultivated in normal or in drought stress conditions, on an in vitro model of sarcopenia.
Methods: The antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content (TPC) were measured. The identification of bioactive compounds of several tomato peel was performed by HPLC. HUVEC were pre-treated with different TPC of RED-Ctr or RED-Ds, then stressed with H2O2. Cell viability, ROS production and CAT, SOD and GPx activities were evaluated. Permeation of antioxidant molecules contained in RED across excised rat intestine was also studied. The phenol content of both peel extracts was investigated by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) analyses coupled to electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HR-MS). Morphological sarcopenia induction and treatment with tomato peels extracts were performed. The effector’s expression was evaluated by Real-Time PCR reactions after setting the optimal reaction conditions. Myotubes-differentiated were examined for the expression of Myosin heavy chain-2 (MYH2), Troponin T type 1 (TNNT) and Myogenin (MYOG). Furthermore, Protein kinase B (AKT1) and Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1) mRNA expression was evaluated. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities were performed.
Results: RED-Ds tomato peel extract possessed higher TPC than compared to RED-Ctr (361.32 ± 7.204 mg vs. 152.46 ± 1.568 mg GAE/100 g fresh weight). All extracts were non-cytotoxic. Two hours pre-treatment with 5 μg GAE/mL from RED-Ctr or RED-Ds showed protection from H2O2-induced oxidative stress and significantly reduced ROS production raising SOD and CAT activity (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.005 vs. H2O2, respectively). The permeation of antioxidant molecules contained in RED-Ctr or RED-Ds across excised rat intestine was high with non-significant difference between the two RED types (41.9 ± 9.6% vs. 26.6 ± 7.8%).
Phenolic acids increase in the stressed tomato peel extract, while flavonoids decrease. Data shows a protective effect of 5μg GAE/ml TPC of Red DS extract on the sarcopenia. FOXO1 mRNA expression was significantly increased when cells treated with Dexa, but this expression was significantly decreased in Red Ds+Dexa (p <0.0001 vs control). AKT1 mRNA expression was increased in myotubes pre-treated with Red Ds and Dexa (p <0.0001 vs control). Myosin heavy chain 2 (MYH2), troponin T (TNNT1), miogenin (MYOG), were express in myotubes differentiated (p<0.001 vs Control). DEXA significantly reduces the antioxidant enzyme activity of SOD compared with untreated cells (p < 0.0001), but RED-Ds increased SOD activity. Conclusions: The final results show that the tomato peel extract of Rosso di Pitigliano, grown in conditions of drought stress, represents a good source of bioactive molecules, which protects the endothelium from oxidative stress even at low concentrations. Furthermore, the polyphenols from tomato peel show a cytoprotective effect in the in vitro model of sarcopenia without the use of vehicles for absorption.
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Fulco, Beniamino. "Preventive and antiproliferative effects of tomato extracts on colorectal cancer." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1144767.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Colorectal cancer represents the third most common cancer and the fourth cause for cancer death in both sexes worldwide. Different epidemiological and observational evidences strictly correlated the risk of colorectal cancer to lifestyle, especially to diet. Numerous studies have investigated the effect of antioxidant substances derived from food but data on lycopene or tomato extracts are still rare. This project is based on comparing the effects of extracts (total and lipophilic fractions) obtained from fresh tomato of one tomato cultivar (corbarino) versus another tomato variety (tangerino), this latter known to have lycopene already in bioactive isoform. Using two colorectal carcinoma cell lines we previously investigated the ability of tomatoes to inhibit cancer cell growth and proliferation and hypothesized a selective action on cancer cells and a lack of an effect on non-cancer cells (normal human fibroblasts). We noticed a major effect of tangerino tomato extracts, particularly of total fraction. These data made us hypothesize a possible effect of tomato extract on cell cycle. We analyzed cell cycle progression by flow cytometry. Data obtained showed that there are not great differences between treatment and control, but we noticed different peaks in sub G0/G1 phase, suggesting a possible cellular death via apoptosis. At the molecular level, we found variation in the expression of different proteins (RBL1, RBL2, pAKT, p21cip1, p27kip1, etc) involved in different cellular mechanisms. Based on the known anti-inflammatory effect of lycopene, we also performed a western blot for IL6 and IL10 to understand if tomato extracts have an impact on the inflammation process. Data showed a reduction of IL6 and a small increase of IL10 levels, compatible with an anti-inflammatory action.
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Souza, Magda Edinger de. "Influência da ingestão dietética de extrato de tomate nos níveis plasmáticos de antígeno prostático específico (PSA) em pacientes com hiperplasia benigna da próstata." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/6059.
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Khosa, Mbokota Candy. "An investigation into the potential of crude and partially separated material of selected non-crop plant species as control agents of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in tomato / Mbokota Candy Khosa." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8705.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) are a serious problem in vegetable production and can
cause severe damage to several crops. In rural, low-input farming nematode damage is
much higher and yields can be completely destroyed. Some Commercial nematicides have
been withdrawn from the market due to health and environment concerns. These need to
be replaced by alternative nematode control strategies of which soil amendments is one
alternative. Nine non-crop plant species used in various forms in traditional healing, viz.
Cassia abbreviata, Cissus cactiformis, Euphorbia ingens, Ipomoea kituiensis, Maerua
angolensis, Senna petersiana, Synadenium cupulare, Tabernaemontana elegans and Urginea
sanguinea were screened under glasshouse conditions for their effect on the plant-parasitic
nematode (PPN) (Meloidogyne incognita) on tomato. Subsequent assessments in microplots
and in the field supported the glasshouse results in terms of suppression of root-knot
nematode numbers with crudely milled soil amendments of C. cactiformis, M. angolensis
and T. elegans. Tomato growth responses in these trials showed a tendency of phytotoxic
effects after treatment of soil with crude leaf meal of E. ingens and S. cupulare. In the
microplot study, the overall soil-amendment treatment effect was greater than that of three
soil types on the performance of the tomato, although soil type might have had an effect on
nematode suppression. Due to lack of correspondence between tomato leaf nutrient
contents and the nutrient contents of the soil amendments it is suggested that these noncrop
materials had negligible soil fertilization effects.
In vitro bioassay studies confirmed that extracts of varying polarity of both plant products
M. angolensis and T. elegans might be toxic to J2 stages of the root-knot nematode M.
incognita. All extracts tested of M. angolensis caused immobility of J2, whereas only three
extracts of T. elegans affected mobility of J2 adversely. Duration to 50 % effect, as well as
extract concentration to cause immobility of the J2 varied but where movement ceased the
J2 did not recover for up to 98 hours.
This study has demonstrated the potential of locally available botanical materials for use as
amendments in plant-parasitic nematode management and tomato growth and productivity
improvement. This would particularly be true for small-scale application in subsistence agriculture. It is believed that these amendments could be used as control measures in
integrated nematode control strategies. Their potential use could be adopted by small-scale
farming communities, domestic gardeners and commercial farmers in the Mpumalanga,
Limpopo and Kwazulu/Natal Provinces of South Africa where the relevant materials are
available in useful quantities. Over-exploitation of natural resources should be avoided at all
cost, however.Thesis (PhD (Environmental Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Murray, William Kraft. "Efficacy of compost amendments and extracts in the control of foliar disease in organic tomato production." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4433.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 70 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 64-70).
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Corrêa, Filho Luiz Carlos. "Novel delivery systems for bioactives from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pomace extracts: characterization and release studies." Doctoral thesis, ISA/UL, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18332.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Doutoramento em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia / ULThe production of functional food products rich in natural bioactive compounds, with the intention of taking advantage of their health benefits, is an important target of the food industry to answer the growing interest of consumers for healthy food. Tomato pomace is rich in carotenoids, mainly lycopene, which have been related to important bioactive properties. Within this context, this work was focused on the stabilization of a tomato pomace ethanolic extract using microencapsulation by spray drying with arabic gum and inulin as wall materials, aiming at its incorporation in food matrices. A first insight on carotenoids microencapsulation with Arabic gum was assessed using model carotenoid molecule (β-carotene). Afterwards, the microencapsulation process of tomato pomace extract using inulin and arabic gum as wall materials was successfully optimized, focusing on the evaluation of the effect of drying temperature and the wall material concentration on drying yield, loading capacity and antioxidant activity of encapsulated bioactives. Both wall materials allowed the production of microparticles loaded with tomato pomace carotenoids. The optimized drying conditions were 10% wall material concentration, and drying temperatures of 160 and 200 °C for inulin and arabic gum, respectively. Finally, particles produced under optimized conditions were evaluated for their storage stability and in vitro release of lycopene. Inulin has shown to be the most efficient wall material in maintaining bioactives stability during microcapsules storage after production. In addition, inulin microcapsules demonstrated a higher bioactives protection ability against simulated gastric conditions, either alone or incorporated in a selected food product (liquid yoghurt), enabling a preferential release in simulated intestinal fluid. Overall, it is envisaged a good potential for the microcapsules of tomato pomace extracts to be incorporated in foods systems with diverse chemical and physical properties
N/A
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Al-Dahmani, Jaber Hamdan. "Biological control of Xanthomonas bacterial spot of tomato with compost amended mixes and compost water extracts /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488195154356951.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Tomato extract"
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Frías, Hugo Chávez. El poder popular: Extractos tomados del discurso presidencial. Caracas, Venezuela: Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Comunicación y la Información, 2008.
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El poder popular: Extractos tomados del discurso presidencial. Caracas, Venezuela: Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Comunicación y la Información, 2008.
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Liebenberg, Sandra, and Vivian Newman. Procesos constituyentes y lecciones aprendidas. The Global Initiative for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53110/zlqv6402.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Este tomo presenta los casos de los procesos constituyentes de Sudáfrica y Colombia, donde los derechos sociales jugaron un rol preponderante en la discusión constituyente. De ambos casos se extraen lecciones en primera persona que demuestran la importancia de deliberar sobre los derechos en sede constitucional y los aprendizajes obtenidos en ambos procesos, que pueden iluminar y facilitar la experiencia del proceso constituyente que Chile atraviesa.
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Crisorio, Ricardo Luis, Ángela Liliana Rocha Bidegain, and Agustín Amílcar Lescano, eds. Enseñanza y educación del cuerpo. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/93259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Este tercer libro de cátedra tiene por objetivo, una vez más, transmitir una teoría que permita instrumentaciones, resoluciones teóricas y técnicas a los problemas de la educación del cuerpo tal como pueden pensarse desde una disciplina enmarcada en y comprometida con la educación general, entendida como la transmisión crítica de bienes culturales. Para ello, se compilaron un conjunto de artículos, ponencias, informes de investigación, extractos de tesis cuyo objeto común fueron las prácticas corporales que toman al cuerpo por objeto y la educación de este en el marco de la enseñanza universitaria. <i>Enseñanza y educación del cuerpo</i> busca problematizar su objeto de estudio, las prácticas corporales, para hacer de ellas un objeto de enseñanza y de educación del cuerp
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Gonçalves Neto, João Da Cruz. A sabedoria política: Por uma teoria normativa do conhecimento pública em John Rawls. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-142-4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de extrair da obra de John Rawls uma teoria normativa do conhecimento político, uma estrutura conceitual que consiste em princípios e forma específicos do pensamento público, em características e pressupostos não explícitos ou não intencionais na Teoria que somente propõe forjar critérios de distribuição de bens. Essa teoria normativa, ou discurso do método político, deve ser entendida como uma teoria sobre a atualidade, uma forma de apreender a dinâmica social no aspecto político; e método deve ser tomado como a determinação de princípios instrumentais à política, como certa forma de refletir a atualidade e o próprio conhecimento público. O discurso do método político, como numa alusão poética à obra de Descartes, constitui-se de um cogito político, de uma metafísica normativa e de um método de reflexão pública, cuja estrutura argumentativa apresentaremos a seguir. À concepção de filosofia política de Rawls atribuímos dois papéis fundamentais, a saber, o papel especulativo de ampliação conceitual, de abertura da objetividade política, e o papel prático de fornecer um esquema normativo do pensamento político, um método de reflexão que sirva de amparo às deliberações concretas, de forma a termos um corpo de conhecimento público cumulativo e sistemático que ao mesmo tempo se aproprie da experiência histórica e explicite os ideais latentes da sociedade. Essa concepção de filosofia como sabedoria prática, portanto, será assumida como uma teoria sobre a atualidade e sobre um método de reflexão e deliberação políticas.
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Marques, Marcia Alessandra Arantes, ed. Estudos Avançados em Ciências Agrárias. Bookerfield Editora, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53268/bkf22040700.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Esta obra tem por objetivo apresentar produções acadêmicas que possuem em comum a grande área Ciências Agrárias. Permeando por este vasto tema, nas próximas páginas serão apresentados trabalhos que abordam sobre Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Engenharia Agrícola, bem como na Ciência Animal. Desta forma, para melhor direcionar o fluxo da leitura, o livro está dividido em capítulos, nos quais os primeiros apresentados abordam o tema “Ciência e Tecnologia em Alimentos” e apresenta trabalhos desenvolvidos com ênfase em controle de qualidade, aproveitamento de subprodutos e planejamento experimental. Acredito que o controle de qualidade de alimentos e o aproveitamento de subprodutos são temas de grande relevância para nosso país e desta forma, nós como professores e pesquisadores, devemos, por meio da ciência sempre trazer novas pesquisas a fim de preencher lacunas no conhecimento e apresentar novas possibilidades e soluções para o melhor aproveitamento e utilização dos alimentos. Na sequência, são apresentados trabalhos desenvolvidos na temática de produção e caracterização de forrageiras de cereais de inverno, predição da produtividade da cultura da soja por meio da aplicação de modelos de regressão linear, bem como relatar um estudo casos de onfalite em bezerros. Neste sentido, os trabalhos aqui apresentados, alinham-se a estas demandas e trazem novas analises que condizem com as necessidades emergentes da nossa sociedade. Profª. Drª. Heloisa Gabriel Falcão. Instituto Federal de Educação (IFG) – Campus Inhumas O crescimento da economia e da taxa de urbanização de alguns países, especialmente da Ásia, resultou em significativas mudanças no estilo de vida das populações neles residentes, com incrementos no consumo de bens duráveis, energia e alimentos. Além disso, estima-se que a população mundial ultrapassará 8,5 bilhões de pessoas até 2030 e que a maior porção desse crescimento demográfico ocorrerá na China, Índia e Indonésia. Esse contexto representa um desafio para a segurança alimentar e energética mundial, uma vez que, se as tendências atuais forem mantidas, a área agrícola deverá aumentar em cerca de 42 milhões hectares até 2027. Contudo, a limitação de terras agricultáveis permitirá um crescimento de apenas 10% em escala mundial, sendo que, quase metade disso se dará no Brasil e na Argentina. Assim, a América do Sul será a mais importante fonte de expansão agrícola do mundo. Com abundantes recursos naturais e grande potencial de desenvolvimento agropecuário, a América do Sul configura importante elemento estratégico para melhorar a segurança alimentar global. Em particular, o setor agropecuário brasileiro é reconhecido internacionalmente pela elevada inserção no mercado globalizado, com destaque para produção de carne de frango, açúcar, suco de laranja, fumo, café e soja... produtos do agronegócio brasileiro que são campeões no ranking de exportações do mercado global. Outros produtos agropecuários brasileiros que merecem grande destaque por configurarem entre as primeiras posições no ranking mundial de produção e exportação são: carne bovina, óleo de soja, farelo de soja, milho e leite bovino. A pandemia de Covid-19 impactou negativamente a economia mundial em razão das necessidades sanitárias e de distanciamento social. Ainda assim, mesmo em momentos de maiores restrições de circulação e transportes, vários segmentos agropecuários do Brasil experimentaram expressiva elevação na produção e vendas nacionais e internacionais. Isso ocorreu em razão das políticas preventivas de vários países no sentido de garantir a segurança alimentar de suas populações, restringindo as exportações e aumentando as importações de alimentos para ampliar suas reservas estratégicas. Essas políticas preventivas não foram adotadas pelo Brasil e, devido ao desmonte dos estoques reguladores e da redução substancial dos recursos destinados a agricultura familiar desde 2017, o mercado interno foi drasticamente afetado pelas exportações record de 2020 e 2021. A redução da quantidade de milho, soja e carnes, principalmente bovina, no mercado interno promoveu expressivo aumento dos preços num momento onde houve aumento de desemprego e queda de renda das classes menos abastadas da população brasileira. O Brasil, que já tinha voltado ao mapa da fome em 2018, sofreu um aumento de 14% no número de domicílios com algum tipo de insegurança alimentar entre 2018 e 2020. Estima-se que mais de 55% da população brasileira sofreu de insegurança alimentar entre 2020 e 2021, conforme dados da rede Penssan e da Organização das Nações Unidas. Nesse contexto, apesar das reduções dramáticas no volume de recursos públicos destinados a produção cientifica no Brasil, tornou-se ainda mais imprescindível a produção de pesquisas e a disseminação do conhecimento resultante delas. Composto por sete capítulos que apresentam pesquisas relevantes, esse livro pretende contribuir com subsídios significativos para o enfrentamento desse imenso desafio que se apresenta, ainda mais intenso nesses tempos de pós-Covid-19, que é elevar a eficiência da produção agropecuária a fim de garantir melhores condições de segurança alimentar para a população brasileira. O primeiro capítulo apresenta uma proposta de utilização da farinha de okara para o enriquecimento do hamburguer de carne bovina. Um dos produtos mais conhecidos do processamento da soja é o leite de soja ou extrato aquoso de soja. Ele é obtido a partir da lavagem, maceração, aquecimento e filtração dos grãos de soja. O okara é o subproduto solido do processo de filtração que separa o leite de soja. Aproximadamente, 250 g de farinha de okara são obtidos a partir do processamento de cada quilo de soja. Trata-se de um alimento altamente nutritivo, fonte de isoflavonas, antioxidantes, fibras solúveis e insolúveis que, além de auxiliar na redução de colesterol e triglicerídeos, previne a ação carcinogênica do bolo fecal. Os capítulos 2 e 3 apresentam um estudo que desenvolveu e avaliou as características químicas, físicas e funcionais de biscoitos, tipo cookie, com substituição parcial de farinha de trigo por farinha de gérmen de milho. Essa proposta se mostra extremamente relevante do ponto de vista econômico e nutricional. Uma vez que o advento do conflito bélico entre Rússia e Ucrânia tende a reduzir a oferta de trigo no mercado global e elevar seus preços. O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor de milho do planeta e apenas o 21º produtor de trigo. O resultado disso é que o Brasil importa cerca de 50% do trigo consumido no mercado interno. Além disso, o aumento da prevalência de pessoas com sensibilidade ao glúten, apontado pela pesquisa nacional de saúde do IBGE em 2017, torna esse tipo de experimento, muito relevante para o aumento de alternativas alimentares para esse público. O capítulo 4 compreende um estudo que identificou os agentes causadores de mastite em vacas leiteiras. Além disso, avaliou a relação entre a sua ocorrência de mastite e a qualidade do leite. A mastite é uma reação inflamatória da glândula mamária, geralmente associada à presença de microrganismos, que reduz a qualidade do leite e seus derivados, bem como a segurança do consumidor em razão de alterações na composição físico-química e sensorial dos produtos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de grande relevância, uma vez que a retomada das exportações de leite para a China em 2021 tende a reduzir a oferta no mercado interno. Ainda sem as exportações para a China, o Brasil vendeu cerca de 29 milhões de toneladas de leite para Argélia, Venezuela, Estados Unidos, Argentina e Uruguai em 2021. Isso explica parte da pressão inflacionaria sobre o produto desde o início das medidas de contenção da Covid-19. Nesse contexto, contribuições que auxiliem na melhoria da qualidade e aumento da produtividade são salutares. O capitulo 5 nos relata um experimento que analisou as características químicas e bromatológicas de forragens de cereais de inverno em duas alturas de corte do solo e os benefícios da manutenção da cobertura vegetal na forma de matéria seca. Cereais de inverno, como centeio, trigo, triticale, cevada e aveia, além de produzirem grãos utilizados na alimentação humana, podem servir de alimento para aves, suínos, bovinos de corte, ovinos e, principalmente, vacas leiteiras. Na região Sul do Brasil, durante o inverno, não é incomum que grande parte de áreas agrícolas e máquinas fiquem ociosas. Dessa forma, a produção de cereais de inverno para forragear os rebanhos e para formar reservas para épocas de escassez parece ser uma estratégia viável para melhorar a constância da produtividade animal, gerando renda e diluindo os custos fixos da propriedade rural. Ademais, a manutenção de matéria seca no solo contribui para a redução de custos por meio da conservação da fertilidade do solo e redução da perda de carbono e necessidade de insumos. O sexto capítulo trata da utilização de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto para estimar a produtividade da cultura da soja, com a utilização de imagens de satélite. São apresentados modelos de regressão múltipla para prever a produtividade a partir de índices de vegetação (NDVI, SAVI, NDWI e EVI2). Ainda que pesquisas oficiais com as do IBGE e CONAB estimem a produtividade da soja com relativa precisão em escala estadual, elas são baseadas em abordagens qualitativas com grupos focais. Assim, o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas para o acompanhamento das culturas em escala microrregional pode contribuir para a redução de custos e maior precisão nas pesquisas oficiais. Além disso, os produtores e operadores do agronegócio podem fazer uso de insumos específicos para o planejamento da cultura e tomada de decisões. O capitulo 7, último desse livro, relata um estudo de 30 casos de onfalite em bezerros, dos quais 15 animais foram tratados conservadoramente e 15 submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico. A onfalite constitui uma infecção dos remanescentes umbilicais cuja evolução pode resultar em óbito do animal ou comprometer o crescimento e rentabilidade do sistema produtivo desse. Os escassos estudos epidemiológicos brasileiros, a respeito dessa afecção umbilical, relatam que entre 21% e 45% dos bezerros neonatos desenvolverão algum nível dessa infecção e desses, entre 5,5% e 10% irão a óbito. Os resultados do estudo descrito nesse capítulo são extremamente relevantes para que criadores, zootecnistas e médicos veterinários tenham maios evidencias na tomada de decisão a respeito dos procedimentos a serem adotadas diante de tal situação. João Francisco Severo Santos. Doutor em Ciências do Ambiente – UFT. Analista de Pesquisas Agropecuárias - IBGE
Частини книг з теми "Tomato extract"
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Yamada, C., H. Kawai, and K. Yoshida. "Improving ascorbic acid content of tomato fruits by the oxidized yeast extract." In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 973–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_318.
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Nir, Zohar, and Dov Hartal. "Lycopene: A New Carotenoid Extracted from Tomatoes." In Food Factors for Cancer Prevention, 562–64. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-67017-9_111.
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Shi, John. "Bioactivity of Lycopene-Rich Carotenoid Concentrate Extracted from Tomatoes." In ACS Symposium Series, 154–64. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0859.ch010.
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Fernández-Gómez, Manuel J., Esperanza Romero, Celia Cifuentes, and Rogelio Nogales. "Hydrolases Activities of Extracted Humic Substances During Vermicomposting of Damaged Tomatoes Wastes Using a Continuous-Supplying System." In Environmental Science and Engineering, 299–309. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21162-1_22.
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"Tomato Extract and Human Platelet Functions." In Nutraceuticals and Human Blood Platelet Function, 101–23. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119375913.ch6.
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Balčiūnaitienė, Aistė, Jonas Viškelis, Dalia Urbonavičienė, and Pranas Viškelis. "Tomatoes By-Products Extracts Mediated Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Application as Antimicrobial Agent." In Tomato - From Cultivation to Processing Technology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105976.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized using by-products of tomatoes extracts as reducing and capping agents show multiple possibilities for solving various biological problems. The aim of this study was to expand the boundaries on AgNPs using novel low toxicity and production cost phytochemical method for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles from tomatoes aqueous extracts. Biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by various methods (SEM, EDS). Determined antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of plant extracts was compared with the activity of the AgNPs. TEM results show mainly spherical-shaped AgNPs, size distribution of which depends on the plant leaf extract type; the smaller AgNPs were obtained with tomatoes extract (6–45 nm AgNPs). Besides, AgNPs show strong antimicrobial activity against broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria strains and fungi.
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AlShahrani, Alaa M., Manal A. Al-Abadi, Areej S. Al-Malki, Amira S. Ashour, and Nilanjan Dey. "Automated System for Crops Recognition and Classification." In Applied Video Processing in Surveillance and Monitoring Systems, 54–69. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1022-2.ch003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Marketing profit optimization and preventing the crops' infections are a critical issue. This requires crops recognition and classification based on their characteristics and different features. The current work proposed a recognition/classification system that applied to differentiate between fresh (healthy) from rotten crops as well as to identify each crop from the other based on their common feature vectors. Consequently, image processing is employed to perform the statistical measurements of each crop. ImageJ software was employed to analyze the desired crops to extract their features. These extracted features are used for further crops recognition and classification using the Least Mean Square Error (LMSE) algorithm in Matlab. Another classification method based on Bag of Features (BoF) technique is employed to classify crops into classes, namely healthy and rotten. The experimental results are applied of databases for orange, mango, tomato and potatoes. The achieved recognition (classification) rate by using the LMSE for all datasets (healthy and rotten) has 100%. However, after adding 10%, 20%, and 30% Gaussian noise, the obtained the average recognition rates were 85%, 70%, and 25%; respectively. Moreover, the classification (healthy and rotten) using BoF achieved accuracies of 100%, 88%, 94%, and 75% for potatoes, mango, orange, and tomato; respectively. Furthermore, the classification for all the healthy datasets achieved accuracy of 88%.
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AlShahrani, Alaa M., Manal A. Al-Abadi, Areej S. Al-Malki, Amira S. Ashour, and Nilanjan Dey. "Automated System for Crops Recognition and Classification." In Computer Vision, 1208–23. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5204-8.ch050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Marketing profit optimization and preventing the crops' infections are a critical issue. This requires crops recognition and classification based on their characteristics and different features. The current work proposed a recognition/classification system that applied to differentiate between fresh (healthy) from rotten crops as well as to identify each crop from the other based on their common feature vectors. Consequently, image processing is employed to perform the statistical measurements of each crop. ImageJ software was employed to analyze the desired crops to extract their features. These extracted features are used for further crops recognition and classification using the Least Mean Square Error (LMSE) algorithm in Matlab. Another classification method based on Bag of Features (BoF) technique is employed to classify crops into classes, namely healthy and rotten. The experimental results are applied of databases for orange, mango, tomato and potatoes. The achieved recognition (classification) rate by using the LMSE for all datasets (healthy and rotten) has 100%. However, after adding 10%, 20%, and 30% Gaussian noise, the obtained the average recognition rates were 85%, 70%, and 25%; respectively. Moreover, the classification (healthy and rotten) using BoF achieved accuracies of 100%, 88%, 94%, and 75% for potatoes, mango, orange, and tomato; respectively. Furthermore, the classification for all the healthy datasets achieved accuracy of 88%.
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Antonious, George F., and John C. Snyder. "Tomato Leaf Crude Extracts for Insects and Spider Mite Control." In Tomatoes and Tomato Products, 269–97. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439843390-13.
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Antonious, George, and John Snyder. "Tomato Leaf Crude Extracts for Insects and Spider Mite Control." In Tomatoes and Tomato Products, 269–97. Science Publishers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439843390-c13.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Tomato extract"
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URBONAVIČIENĖ, Dalia, Ramunė BOBINAITĖ, Jonas VIŠKELIS, Pranas VIŠKELIS, and Česlovas BOBINAS. "CHARACTERISATION OF TOMATO JUICE AND DIFFERENT TOMATO-BASED JUICE BLENDS FORTIFIED WITH ISOMERISED LYCOPENE EXTRACT." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.029.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Juices and beverages with bioactive compounds are consumed for their nutritive and health benefits. Beverages fortified with various functional ingredients are an important product category within the functional food segment. In this study tomato juice with various proportions of apple, carrot and sweet corn juice together with isomerised lycopene extract were used for formulation of functional beverages. Chemical composition and physicochemical properties of prepared juice blends was evaluated and a sensory analysis was conducted in order to identify the most acceptable blends. The addition of concentrated isomerised lycopene extract with -carotene to tomato juice as well as juice blends significantly increased the levels of lycopene and especially the levels of cis-lycopene in the final products. The content of total lycopene in the juice blends varied from 16.21 mg/100 g to 25.65 mg/100 g, whereas the content of cis-lycopene – from 9.16 to 14.46 mg/100 g. The juice blends containing apple juice had the lowest pH and the highest titratable acidity. Higher percentage of apple, sweet corn or carrot juice in the blends resulted in higher contents of TSS in the functional beverage. The addition of apple, carrot, and sweet corn juice significantly changed the initial color of the tomato juice. The lowest colour difference (E) values had tomato-carrot juice blends (6.8–7.3), whereas the highest E had tomato juice with 25 and 35 % of sweet corn juice (10.6 and 14.3, respectively). Sensory evaluation revealed that the most acceptable taste had tomato-apple juice blend with 35 % apple juice and tomato-carrot juice blend with 40 % carrot juice.
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Wahyono, Poncojari, Nur Widodo, and Diani Fatmawati. "Bay leaves and tomato extract: The formulation of anti-aging drink." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON METALLURGY AND MATERIALS (ISMM2019): Exploring New Innovation in Metallurgy and Materials. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0003162.
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Zhu, Anmin, Liu Yang, and Yanming Chen. "An FCM-based method to recognize and extract ripe tomato for harvesting robotic system." In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics (ICAL). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ical.2012.6308135.
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Hidayat, Habibi, Rostyanesia, and Yashinta S. Kurniati. "Identification of lactic acid bacteria from tomato fruit extract and antibacterial activity test against Klebsiella pneumoniae." In 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0062681.
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Widyastuti, Sri, Brigitta A. F. D. Geraldine, Anggit Listyacahyani Sunarwidhi, Mutia Devi Ariyana, Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya, and Haji Sunarpi. "The use of brown algae extract to extend shelf life and improve post harvest quality of tomato fruit." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOSCIENCE, BIOTECHNOLOGY, AND BIOMETRICS 2019. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5141322.
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Gann, Peter H., Ryan Deaton, Erika Enk, Richard B. van Breemen, Misop Han, Yi Lu, and Viju Ananthanarayanan. "Abstract 3564: A Phase II randomized trial of lycopene-rich tomato extract among men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN)." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-3564.
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Istifadah, Noor, Retno Anjani Putri, Fitri Widiantini, and Sri Hartati. "The Potential of Fungal Isolates from Vermicompost Water Extract to Inhibit Alternaria solani in Vitro and Suppress Early Blight Disease in Tomato." In International Seminar on Promoting Local Resources for Sustainable Agriculture and Development (ISPLRSAD 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.210609.008.
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Bintara, Sigit, Panjono Panjono, and Riyan Nugroho Aji. "Motility and Viability of Spermatozoa of Belgian Blue Crossbreeds with the Addition of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Extract in Egg Yolk Citrate Diluent." In 9th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production (ISTAP 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220207.050.
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Ait-Kadi, A., P. Marchal, A. S. Chrissemant, M. Bousmina, and L. Choplin. "Mixer-Type Rheometry for Complex Fluids." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0483.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A procedure to quantitatively analyze torque/rotor speed data in order to extract viscosity/shear-rate curves using non conventional geometries is presented. The approach is based on the Couette analogy. It is first validated using a relatively simple geometry for which the equivalent internal radius used in the analogy can be analytically obtained. The results showed that the equivalent internal radius depends only slightly on the nature of the fluid. The experimental results with complex geometries and complex fluids are found to coincide, within experimental errors, with those obtained using standard geometries over a wide range of shear rates. For certain fluids such as tomato ketchup, only a specific mixing device (the helical ribbon impeller in this case) can be used to obtain reproducible viscosity/shear-rate curves.
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Gan, Yong X., and Michelle L. Hyers. "Design, Fabrication and Characterization of Nanostructured Fiber Arrays for Fuel Cell Applications." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21087.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Design, fabrication and characterization of well-aligned porous nanofibers with large electroactive surface areas were performed. Highly ordered nickel-iron alloy nanofiber arrays were fabricated within porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates via electrodeposition. In order to further increase the electroactive surface area, dealloying was performed to extract the less noble metallic element, iron, from the nickel alloy to form porous structures. Electrocatalytic properties of the nanoarchitectured porous Ni nanofiber arrays were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Comparative studies on the electrochemical activities of the nanoarchitectured porous Ni fiber electrode in pure methanol and methanol sulfuric mixture solution were performed. The potential for methanol oxidation is about 0.4 V. It is found that sulfuric acid facilitates the oxidation of methanol. Preliminary studies on the electrocatalytic behavior of the nanoporous nickel in several other solutions containing sugar, orange juice, soy beam juice, tomato sauce were also performed. The stress state of the nanofiber in the AAO templates was derived as well.
Звіти організацій з теми "Tomato extract"
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Eyal, Yoram, and Sheila McCormick. Molecular Mechanisms of Pollen-Pistil Interactions in Interspecific Crossing Barriers in the Tomato Family. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573076.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the evolutionary process of speciation in plants, naturally occurring barriers to reproduction have developed that affect the transfer of genes within and between related species. These barriers can occur at several different levels beginning with pollination-barriers and ending with hybrid-breakdown. The interaction between pollen and pistils presents one of the major barriers to intra- and inter-specific crosses and is the focus of this research project. Our long-term goal in this research proposal was defined to resolve questions on recognition and communication during pollen-pistil interactions in the extended tomato family. In this context, this work was initiated and planned to study the potential involvement of tomato pollen-specific receptor-like kinases (RLK's) in the interaction between pollen and pistils. By special permission from BARD the objectives of this research were extended to include studies on pollen-pistil interactions and pollination barriers in horticultural crops with an emphasis on citrus. Functional characterization of 2 pollen-specific RLK's from tomato was carried out. The data shows that both encode functional kinases that were active as recombinant proteins. One of the kinases was shown to accumulate mainly after pollen germination and to be phosphorylated in-vitro in pollen membranes as well as in-vivo. The presence of style extract resulted in dephosphorylation of the RLK, although no species specificity was observed. This data implies a role for at least one RLK in pollination events following pollen germination. However, a transgenic plant analysis of the RLK's comprising overexpression, dominant-negative and anti-sense constructs failed to provide answers on their role in pollination. While genetic effects on some of the plants were observed in both the Israeli and American labs, no clear functional answers were obtained. An alternative approach to addressing function was pursued by screening for an artificial ligand for the receptor domain using a peptide phage display library. An enriched peptide sequence was obtained and will be used to design a peptide-ligand to be tested for its effect o pollen germination and tube growth. Self-incompatibility (SI) in citrus was studied on 3 varieties of pummelo. SI was observed using fluorescence microscopy in each of the 3 varieties and compatibility relations between varieties was determined. An initial screen for an S-RNase SI mechanism yielded only a cDNA homologous to the group of S-like RNases, suggesting that SI results from an as yet unknown mechanism. 2D gel electrophoresis was applied to compare pollen and style profiles of different compatibility groups. A "polymorphic" protein band from style extracts was observed, isolated and micro-sequenced. Degenerate primers designed based on the peptide sequence date will be used to isolate the relevant genes i order to study their potential involvement in SI. A study on SI in the apple cultivar Top red was initiated. SI was found, as previously shown, to be complete thus requiring a compatible pollinator variety. A new S-RNase allele was discovered fro Top red styles and was found to be highly homologous to pear S-RNases, suggesting that evolution of these genes pre-dated speciation into apples and pears but not to other Rosaceae species. The new allele provides molecular-genetic tools to determine potential pollinators for the variety Top red as well as a tool to break-down SI in this important variety.
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Naim, Michael, Gary R. Takeoka, Haim D. Rabinowitch, and Ron G. Buttery. Identification of Impact Aroma Compounds in Tomato: Implications to New Hybrids with Improved Acceptance through Sensory, Chemical, Breeding and Agrotechnical Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585204.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The tomato, a profitable vegetable crop in both the USA and Israel, has benefited significantly from intensive breeding efforts in both countries, and elsewhere (esp. Holland). : Modem hybrids are highly prolific and resistant to a variety of major pests. They produce attractive, firm fruit for both processing and fresh-marketing. In all cases, however, reduction in flavor and aroma have occurred concomitantly with the increase in yield. Sugars-acids ratio dominate fruit taste, whereas aroma volatiles (potent at minute ppb and ppt levels) contribute to the total characteristic tomato flavor. An increase in sugars (1-2%) contributes significantly to tomato fruit taste. However, because of energy reasons, an increase in fruit sugars is immediately compensated for by a decrease in yield. Our main objectives were to: (a) pinpoint and identify the major impact aroma components of fresh tomato; (b) study the genetic and environmental effects on fruit aroma; (c) determine precursors of appealing (flavors) and repelling (off-flavors) aroma compounds in tomato. Addition of saturated salts blocked all enzymatic activities prior to isolation of volatiles by dynamic and static headspace, using solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) from highly favored (FA-612 and FA-624) and less preferred (R 144 and R 175) tomato genotypes. Impact aroma components were determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The potent odorant (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one, was identified for the first time in fresh tomato. From the ca. 400 volatile compounds in the headspace of fresh tomato, the following compounds are proposed to be impact aroma compounds: (Z)-3-hexenal, hexanal, 1-penten-3-one, 2-phenylethanol, (E)-2-hexenal, phenyl acetaldehyde, b-ionone, b-damascenone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-(2H)-furanone (FuraneolR), (Z)-l,5-octadien-3-one, methional, 1-octen-3-one, guaiacol, (E,E)- and (E,Z)- 2,4-decadienal and trans- and cis-4,5-EPOXY -(E)-2-decenal. This confirms the initial hypothesis that only a small number of volatiles actually contribute to the sensation of fruit aroma. Tomato matrix significantly affected the volatility of certain impact aroma components and thus led to the conclusion that direct analysis of molecules in the headspace . may best represent access of tomato volatiles to the olfactory receptors. Significant differences in certain odorants were found between preferred and less-preferred cultivars. Higher consumer preference was correlated with higher concentrations of the following odorants: l-penten-3-one, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal and especially Furaneol, whereas lower consumer preference was associated with higher concentrations of methional, 3-methylbutyric acid, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and 2-isobutylthiazole. Among environmental factors (salinity, N source, growth temperature), temperature had significant effects on the content of selected aroma compounds (e.g., 3-methylbutanal, 1- penten-3-one, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten- 2-one, 1-octen-3-one, methional, 2-phenylethanal, phenyl acetaldehyde, and eugenol) in fresh tomatoes. Salt stress (20 mM NaCl) increased the content of odorants such as (Z)-3-hexenal, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methylbutanal in the R-144 cultivar whereas salinity had minor effects on 1-pentene-3-one, 2-isobutylthiazole and b-ionone. This fundamental knowledge obtained by comprehensive investigation, using modem chemical, sensory and agrotechnical methodology will assist future attempts to genetically modify the concentrations of key odorants in fresh tomatoes, and thus keep the tomato production of Israel and the USA competitive on the world market.
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Hefetz, Abraham, and Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.
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Levin, Ilan, John Thomas, Moshe Lapidot, Desmond McGrath, and Denis Persley. Resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in tomato: molecular mapping and introgression of resistance to Australian genotypes. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613888.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most devastating viruses of cultivated tomatoes. Although first identified in the Mediterranean region, it is now distributed world-wide. Sequence analysis of the virus by the Australian group has shown that the virus is now present in Australia. Despite the importance of the disease and extensive research on the virus, very little is known about the resistance genes (loci) that determine host resistance and susceptibility to the virus. A symptom-less resistant line, TY-172, was developed at the Volcani Center which has shown the highest resistance level among all tested varieties. Preliminary results show that TY-172 is a good candidate to confer resistance to both TYLCV and to Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) in Queensland conditions. Furthermore, Segregation analysis has previously indicated that the resistance is determined by 2-3 genes. In this proposal we aimed to substantiate that TY-172 can contribute to resistance breeding against TYLCV in Queensland, to develop DNA markers to advance such resistance breeding in both Israel and Queensland, and to exploit these markers for resistant breeding in Australian and Israeli lines. To map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling TYLCVresistance in TY172, appropriate segregating populations were analyzed using 69 polymorphic DNA markers spanning the entire tomato genome. Results show that TYLCV resistance in TY172 is controlled by a previously unknown major QTL, originating from the resistant line, and four additional minor QTLs. The major QTL, termed Ty-5, maps to chromosome 4 and accounts for 39.7-to-46.6% of the variation in symptom severity among segregating plants (LOD score: 33-to-35). The minor QTLs, originated either from the resistant or susceptible parents, were mapped to chromosomes 1, 7, 9 and 11, and contributed 12% to the variation in symptom severity in addition to Ty-5. Further analysis of parental lines as well as large F₁, BC₁F₁, F₂ and BC₁F₂ populations originating from crosses carried out, in reciprocal manner, between TY172 and the susceptible processing line M-82 (LA3475) during spring-summer 2010, indicated that: (1) the minor QTLs we have previously identified are in effect not reproducible, (2)Ty-5 alone can yield highly resistant plants with practically no extra-chromosomal effects, and (3) the narrow-sense heritability estimate of resistance levels, attributed to additive factors responsive to selection, does not significantly deviate from 1. All of these results point to Ty-5 as the sole resistance locus in TY172 thus significantly increasing the likelihood of its successful molecular dissection. The DNA markers developed during the course of this study were transferred together with the TY172 genotype to Queensland. TY172 was crossed to a panel of Australian genotypes and the resulting populations were subjected to segregation analysis. Results showed that resistant locus, Ty-5, is highly reproducible in the Australian conditions as well. The Australian group was also able to make improvements to the marker assays by re-designing primer pairs to provide more robust PCR fragments. The Ty-5 locus has now been introgressed into elite Australian germplasm and selection for TYLCV resistance has begun. Cumulatively, our results show that Ty-5 can be effectively used, together with the TY172 genotype to expedite TYLCV resistance breeding and improve our understanding of the genetics that underline the response of tomato to TYLCV. Contributions to agriculture include: (1) the development of tools for more efficient resistance breeding, allowing the incorporation of resistance to local tomato varieties in Australia, Israel and elsewhere; and (2) establish a solid framework for a future attempt to clone the genes that encode such resistance. The latter will enable to decipher the resistance mechanisms that could be applied to other geminiviruses in tomato and possibly in other plant species.
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Tucker, Mark L., Shimon Meir, Amnon Lers, Sonia Philosoph-Hadas, and Cai-Zhong Jiang. Elucidation of signaling pathways that regulate ethylene-induced leaf and flower abscission of agriculturally important plants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597929.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Problem: Abscission is a highly regulated process, occurring as a natural terminal stage of development, in which various organs are separated from the parent plant. In most plant species, the process is initiated by a decrease in active auxin in the abscission zone (AZ) and an increase in ethylene, and may be accelerated by postharvest or environmental stresses. Another potential key regulator in abscission is IDA (Inflorescence Deficient in Abscission), which was identified as an essential peptide signal for floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. However, information is still lacking regarding the molecular mechanisms integrating all these regulators. In our previous BARD funded research we made substantial progress towards understanding these molecular events in tomato, and the study is still in progress. We established a powerful platform for analysis of genes for regulatory proteins expressed in AZ. We identified changes in gene expression for several transcription factors (TFs) directly linked to ethylene and auxin signaling and several additional regulatory proteins not so obviously linked to these hormones. Moreover, we demonstrated using a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay that several play a functional role in the onset of abscission. Based on these results we have selected 14 genes for further analysis in stably transformed tomato plants. All 14 genes were suppressed by RNA interference (RNAi) using a constitutive promoter, and 5 of them were also suppressed using an abscission-specific promoter. Transformations are currently at different stages of progress including some lines that already display an abscission phenotype. Objectives: We propose here to (1) complete the functional analysis of the stably transformed tomato plants with T2 lines and perform transcriptome analysis using custom abscission-specific microarrays; (2) conduct an indepth analysis of the role of IDA signaling in tomato leaf and flower abscission; (3) perform transcriptome and proteome analyses to extend the earlier gene expression studies to identify transcripts and proteins that are highly specific to the separation layer (i.e., target cells for cell separation) prior to the onset of abscission; (4) extend and compliment the work in tomato using a winnowed set of genes in soybean. Methodology: Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of mRNA will be used to further increase the list of abscission-associated genes, and for preparation of a custom tomato abscission microarray to test altered gene expression in transgenic plants. Tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of protein extracts from leaf petiole, flower pedicel and their AZ tissues will be used to identify the proteome of the AZ before and during abscission. AZ-specific gene promoters will be used in stably transformed tomato plants to reduce non-target phenotypes. The bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) plasmid vectors will be used for VIGS analysis in soybean. Expected Contribution: Our study will provide new insights into the regulation of ethylene-induced abscission by further revealing the role of key regulators in the process. This will permit development of novel techniques for manipulating leaf and flower abscission, thereby improving the postharvest performance of agriculturally important crops.
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Stefanoni, Pablo. Bolivia: ajustes con 2019; batallas políticas hacia 2025. Fundación Carolina, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/ac_01.2023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La captura y encarcelamiento de Luis Fernando Camacho ha devuelto a Bolivia a la crispación política y mantiene vivos los sucesos de 2019, cuando el presidente Evo Morales fue derrocado en medio de una profunda crisis política. Esta medida, tomada por la Fiscalía de La Paz, no es ajena a la decisión del gobierno de avanzar con los casos judiciales “Golpe I” y “Golpe II” que ya han llevado a la cárcel a jefes militares y policiales y a la expresidenta interina Jeanine Áñez. Y tampoco es extraña a las disputas en el interior del MAS entre arcistas y evistas con vistas, ya, a las elecciones del Bicentenario en 2025.
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Droby, Samir, Tim R. Gottwald, Richard Stange, Efraim Lewinsohn, and T. Gregory McCollum. Characterization of the biochemical basis of host specificity of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum on citrus fruit. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587726.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
l. This research demonstrates that citrus fruit volatiles play an important role in host recognition by P. digitatum and P. italicum. 2. Volatiles derived from non-host fruits and vegetables (apple, pear, tomato, pepper, strawberry and avocado) had no effect on promotion of spore germination and growth of citrus pathogens. 3. Citrus volatiles have a specific stimulatory effect solely on P. digitatum and P. italicum. Non-citrus pathogens such as P. expansum and B. cinerea not affected orinhibited by the volatile materials. The specific stimulatory effect of fruit peelvolatiles on citrus pathogens and inhibitory effect on non-pathogens indicateimport ant role of volatile compounds in the host selectivity of citrus postharvestpathogens. 4. Comparative CG-MS quantification was per formed and identification of volatileconstituents of citrus commercial oils, peel extracts and the headspace of thewounded fruits was completed. Monoterpenehydrocarbons (limonene, a-pinene,sabinene, and myrcene) were the most abundant in all volatiles regardless of thesource. 5. Our results demonstrated stimulation of germination and germ tube growth in both P. digitatum and P. italicum by limonene, myrcene, a-pinene, and b-pinene). Limonenewas show n to be the most efficient in induction of germination and growth in bothpathogens. 6. P. digitatum spores placed on the surface of lemon fruit, adjacent to a wounded oil gland, were induced to germinate and grow, thus supporting all the in vitro results and demonstrating that the phenomenon of stimulation of germination and growth occurs on the fruit. 7. We established that P. digitatum is capable of biotransformation of limonene to a terpineol. a-terpinel was proved to be involved in induction of fungal sporulation process. 8. Chemotropism (directional growth) of P. digitatum towards the volatiles released from the oil glands on fruit surface was demonstrated. 9. Citrus germplasm screening work for fruit susceptibility/resistance for P. digitatum infection showed no definitive results regarding host range and susceptibility.Although the sour orange selections appear to show higher resistance to infection and decay development. 10. We demonstrated that P. expansum, non citrus pathogen, is capable of germinating in citrus fruit surface wounds, but it strongly induced host resistance mechanisms which restrict it growth and prevented decay development. The host (citrus fruit) reacted strongly by production of ROS. On the other hand, P. digitatum seems to actively suppress host natural resistance mechanisms possibly through inhibiting the production of ROS production.
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Lurie, Susan, John Labavitch, Ruth Ben-Arie, and Ken Shackel. Woolliness in Peaches and Nectarines. United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570557.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The overall goal of the research was to understand the processes involved in the development of woolliness in peaches and nectarines. Four specific hypotheses were proposed and in the course of the research evidence was gathered t support two of them and to not support two others. The hypotheses and a summary of the evidence are outlined below. 1. That woolliness arises from an imbalance between the activities of the cell wall pectin degrading enzymes. Using 'Flavortop' nectarines and 'Hermoza' peaches as model systems, storage regimes were manipulated to induce or prevent woolliness. The expression (mRNA abundance), protein content (Western blotting), and activity of polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin esterase (PE) were followed. Expression of the enzymes was not different, but activity and the ratio between PG and PE activities were quite different in fruits developing woolliness or ripening normally. This was also examined by looking at the substrate, the pectin moiety of the cell wall, and i woolly fruit there were more high molecular weight pectins with regions of non-methylated galacturonic acid residues. Taking an in vitro approach it was found a) that PE activity was stable at 0oC while PG activity decreased; b) incubating the calcium pectate fraction of the cell wall with PE extracted from peaches caused the polymers to form a gel characteristic of the visual woolly symptoms in peaches. 2. That continued cell wall synthesis occurs during storage and contributes to structural changes i cell walls and improper dissolution and softening after storage. We tried to adapt our technique of adding 13C-glucose to fruit discs, which was used successfully to follow cell wall synthesis during tomato ripening. However, the difference in sugar content between the two fruits (4% in tomato and 12% in peach) meant that the 13C-glucose was much more diluted within the general metabolite pool. We were unable to see any cell wall synthesis which meant that either the dilution factor was too great, or that synthesis was not occurring. 3. That controlled atmosphere (CA) prevents woolliness by lowering all enzyme activities. CA was found to greatly reduce mRNA abundance of the cell wall enzymes compared to regular air storage. However, their synthesis and activity recovered during ripening after CA storage and did not after regular air storage. Therefore, CA prevented the inhibition of enzyme activation found in regular air storage. 4. That changes in cell wall turgor and membrane function are important events in the development of woolliness. Using a micro pressure probe, turgor was measured in cells of individual 'O'Henry' and 'CalRed' peaches which were woolly or healthy. The relationship between firmness and turgor was the same in both fruit conditions. These data indicate that the development and expression of woolliness are not associated with differences in membrane function, at least with regard to the factors that determine cell turgor pressure. In addition, during the period of the grant additional areas were explored. Encoglucanase, and enzyme metabolizing hemicellulose, was found to be highly expressed air stored, but not in unstored or CA stored fruit. Activity gels showed higher activity in air stored fruit as well. This is the first indication that other components of the cell wall may be involved in woolliness. The role of ethylene in woolliness development was also investigated at it was found a) that woolly fruits had decreased ability to produce ethylene, b) storing fruits in the presence of ethylene delayed the appearance of woolliness. This latter finding has implication for an inexpensive strategy for storing peaches and nectarines.
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Engel, Bernard, Yael Edan, James Simon, Hanoch Pasternak, and Shimon Edelman. Neural Networks for Quality Sorting of Agricultural Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613033.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objectives of this project were to develop procedures and models, based on neural networks, for quality sorting of agricultural produce. Two research teams, one in Purdue University and the other in Israel, coordinated their research efforts on different aspects of each objective utilizing both melons and tomatoes as case studies. At Purdue: An expert system was developed to measure variances in human grading. Data were acquired from eight sensors: vision, two firmness sensors (destructive and nondestructive), chlorophyll from fluorescence, color sensor, electronic sniffer for odor detection, refractometer and a scale (mass). Data were analyzed and provided input for five classification models. Chlorophyll from fluorescence was found to give the best estimation for ripeness stage while the combination of machine vision and firmness from impact performed best for quality sorting. A new algorithm was developed to estimate and minimize training size for supervised classification. A new criteria was established to choose a training set such that a recurrent auto-associative memory neural network is stabilized. Moreover, this method provides for rapid and accurate updating of the classifier over growing seasons, production environments and cultivars. Different classification approaches (parametric and non-parametric) for grading were examined. Statistical methods were found to be as accurate as neural networks in grading. Classification models by voting did not enhance the classification significantly. A hybrid model that incorporated heuristic rules and either a numerical classifier or neural network was found to be superior in classification accuracy with half the required processing of solely the numerical classifier or neural network. In Israel: A multi-sensing approach utilizing non-destructive sensors was developed. Shape, color, stem identification, surface defects and bruises were measured using a color image processing system. Flavor parameters (sugar, acidity, volatiles) and ripeness were measured using a near-infrared system and an electronic sniffer. Mechanical properties were measured using three sensors: drop impact, resonance frequency and cyclic deformation. Classification algorithms for quality sorting of fruit based on multi-sensory data were developed and implemented. The algorithms included a dynamic artificial neural network, a back propagation neural network and multiple linear regression. Results indicated that classification based on multiple sensors may be applied in real-time sorting and can improve overall classification. Advanced image processing algorithms were developed for shape determination, bruise and stem identification and general color and color homogeneity. An unsupervised method was developed to extract necessary vision features. The primary advantage of the algorithms developed is their ability to learn to determine the visual quality of almost any fruit or vegetable with no need for specific modification and no a-priori knowledge. Moreover, since there is no assumption as to the type of blemish to be characterized, the algorithm is capable of distinguishing between stems and bruises. This enables sorting of fruit without knowing the fruits' orientation. A new algorithm for on-line clustering of data was developed. The algorithm's adaptability is designed to overcome some of the difficulties encountered when incrementally clustering sparse data and preserves information even with memory constraints. Large quantities of data (many images) of high dimensionality (due to multiple sensors) and new information arriving incrementally (a function of the temporal dynamics of any natural process) can now be processed. Furhermore, since the learning is done on-line, it can be implemented in real-time. The methodology developed was tested to determine external quality of tomatoes based on visual information. An improved model for color sorting which is stable and does not require recalibration for each season was developed for color determination. Excellent classification results were obtained for both color and firmness classification. Results indicted that maturity classification can be obtained using a drop-impact and a vision sensor in order to predict the storability and marketing of harvested fruits. In conclusion: We have been able to define quantitatively the critical parameters in the quality sorting and grading of both fresh market cantaloupes and tomatoes. We have been able to accomplish this using nondestructive measurements and in a manner consistent with expert human grading and in accordance with market acceptance. This research constructed and used large databases of both commodities, for comparative evaluation and optimization of expert system, statistical and/or neural network models. The models developed in this research were successfully tested, and should be applicable to a wide range of other fruits and vegetables. These findings are valuable for the development of on-line grading and sorting of agricultural produce through the incorporation of multiple measurement inputs that rapidly define quality in an automated manner, and in a manner consistent with the human graders and inspectors.
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Jordan, Ramon L., Abed Gera, Hei-Ti Hsu, Andre Franck, and Gad Loebenstein. Detection and Diagnosis of Virus Diseases of Pelargonium. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568793.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Pelargonium (Geranium) is the number one pot plant in many areas of the United States and Europe. Israel and the U.S. send to Europe rooted cuttings, foundation stocks and finished plants to supply a certain share of the market. Geraniums are propagated mainly vegetatively from cuttings. Consequently, viral diseases have been and remain a major threat to the production and quality of the crop. Among the viruses isolated from naturally infected geraniums, 11 are not specific to Pelargonium and occur in other crops while 6 other viruses seem to be limited to geranium. However, several of these viruses are not sufficiently characterized to conclude that they are distinct agents and their nomenclature and taxonomy are confusing. The ability to separate, distinguish and detect the different viruses in geranium will overcome obstacles te developing effective detection and certification schemes. Our focus was to further characterize some of these viruses and develop better methods for their detection and control. These viruses include: isolates of pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV), pelargonium ringspot virus (PelRSV), pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV), pelargonium leaf curl (PLCV), and tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV). Twelve hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies specific to a geranium isolate of TomRSV were produced. These antibodies are currently being characterized and will be tested for the ability to detect TomRSV in infected geraniums. The biological, biochemical and serological properties of four isometric viruses - PLPV, PelRSV, and PFBV (and a PelRSV-like isolate from Italy called GR57) isolated from geraniums exhibiting line and ring pattern or flower break symptoms - and an isolate ol elderbeny latent virus (ELV; which the literature indicates is the same as PelRSV) have been determined Cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNAs of these viruses were sequenced and the sizes and locations of predicted viral proteins deduced. A portion of the putative replicase genes was also sequenced from cloned RT-PCR fragments. We have shown that, when compared to the published biochemical and serological properties, and sequences and genome organizations of other small isometric plant viruses, all of these viruses should each be considered new, distinct members of the Carmovirus group of the family Tombusviridae. Hybridization assays using recombinant DNA probes also demonstrated that PLPV, PelRSV, and ELV produce only one subgenomic RNA in infected plants. This unusual property of the gene expression of these three viruses suggests that they are unique among the Carmoviruses. The development of new technologies for the detection of these viruses in geranium was also demonstrated. Hybridization probes developed to PFBV (radioactively-labeled cRNA riboprobes) and to PLPV (non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled cDNAs) were generally shown to be no more sensitive for the detection of virus in infected plants than the standard ELISA serology-based assays. However, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was shown to be over 1000 times more sensitive in detecting PFBV in leaf extracts of infected geranium than was ELISA. This research has lead to a better understanding of the identity of the viruses infecting pelargonium and to the development of new tools that can be used in an improved scheme of providing virus-indexed pelargonium plants. The sequence information, and the serological and cloned DNA probes generated from this work, will allow the application of these new tools for virus detection, which will be useful in domestic and international indexing programs which are essential for the production of virus-free germplasm both for domestic markets and the international exchange of plant material.