Готові списки джерел за темами / Tomato seedling

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Tomato seedling"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 січня 2023

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Tomato seedling":

Songsaeng, Apisit, Panlada Tittabutr, Kamolchanok Umnajkitikorn, Nantakorn Boonkerd, Jenjira Wongdee, Pongpan Songwattana, Pongdet Piromyou, Teerana Greetatorn, Teerayoot Girdthai, and Neung Teaumroong. "Application of Light-Emitting Diodes with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi for Tomato Seedling Production." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (October 10, 2022): 2458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102458.

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Various technologies, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and beneficial plant micro-organisms, have been applied to enhance plant growth and development. We aimed to develop appropriate technology by incorporating the benefits of LED light, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) into sweet girl cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedling production. Our results demonstrated that incorporating red (R) and blue (B) LED lights, PGPR, and AMF positively affected tomato seedling growth. The optimal lighting conditions for tomato seedling growth were LEDs at 200 µmol/m2/s with a ratio of R60:B40 and 20 h/d exposure. The optimum LED-illuminated tomato seedlings significantly upregulated photosynthesis-related genes, including psbA, psbB, fdx, atpB, and rbcL. Plants inoculated with PGPR Bradyrhizobium sp. SUTN9-2, Bacillus velezensis SD10 and B. megaterium A20 had a high health index after inoculation. Furthermore, the optimized LED-illuminated tomato seedlings inoculated with SD10 had the highest health index. In addition, the optimum LED-illuminated tomato seedlings inoculated with SD10 and AMF had the highest biomass. Our experiment demonstrated that tomato seedlings produced under optimized LED lights inoculated with SD10 and AMF increased yield by about 16% under field conditions. Therefore, these results provided the optimum conditions for a high-quality tomato seedling production system.

Sun, Min, Xiangguang Meng, Tieli Peng, and Xiaohui Hu. "Effect of Bacillus methylotrophicus on Tomato Plug Seedling." Horticulturae 8, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8100947.

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Tomato production is gradually shifting to modern production, which requires the factorization of tomato seedlings to shorten the seedling cycle and improve the seedling quality. Bacillus methylotrophicus, as a biofertilizer for plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, can promote plant growth and enhance native plant defenses. However, reports on the role of this type of bacterial agent in horticultural crop seedlings are limited. We investigated the effects of different dosages of Bacillus methylotrophicus (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, and 1.50 g/strain) on tomato plug seedlings and aimed to screen out the suitable dosage of Bacillus methylotrophicus for tomato seedlings in 50-hole cavity trays. In this experiment, with the increase in Bacillus methylotrophicus, the number of leaves, plant height, stem thickness, leaf area, dry matter accumulation in each organ, growth function (G value), and seedling strength index of tomato seedlings showed an increasing trend, followed by a decreasing one. The appropriate dosage (0.50–1.25 g/strain) of bacterial agent increased the activities of the substrates urease, sucrase, and catalase, thus forming a good microbial community to maintain the balance of organic and inorganic carbon and guaranteeing the normal development of the root system. Meanwhile, under the treatment of 1.00 and 1.25 g/strain of inoculum, the absorption range of tomato roots increased, more nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were absorbed from the substrate, and more nutrients were transported from the underground to the above-ground parts, which promoted shoot elongation and thickening of the shoots, increased the leaf number and dry matter accumulation, and improved the seedling quality. In this study, the mechanism of action of this microbial product on tomato seedlings was studied from the perspective of nutrient uptake and supply, and a sowing root application of 1.00 g/strain of Bacillus methylotrophicus in 50-hole cavity trays can improve the quality of tomato seedlings.

Massimi, Mohunnad, and Laszlo Radocz. "Preliminary test: Evaluation and selection of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) varieties resistant to drought and powdery mildew." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 2 (December 8, 2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/2/9746.

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Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) and (Oidium neolycopersici) are two harmful fungi that invade the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant and grow in dry conditions. Under the influence of polyethylene glycol 6000 at a concentration of 12%, the total seedlings fresh weight, total seedlings dry weight, seedling growth rate of one seedling, seedling length, and tissue water content percentage for three tomato varieties were assessed. Despite the superiority of the (Mobil) tomato variety in terms of numerical values, the results revealed no significant differences between varieties. As a result, (Mobil) has greater vigor under environmental drought stress of lower osmotic stress than other tomato varieties. More work is required to evaluate the research selection of varieties resistant to biotic stresses in dry areas, such as powdery mildew disease.

Bhuiyan, MAH, ME Ali, MR Khatun, F. Alam, and MB Banu. "Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculum Rate on Tomato (Lycopersicum esculenta L.) Seedlings." Bangladesh Journal of Microbiology 29, no. 2 (June 25, 2016): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v29i2.28444.

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An experiment on the effect of rate of arbuscular mycorrhiza inoculum in producing tomato seedlings (var. Ratan) were conducted in the seedbed of Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh during rabi season of 2007-08 and 2008-09. Seven rates of AM inoculum viz. 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 kg m-2 were studied on tomato seedlings. Cowdung was used at the rate of 5 kg m-2 as basal. Seeds were sown in 10 cm apart solid lines on 13 November 2007 and 11 November 2008, and the seedlings were thinned down to about 3 cm from seedling to seedling within a week of germination. Ratan was used as the variety of tomato. Biomass yield, seedling height and nutrient uptake by tomato seedlings increased greatly with the use of AM inoculum. Biomass yield of tomato seedlings followed quadratic trend with the increase of AM inoculum rate from 0 to 1.0 kg m-2 in 2007-08 and 0 to 2.0 kg m-2 in 2008-09.Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 29, Number 2, Dec 2012, pp 104-108

Li, Yang, Juanqi Li, Guoxiu Wu, Yanman Li, Aimin Shen, Deli Ma, and Shengli Li. "Design of an Air Blowing Device Above Seedbed: The Effect of Air Disturbance on the Microenvironment and Growth of Tomato Seedlings." HortScience 55, no. 8 (August 2020): 1308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci15136-20.

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In recent years, air circulation has been used in protected cultivation to improve the microenvironment around seedlings, which in turn enhances photosynthesis and seedling growth. However, a practical and precise air circulation device has not yet been reported, especially one for growing seedlings in a greenhouse. Considering the use of a seedbed in seedling cultivation, a blower that can move back and forth on the seedbed and accurately control the air velocity is designed. In this experiment, we take the nonblowing treatment as the control (CK); three air velocities (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 m/s) were selected to investigate the effect of interval blowing on the microenvironment of the canopy, physiology of seedling growth, stomatal characteristics of leaves, and stem mechanics of tomato seedlings. The three air velocities were found to significantly reduce the canopy temperature by 0.44, 0.78, and 1.48 °C lower than the CK, respectively, and leaf temperature by 0.83, 1.57, and 2.27 °C lower than the CK, respectively, in cultivated seedlings during summer. The relative humidity of the tomato seedling canopy decreased by 2.7% to 7.0%. Compared with the CK, the plant height of tomato seedlings decreased by 13.54% and root dry mass, root-shoot ratio, and seedling quality index (SQI) increased by 34.63%, 21.43%, and 14.29%, respectively, at 0.6 m/s. In addition, mechanical indexes such as hardness and elasticity of the tomato seedling stem were higher under air disturbance than those of the CK. The best effect was seen in the treatment with the air velocity of 0.6 m/s, in which the hardness and elasticity of the stem base and the first node were significantly higher than that of the CK. In conclusion, air disturbance generated by the air blowing device we designed effectively improved the microenvironment around the plants, enhanced the physiological activity of the seedlings, and thereby promoted seedling growth.

Liptay, A. "Air circulation in growth chambers stunts tomato seedling growth." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 4 (October 1, 1992): 1275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-161.

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Air circulation, generally an integral part of environmentally controlled plant growth chambers, inhibited tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedling growth seismomorphogenically. Tomato seedlings were grown either in a growth chamber having an air movement of 0.5–0.7 m s−1 or in a chamber with no air circulation. Growth inhibition was noticeable with as little as 15 min of daily exposure to air circulation, and a continuous exposure gave the greatest amount of growth inhibition. The air-movement effect on seedling growth was transient and required a continued daily exposure to air movement for growth inhibition. Continuous air circulation inhibited seedling growth to such an extent that in a two-factor experiment (i.e., air movement and water stress) the water-stress effects were completely hidden by the air-movement effect. The results have important implications for tomato plant growth experiments in chambers equipped with air circulation: seedling growth may be affected more by the inherent air circulation in the growth chamber than by an experimental treatment.Key words: Tomato growth inhibition, air movement, seismomorphogenic, short seedlings

Hassan, J. A., Y. J. Zhou, and J. D. Lewis. "A Rapid Seedling Resistance Assay Identifies Wild Tomato Lines That Are Resistant to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Race 1." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 30, no. 9 (September 2017): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-11-16-0247-r.

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Bacterial speck caused by Pseudomonas syringae has historically been controlled by the Pto/Prf gene cluster. Emerging strains like P. syringae pv. tomato race 1 overcome resistance conferred by Pto/Prf, and can cause serious crop loss under appropriate environmental conditions. We developed a rapid assay to screen wild tomato seedlings for resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato race 1. We established the seedling resistance assay using the well-characterized P. syringae pv. tomato race 0 strain, DC3000, which is recognized in tomato cultivars carrying Pto/Prf (PtoR) and causes disease in isogenic lines lacking this cluster (PtoS). We optimized infectious conditions for P. syringae on tomato seedlings and demonstrated that tomato seedlings respond like adult tomato plants in critical measures of susceptibility and immunity, including the hypersensitive response, rapid ion leakage, restricted bacterial proliferation, and phenotypic resistance. After establishing infectious conditions for P. syringae pv. tomato race 1 on tomato seedlings, we screened 96 wild accessions and identified two accessions with strong P. syringae pv. tomato race 1 resistance, Solanum neorickii LA1329 and S. habrochaites LA1253, which are also resistant to bacterial infection as adult plants. This rapid high throughput seedling assay has many advantages, including reduced plant growth time and large sample sizes, and will allow for large-scale screening of resistance in tomato.

Loliam, B., T. Morinaga, and S. Chaiyanan. "Biocontrol ofPhytophthora infestans, Fungal Pathogen of Seedling Damping Off Disease in Economic Plant Nursery." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/324317.

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This research aims to control Seedling damping off disease in plants by using antagonistic actinomycetes against the causative fungi.Phytophthora infestanswas isolated from the infected tomato plant seedling obtained from an economic plant nursery in Amphoe Pak Chong, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The chitinolyticStreptomyces rubrolavendulaeS4, isolated from termite mounds at the grove of Amphoe Si-Sawat, Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand, was proven to be the most effective growth inhibition of fungal pathogens tested on potato dextrose agar. Tomato and chili seedlings that colonized with antagonisticS. rubrolavendulaeS4 were grown inP. infestansartificial inoculated peat moss. Percents of noninfested seedling in fungal contaminated peat moss were compared to the controls with uninoculated peat moss. InP. infestanscontaminated peat moss, the percents of survival of tomato and chili seedling were significantly increased () from 51.42 to 88.57 and 34.10 to 76.71 for theS. rubrolavendulaeS4 treatment, respectively. TheS. rubrolavendulaeS4 also showed high efficiency equivalent to fungicide, metalaxyl with no significant difference (). It was clearly demonstrated thatS. rubrolavendulaeS4 can prevent the tomato and chili seedling damping off disease in economic plant nurseries.

Xin, Jin, Zhao Kaixuan, Ji Jiangtao, Ma Hao, Pang Jing, and Qiu Zhaomei. "Design and experiment of automatic transplanting device for potted tomato seedlings." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 3 (March 15, 2018): 1045–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406218762954.

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In this study, an automatic machine for transplanting potted tomato seedlings was designed, based on the analysis of physical characteristics of the main varieties of tomato seedlings. The machine is composed of a horizontal and vertical seedling supply mechanism, a picking mechanism composed with a gear-rod component, a planting part featured with an eccentric-disk parallelogram duckbilled mechanism, and a control system. The control system included position sensors, stepper motor, variable-frequency motor and program controller. The force condition for successful picking potted tomato seedlings was studied by analyzing the force and motion during the taking procedure with the use of analytical graphic method. Combined with the parameters of physical characteristics of tomato seedlings, the key parameters of the machine was determined, which included L1 = 105 mm as the distance between the point of the gripper needles and the center of rotation, L0 = 18 mm as the initial opening distance between the two gripper needles, and s = 40 mm as the distance between the two gripper needles when they were at the upper hinge point of the clamping hands. The key structure and the parameters of the seedlings-taking part were determined by theoretical calculation according to the position of the seedling during taking and dropping procedure, and the requirement of the motion. The machine was tested by using the potted tomato seedlings. The result showed that the seedling picking rate was 92.35%–86.61%, and the leakage rate was 12.57%–18.03%, when the transplanting speed was between 60 and 90 seedlings per minute. The result demonstrated that the machine was feasible to transplant the potted tomato seedlings efficiently.

Trevizan Chiomento, José Luís, Gabriela Oliveira Cavalli, Thomas Dos Santos Trentin, and Alana Grando Dornelles. "Quality of tomato seedlings produced in substrates." Pesquisa Agropecuária Gaúcha 26, no. 1 (October 22, 2020): 319–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36812/pag.2020261319-331.

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A difficulty in the production of tomato seedlings in containers is to assure the production of shoot biomass with limited portion of roots, restricted to a small volume of substrate. Therefore, we investigated if substrates associated with tomato cultivars interfere in the seedling quality. In this study, the treatments used were two tomato cultivars and three substrates. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a two-factorial scheme (2 x 3), with four replications. We carried out the physical and chemical characterization of the substrates and evaluated the attributes of the shoot and the root system of tomato seedlings. The results showed that the substrate with the highest water retention was Horta 2® and the lightest material was TN Gold®. Still, seedlings produced on the substrate with greater water retention capacity had higher performance in relation to the shoot morphology and the root system morphology. We conclude that the seedling quality of tomato cultivars is not associated with the studied substrates and that seedlings produced in substrate with greater water retention have better quality.

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Дисертації з теми "Tomato seedling":

Hu, Bizhen. "Improved Tomato Grafting Technologies." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1480568784958911.

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McGinley, Susan. "Temperature Makes the Difference: Improving Tomato Seedling Survival During Transport." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622186.

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Fessehazion, Melake Kessete. "Predicting and improving seedling emergence of three vegetable crops." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02092006-130454.

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Camu, Isabelle Veronique Marie. "Understanding the mechanism(s) of hydro-priming to improve seed vigour and seedling establishment of Solanum lycopersicum." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33211.

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Seeds are very complex and diverse plant organs. Seed germination is the most sensitive stage of plant life and is influenced by various environmental signals including phytohormones, salt, light, temperature and water potential. Seeds have an innate mechanism called dormancy that blocks germination, and plants have developed several dormancy-inducing strategies to optimise the timing of germination. Seed germination vigour is an important factor in crop yield. Seedling vigour is defined as the sum of the seed properties which determine the level of activity and performance during germination and seedling emergence. A poor seed lot can be improved by post-harvest treatment such as hydro-priming as it is used in the seed industry, but the biological mechanism is unknown. The aim of this study is to understand the mechanism(s) of hydro-priming in order to improve seed vigour and seed germination. I set seeds at different temperatures to produce variation in seed vigour and it showed that germination of seeds with low vigour can be improved by hydro-priming. Using LC-IT-ToF/MS I characterised compounds that leach from seeds during hydro-priming, and showed that some of these are putative germination inhibitors. Adding these compounds to the water during hydro-priming showed that the inhibitory effect of these compounds is not the main mechanism that regulates germination. Also, transcriptomic analysis showed that genes involved in OPDA pathway are expressed during hydro-priming as well as during endosperm weakening cap associated genes. I concluded that hydro-priming improves the speed of germination of low temperature set and its efficiency is dependent of activation of metabolic activity.

Khan, Mohammad Jamal 1960. "Evaluation of sulfur containing amendments for soil crusting, seedling emergence of tomato and DTPA extractable micronutrients." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278206.

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A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of five amendments (H₂SO₄, Al₂(SO₄.18H₂O, FeSO₄.7H₂O, and CaS₅ and CaSO₄.2H₂O) on crust formation, seedling emergence, dry matter yield (DMY) of tomato and soil properties in a sodic soil from the Safford Agricultural Center. When applied in equivalent quantities (600 kg/ha S), sulfuric acid and Al-sulfate proved to be the best anti-crusting agents and gypsum the least. Tomato seedling emergence and DMY increased with addition of H₂SO₄ followed by gypsum. Sulfuric acid was superior in reducing ESP in 0-3 cm depth, while EC was increased with additions of all amendments. In 3-8 cm depth the amendments affected pH, EC and ESP less than at the 0-3 cm depth. DTPA extractable and plants concentrations of Zn, Fe and Mn significantly increased with the addition of various amendments, while Cu was not effected by any amendments.

Chia, Po-Lung. "End-of-day Far-red Light Quality and Dose Effects on Elongation of Tomato Rootstock Seedling Hypocotyls." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193454.

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Methyl bromide fumigation, a common method used to combat soil borne pathogens in commercial tomato cultivation, was to be limited by the Montreal Protocol due to concerns of ozone depletion. Alternative methods to protect tomatoes against diseases include grafting. However, short grafted transplants may expose the scion to the soil. To avoid scion exposure, hypocotyl elongation of two tomato rootstocks 'Maxifort' and 'Aloha' via end-of-day far-red (EOD-FR) was examined in terms of light quality (red to far-red ratio, or R/FR) and dose (product of far-red intensity and duration). In EOD-FR light quality experiments, 'Aloha' seedlings were exposed to unfiltered and filtered incandescent light with an R/FR of 0.5 and 0.05 respectively. The resulting hypocotyl elongation was higher in filtered light than either the unfiltered light or the untreated control. Hypocotyl elongation response to EOD-FR dose in 'Aloha' and 'Maxifort' was affected by both far-red intensity and treatment duration. A saturating response was also found within a far-red dose between 0–8 mmol•m⁻²•d⁻¹ and modeled using non-linear regression with a three parameter Michaelis-Menten equation to estimate the far-red dose required to obtain near-maximum hypocotyl elongation for 'Aloha' and 'Maxifort'. The far-red dose required was affected by cultivar and experimental period. None of the EOD-FR treatments affected plant mass or stem diameter. To conclude, for maximum hypocotyl elongation using EOD-FR, the lower R/FR would increase the effectiveness of the treatment. The far-red dose should preferably be at 4–8 mmol• m⁻²•d⁻¹.

Yacoub, M., L. J. Clark, and J. L. Stroehlein. "Effects of Soil Amendments on Crusting, Seedling Emergence and Yields of Onions, Tomatoes and Peppers." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221239.

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Studies were carried out at the Safford Agricultural Center using some soil amendments as anti-crusting agents. The results are promising in terms of improved stands on soils subject to crusting. Additional research is needed in order to determine proper rates which will reduce crusting without being toxic to the emerging seedlings.

Parajuli, Suman. "Influence of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Seedling Grafting on Plant Growth, Fruit Yield and Quality, and Disease Tolerance." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31651.

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Influence of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedling grafting on the plant growth, fruit yield and quality, and disease tolerance were investigated using 3 cultivars (Big Beef, Celebrity, Cannonball) as scions and two Solanum species (B-blocking, Maxifort) as a rootstock in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The grafted plants were statistically higher in values for stem diameter, leaf chlorophyll, and fruit carotenoid contents. Similarly, the scion/rootstock combination ‘Big Beef/Maxifort’ and ‘Big Beef/B-blocking’ had prolonged days to maturity and gives a higher yield than the non-grafted ‘Big Beef’. Grafting seedling on ‘Maxifort’ and ‘B-blocking’ rootstocks improves the fruit quality like titratable acidity (TA), fruit firmness, but didn’t alter the pH, total soluble solid (TSS), lycopene and TSS/TA. Also, grafted treatment ‘Big Beef/Maxifort’ was found to be a highly disease resistant treatment when compared to the ‘Big Beef’ control with mean relative effect 0.074.

Allison, Patricia J. "Biosynthesis of pectic 1,4 #beta#-D-galactan in mung bean (Vigna radiata) and related studies on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322046.

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Yacoub, Mohamed Mohamed. "Effects of soil amendments on crusting, seedling emergence and yield of onion, tomatoes and peppers." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185461.

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The effects of sulfur-containing amendments (H₂SO₄,Al₂(SO₄)₃ and gypsum) or crust formation, soil chemical properties, seedling emergence and yields of onions (Allium cepa), tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum) and chili peppers (Capsicum sp.) were studied on a Pima clay loam soil. Treatments were surface applied on a strip above the seeds. The chemicals influenced the penetrometer index, soil-pH, electrical conductivity, DPTA-extractable soil Fe, Cu, Zn, Mu and seedling emergence in two greenhouse experiments. Gypsum and H₂SO₄ increased seedling emergence while Al₂(SO₄)₃ reduced the soil-pH and EC more than H₂SO₄ and gypsum. Based upon penetrometer readings, H₂SO₄ was the best anti-crusting agent tested followed by gypsum and Al₂(SO₄)₃. At the end of the study, all soil samples were very low in KCl extractable Al, showing that Al toxicity was not responsible for seedling damage. Gypsum decreased levels of Mn and Zn but did not affect Fe and Cu. Al₂(SO₄)₃ increased Fe and Zn, decreased Cu but did not affect Mn. H₂SO₄ did not affect extractable Mn, Cu, Zn and Fe levels. In a field study using two water qualities at Safford, gypsum produced the most tomato seedlings whereas Al₂(SO₄)₃ and H₂SO₄ produced the least. Onion stand counts were not affected by the chemicals with either water. Gypsum, H₂SO₄ and Al₂(SO₄)₃ polymer produced the highest pepper stand counts with the saltier water but there were no differences with lower salt water. Tomatoes produced the highest yield with gypsum and lowest with H₂SO₄ and Al₂(SO₄)₃ with saltier water. With lower salt water, gypsum produced highest yield, followed by the H₂SO₄. Both H₂SO₄ treatments produce low yields. Onions showed no treatment response under lower salt water, while with saltier water, gypsum and H₂SO₄ produced the highest yields. Pepper yields were not affected by amendments with the lower salt water. Al₂(SO₄)₃ polymer, H₂SO₄ and gypsum increased yields with the saltier water. Varieties of peppers and tomatoes produced different yields in response to water quality in a supplementary field study.

Більше джерел

Книги з теми "Tomato seedling":

Food, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and. Greenhouse vegetable seedling: Protocol for managing thrips and the tomato spotted wilt virus. S.l: s.n, 1990.

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Частини книг з теми "Tomato seedling":

Stoffella, Peter J., and Donald A. Graetz. "Sugarcane Filtercake Compost Influence on Tomato Emergence, Seedling Growth, and Yields." In The Science of Composting, 1351–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5_175.

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Jakhar, Dan Singh, Rima Kumari, Pankaj Kumar, and Rajesh Singh. "Molecular Methods for the Controlling of Damping Off Seedlings in Tomato." In Biotic Stress Management in Tomato, 43–58. Boca Raton: Apple Academic Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003186960-3.

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Obradovic, A., J. B. Jones, G. V. Minsavage, E. R. Dickstein, and T. M. Momol. "Pseudomonas huttiensis Associated with Leaf Necrosis and Blighting of Tomato Seedlings in the Greenhouse." In Pseudomonas syringae and related pathogens, 627–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0133-4_68.

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Kumar, J., K. Kumar, and M. Prasad. "Certain Cell Level Changes and Chromosomal Aberrations in Tomato Seedlings Induced by Xanthomonas Campestris Pv. Vesicatoria." In Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 706–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3555-6_150.

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Yamazaki, Hiromichi, Sunao Kikuchi, Tsuguo Hoshina, and Takeshi Kimura. "Effects of strontium treatment on bacterial wilt development and the concentration of strontium in inoculated tomato seedlings." In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 755–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_241.

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Chung, H. D., and Y. J. Choi. "Effects of temperature, relative humidity and light on the absorption and translocation of 45Ca in the grafted tomato seedlings." In Plant Nutrition, 140–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47624-x_67.

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"Seed and Seedling Production." In Tomato Plant Culture, 81–99. CRC Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420007398.ch3.

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"Seed and Seedling Production." In Tomato Plant Culture In the Field, Greenhouse, and Home Garden. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420049190.ch7.

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Fugetsu and Parvin. "Graphene phytotoxicity in the seedling stage of cabbage, tomato, red spinach, and lettuce." In Carbon Nanotubes - From Research to Applications. InTech, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/18393.

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Arenas, Omar Romero, Jesús Francisco López Olguín, Dionicio Juárez Ramón, Dora Ma Sangerman-Jarquín, Conrado Parraguirre Lezama, Primo Sánchez Morales, and Manuel Huerta Lara. "Biological Control of Fusarium oxysporum in Tomato Seedling Production with Mexican Strains of Trichoderma." In Fusarium - Plant Diseases, Pathogen Diversity, Genetic Diversity, Resistance and Molecular Markers. InTech, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72878.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Tomato seedling":

Jovovic, Mirjana, Verica Prodanovic, Aleksandra Govedarica-Lucic, and Zoranka Malesevic. "EFFECT OF APPLAYING OF HUMIC ACID ON SEEDLING GROWTH OF TOMATO." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.039j.

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This study was undertaken to determine the effects of humic acid on the growth seedling of two tomato cultivars CeylandoF1 and RallyF1, under greenhouse conditions. Treatment with „Humistar“ was started in the two-leaf stage of the plant. One level of humic acid of 20 ml l-1 was applied to the seedling growing media and each seedling of the species was treated every ten days until transplanting directly into the soil in greenhouse.The higest growth rate: leaf (weight), stem (diameter and weight) and root (weight and lenght) growth were optained in cultivar RallyF1 as compared to the control and leaf, stem and root weight compared to Ceylando F1 cultivar.General, the results showed that humic acid influenced better root development in both examined tomato cultivars.

AL-Rukabi, M. N., and V. I. Leunov. "Evaluation of tomato hybrids with different level of ripe rate under hydroponic conditions (fitopyramide)." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-49.

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Greenhouse tomatoes are divided into early, medium and late-maturing. The days from seedling germination to the first harvest are taken into account. Tomato has a huge potential for heterosis in terms of precocity, overall yield, signs of resistance and uniformity. The preferred agricultural method is hydroponics, which allows you to grow plants without using soil, only using mineral nutrient solutions in water. The cultivation of tomato plants on the " Fitopyramida " will allow to sell their products in the periods with the highest realized prices. An experiment on variety testing of 11 tomato hybrids of different product groups that differ in precocity allowed us to select the most adapted to the conditions of the " Fitopyramida " technology, including the indeterminate beef Ruddy ball F1, cherry hybrids Elf F1 and orange-fruited cherry Magic harp F1. the determinant hybrid Captain F1 showed Good results.

Yildirim, E., M. Ekinci, M. Yüce, M. Turan, and S. Ors. "EFFECTS OF BIOSTIMULANT TREATMENTS ON AMINO ACID CONTENT OF TOMATO SEEDLING UNDER WATER DEFICIT." In International conference on agriculture. The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/26827018.2022.7101.

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"Predicting attacked time of tomato seedling by E-nose based on Kernel Principal Component Analysis." In 2016 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20162458730.

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Wang, Liming, Guochao Sun, Jichao Liao, and Yi Tang. "Selenium Accumulation Characteristics of Tomato Seedlings." In Proceedings of the 2018 3rd International Conference on Advances in Materials, Mechatronics and Civil Engineering (ICAMMCE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icammce-18.2018.19.

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Naime, N., A. J. C. Brant, A. B. Lugão, and P. Ponce. "Production of mini tomato seedlings in biodegradable foams." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE REGIONAL CONFERENCE GRAZ 2015 – POLYMER PROCESSING SOCIETY PPS: Conference Papers. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4965567.

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Wang, Liming, Guochao Sun, and Yi Tang. "Effects of Selenium on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Tomato Seedlings." In 2018 7th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development (ICEESD 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iceesd-18.2018.63.

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Tong, Zhang, Chi Jianyi, Zhang Yao, Li Chengyu, Zhang Hongjiel, Zhou Xiao, Qin Xinmia, and Wang Qiang. "Effects of Light Quality on Physiological Characteristics of Tomato Seedlings." In 2018 15th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting: International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors China (SSLChina: IFWS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifws.2018.8587318.

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Villacampa, Y., J. F. Navarro-González, J. A. Reyes, and P. Sastre-Vázquez. "Numerical and regression models for the leaf area of tomato seedlings." In ECOSUD 2013. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/eco130011.

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Yildirim, E., M. Ekinci, M. Yüce, M. Turan, and S. Ors. "DROUGHT AND BIOSTIMULANT TREATMENTS AFFECTED ORGANIC ACID CONTENT OF TOMATO SEEDLINGS." In International conference on agriculture. The International Institute of Knowledge Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/26827018.2022.7103.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Tomato seedling":

Wagner, D. Ry, Eliezer Lifschitz, and Steve A. Kay. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Flowering in Arabidopsis and Tomato. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585198.bard.

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The primary objectives for the US lab included: the characterization of ELF3 transcription and translation; the creation and characterization of various transgenic lines that misexpress ELF3; defining genetic pathways related to ELF3 function regulating floral initiation in Arabidopsis; and the identification of genes that either interact with or are regulated by ELF3. Light quality, photoperiod, and temperature often act as important and, for some species, essential environmental cues for the initiation of flowering. However, there is relatively little information on the molecular mechanisms that directly regulate the developmental pathway from the reception of the inductive light signals to the onset of flowering and the initiation of floral meristems. The ELF3 gene was identified as possibly having a role in light-mediated floral regulation since elj3 mutants not only flower early, but exhibit light-dependent circadian defects. We began investigating ELF3's role in light signalling and flowering by cloning the ELF3 gene. ELF3 is a novel gene only present in plant species; however, there is an ELF3 homolog within Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis elj3 mutation causes arrhythmic circadian output in continuous light; however, we show conclusively normal circadian function with no alteration of period length in elj3 mutants in dark conditions and that the light-dependent arrhythmia observed in elj3 mutants is pleiotropic on multiple outputs regardless of phase. Plants overexpressing ELF3 have an increased period length in constant light and flower late in long-days; furthermore, etiolated ELF3-overexpressing seedlings exhibit a decreased acute CAB2 response after a red light pulse, whereas the null mutant is hypersensitive to acute induction. This finding suggests that ELF3 negatively regulates light input to both the clock and its outputs. To determine whether ELF3's action is phase dependent, we examined clock resetting by light pulses and constructed phase response curves. Absence of ELF3 activity causes a significant alteration of the phase response curve during the subjective night, and overexpression of ELF3 results in decreased sensitivity to the resetting stimulus, suggesting that ELF3 antagonizes light input to the clock during the night. Indeed, the ELF3 protein interacts with the photoreceptor PHYB in the yeast two-hybrid assay and in vitro. The phase ofELF3 function correlates with its peak expression levels of transcript and protein in the subjective night. ELF3 action, therefore, represents a mechanism by which the oscillator modulates light resetting. Furthermore, flowering time is dependent upon proper expression ofELF3. Scientifically, we've made a big leap in the understanding of the circadian system and how it is coupled so tightly with light reception in terms of period length and clock resetting. Agriculturally, understanding more about the way in which the clock perceives and relays temporal information to pathways such as those involved in the floral transition can lead to increased crop yields by enabling plants to be grown in suboptimal conditions.

Newton, Ronald, Joseph Riov, and John Cairney. Isolation and Functional Analysis of Drought-Induced Genes in Pinus. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568752.bard.

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Drought is a common factor limiting timber production in the U.S. and Israel. Loblolly (Pinus taeda) and alleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) seedling survival is reduced when out planted, and growth and reproduction are often hindered by periodic droughts during later stages of tree development. Molecular and gene responses to drought stress have not been characterized. The objectives were to characterize drought-induced gene clones from these pines, to determine the effects of a growth regulator on drought tolerance, ABA levels, and drought-induced gene expression in alleppo pine, and to develop procedures for loblolly pine transformation. Nearly 20 cDNA clones influenced by gradual, prolonged drought stress have been isolated. Many of these have been shown to be induced by drought stress, whereas several others are down-regulated. These are the first drought-induced genes isolated from a pine species. Two genomic clones (lp5-1 and lp3-1) have been sequenced and characterized, and each has been found to be associated with a gene family. Clone lp5 appears to code for a cell wall protein, and clone lp3 codes for a nuclear protein. The former may be associated with changing the elastic properties of the cell wall, while the latter may be involved in signal transduction and/or protection from desiccation in the nucleus. Clone lp3 is similar to a drought-induced gene from tomato and is regulated by ABA. Several DNA sequences that are specific to induction during growth-retardation in alleppo pine by uniconazole have been identified. The active DNA species is now being identified. Promoters from genomic clones, lp3 and lp5, have been sequenced. Both are functional when fused with the gus reporter gene and transferred to other plant tissues as well as responding to a simulated drought stress. Through exodeletion analysis, it has been established that the promoter ABRE element of lp3 responds to ABA and that drought-induction of lp3 expression may also involve ABA. Stable tobacco transformants carrying either the lp5 or the lp3 promoter fused to a reporter gus gene have been obtained. The lp5lgus fusion was expressed at several stages of tobacco development and differentiation including the reproductive stage. There was no difference in phenotype between the transformants and the wild type. Embryogenesis procedures were developed for slash pine, but attempts to couple this process with gene transfer and plantlet transformation were not successful. Transformation of pine using Agrobacterium appears tractable, but molecular data supporting stable integration of the Agrobacterium-transferred gene are still inconclusive.

Seginer, Ido, Daniel H. Willits, Michael Raviv, and Mary M. Peet. Transpirational Cooling of Greenhouse Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573072.bard.

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Background Transplanting vegetable seedlings to final spacing in the greenhouse is common practice. At the time of transplanting, the transpiring leaf area is a small fraction of the ground area and its cooling effect is rather limited. A preliminary modeling study suggested that if water supply from root to canopy is not limiting, a sparse crop could maintain about the same canopy temperature as a mature crop, at the expense of a considerably higher transpiration flux per leaf (and root) area. The objectives of this project were (1) to test the predictions of the model, (2) to select suitable cooling methods, and (3) to compare the drought resistance of differently prepared seedlings. Procedure Plants were grown in several configurations in high heat load environments, which were moderated by various environmental control methods. The difference between the three experimental locations was mainly in terms of scale, age of plants, and environmental control. Young potted plants were tested for a few days in small growth chambers at Technion and Newe Ya'ar. At NCSU, tomato plants of different ages and planting densities were compared over a whole growing season under conditions similar to commercial greenhouses. Results Effect of spacing: Densely spaced plants transpired less per plant and more per unit ground area than sparsely spaced plants. The canopy temperature of the densely spaced plants was lower. Air temperature was lower and humidity higher in the compartments with the densely spaced plants. The difference between species is mainly in the canopy-to-air Bowen ratio, which is positive for pepper and negative for tomato. Effect of cooling methods: Ventilation and evaporative pad cooling were found to be effective and synergitic. Air mixing turned out to be very ineffective, indicating that the canopy-to-air transfer coefficient is not the limiting factor in the ventilation process. Shading and misting, both affecting the leaf temperature directly, proved to be very effective canopy cooling methods. However, in view of their side effects, they should only be considered as emergency measures. On-line measures of stress: Chlorophyll fluorescence was shown to accurately predict photosynthesis. This is potentially useful as a rapid, non-contact way of assessing canopy heat stress. Normalized canopy temperature and transpiration rate were shown to correlate with water stress. Drought resistance of seedlings: Comparison between normal seedlings and partially defoliated ones, all subjected to prolonged drought, indicated that removing about half of the lowermost leaves prior to transplanting, may facilitate adjustment to the more stressful conditions in the greenhouse. Implications The results of this experimental study may lead to: (1) An improved model for a sparse canopy in a greenhouse. (2) A better ventilation design procedure utilizing improved estimates of the evaporation coefficient for different species and plant configurations. (3) A test for the stress resistance of transplants.

Barg, Rivka, Kendal D. Hirschi, Avner Silber, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Yechiam Salts, and Marla Binzel. Combining Elevated Levels of Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturation and Vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase Activity for Improved Drought Tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7613877.bard.

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Background to the topic: In previous works we have shown that Arabidopsis and tomato over-expressing H+-pyrophosphatase show increased tolerance to drought imposed by withholding irrigation of young plants in pots (Park et al. 2005). In addition, young tobacco plants over-expressing fatty acid desaturase 3 (OEX-FAD3) also showed increasing tolerance to drought stress (Zhang et al 2005), and similarly OEX-FAD3 young tomato plants (unpublished data from ARO), hence raising the possibility that pyramiding the two could further improve drought tolerance in tomato. Based on these findings the specific objects originally set were: 1. To analyze the impact of pyramiding transgenes for enhanced fatty acid desaturation and for elevated H+-PPase activity on tomato yielding under water deficit stress conditions. 2. To elucidate the biochemical relationship between elevated desaturation of the membrane lipids and the activities of selected vacuolar transporters in the context of drought responses. 3. To explore the S. pennellii introgression lines as alternative genetic sources for drought tolerance related to enhanced fatty acid desaturation and/or H+-PPase activity. 4. Since OEX-FAD3 increases the levels of linolenic acid which is the precursor of various oxylipins including the stress hormone Jasmonate. (JA), study of the effect of this transgene on tolerance to herbivore pests was added as additional goal. The Major conclusions, solutions, and achievements are: (1) The facts that ectopic over-expression of vacuolarH+-PPases (in line OEX-AVP1) does not change the fatty acid profile compared to the parental MoneyMaker (MM) line and that elevated level of FA desaturation (by OEX-FAD3) does not change the activity of either H+-PPase, H+-ATPaseor Ca2+ /H+ antiport, indicate that the observed increased drought tolerance reported before for increase FA desaturation in tobacco plants and increased H+PPase in tomato plants involves different mechanisms. (2) After generating hybrid lines bringing to a common genetic background (i.e. F1 hybrids between line MP-1 and MM) each of the two transgenes separately and the two transgenes together the effect of various drought stress regimes including recovery from a short and longer duration of complete water withhold as well as performance under chronic stresses imposed by reducing water supply to 75-25% of the control irrigation regime could be studied. Under all the tested conditions in Israel, for well established plants grown in 3L pots or larger, none of the transgenic lines exhibited a reproducible significantly better drought tolerance compare to the parental lines. Still, examining the performance of these hybrids under the growth practices followed in the USA is called for. (3) Young seedlings of none of the identified introgression lines including the S. pennellii homologs of two of the H+-PPase genes and one of the FAD7 genes performed better than line M82 upon irrigation withhold. However, differences in the general canopy structures between the IL lines and M82 might mask such differences if existing. (4). Over-expression of FAD3 in the background of line MP-1 was found to confer significant tolerance to three important pest insects in tomato: Bordered Straw (Heliothis peltigera), Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Implications: Although the original hypothesis that pyramiding these two trasgenes could improve drought tolerance was not supported, the unexpected positive impact on herbivore deterring, as well as the changes in dynamics of JA biosynthesis in response to wounding and the profound changes in expression of wound response genes calls for deciphering the exact linolenic acid derived signaling molecule mediating this response. This will further facilitate breeding for herbivore pest and mechanical stress tolerance based on this pathway.

Eshel, Amram, Jonathan P. Lynch, and Kathleen M. Brown. Physiological Regulation of Root System Architecture: The Role of Ethylene and Phosphorus. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585195.bard.

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Specific Objectives and Related Results: 1) Determine the effect of phosphorus availability on ethylene production by roots. Test the hypothesis that phosphorus availability regulates ethylene production Clear differences were found between the two plants that were studied. In beans ethylene production is affected by P nutrition, tissue type, and stage of development. There are genotypic differences in the rate of ethylene production by various root types and in the differential in ethylene production when P treatments are compared. The acceleration in ethylene production with P deficiency increases with time. These findings support the hypothesis that ethylene production may be enhanced by phosphorus deficiency, and that the degree of enhancement varies with genotype. In tomatoes the low-P level did not enhance significantly ethylene production by the roots. Wildtype cultivars and ethylene insensitive mutants behaved similarly in that respect. 2) Characterize the effects of phosphorus availability and ethylene on the architecture of whole root systems. Test the hypothesis that both ethylene and low phosphorus availability modify root architecture. In common bean, the basal roots give rise to a major fraction of the whole root system. Unlike other laterals these roots respond to gravitropic stimulation. Their growth angle determines the proportion of the root length in the shallow layers of the soil. A correlation between ethylene production and basal root angle was found in shallow rooted but not deep-rooted genotypes, indicating that acceleration of ethylene synthesis may account for the change in basal root angle in genotypes demonstrating a plastic response to P availability. Short-time gravitropic response of the tap roots of young bean seedlings was not affected by P level in the nutrient solution. Low phosphorus specifically increases root hair length and root hair density in Arabidopsis. We tested 7 different mutants in ethylene perception and response and in each case, the response to low P was lower than that of the wild-type. The extent of reduction in P response varied among the mutants, but every mutant retained some responsiveness to changes in P concentration. The increase in root hair density was due to the increase in the number of trichoblast cell files under low P and was not mediated by ethylene. Low P did not increase the number of root hairs forming from atrichoblasts. This is in contrast to ethylene treatment, which increased the number of root hairs partly by causing root hairs to form on atrichoblasts. 3) Assess the adaptive value of root architectural plasticity in response to phosphorus availability. A simulation study indicated that genetic variation for root architecture in common bean may be related to adaptation to diverse competitive environments. The fractal dimension of tomato root system was directly correlated with P level.

Davis, Eric L., Yuji Oka, Amit Gal-On, Todd Wehner, and Aaron Zelcer. Broad-spectrum Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes in Transgenic Cucurbits. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593389.bard.

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Root-knot nematodes (RKN), Meloidogyne spp., are extremely destructive pathogens of cucurbit crops grown in the United States and Israel. The safety and environmental concerns of toxic nematicides, and limited sources of natural cucurbit resistance to the four major species of Meloidogyne that threaten these crops in Israel and the U.S., have emphasized the use of biotechnology to develop cucurbits with novel RKN resistance. The U.S. scientists have identified over 40 unique RKN parasitism genes that encode nematode secretions involved in successful plant root infection by RKN, and they have demonstrated that expression of a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) complementary to a RKN parasitism gene (called 16DIO) in Arabidopsis thaliana induced RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of the RKN16DlO gene and produced transgenic plants with strong resistance to all four major RKN species. The expression 8D05 parasitism gene was found to coincide with the timing of upregulation of NtCel7 promoter (identified to be upregulated in giantcells by US scientists). NtCel7 promoter was used to express the genes at the right time (early stages of infection) and in the right place (giant-cells) in transgenic plants. US partners produced NtCel7 (nematode-induced promoter)-driven 16DlO-RNAi and 8DOS-RNAi constructs, pHANNIBAL 4D03-RNAi construct and modified 16DlO-RNAi construct (for increased RNAi expression and efficacy) for cucurbit transformation in Israel. In Arabidopsis, some 16DlO-RNAi plant lines show greater levels of resistance to M. incognita than others, and within these lines resistance of greater than 90% reduction in infection is observed among almost all replicates in US. The level of observed nematode resistance is likely to be directly correlated with the level of RNAi expression in individual plants. In Israel, all the RKN parasitism genes-RNAi constructs were successfully transformed into cucumber and melon. The transgenic lines were evaluated for expression of the transgene siRNA in leaves and roots. Those displaying transgene siRNA accumulation were passed on for nematode resistance analysis. Rl seedlings from different lines were subjected to evaluation for resistance to M. javanica. None of the lines was resistant to the nematode in contrast with US partner's results in Arabidopsis. This could be for the following reasons: a) The level of transgene siRNA was insufficient in cucumber and tomato to cause resislance. b) 111e nemalode species on cucwnber IIlay be different ur act in a different manner. c) The assay was performed in soil with a high level of nematode inoculation, and not in petri dish, which may not permit the observation of a low level of resistance.