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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Top-down and bottom-up interactions"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 13 лютого 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Top-down and bottom-up interactions"

McQueen, Donald J., John R. Post, and Edward L. Mills. "Trophic Relationships in Freshwater Pelagic Ecosystems." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1571–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-195.

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Relative impacts of bottom-up (producer controlled) and top-down (consumer controlled) forces on the biomass and size structure of five major components of freshwater pelagic systems (piscivores, planktivores, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and total phosphorus availability) were estimated. Predictions that emerge are (1) maximum biomass at each trophic level is controlled from below (bottom-up) by nutrient availability, (2) this bottom-up regulation is strongest at the bottom of the food web (i.e. phosphorus → phytoplankton) and weakens by a factor of 2 with each succeeding step up the food web, (3) as energy moves up a food web, the predictability of bottom-up interactions decreases, (4) near the top of the food web, top-down (predator mediated) interactions are strong and have low coefficients of variation, but weaken with every step down the food web, (5) variability around the bottom-up regressions can always be explained by top-down forces, and (6) interplay between top-down and bottom-up effects changes with the trophic status of lakes. In eutrophic lakes, top-down effects are strong for piscivore → zooplankton, weaker for planktivore → zooplankton, and have little impact for zooplankton → phytoplankton. For oligotrophic lakes, the model predicts that top-down effects are not strongly buffered, so that zooplankton → phytoplankton interactions are significant.

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Ingber, Lester. "Statistical mechanics of neocortical interactions: EEG eigenfunctions of short-term memory." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23, no. 3 (June 2000): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00273251.

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This commentary focuses on how bottom-up neocortical models can be developed into eigenfunction expansions of probability distributions appropriate to describe short-term memory in the context of scalp EEG. The mathematics of eigenfunctions are similar to the top-down eigenfunctions developed by Nunez, despite different physical manifestations. The bottom-up eigenfunctions are at the local mesocolumnar scale, whereas the top-down eigenfunctions are at the global regional scale. Our respective approaches have regions of substantial overlap, and future studies may expand top-down eigenfunctions into the bottom-up eigenfunctions, yielding a model of scalp EEG expressed in terms of columnar states of neocortical processing of attention and short-term memory.

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Zhong, Zhiwei, Xiaofei Li, Dean Pearson, Deli Wang, Dirk Sanders, Yu Zhu, and Ling Wang. "Ecosystem engineering strengthens bottom-up and weakens top-down effects via trait-mediated indirect interactions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1863 (September 20, 2017): 20170894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0894.

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Trophic interactions and ecosystem engineering are ubiquitous and powerful forces structuring ecosystems, yet how these processes interact to shape natural systems is poorly understood. Moreover, trophic effects can be driven by both density- and trait-mediated interactions. Microcosm studies demonstrate that trait-mediated interactions may be as strong as density-mediated interactions, but the relative importance of these pathways at natural spatial and temporal scales is underexplored. Here, we integrate large-scale field experiments and microcosms to examine the effects of ecosystem engineering on trophic interactions while also exploring how ecological scale influences density- and trait-mediated interaction pathways. We demonstrate that (i) ecosystem engineering can shift the balance between top-down and bottom-up interactions, (ii) such effects can be driven by cryptic trait-mediated interactions, and (iii) the relative importance of density- versus trait-mediated interaction pathways can be scale dependent. Our findings reveal the complex interplay between ecosystem engineering, trophic interactions, and ecological scale in structuring natural systems.

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Sivaloganathan, Darshan M., and Mark P. Brynildsen. "Phagosome–Bacteria Interactions from the Bottom Up." Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 12, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 309–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-090920-015024.

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When attempting to propagate infections, bacterial pathogens encounter phagocytes that encase them in vacuoles called phagosomes. Within phagosomes, bacteria are bombarded with a plethora of stresses that often lead to their demise. However, pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to counter those host defenses and facilitate survival. Given the importance of phagosome–bacteria interactions to infection outcomes, they represent a collection of targets that are of interest for next-generation antibacterials. To facilitate such therapies, different approaches can be employed to increase understanding of phagosome–bacteria interactions, and these can be classified broadly as top down (starting from intact systems and breaking down the importance of different parts) or bottom up (developing a knowledge base on simplified systems and progressively increasing complexity). Here we review knowledge of phagosomal compositions and bacterial survival tactics useful for bottom-up approaches, which are particularly relevant for the application of reaction engineering to quantify and predict the time evolution of biochemical species in these death-dealing vacuoles. Further, we highlight how understanding in this area can be built up through the combination of immunology, microbiology, and engineering.

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Young, Richard, and Brian Yandell. "TOP-DOWN VERSUS BOTTOM-UP ANALYSES OF INTERLANGUAGE DATA." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21, no. 3 (September 1999): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263199003058.

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We are grateful to Hidetoshi Saito for his careful and reasoned critique of the VARBRUL procedure in his article, “Dependence and Interaction in Frequency Data Analysis in SLA Research” (this issue). Saito reanalyzes Young's (1988, 1991) study of -s plural variation in the English interlanguage of native speakers of Chinese. He raises two criticisms of the statistical analyses in the original work: (a) data from all participants were lumped together, resulting in an analysis that ignores possible variation across participants; and (b) interaction between independent variables was not investigated, whereas Saito finds that an interaction term contributes to a statistical model that fits the data better than the original analysis.

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Mechelli, A. "Where Bottom-up Meets Top-down: Neuronal Interactions during Perception and Imagery." Cerebral Cortex 14, no. 11 (May 13, 2004): 1256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhh087.

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McMains, S., and S. Kastner. "Interactions of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Mechanisms in Human Visual Cortex." Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 2 (January 12, 2011): 587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3766-10.2011.

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M'hamdi, Ahmed, and Mohamed Nemiche. "Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approaches to Simulate Complex Social Phenomena." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 9, no. 2 (April 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaec.2018040101.

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Social science research is concerned with the study of processes and phenomena in human societies, institutions and organizations. Social phenomena are complex due to many non-linear interactions between their elements. Social simulation represents a new paradigm for understanding social complexity with approaches that use advanced computational capabilities. The success of social simulation is largely due to its capability to test and validate hypotheses of social phenomena by the construction of virtual laboratories. This paper provides an introduction to social simulation and discusses approaches to model complex social phenomena.

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Sharoh, Daniel, Tim van Mourik, Lauren J. Bains, Katrien Segaert, Kirsten Weber, Peter Hagoort, and David G. Norris. "Laminar specific fMRI reveals directed interactions in distributed networks during language processing." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 42 (September 30, 2019): 21185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1907858116.

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Interactions between top-down and bottom-up information streams are integral to brain function but challenging to measure noninvasively. Laminar resolution, functional MRI (lfMRI) is sensitive to depth-dependent properties of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response, which can be potentially related to top-down and bottom-up signal contributions. In this work, we used lfMRI to dissociate the top-down and bottom-up signal contributions to the left occipitotemporal sulcus (LOTS) during word reading. We further demonstrate that laminar resolution measurements could be used to identify condition-specific distributed networks on the basis of whole-brain connectivity patterns specific to the depth-dependent BOLD signal. The networks corresponded to top-down and bottom-up signal pathways targeting the LOTS during word reading. We show that reading increased the top-down BOLD signal observed in the deep layers of the LOTS and that this signal uniquely related to the BOLD response in other language-critical regions. These results demonstrate that lfMRI can reveal important patterns of activation that are obscured at standard resolution. In addition to differences in activation strength as a function of depth, we also show meaningful differences in the interaction between signals originating from different depths both within a region and with the rest of the brain. We thus show that lfMRI allows the noninvasive measurement of directed interaction between brain regions and is capable of resolving different connectivity patterns at submillimeter resolution, something previously considered to be exclusively in the domain of invasive recordings.

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Zhang, Jian, Hong Qian, Marco Girardello, Vincent Pellissier, Scott E. Nielsen, and Jens-Christian Svenning. "Trophic interactions among vertebrate guilds and plants shape global patterns in species diversity." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1883 (July 25, 2018): 20180949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0949.

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Trophic interactions play critical roles in structuring biotic communities. Understanding variation in trophic interactions among systems provides important insights into biodiversity maintenance and conservation. However, the relative importance of bottom-up versus top-down trophic processes for broad-scale patterns in biodiversity is poorly understood. Here, we used global datasets on species richness of vascular plants, mammals and breeding birds to evaluate the role of trophic interactions in shaping large-scale diversity patterns. Specifically, we used non-recursive structural equation models to test for top-down and bottom-up forcing of global species diversity patterns among plants and trophic guilds of mammals and birds (carnivores, invertivores and herbivores), while accounting for extrinsic environmental drivers. The results show that trophic linkages emerged as being more important to explaining species richness than extrinsic environmental drivers. In particular, there were strong, positive top-down interactions between mammal herbivores and plants, and moderate to strong bottom-up and/or top-down interactions between herbivores/invertivores and carnivores. Estimated trophic interactions for separate biogeographical regions were consistent with global patterns. Our findings demonstrate that, after accounting for environmental drivers, large-scale species richness patterns in plant and vertebrate taxa consistently support trophic interactions playing a major role in shaping global patterns in biodiversity. Furthermore, these results suggest that top-down forces often play strong complementary roles relative to bottom-up drivers in structuring biodiversity patterns across trophic levels. These findings underscore the importance of integrating trophic forcing mechanisms into studies of biodiversity patterns.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Top-down and bottom-up interactions"

Grellmann, Doris. "Top-down and bottom-up effects in a Fennoscandian tundra community." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96883.

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The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of mammalian grazers, such as microtine rodents and reindeer, (top-down effects) and nutrient availability (bottom- up effects) on the plant community of a tundra heath. I conducted a large-scale fertilization experiment and studied the impact of grazers using exclosures. I measured the effects of fertilization and grazing on soil microbial activity and nutrient cycling. I investigated the responses to fertilization of the invertebrate community, I studied the effects on the quality of bilberry as food for mammalian herbivores, and I looked at how concentrations of nutrients and carbon-based secondary defences against herbivory fluctuated between seasons in unfertilized and fertilized treatments. The results of my thesis show that the plant community investigated is exposed to a strong top-down control by mammalian herbivores. On the fertilized and grazed areas the aboveground biomass of the vascular plant community did not increase compared to unfertilized areas. However, the productivity of the plant community was clearly nutrient- limited. During the eight years of the experiment, on the fertilized areas plant biomass was significantly increased inside the herbivore exclosures In my study mammalian herbivores at comparatively low densities and grazing outside the growing season were sufficient to control the biomass of a heterogeneous plant community. Microtine rodents (Norwegian lemmings and grey-sided voles) preferred the fertilized areas for overwintering. The food plant quality of bilberry for grey-sided voles was improved on the fertilized areas throughout the year. Grazing decreased the nitrogen storage in the aboveground plant biomass. Reindeer and rodents had also important indirect effects on the plant community by decelerating soil nutrient cycling and soil microbial activity. This effect may be accelerated by the impact of herbivore on plant species composition. Graminoids, which contained the highest nitrogen concentrations in their tissues, increased rapidly on the fertilized areas, but their abundance was significantly lower on grazed fertilized areas. The invertebrate community was detritus-based and received their energy indirectly from the litter via soil microbes and detritivores. Fertilization increased the biomass of invertebrate carnivores, but had no effect on the biomass of invertebrate herbivores. Apparent competition between detritivores and invertebrate herbivores, mediated by carnivorous invertebrates predating on both of them, is supposed to keep the densities and grazing pressure of invertebrate herbivores low. Grazing damage by invertebrates was very low and only 0.021 % of the total vascular plant biomass was removed.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2001, härtill 6 uppsstser.

digitalisering@umu

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Garrett, James Samuel. "Interaction of Top-Down and Bottom-Up Search with Magnocellular- and Parvocellular-Mediated Stimuli." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1464278964.

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Freier, Livia. "The development of bottom-up and top-down interaction in the processing of goal-directed action." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2016. http://bbktheses.da.ulcc.ac.uk/176/.

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The study of action-cognition is driven by the assumption that what one can do motorically depends on what one can conceive of mentally, given a set of external opportunities (Rosenbaum, Cohen, & Jax, 2007). Therefore, a comprehensive theory of action development ought to integrate perceptual aspects of action processing with conceptual changes that give rise to increasingly abstract behaviours. How and why children progress to higher levels of organization in the processing and coordination of purposeful behaviour is a question that has been at the core of developmental research for decades. Various competences underlying early action processing and decision-making have been identified and linked to sophisticated mental operations later in life. However, considerably less is known about the relationships between perceptual and conceptual abilities and how they interact to shape action development. Goal-pursuit is achieved with increasing efficiency during the preschool period. In fact, by the age of first grade children show substantial abilities to regulate actions into hierarchically structured sequences of events that can be transferred across contexts (e.g., Levy, 1980; Bell & Livesey, 1985; Livesey & Morgan, 1991). The aim of this project was to investigate the perceptual and conceptual processes that drive these remarkable advances as they emerge during the preschool years. The studies in this thesis investigate top-down and bottom-up interactions in the processing of actions at various levels of abstraction. Employing a range of novel paradigms, the results of four studies highlight considerable advances in preschoolers’ abilities to organise actions in terms of goal hierarchies. Findings further highlight that the ability to extract structure at a basic level is readily achieved early in life, while higher-level action comprehension and planning abilities continue to develop throughout the childhood years.

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Han, Peng. "Effets bottom-up et top-down des variations de fertilisation et d'irrigation sur des réseaux tri-trophiques en agroécosystèmes." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4057/document.

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Le système « plante-ravageur-ennemi naturel » fournit un modèle de base idéal pour comprendre comment les communautés d'arthropodes sont structurées et comment les interactions (directes et indirectes) entre les différents acteurs contribuent à façonner la structure des communautés. Dans les agroécosystèmes, les forces "top-down" correspondent aux effets de contrôle que les organismes arthropodes des niveaux trophiques supérieurs (par exemple, les prédateurs) ont sur les espèces des niveaux inférieurs (par exemple, leurs proies). Les communautés d'arthropodes peuvent également être influencées par des forces "bottom-up" induites par des variations dans les régimes de fertilisation ou d'irrigation ou par des variations de certains traits des plantes (résistance aux herbivores ou adaptations aux stress environnementaux). De plus, les forces "bottom-up" peuvent affecter l'impact "top-down" des ennemis naturels sur les herbivores soit directement (par exemple, les effets sur prédateur omnivore) ou médiées par les insectes herbivores intermédiaires. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse ont été de comprendre comment les variations de l'apport des ressources dans les agroecoécosytsèmes (disponibilité en azote et en eau) peuvent influencer les interactions entre les plantes, les herbivores et les ennemis naturels. Cette question a été étudiée aussi bien à l'échelle individuelle (traits d'histoire de vie des insectes) que populationnelle (dynamique des populations). Les études ont été réalisées sur deux agroécosystèmes basés sur les cultures de la tomate et du coton
The “Plant-herbivorous insect-natural enemy” system provides an ideal basic model to understand how the plant-inhabiting arthropod communities are structured and how various mechanisms (i.e. direct and indirect interactions) contribute to shape the community structure. In agro-ecosystems, top-down forces encompass the controlling effects that arthropod organisms of the higher trophic level (e.g., predators) have on species at the next lower level (e.g., prey). Arthropod communities may also be influenced by bottom-up forces induced by environmental variations (e.g. fertilization or irrigation regimes) or plant traits (plant insect-resistance or plant-adaptive traits). Furthermore, bottom-up forces may affect top-down forces on herbivores either directly (e.g., effects on omnivorous predator) or mediated by the intermediate herbivorous insects. In this context, the aims of the PhD study were to disentangle how variations in resource inputs (i.e. nitrogen and water availability) affect interactions among plant, herbivores and their natural enemies at both the individual (life-history traits) and population (population dynamic) levels. The studies were carried out on two agrosystems based on tomato and cotton. On tomato, the system 'Solanum lycopersicum L - leafminer Tuta absoluta - omnivorous predator Macrolphis pygmaeus' was used under laboratory and greenhouse conditions in France. We found strong evidence of bottom-up effects of nitrogen and/or water inputs on the herbivore and the omnivorous predator. Feeding ecology of the predator was also strongly influenced by water availability

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Henzell-Thomas, J. "Learning from informative text : Prediction protocols as a means of accessing the interaction between top-down and bottom-up processes." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371079.

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Quevreux, Pierre. "Conséquences des interactions entre voies vertes et brunes sur la stabilité des réseaux trophiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC142/document.

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Cette thèse a pour but de comprendre les implications des relations entre réseau trophique vert et réseau trophique brun sur la stabilité et le fonctionnement des réseaux trophiques. Les interactions entre ces deux réseaux, respectivement fondés sur la photosynthèse et la consommation de la matière organique morte, sont essentielles au fonctionnement des écosystèmes : l'un produit de la matière organique à partir de nutriments minéraux et l'autre recycle les nutriments contenus dans la matière organique morte. Cette question est abordée à l'aide de deux modèles théoriques et d'une étude expérimentale. Mon premier modèle montre que la boucle de rétroaction induite par le recyclage des nutriments dans un réseau trophique exclusivement vert a un effet stabilisant sur les dynamiques d'une chaîne trophique et un effet enrichissement à cause de la remise à disposition pour les producteurs primaires des nutriments excrétés par l'ensemble des organismes du réseau trophique. Cependant seul l'effet enrichissement, qui est déstabilisant, persiste dans un modèle de réseau trophique. Mon second modèle intègre le réseau brun de manière explicite et montre que ce réseau est davantage déstabilisé que le réseau vert lorsque la disponibilité en nutriments augmente. Cette effet est amplifié si la majeure partie de l'excrétion se fait sous forme de détritus qui déstabilisent le réseau brun par un effet d'enrichissement. Ce modèle montre également que la survie des consommateurs est améliorée lorsqu'ils peuvent consommer des proies provenant des deux réseaux. Mon expérience en mésocosmes aquatiques a permis d'étudier les effets en cascades entre réseaux vert et brun via une filtration de la lumière (manipulation directe du réseau vert), l'ajout de carbone organique dissous (manipulation directe du réseau brun) et l'ajout de poissons (manipulation de la structure du réseau trophique). Nous n'avons pas observé d'effets en cascade du réseau vert sur le réseau brun et inversement, notamment à cause d'un ajout probablement trop faible de carbone dissout. Les poissons ont eux eu un fort effet sur les deux réseaux avec des effets positifs sur le phytoplancton lorsque la lumière est réduite à cause de la diminution de la limitation par les nutriments grâce à l'excrétion des poissons, une augmentation de la concentration en carbone organique dissout et une modification du profil métabolique de la communauté bactérienne benthique. Un modèle annexe montre quant à lui que la plasticité du métabolisme chez les organismes, c'est-à-dire leur capacité à réduire ou à augmenter leur métabolisme en fonction de la disponibilité en ressources afin de maximiser leur bilan énergétique permet de stabiliser les dynamiques d'une chaine trophique en diminuant la variabilité temporelle des biomasses des espèces. Dans un réseau trophique, cette stabilisation se traduit par une augmentation de la persistance des espèces. Cette thèse a permis de mieux relier l'écologie des communautés à l'écologie fonctionnelle, améliorant ainsi notre compréhension des conséquences de grands processus écosystémiques comme le recyclage des nutriments sur la stabilité des réseaux trophiques et des effets de la structure de ces réseaux sur le fonctionnement des écosystèmes
The aim of this thesis is to understand the implications of the relationships between green and brown food webs on the stability and functioning of food webs. The interactions between these two food webs, based respectively on photosynthesis and the consumption of dead organic matter, are essential for the functioning of ecosystems: one produces organic matter from mineral nutrients and the other one recycles the nutrients contained in dead organic matter. I address this by using two theoretical models and an experimental study. My first model shows that the feedback loop induced by nutrient cycling in an exclusively green food web has a stabilising effect on species dynamics in a food chain and an enrichment effect due to the excretion of nutrients that are available again for primary producers. However, only the enrichment effect, which is destabilising, persists in a food web model. My second model integrates a true brown food web and shows that this food web is more destabilised than the green food web when nutrient availability increases. This effect is amplified if most of nutrients are excreted as detritus that destabilises the brown food web through an enrichment effect. This model also shows that consumer survival is improved when they can consume prey from both green and brown food webs. My experiment in aquatic mesocosms enabled me to study the cascading effects between green and brown food webs thanks to light filtration (direct manipulation of the green food web), the addition of dissolved organic carbon (direct manipulation of the brown food web) and the addition of fish (manipulation of food web structure). We did not observe any cascading effects of the green food web on the brown food web and vice versa, probably because of a too low addition of dissolved carbon. The fish had a strong effect on both green and brown food webs with positive effects on phytoplankton when light is filtered because of the decreased nutrient limitation thanks to fish excretion, an increased concentration of dissolved organic carbon and a change in the metabolic profile of the benthic bacterial community. An additional model shows that the plasticity of metabolic rate, that is the ability of organisms to increase or decrease their metabolic rate depending on resource availability in order to optimise their energy budget, stabilises species dynamics in a food chain model by decreasing biomass time variability. Such a stabilising effect results in increase of species persistence in a complex food web model. This thesis is an additional step to better link community ecology to functional ecology, thus improving our understanding of the consequences on food web stability of major ecosystem processes such as the nutrient cycling and the effects of food web structure on ecosystem functioning

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Filiz, Nur. "Impacts Of Nutrients On Periphyton Growth And Periphyton-macroinvertebrates Interactions In Shallow Lakes: A Mesocosm Experiment." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614911/index.pdf.

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Periphyton biomass on artificial strips was observed monthly to see the impacts of nutrient differences on periphyton and periphyton-macroinvertebrates interaction. The experiment was conducted for four months in a mesocosm which were runned at six countries at the same time and with the same steps. Eight enclosures at two meters depth were used that four of them had high nutrient level and the other four had low nutrient level. Sediment, macrophyte, fish, plankton, benthic invertebrates and water were added at the same time and with the same way in all of the countries. Periphyton growth which formed on artificial 32 cm2 strips for June, July, August and September were brushed to filtered mesocosm water and dry mass, ash free dry mass, phosphorus content and chlorophyl-a concentrations were measured. Grazer pressure on the periphyton was observed with a laboratory experiment for July, August and September months. At the end of the mesocosm experiment macrophytes and fish were harvested. Macrophytes&rsquo
dry mass and fish&rsquo
abundance were measured. Moreover at the end of the experiment epiphyton was also measured. Three kajak cores were taken from sediment for macroinvertebrates at the end of the experiment and identified. All physical features of mesocosm enclosures and PVI data were recorded for every 2 weeks. Periphyton biomass was higher concentrations in HN enclosures than LN tanks. Only dry mass of periphyton biomass showed the opposite because of the marl deposition in LN tanks. This finding was also reinforced by epiphyton samples which was taken at the end of the experiment. LN enclosures had the more abundance of macroinvertebrate. The groups we found in sediment which had big grazer effect on periphyton such as gastropods and Chironomidae. Grazer experiment showed that grazer effect on periphyton increased in time. Although this raise, periphyton growth also increased in LN enclosures with nutrient increasing. This may be indicate that nutrient effect has a stronger effect than grazer pressure on periphyton. As it is explained before in the beginning of the experiment all of the conditions were the same except nutrient level. Thus, bottom-up effect changed the top-down control and at the end of the experiment we saw the more periphyton less macroinvertebrate and more fish in HN tanks while the opposite was seen in LN tanks.

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Giacaglia, Giuliano Pezzolo. "Integrating bottom-up and top-down information." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/91813.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-70).
In this thesis I present a framework for integrating bottom-up and top-down computer vision algorithms. I developed this framework, which I call the Map-Dictionary Pixel framework, because my intuition is that there is a need for tools that make it easier to build computer vision systems that mimic the way human visual systems process information. In particular, we humans humans create models of objects around us, and we use these models, top-down, to interpret, analyze and discern objects in the information that comes bottom-up from the visual world. After introducing my Map-Dictionary Pixel framework, I demonstrate how it empowers computer vision algorithms. I implement two different systems that extract the pixels of the image that correspond to a human. Even though each system uses different sets of algorithms, both use Map-Dictionary Pixel framework as the connecting pipeline. The two implementations demonstrate the utility of the Map-Dictionary Pixel framework and provide an example of how it can be used.
by Giuliano Pezzolo Giacaglia.
M. Eng.

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ROCHA, Cacilda Michele Cardoso. "O papel de macrófitas submersas na estrutura e interações entre fitoplâncton e zooplâncton em reservatórios." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18683.

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Macrófitas submersas promovem atributos das comunidades zooplanctônicas mediante estrutura física, transparência da água, habitat, e abrigo de predadores. Enquanto competem por luz e nutrientes, afetando negativamente o crescimento do fitoplâncton atuando nas interações de controle base-topo e promovendo efeito de controle topo-base do zooplâncton. Pouco foi investigado sobre o papel da vegetação submersa nas interações do zooplâncton e fitoplâncton em áreas sobre influência de reservatório no semiárido brasileiro. Nesse sentido, de maneira a identificar principais lacunas e perspectivas para estudos futuros sobre as macrófitas e interações tróficas enfatizando buscas por estudos realizados na América do Sul, realizamos uma análise cienciométrica, e acreditamos que o número de artigos na área exibirá uma tendência crescente ao longo dos anos, onde a América do Sul apresentará participação significativa tanto no número de publicações quanto na cooperação internacional. Além disso, com a finalidade de investigar se nas áreas com pressões pelos usos em reservatório e solo, plantas submersas são afetadas positivamente, e estruturam riqueza e abundância para o zooplâncton, e suas interações afetam negativamente o fitoplâncton durante quatro períodos, coletamos evidências de efeitos de controle base-topo e topo-base de macrófitas sobre o plâncton. Para tanto, comparamos atributos de comunidades e nutrientes dissolvidos em bancos de plantas na zona litorânea e centros correspondendo à pelágica. Para análise Cienciométrica, acessamos publicações usando base de dados internacional entre 1980 a 2015. A coleta do material no campo mediante navegação pelas áreas em distâncias superiores de 3.5km, com coletas simultâneas da cobertura vegetal, comunidades planctônicas e nutrientes nitrogenados e fósforo total dissolvido. Áreas de cobertura das plantas submersas foram estimadas por medição da proporção de presença e ausência de espécies em 24 pontos em transectos paralelos às margens em área superior a 3.5 km. Coletamos 24 amostras do fitoplâncton e de nutrientes. Para o zooplâncton, realizamos amostragem composta da coluna d’água na vertical e horizontal através de arrastos totalizando 48 amostras. A Cienciometria mostrou que o número de pesquisas sobre essas interações tróficas cresceram nos últimos anos na América do Sul, com contribuições do Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai. O conhecimento sobre as interações tróficas em tem norteado abordagens técnicas e pesquisas científicas em países temperados para melhorar a qualidade da água e restaurar lagos e reservatórios eutrofizados, mas a América do Sul avançou pouco. Constamos que o maior volume de artigos indexados tratou sobre a dinâmica e estrutura das assembléias aquáticas, teias e interações tróficas, para as quaias reservatórios e áreas alagadas receberam pouca atenção. Grande número de estudoscontemplam toda comunidade aquática e interações entre macrófitas, fitoplâncton zooplâncton e peixes. Com relação à pesquisa de campo, a macrófitas ocorreram em alta densidade e cobertura vegetal em 12 pontos por baía (60%; 70%) a diferentes profundidades (2m a 6m). Nas baías, fósforo (médias= 0.03 e 0.05 mg/L) e nitrogênio (0.4 e 0.9 mg/L) apresentaram baixas concentrações. A transparência de Secchi foi alta nas duas baías (>3.8). O fitoplâncton teve riqueza de 17 táxons, dos quais Cyanophyta e Bacillariophyta foram mais representativos. Baixas densidades registradas refletiram nos baixos valores clorofilaa (médias= 9 e 12 µg/l). O zooplâncton apresentou alta dissimilaridade na riqueza (97 spp.) dos Rotifera, Cladocera e Copepoda e abundância relativa, com densidades variando significativamente na zona pelágica (24 a 2013 ind./m³) e litorânea (28 a 1260 ind./m³) de ambas as baías. Nesse contexto, confrontando esses resultados com os dados encontrados da vegetação, juntamente com as baixas concentrações de nutrientes dissolvidos, clorofila-a e alta transparência da água (Secchi), há forte indício da ocorrência de interações com controles base-topo e topo-base sobre o fitoplâncton. Nossos dados suportam a hipótese de prováveis efeitos dessas interações estejam contribuindo para a manutenção das condições de transparência da água nas baías, favorecendo baixa riqueza e biomassa algal. Uma vez que o conhecimento sobre as interações tróficas, particularmente as que ocorrem em cascata tem sido desenvolvido com sucesso em na reestruturação e restauração da qualidade da água em diversos países. Esta pesquisa contribui para o conhecimento das interações mediadas pelas macrófitas, sobre o zooplâncton e fitoplâncton em áreas de influência de reservatórios. Contudo, estudos na área das interações tróficas mediadas pelas macrófitas poderão ser direcionados de maneira a atenuar assimetrias internacionais, encorajando o aumento da produtividade científica na América do Sul. Esforços para restaurar as baías no entorno do reservatório no Brasil poderão ser despendidos usando técnicas combinadas para aumentar a qualidade da água e incrementar atributos das comunidades aquáticas.
Submerged macrophytes promote attributes of planktonic communities by physical structure, water transparency, habitat, and shelter from predators. As they compete for light and nutrients, affecting negatively the phytoplankton growing, mediated bottom-up and topdown control interactions of zooplankton. Little has been investigated on the role of submerged vegetation in the interactions of zooplankton and phytoplankton in areas of reservoir influence in the Brazilian semiarid region. In order to identify major gaps and perspectives for future studies of macrophytes and trophic interactions, emphasizing searches for studies in South America, we conducted a scientometric analysis. We believe that the number of articles in the area show an increasing tendency to over the years, where South America will present significant participation in both the number of publications and in international cooperation. In order to investigate the impact of land use areas surrounding reservoir in submerged plants on planktonic communities, during four periods, we collect evidence of bottom-up and top-down controls of macrophyte on plankton. Our hypothesis is that the macrophytes are affected positively in that areas, and at the same time, can provide structure for richness and abundance to zooplankton and their interactions affect phytoplankton negatively. In the field we compare attributes of communities and dissolved nutrients in plant beds in the littoral and pelagic zones. For scientometrical analysis, we access publications using international database from 1980 to 2015. In the field, the samples were collected by boat, where greater distances with simultaneous sampling of vegetation, plankton communities and nitrogenous nutrients and total phosphorus dissolved. The submerged plant coverage areas were estimated by reducing the proportion of presence and absence of species in 24 points in parallel transects an area greater than 3.5 km. We collected 24 samples of phytoplankton and nutrients. For zooplankton, carry out sample composed of the water column vertically and horizontally, through hauls totaling 48 samples. The scientometrical analysis results showed that the number of trophic interactions researches grown in recent years in South America, with contributions from Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. We found that the highest volume of indexed articles deals with the dynamics and structure of aquatic assemblages, webs and trophic interactions. Reservoirs and wetlands have received little attention. The large number of studies includes all aquatic community and interactions between macrophytes, phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish. Macrophytes occurred in high density and vegetation cover at 12 points per bay (60%; 70%) at different depths (2m to 6m). In the bays, phosphorus (mean = 0.03 and 0.05 mg / L) and nitrogen (0.4 and 0.9 mg / L) had lower concentrations. We found high Secchi transparency (>3.8) for both bays. The phytoplankton richness was 17 taxa, of which Cyanophyta Bacillariophyta were most representative. Low densities recorded reflected in lower values Chlorophyll-a (mean = 9.12 µg/l). Zooplankton showed high dissimilarity in the richness (97 spp.) of rotifers, Cladocera and Copepoda, with relative abundance. Densities varying significantly in the pelagic (24-2013 ind./m³) and littoral zones (28-1260 ind./m³) of both the bays. In this context, comparing these results with data from the vegetation, along with low concentrations of dissolved nutrients, chlorophyll-a and high water transparency, there is strong evidence of the occurrence of macrophytes and zooplankton interactions with bottomup and top-down controls on phytoplankton. Our data support the hypothesis that probably, effects of these interactions are contributing to the maintenance of conditions of water transparency, favoring low richness and algal biomass. The knowledge of trophic interactions, particularly which occur in cascades, has been successfully developed in the restructuring and restoration of water quality in several countries. This research brings to contributes to the knowledge of macrophytes, zooplankton and phytoplankton interactions in areas influenced by reservoirs. However, studies in the area of trophic interactions mediated by macrophytes may be directed in order to mitigate international asymmetries by encouraging increased scientific productivity in South America. Efforts to restore the bays around the reservoir in Brazil may be spent using combined techniques to increase the quality water and increase attributes of aquatic communities.

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Itti, Laurent Koch Christof. "Models of bottom-up and top-down visual attention /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2000. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-12022005-103530.

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Книги з теми "Top-down and bottom-up interactions"

Fisher, Roy. Top down bottom up. London: Circle Press, 1990.

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Marilyn, Taylor. Top down meets bottom up: Neighbourhood management. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2000.

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Totzauer, Florian. Top-down- und Bottom-up-Ansätze im Innovationsmanagement. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-06841-7.

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The administration of international organizations: Top down and bottom up. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2002.

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Johnson, H. Thomas. Relevance regained: From top-down control to bottom-up empowerment. New York: Free Press, 1992.

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Peacebuilding, memory and reconciliation: Bridging top-down and bottom-up approaches. New York: Routledge, 2012.

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Soewignjo, Ignatius. Hubungan pusat dan daerah dilihat dari pendekatan "bottom-up & top-down". [Jakarta]: Markas Besar Angkatan Bersenjata, Republik Indonesia, Lembaga Pertahanan Nasional, 1992.

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Ironside, R. G. The Alberta forest products industry: Top-down initiatives--bottom-up problems. [Thunder Bay, Ont.]: Lakehead Centre for Northern Studies, 1990.

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Winsor, John. Flipped: How bottom-up co-creation is replacing top-down innovation. Chicago: B2 Books, 2010.

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1959-, Winsor John, ed. Flipped: How bottom-up co-creation is replacing top-down innovation. Chicago: B2 Books, 2010.

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Glibert, Patricia M. "Interactions of top-down and bottom-up control in planktonic nitrogen cycling." In Eutrophication in Planktonic Ecosystems: Food Web Dynamics and Elemental Cycling, 1–12. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1493-8_1.

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Henderickx, David, Kathleen Maetens, Thomas Geerinck, and Eric Soetens. "Modeling the Interactions of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Guidance in Visual Attention." In Attention in Cognitive Systems, 197–211. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00582-4_15.

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Cañas, José J. "The Future of Interaction Research: Interaction Is the Result of Top–Down and Bottom–Up Processes." In Future Interaction Design II, 55–68. London: Springer London, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-385-9_3.

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Heinke, Dietmar, Yaoru Sun, and Glyn W. Humphreys. "Modeling Grouping Through Interactions Between Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processes: The Grouping and Selective Attention for Identification Model (G-SAIM)." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 148–58. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-30572-9_11.

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Laverack, Glenn. "Bottom-Up and Top-Down." In A–Z of Health Promotion, 14–16. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-35049-7_5.

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Samli, A. Coskun. "Bottom-Up Globalization, Not Top-Down." In Globalization from the Bottom Up, 63–76. New York, NY: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77098-7_6.

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Suter, Andreas, Stefan Vorbach, and Doris Wild-Weitlaner. "Top-down vorgehen, bottom-up mitwirken." In Die Wertschöpfungsmaschine - Prozesse und Organisation strategiegerecht gestalten, 447–68. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446457386.014.

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Pessa, Eliano. "Bottom-Up and Top-Down Mechanisms." In Visual Attention Mechanisms, 61–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0111-4_6.

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Samli, A. Coskun. "Top-Down versus Bottom-Up Management." In Who Stole Our Market Economy?, 131–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53801-3_15.

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Baldwin, Steve. "Planning: top-down or bottom-up?" In The Myth of Community Care, 39–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-4439-9_4.

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Mitake, Hironori, Shoichi Hasegawa, Yasuharu Koike, and Makoto Sato. "Reactive Virtual Human with Bottom-up and Top-down Visual Attention for Gaze Generation in Realtime Interactions." In 2007 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vr.2007.352483.

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Rubayat-E Tanjil, Md, Stanley Agbakansi, Keegan Phayden Suero, Ossie Douglas, Yunjo Jeong, Zhewen Yin, Wyatt Panaccione, and Michael Cai Wang. "Top-Down Processing Towards Ångström-Thin Two-Dimensional (2D) Elemental Metals." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8495.

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Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) materials have recently garnered significant interest due to their novel and emergent properties. A plethora of 2D materials have been discovered and intensively studied, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, transitionmetal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), and other metallic compound MXenes (nitrides, phosphides, and hydroxides), as well as elemental 2D materials (borophene, germanene, phosphorene, silicene, etc.). Considering the widespread interest in conventional van der Waals 2D materials, two-dimensional metallic nanosheets (2DMNS), a recent addition to the 2D materials family, have exhibited diverse potential spanning optics, electronics, magnetics, catalysis, etc. However, the close-packed, non-layered structure and non-directional, isotropic bonding of metallic materials make it difficult to access metals in their 2D forms, unlike 2D van der Waals materials, which have intrinsically layered structure (strong in-plane bonding in addition to the weak interlayer interaction). Until now, conventional top-down and bottom-up synthesis schemes of these 2DMNS have encountered various limitations such as precursor availability, substrate incompatibility, difficulty of control over thickness and stoichiometry, limited thermal budget, etc. To overcome these manufacturing limitations of 2DMNS, here we report a facile, rapid, large-scale, and cost-effective fabrication technique of nanometer-scale copper (Cu) 2DMNS via iterative rolling, folding, and calendering (RFC) that is readily generalizable to other conventional elemental metallic materials. Overall, we successfully show a scalable fabrication technique of 2DMNS.

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Ebashi, Takeshi, Katsuhiko Ishiguro, Keiichiro Wakasugi, Hideki Kawamura, Irina Gaus, Stratis Vomvoris, Andrew J. Martin, and Paul Smith. "Trends in Scenario Development Methodologies and Integration in NUMO’s Approach." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40124.

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The development of scenarios for quantitative or qualitative analysis is a key element of the assessment of the safety of geological disposal systems. As an outcome of an international workshop attended by European and the Japanese implementers, a number of features common to current methodologies could be identified, as well as trends in their evolution over time. In the late nineties, scenario development was often described as a bottom-up process, whereby scenarios were said to be developed in essence from FEP databases. Nowadays, it is recognised that, in practice, the approaches actually adopted are better described as top-down or “hybrid”, taking as their starting point an integrated (top-down) understanding of the system under consideration including uncertainties in initial state, sometimes assisted by the development of “storyboards”. A bottom-up element remains (hence the term “hybrid”) to the extent that FEP databases or FEP catalogues (including interactions) are still used, but the focus is generally on completeness checking, which occurs parallel to the main assessment process. Recent advances focus on the consistent treatment of uncertainties throughout the safety assessment and on the integration of operational safety and long term safety.

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Méndez, Gonzalo Gabriel, Uta Hinrichs, and Miguel A. Nacenta. "Bottom-up vs. Top-down." In CHI '17: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025942.

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Duan, Gang, Andy Tang, Xinhai Qi, and Jianxia Zhong. "Finite Element Analysis of Pipeline Global Walking With Spanning and Lateral Buckling." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24159.

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This paper investigates High Pressure and/or High Temperature (HPHT) design of a pipeline across an escarpment with significant seabed undulations and elevation change from drill center (DC) to riser touch down point (TDP). The pipeline has a tendency to walk towards the riser during pipeline start-up / shut-down (SD) operations due to seabed slope and riser bottom tension in a case study. A hold-back pile at the uphill pipeline end near DC to arrest walking, along with the riser bottom tension applied at the other end of the pipeline, results in significant tensions in the pipeline and substantial spans over escarpment. The pipeline spanning lengths, lateral buckling amplitudes and walking distances and their variations during the start-up / shut-down cycles are presented and discussed. Both wet-insulated single pipe (WISP) and pipe-in-pipe (PIP) options are studied and compared. Interactions among pipeline global walking, spanning and lateral buckling are observed. In-depth understanding of pipeline systematic response will help perform a safe and cost-effective pipeline design.

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Fidler, Sanja, Roozbeh Mottaghi, Alan Yuille, and Raquel Urtasun. "Bottom-Up Segmentation for Top-Down Detection." In 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2013.423.

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Oka, Takeshi, and Adolf Witt. "TOP DOWN CHEMISTRY VERSUS BOTTOM UP CHEMISTRY." In 71st International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15278/isms.2016.rh15.

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Ullman, J. D. "Bottom-up beats top-down for datalog." In the eighth ACM SIGACT-SIGMOD-SIGART symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/73721.73736.

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Lievens, Sigried. "IMPLEMENTING DIVERSITY: TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2016.0021.

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Zs. Sejtes, Györgyi. "Bottom-up / top-down? / Bottom-up és top-down! Az olvasás-szövegértés pszicholingvisztikai megközelítése, lehetséges hatásai a fejlesztésre." In PeLiKon2018 – A nyelv perspektívája az oktatásban. Eszterházy Károly Egyetem Líceum Kiadó, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17048/pelikon2018.2020.83.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Top-down and bottom-up interactions"

Richards, Whitman. Top-Down Influences on Bottom-Up Processing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada261514.

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Richards, Whitman. Top-Down Influences on Bottom-Up Processing. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada238235.

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Ploos van Amstel, Dirk, Kuijer Lenneke, and Remko van der Lugt. Psychological Ownership Affordances as Routes to Influence Product Lifetime: Integrating top-down & bottom-up insights. University of Limerick, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/10243.

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Swartzentruber, Brian Shoemaker. "Bottom-up" meets "top-down" : self-assembly to direct manipulation of nanostructures on length scales from atoms to microns. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/984156.

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Richardson, Ruth. Improved Understanding of Microbial Iron and Sulfate Reduction Through a Combination of Bottom-up and Top-down Functional Proteomics Assays. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1239632.

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Nicholls, David, Frank Barnes, Felicia Acrea, Chinling Chen, Lara Y. Buluç, and Michele M. Parker. Top-down and bottom-up approaches to greenhouse gas inventory methods—a comparison between national- and forest-scale reporting methods. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/pnw-gtr-906.

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Akasha, Heba, Omid Ghaffarpasand, and Francis Pope. Climate Change and Air Pollution. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.071.

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This rapid literature review explores the interactions between climate change and air pollution, with a focus on human health impacts. In particular, the report explores potential synergies in tackling climate change and air pollution together. The impacts and implications of the transition from a carbon-intensive economy upon air quality and consequently human health are examined. Discussing climate change without air pollution can lead to risks. For example, strategies that focus on electrification and transition to renewable energy achieve maximum health and air quality benefits compared to strategies that focus mainly on combustible renewable fuels (biofuel and biomass) with some electrification. Addressing climate change necessitates a shift towards a new low carbon era. This involves stringent and innovative changes in behaviour, technology, and policy. There are distinct benefits of considering climate change and air pollution together. Many of the processes that cause climate change also cause air pollution, and hence reductions in these processes will generate cleaner air and less global warming. Politically, the consideration of the two issues in tandem can be beneficial because of the time-inconsistency problems of climate change. Air pollution improvements can offer politicians victories, on a useful timescale, to help in their aims of reversing climate change. By coupling air pollution and air pollution agendas together, it will increase the media and political attention both environmental causes receive. Policies should involve the integration of climate change, air quality, and health benefits to create win-win situations. The success of the strategies requires financial and technical capacity building, commitment, transparency, and multidisciplinary collaboration, including governance stakeholders at multiple levels, in both a top-down and bottom-up manner.

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Suntharasaj, Pattharaporn. Bridging the Missing Link between "Top-down" and "Bottom-up": A Strategic Policy Model for International Collaboration in Science and Technology. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1077.

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Heath, Garvin A. Reconciling Basin-Scale Top-Down and Bottom-Up Methane Emission Measurements for Onshore Oil and Gas Development: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-14-572. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1412102.

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Bustelo, Monserrat, Suzanne Duryea, Claudia Piras, Breno Sampaio, Giuseppe Trevisan, and Mariana Viollaz. The Gender Pay Gap in Brazil: It Starts with College Students' Choice of Major. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003011.

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We herein discuss how college major choice affects gender wage gaps by highlighting the role that STEM majors play in explaining the gender wage gap in a developing country. We focus on a Latin American country where a systematic analysis of the interaction between students choice of college major and the gender wage gap is currently lacking. We take advantage of a very unique dataset of college students from the Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE), Brazil, to decompose the raw gender gap in hourly wages into one component that can be explained by differences in endowments between men and women as well as a second or residual component that reflects gender differences in the prices of market skills. We implement the commonly applied decomposition approach at the wage distributions mean and a decomposition procedure that considers variations across the wage distribution. Our results reveal that the majors that women and men select explain 50% of the gender wage gap at the mean, and STEM majors contribute to 30% of this difference. When examining different percentiles of the wage distribution, we find that the selection of a major is more important at the middle of the distribution than at the bottom or top.

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