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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Tracer injection"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 1 лютого 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Tracer injection"

Koeppe, Robert A., David M. Raffel, Scott E. Snyder, Edward P. Ficaro, Michael R. Kilbourn, and David E. Kuhl. "Dual-[11C]Tracer Single-Acquisition Positron Emission Tomography Studies." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 21, no. 12 (December 2001): 1480–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200112000-00013.

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The ability to study multiple physiologic processes of the brain simultaneously within the same subject would provide a new means to explore the interactions between neurotransmitter systems in vivo. Currently, examination of two distinct neuropharmacologic measures with positron emission tomography (PET) necessitates performing two separate scans spaced in time to allow for radionuclide decay. The authors present results from a dual-tracer PET study protocol using a single dynamic-scan acquisition where the injections of two tracers are offset by several minutes. Kinetic analysis is used to estimate neuropharmacologic parameters for both tracers simultaneously using a combined compartmental model configuration. This approach results in a large reduction in total study time of nearly 2 hours for carbon-11–labeled tracers. As multiple neuropharmacologic measures are obtained at nearly the same time, interventional protocols involving a pair of dual-tracer scans become feasible in a single PET session. Both computer simulations and actual human PET studies were performed using combinations of three different tracers: [11C]flumazenil, N-[11C]methylpiperidinyl propionate, and [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine. Computer simulations of tracer-injection separations of 10 to 30 minutes showed the feasibility of the approach for separations down to 15 to 20 minutes or less. Dual-tracer PET studies were performed in 32 healthy volunteers using injection separations of 10, 15, or 20 minutes. Model parameter estimates for each tracer were similar to those obtained from previously performed single-injection studies. Voxel-by-voxel parametric images were of good quality for injections spaced by 20 minutes and were nearly as good for 15-minute separations, but were degraded noticeably for some model parameters when injections were spaced by only 10 minutes. The authors conclude that dual-tracer single-scan PET is feasible, yields accurate estimates of multiple neuropharmacologic measures, and can be implemented with a number of different radiotracer pairs.

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Chernokozhev, D. A., K. I. Kuznetsova, R. R. Gazimov, A. S. Zasedatelev, and M. S. Khozyaiov. "MODERN METHODOLOGICAL POSSIBILITIES OF THE TRACER METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE COVERAGE OF AN OIL RESERVOIR BY FLOODING." BULLETIN of Russian Academy of Natural Sciences 21 (April 2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.52531/1682-1696-2021-21-1-24-28.

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The article presents the results of modeling tracer studies of the process of flooding of an oil reservoir. As a result of the studies, the dependences on the time of the change in the volume occupied by the injected water were obtained. Formulas are given that allow us to calculate the values of the coefficient of coverage of the reservoir area by flooding as a whole and the contribution of each injection well to flooding. The technology is implemented by continuously pumping the tracer into the injection well. Continuous injection of different tracers into different injection wells allows for operational monitoring of oil field development

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Clemens, Torsten, Markus Lüftenegger, Ajana Laoroongroj, Rainer Kadnar, and Christoph Puls. "The Use of Tracer Data To Determine Polymer-Flooding Effects in a Heterogeneous Reservoir, 8 Torton Horizon Reservoir, Matzen Field, Austria." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 19, no. 04 (February 14, 2016): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/174349-pa.

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Summary Polymer-injection pilot projects aim at reducing the uncertainty and risk of full-field polymer-flood implementation. The interpretation of polymer-pilot projects is challenging because of the complexity of the process and fluids moving out of the polymer-pilot area. The interpretation is increasingly more complicated with the heterogeneity of the reservoir. In the polymer pilot performed in the 8 Torton Horizon (TH) reservoir of the Matzen field in Austria, a polymer-injection well surrounded by a number of production wells was selected. A tracer was injected 1 week before polymer injection. The tracer showed that the flow field in the reservoir was dramatically modified with increasing amounts of polymer injected. Despite short breakthrough times of 4 to 10 weeks observed for the tracer, polymer breakthrough occurred only after more than 12 months although injection and production rates were not substantially changed. The tracer signal indicated that the reservoir is heterogeneous, with high flow velocities occurring along a number of flow paths with a limited volume that are strongly connecting the injection and production wells. By injecting polymers, the mobility of the polymer-augmented water was reduced compared with water injection, and led to flow diversion into adjacent layers. The tracer response showed that the speed of the tracer moving from injection to production wells was reduced with increasing amount of polymer injected. This response was used to assess the changes of the amount of water flowing from the injection well to production wells. After a match for the tracer curve was obtained, adsorption, residual resistance factor (RRF), and dispersivity were calculated. The results showed that, even for heterogeneous reservoirs without good conformance of the pilot, the critical parameters for polymer-injection projects can be assessed by analyzing tracer and polymer response. These parameters are required to determine whether implementation of polymer injection at field scale is economically attractive. Along the flow path that is connecting injection and production well, as shown by the tracer response, an incremental recovery of approximately 8% was achieved. The polymer retention and inaccessible pore volume (IPV) in the reservoir were in the same range as in corefloods. Incremental oil recovery caused by acceleration along the flow path was estimated at approximately 20% of the overall incremental oil production caused by polymer injection and 80% was attributed to improved sweep efficiency.

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Sudo, Shigeru, and Naoki Tamura. "Tracer-encapsulated solid pellet injection system." Review of Scientific Instruments 83, no. 2 (February 2012): 023503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3681447.

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Wang, Sheng-Ping, Dan Zhou, Zuliang Yao, Santhosh Satapati, Ying Chen, Natalie A. Daurio, Aleksandr Petrov, et al. "Quantifying rates of glucose production in vivo following an intraperitoneal tracer bolus." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 311, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): E911—E921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00182.2016.

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Aberrant regulation of glucose production makes a critical contribution to the impaired glycemic control that is observed in type 2 diabetes. Although isotopic tracer methods have proven to be informative in quantifying the magnitude of such alterations, it is presumed that one must rely on venous access to administer glucose tracers which therein presents obstacles for the routine application of tracer methods in rodent models. Since intraperitoneal injections are readily used to deliver glucose challenges and/or dose potential therapeutics, we hypothesized that this route could also be used to administer a glucose tracer. The ability to then reliably estimate glucose flux would require attention toward setting a schedule for collecting samples and choosing a distribution volume. For example, glucose production can be calculated by multiplying the fractional turnover rate by the pool size. We have taken a step-wise approach to examine the potential of using an intraperitoneal tracer administration in rat and mouse models. First, we compared the kinetics of [U-13C]glucose following either an intravenous or an intraperitoneal injection. Second, we tested whether the intraperitoneal method could detect a pharmacological manipulation of glucose production. Finally, we contrasted a potential application of the intraperitoneal method against the glucose-insulin clamp. We conclude that it is possible to 1) quantify glucose production using an intraperitoneal injection of tracer and 2) derive a “glucose production index” by coupling estimates of basal glucose production with measurements of fasting insulin concentration; this yields a proxy for clamp-derived assessments of insulin sensitivity of endogenous production.

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Joshi, Aniket D., Robert A. Koeppe, Jeffrey A. Fessier, and Michael R. Kilbourn. "Signal Separation and Parameter Estimation in Noninvasive Dual-Tracer PET Scans using Reference-Region Approaches." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 29, no. 7 (April 29, 2009): 1346–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2009.53.

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This is the first study to report results from a noninvasive dual-tracer positron emission tomography (PET) in humans not requiring arterial sampling, in which two radiotracers were injected closely in time within the same scan. These studies yield near simultaneous information on two different neuropharmacological systems, providing better characterization of a subject's neurologic condition. The noninvasive dual-tracer approach described in this study is based on the primary assumption that an appropriate bolus plus constant infusion protocol brings the reference tissue of the first radiotracer to steady state before injection of the second tracer. Two methods for separation of time-activity curves (TACs) and parameter estimation were investigated, namely (1) an extrapolation method, in which TACs of the first tracer were extrapolated over total scan duration followed by subtraction from dual-tracer TACs and (2) a simultaneous fitting method, in which reference-region models for both tracers were fitted simultaneously to dual-tracer TACs. Combinations of two reversible tracers ([11C]flumazenil and [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine) or one reversible and one irreversible tracer ([11C] N-methylpiperidinyl propionate) were used. After the dual-tracer scan, a single-tracer (ST) scan using one of the tracers was obtained for comparison of the dual-tracer results. Both approaches provided parameter estimates with intersubject regions-of-interest means typically within 10% of those obtained from ST scans without an appreciable increase in variance.

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Akanji, Lateef, and Gabriel Falade. "Closed-Form Solution of Radial Transport of Tracers in Porous Media Influenced by Linear Drift." Energies 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2018): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010029.

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A new closed-form analytical solution to the radial transport of tracers in porous media under the influence of linear drift is presented. Specifically, the transport of tracers under convection–diffusion-dominated flow is considered. First, the radial transport equation was cast in the form of the Whittaker equation by defining a set of transformation relations. Then, linear drift was incorporated by considering a coordinate-independent scalar velocity field within the porous medium. A special case of low-intensity tracer injection where molecular diffusion controls tracer propagation but convection with linear velocity drift plays a significant role was presented and solved in Laplace space. Furthermore, a weak-form numerical solution of the nonlinear problem was obtained and used to analyse tracer concentration behaviour in a porous medium, where drift effects predominate and influence the flow pattern. Application in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes where linear drift may interfere with the flow path was also evaluated within the solution to obtain concentration profiles for different injection models. The results of the analyses indicated that the effect of linear drift on the tracer concentration profile is dependent on system heterogeneity and progressively becomes more pronounced at later times. This new solution demonstrates the necessity to consider the impact of drift on the transport of tracers, as arrival times may be significantly influenced by drift intensity.

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Petrič, Metka, Nataša Ravbar, Petra Gostinčar, Petra Krsnik, and Marina Gacin. "Establishment of a freely accessible GIS database containing the results of groundwater tracing and possibilities of its use." Geologija 63, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5474/geologija.2020.017.

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Tracing with artificial tracers is a research method that gives very good results in examining the direction and characteristics of groundwater flow in karst aquifers. The first mention of such experiments in Slovenian karst dates back to history and the beginnings of their use in the water resources management process in the first years of the 20th century. From that point on, more than two hundred tracer tests were carried out in Slovenian karst. Unfortunately, their results often remain hidden in internal reports in the archives of implementing organisations and are very difficult to access. The search for published results is also a time-consuming process, despite the possibilities of the use of search engines and key words. Due to the need for a systematic and rapidly accessible digital inventory of the tracer tests results, such inventory was designed and is now freely accessible in the Environmental Atlas (Atlas okolja), the spatial information system of Slovenian Environment Agency. In the database the results of 231 available tracer tests have been assembled, arranged and georeferenced. The article describes the data set concept, the process of collecting, verifying and evaluating data and the method of their transformation into a GIS database. Two points layers (injection site and sampling site) and one line layer (linear connection between both sites) were created. Symbology of line layer varies with different type of connection between injection and sampling site. By clicking on an individual element, selected data on the tracer test are displayed, and most of them are also accompanied by a copy of the data source (articles, reports). In this way it is possible to obtain more detailed information about the tracer test and its results. The database also provides a possibility of various comparative analyses. The article shows results of some of the basic statistical analyses in which the purpose and implementation of tracer tests, used tracers, characteristics of injection and sampling sites, and characteristics and velocities of groundwater flow connections were compared. It also provides an overview of the results of the tracer tests carried out within individual groundwater bodies. On the basis of the status identified, the locations for new tracer tests are proposed.

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Seki, Chie, Jeff Kershaw, Paule-Joanne Toussaint, Kenichi Kashikura, Tetsuya Matsuura, Hideaki Fujita, and Iwao Kanno. "15O Radioactivity Clearance is Faster after Intracarotid Bolus Injection of 15O-Labeled Oxyhemoglobin than after 15O-Water Injection." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 23, no. 7 (July 2003): 838–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000071889.63724.1f.

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The authors tested the hypothesis that the oxygen content of brain tissue is negligible by injecting an intracarotid bolus of 15O-labeled tracer into rats. Under the hypothesis, the clearance rates of 15O radioactivity from the brain after injections of both 15O-labeled water (H215O) and 15O-labeled oxyhemoglobin (HbO15O) should be identical. However, the logarithmic slope of the 15O radioactivity curve after HbO15O injection (0.494 ± 0.071 min-1) was steeper than that after H215O injection (0.406 ± 0.038 min−1) ( P<0.001, n = 13), where the time range used in the comparison was between 60 and 120 seconds after the injection. A possible interpretation of this result is that nonmetabolized O15O may dwell in the brain tissue for a finite period of time before it is eventually metabolized or returned to the blood stream unaltered. These findings contradict assumptions made by models currently used to measure cerebral oxygen metabolism.

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Loula, A. F. D., J. N. C. Guerreiro, F. L. B. Ribeiro, and L. Landau. "Tracer Injection Simulations by Finite Element Methods." SPE Advanced Technology Series 4, no. 01 (May 1, 1996): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27047-pa.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Tracer injection"

Broermann, James 1962. "Analysis of data from tracer injection experiments at Stanton Artificial Recharge Facility, Stanton, Texas." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278024.

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Concentration breakthrough data collected by the USGS at Stanton, Texas during tracer injection tests of the Ogallala aquifer are simulated using an approximate and an exact analytical solution of conservative solute transport in a radial flow field from an injection well. Data were collected at selected depths in the aquifer and at fully screened observation wells. The concentration breakthrough data were simulated with the analytical solutions by finding the values of hydraulic conductivity and dispersivity which provided the best fit of the data. The exact analytical solution is the appropriate solution for analyzing data collected at the Stanton site. Both dispersivity and hydraulic conductivity vary greatly at the site. Bromide is considered to be conservative. Boron distribution coefficients are determined by using hydraulic conductivities estimated by simulation of boron and bromide breakthrough curves. Additional tracers used in the experiments at the Stanton site include aniline, phenolphthalein and benzoate.

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Maier, Friedrich [Verfasser], Tobias [Akademischer Betreuer] Licha, and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Sauter. "Improved tracer techniques for georeservoir applications : Artificial tracer examination identifying experimentally relevant properties and potential metrics for the joint application of hydrolysis tracer and heat injection experiments / Friedrich Maier. Gutachter: Tobias Licha ; Martin Sauter. Betreuer: Tobias Licha." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1065882483/34.

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Louk, Andrew Kyle. "Monitoring for Enhanced Gas and Liquids Recovery from a CO2 'Huff-and-Puff' Injection Test in a Horizontal Chattanooga Shale Well." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73806.

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Permanently sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) in gas-bearing shale formations is beneficial in that it can mitigate greenhouse gas emissions as well as enhance gas recovery in production wells. This is possible due to the sorption properties of the organic material within shales and their greater affinity for CO2 over methane. The phenomenon of preferentially adsorbing CO2 while desorbing methane has been proven in coalbed reservoirs successfully, and is feasible for shale formations. The objective of this thesis is to explore the potential for enhanced gas recovery from gas-bearing shale formations by injecting CO2 into a targeted shale formation. With the advancement of technologies in horizontal drilling combined with hydraulic fracturing, shale gas has become a significant source of energy throughout the United States. With over 6,000 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of theoretical gas-in-place, Appalachia has proven a major basin for gas production from organic shales. With its extensive shale reserves and lack of conventional reservoirs typically used for CO2 storage, Appalachia's unconventional reservoirs are favorable candidates for CO2 storage with enhanced gas recovery. Enhancing gas recovery not only increases reserves, but extends the life of mature wells and fields throughout the basin. As part of this research, 510 tons of CO2 were successfully injected into a horizontal production well completed in the Chattanooga shale formation, a late Devonian shale, in Morgan County, Tennessee. An extensive monitoring program was implemented during the pre-injection baseline, injection, soaking, and flowback phases of the test. Multiple fluorinated tracers were used to monitor for potential CO2 breakthrough at offset production wells and to help account for the CO2 once the well was flowed back. Results from this test, once the well was put back into normal production state, confirm the injectivity and storage potential of CO2 in shale formations, as well as an increase in gas production rate and quality of gas produced.
Master of Science

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Karmakar, Shyamal [Verfasser], Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Sauter, Iulia [Gutachter] Ghergut, and Gunter [Gutachter] Buntebarth. "Single-well tracer push-pull method development for subsurface process characterization : Early-time tracer injection-flowback test for stimulated fracture characterization, numerical simulation uses and efficiency for flow and solute transport / Shyamal Karmakar ; Gutachter: Martin Sauter, Iulia Ghergut, Gunter Buntebarth ; Betreuer: Martin Sauter." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1121302815/34.

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CHIVATA, Nilson Yecid Bautista. "Simulação numérica da equação de advecção-dispersão-reação para um traçador em meios porosos heterogêneos e anisotrópicos por um método de volumes finitos, utilizando malhas poligonais." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/19634.

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Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-14T12:28:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Dissertacao Bautista Nilson.pdf: 11338318 bytes, checksum: ae22c70eb1719f066a5eeb3de436c953 (MD5)
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A modelagem e a simulação numérica do transporte de solutos, como por exemplo traçadores, em meios porosos heterogêneos e anisotrópicos, tais como aquíferos e reservatórios de petróleo constituem-se num grande desafio de natureza matemática e numérica. A modelagem de falhas selantes, canais, poços inclinados, pinchouts e outras características complexas demanda o uso de malhas não-estruturadas e não-ortogonais, capazes de se adaptar naturalmente ao domínio em estudo. Os pacotes computacionais utilizados comumente na indústria do petróleo, na sua grande maioria, se baseiam no Método das Diferenças Finitas com Aproximação de Fluxo por Dois Pontos (Two-Point Flux Approximation - TPFA) e no Método de Ponderação à Montante de Primeira Ordem (First Order Upwind Method - FOU), devido a sua facilidade de implementação e sua eficiência computacional. Infelizmente, os métodos TPFA são incapazes de produzir soluções convergentes em malhas não-ortogonais ou para tensores de dispersão ou permeabilidades completos e os métodos FOU produzem soluções com difusão numérica excessiva, exigindo malhas demasiadamente refinadas para obtermos soluções confiáveis. Uma alternativa ao TPFA, e que permite o uso de tensores completos e malhas não-ortogonais, é o Método dos Elementos Finitos de Galerkin (MEF), porém este método não produz soluções localmente conservativas, o que pode ser um problema sério para a modelagem de problemas envolvendo leis de conservação, como no escoamento em meios porosos. Outra alternativa são os Métodos de Volumes Finitos (MVF). Nas suas variantes mais robustas, estes métodos são capazes de lidar com malhas poligonais quaisquer e tensores de dispersão e permeabilidades completos e com razão de anisotropia arbitrária, além de produzir aproximações discretas de alta ordem e localmente conservativas. Neste contexto, no presente trabalho, apresentamos uma formulação MVF centrado na célula para a modelagem do transporte de um traçador não-reativo num escoamento monofásico em meios porosos heterogêneos e anisotrópicos. Para a discretização dos termos elípticos, tanto da equação de pressão quanto da equação de Advecção-Dispersão-Reação (ADRE), utilizou-se um MVF com aproximação de fluxo por múltiplos pontos que faz uso do estêncil diamante (MPFA-D) e para a discretização dos termos hiperbólicos, usamos o método FOU e um MVF do tipo MUSCL (Monotone Upstream Centered Scheme for Conservation Laws). A fim de testar nossa formulação, resolvemos alguns problemas benchmark encontrados na literatura.
Modeling and numerical simulation of solutes (e.g. Tracers) in heterogeneous and anisotropic porous media such as aquifers and oil reservoirs, constitute a bigger challenge of mathematics and numerical nature. Modeling sealants faults, channels, inclined wells, pinch outs and other complex features of these geological formations demand the use of unstructured and not orthogonal meshes, able to adapt naturally to the domain under study. The computational packages used commonly in the oil industry, mostly, are based on the Finite Diﬀerence Method with Two Point Flow Approximation (TPFA) and the Amount First Order Upwind method (FOU), due to its ease of implementation and its computational eﬃciency. Unfortunately, TPFA methods are unable to produce conver-gent solutions in non-orthogonal meshes or in permeability or dispersion full Tensor and FOU methods produce solutions with excessive numerical diﬀusion, requiring excessively refined mesh to obtain reliable solutions. An interesting alternative to TPFA, which allows the use of full tensor and not orthogonal meshes, is the Galerkin Finite Element Method (FEM), but this method does not produce solutions locally conservative, which can be a serious problem for modeling problems involving conservation laws as the flow in porous media. An interesting alternative is the Finite Volume Methods (MVF). In its most robust embodiments, these methods are able to cope with any polygonal mesh and full permeability or dispersion tensors and with an arbitrary anisotropy ratio, beyond producing discrete approximations of high order and locally conservative. In this context, the present study, we present one MVF formulation cell centered to modeling the transport of a non-reactive tracer in single-phase flow in heterogeneous and anisotropic porous media. For the elliptical discretization terms, both, the pressure equation as the equation advection-dispersion-reaction (ADRE), we used The FVMF multipoint flow approximation that uses the diamond stencil (MPPA-D) and for the discretization of hyperbolic terms, we use the FOU method and an MVF type MUSCL (Monotone Upstream Centered Scheme for Conservation Laws). In order to test our formulation, we solve some benchmark problems in the literature.

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Samuelsson, Jörgen. "Development of Methods for Phase System Characterization in Liquid Chromatography." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ytbioteknik, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8597.

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The aim of this thesis is first and foremost to improve the fundamental knowledge of nonlinear and preparative separation theory by focusing on some of the remaining “white spots” on the theoretical chromatographic map. Secondly, the acquired knowledge is used to develop, validate and execute new methods for phase characterization in liquid chromatography. The methodology used in this thesis is a combination of experiments, fundamental nonlinear theory and systematic computer simulations. A fundamental knowledge of the molecular interactions between the compounds to be separated and the separation media requires the determination of adsorption isotherms over a broad concentration range to give a complete picture of all interactions in the separation system - weak as well as strong. In addition, such adsorption data is essential for optimization in preparative chromatography. For the first time, it has been experimentally shown that the injected molecules are not present in the detected peak when a small excess of molecules are injected into a chromatographic system equilibrated with a constant stream of identical molecules. Several experimental procedures for this method were developed such as (i) the optimal injection strategy and (ii) different labeling methods for visualizing the injected molecules. Remarkable phenomena in the single-component case, such as invisible peak deformation and deformed (invisible) frontal chromatograms, are reported, investigated, and explained. This phenomenon has asides from its future practical implementation, also a large didactic value. The accuracy of the ECP method is experimentally improved, and used to characterize the separation of protolytic compounds at different pH on modern commercially available silica and hybrid silica column packing materials. That investigation enables us to answer why basic compounds give a much more compact preparative peak profile at pH 11 than they yields at lower pH.

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Anam, Onditi Ouma. "Gas diffusion-flow injection interfaces for mass spectrometric and electrochemical detectors." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1996. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28323.

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Isotope tracer techniques are widely used in biological, agricultural, chemical and medical research. The use of stable isotopes is not complicated by health hazards, dangers of radiation or time limit for experiments as is the case for radioactive isotopes. However, the analytical methods available for the determination of stable isotopes are much less sensitive, considerably more complicated and time consuming than those for radioactive isotopes. Such methods usually require the use of a mass spectrometer and most employ the combustion technique (Dumas method) for sample presentation. Speciation can be achieved by an isotope ratio mass spectrometer coupled to a gas chromatograph (GC) and combustion interface. Such instruments are expensive and labour intensive. Additionally, the consumables and catalysts employed are costly.

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Dangolle, Champa D. P. "Some aspects of trace analysis of metals." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318885.

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Fernandez, Maria Luz Mena. "Field sampling and flow injection strategies for trace analysis and element speciation." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1997. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19646/.

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Over the last two decades research has shown that the different forms of trace elements in the environment can cause a variety of health concerns as a result of differences in toxicity. The need to establish efficient, effective and reliable speciation methods has become paramount. A basic aim of this work has been to advance speciation measurement capability for key trace elements (mercury, lead and chromium) by devising an integrated analytical approach that links the sample collection, sample preservation and laboratory measurements in an unified manner. An introductory chapter first reviews the occurrence of organometallic compounds in the environment and focuses on the identification of the "environmental compartments" where transformations of such species can take place. Speciation studies also assist in understanding the biogeochemical cycling of trace elements. Moreover, a review of the various methodologies used for trace element speciation measurements including hyphenated techniques and/or a variety of chemical/physical pretreatments in combination with flow injection (FI) is discussed. Chapter 2 describes mercury speciation experiments utilising gas chromatography-microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (GC-MIP-AES) and FI. The approach was based on the preconcentration of mercury on sulphydryl cotton and after elution from the microcolumn, separation and quantitation of methyl-, ethyl- and inorganic mercury species. Method development experiments were performed using a derivatisation technique which gave low contamination and allowed rapid analysis of samples. The microcolumn technique was transferred to the field and speciation of mercury in surface waters of the Manchester Ship Canal was undertaken and high methylmercury concentrations (0.052-0.182 ug 1 -1, as Hg) were detected. In so doing the new approach offered the preservation of the natural speciation state of the water sample directly at the sampling site and during the interval between collection and analysis. In chapter 3 lead studies are centred on the development of a rapid speciation scheme for neutral and cationic (organic and inorganic) lead species based on activated alumina microcolumn separation in combination with ICP-MS and FI. The approach permitted rapid assessment of the nature of lead contamination in environmental waters. Speciation of lead in surface waters of the Manchester Ship Canal was also undertaken using the field sampling approach in an attempt to confirm a transmethyllation reaction between organolead and inorganic mercury. A further application for microcolumns, in the context of speciation measurement, is their use as external calibrants and certified reference materials (CRMs) and this is discussed in the penultimate chapter. Key elements were mercury and chromium. After immobilisation of mercury species on SCF microcolumns it was found that recoveries for methyl- and inorganic mercury were quantitative over 4 months in contrast to ethylmercury which was 2 months. Similar studies for chromium species indicated ineffective elution and more vigorous conditions (microwave assisted digestion) for the elution step were used. A final chapter reviews progress and recommendations are given concerning future research and application for microcolumn field sampling in combination with instrumental analytical techniques.

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Kirchhoff, Alissa A. "The effect of a supplemental trace mineral injection on developing beef bull and heifer reproduction." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20367.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
Karol E. Fike
Trace mineral supplementation is necessary for proper reproductive success. Little research has evaluated the effect of an injectable trace mineral product, in conjunction with a dietary mineral supplementation program, on reproduction. This thesis includes two separate studies evaluating the use of an injectable trace mineral product, in addition to a dietary mineral program, on the reproductive success of yearling bulls and heifers. In the first study, we hypothesized that when dietary trace mineral needs are met, administration of an injectable trace mineral product to developing beef bulls would cause a short-term increase in circulating trace mineral concentrations, but not alter semen quality nor ability to pass a breeding soundness examination. Trace mineral treatment did not affect scrotal circumferences and BW of bulls throughout the trial (P [equal to or greater than] 0.20). Trace Mineral bulls had greater (P [equal to or less than] 0.0001) trace mineral concentrations at 8 h post-treatment than Control bulls. Semen trace mineral concentrations on d 42 and 91 were similar (P [equal to or greater than] 0.52) between treatments. Sperm parameters improved (P [equal to or less than] 0.003) from d 42 to 91, but did not differ (P [equal to or greater than] 0.06) between treatments. A similar (P = 0.94) percentage of Trace Mineral (67%) and Control (68%) bulls passed a BSE 91 d post-treatment. In the present study, supplemental trace mineral injection was successful at raising circulating trace mineral levels, but did not alter semen trace mineral levels nor improve semen quality. In the second study we hypothesized that when dietary trace mineral needs are met, the use of an injectable trace mineral product in developing heifers would not affect pregnancy rates at single service fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI). Trace Mineral heifers had greater (P = 0.02) pregnancy rates (51.28%) than Control heifers (25.58%). The percentage of Trace Mineral (30.77%) and Control heifers (47.50%) that displayed estrous behavior prior to FTAI as indicated by a red estrous detection patch was not different (P = 0.13) between treatments. In the present study, despite dietary trace mineral requirements being met, use of an injectable trace mineral injection improved pregnancy rates following FTAI, but did not affect estrous behavior.

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Книги з теми "Tracer injection"

Kimball, Briant A. Quantification of metal loading in French Gulch, Summit County, Colorado, using a tracer-injection study, July 1996. Salt Lake City, Utah: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1999.

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Ortiz, Roderick F. Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques, Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, July 1999. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Ortiz, Roderick F. Determination of instream metal loads using tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling techniques in Wightman Fork, southwestern Colorado, September 1997. Denver, Colo: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Cleasby, Thomas E. Quantification of metal loads by tracer-injection and synoptic-sampling methods in Cataract Creek, Jefferson County, Montana, August 1997. Helena, MT: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2000.

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Nimick, David A. Quantification of metal loads by tracer injection and synoptic sampling in Daisy Creek and the Stillwater River, Park County, Montana, August 1999. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2001.

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Wright, Winfield G. Application of tracer-injection techniques to demonstrate surface-water and ground-water interactions between an alpine stream and the North Star Mine, Upper Animas River Watershed, southwestern Colorado. Reston, Va: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2003.

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Wright, Winfield G. Application of tracer-injection techniques to demonstrate surface-water and ground-water interactions between an alpine stream and the North Star Mine, Upper Animas River Watershed, southwestern Colorado. Reston, VA: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Частини книг з теми "Tracer injection"

Sancho, Andreu, Laura Arribas, and Daniel Teixidor. "Micro-injection Moulding." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 23–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39651-4_2.

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Ruzhich, Valery V., and Evgeny V. Shilko. "A New Method for Seismically Safe Managing of Seismotectonic Deformations in Fault Zones." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering, 45–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_3.

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AbstractThe authors outline the results of long-term interdisciplinary research aimed at identifying the possibility and the methods of controlling tangential displacements in seismically dangerous faults to reduce the seismic risk of potential earthquakes. The studies include full-scale physical and numerical modeling of P-T conditions in the earth’s crust contributing to the initiation of displacement in the stick-slip regime and associated seismic radiation. A cooperation of specialists in physical mesomechanics, seismogeology, geomechanics, and tribology made it possible to combine and generalize data on the mechanisms for the formation of the sources of dangerous earthquakes in the highly stressed segments of faults. We consider the prospect of man-caused actions on the deep horizons of fault zones using powerful shocks or vibrations in combination with injecting aqueous solutions through deep wells to manage the slip mode. We show that such actions contribute to a decrease in the coseismic slip velocity in the fault zone, and, therefore, cause a decrease in the amplitude and energy of seismic vibrations. In conclusion, we substantiate the efficiency of the use of combined impacts on potentially seismically hazardous segments of fault zones identified in the medium-term seismic prognosis. Finally, we discuss the importance of the full-scale validation of the proposed approach to managing the displacement regime in highly-stressed segments of fault zones. Validation should be based on large-scale tests involving advanced technologies for drilling deep multidirectional wells, injection of complex fluids, and localized vibrational or pulse impacts on deep horizons.

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Krige, J. E. J., and John Terblanche. "Injection sclerotherapy of oesophageal varices." In Surgery of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract, 10–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6621-6_2.

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Hankemeier, Thomas, Udo Brinkman, Marjo Vredenbregt, and Tom Visser. "Trace Analysis GC-IR by Injection of Large Sample Volumes." In Progress in Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, 719–20. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6840-0_189.

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Aaseth, J., J. Alexander, and E. Steinnes. "Interaction of Gold and Selenium after Injection to Mice." In Trace Elements in Man and Animals 6, 547–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0723-5_195.

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Moore, John, Colin Clarke, Daniel Bainbridge, Chris Wedlake, Andrew Wiles, Danielle Pace, and Terry Peters. "Image Guidance for Spinal Facet Injections Using Tracked Ultrasound." In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2009, 516–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04268-3_64.

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Béziers la Fosse, Thibault, Massimo Tisi, and Jean-Marie Mottu. "Injecting Execution Traces into a Model-Driven Framework for Program Analysis." In Software Technologies: Applications and Foundations, 3–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74730-9_1.

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Mohammad, Rashid S., Syed Jamal-ud-din, Mohammad Yaqoob Khan Tareen, and Nouman Zobby. "Feasibility Study of Tracers in Compositional Flow Simulation During CO2-WAG Injection in Tight Oil Reservoir." In Proceedings of the International Petroleum and Petrochemical Technology Conference 2020, 642–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1123-0_59.

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Lieberwirth, Clemens, and Hermann Seitz. "Additive Fertigung mit Metallspritzguss-Granulaten / Additive manufacturing with metal injection molding granules." In Rapid.Tech – International Trade Show & Conference for Additive Manufacturing, edited by Wieland Kniffka, Michael Eichmann, and Gerd Witt, 262–69. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446450608.022.

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Brouyère, S., and C. Rentier. "About the influence of the injection mode on tracer test results." In Tracer Hydrology 97, 11–17. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003078142-5.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Tracer injection"

Chen, Hsieh, Hooisweng Ow, and Martin E. Poitzsch. "Optimization of Tracer Injection Schemes for Improved History Matching." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206142-ms.

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Abstract Interwell tracers are powerful reservoir surveillance tools that provide direct reservoir flow paths and dynamics, which, when integrated with near real-time production optimization, can greatly improve recovery factor, and return on investment, the so-called "Advanced Tracers System" (ATS). Applying full field ATS is attractive for resource-holders, especially for those with large waterflood operations. However, to scale up ATS to cover large fields with potentially tens to hundreds of injectors and producers, the required unique tracer variations ("barcodes") and materials and associated analysis may increase rapidly. Here, we explore different tracer injection schemes that can acquire the most information while using reduced numbers of tracers, thereby controlling costs in field operations. We tested the designs of various modified tracer injection schemes with reservoir simulations. Numerical experiments were performed on synthetic fields with multiple injector and producer wells in waterflooding patterns. Two tracer injection schemes were considered: In Scheme 1, all injectors were injected with unique tracers representing the most information-rich case. In Scheme 2, some injectors were injected with the same tracers ("recycling" the same barcodes), and some injectors received no tracer injection ("null" barcodes). Production and tracer breakthrough data was collected for history matching after waterflooding simulations on the synthetic fields. The ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation with tracers algorithm was used for history matching. We calculated the root-mean-square errors (RMSE) between the reference data and the history matched production simulation data. To improve the statistics, 20 independent testing reference synthetic fields were constructed by randomizing the number and locations of high permeability zones crossing different injectors and producers. In all cases, the history matching algorithms largely reduced the RMSE thereby enhancing reservoir characterization. Analyzing the statistical significance with p-values among testing cases, first, as expected, the data mismatch is highly significantly lower after history matching than before history matching (p < 0.001). Second, the data mismatch is even lower when history matching with tracers (both in Scheme 1 and 2) than without tracers (p < 0.05), demonstrating clearly that tracers can provide extra information for the reservoir dynamics. Finally, and most importantly, history matching with tracers in Scheme 1 or in Scheme 2 result in statistically the same data mismatch (p > 0.05), indicating the cost-saving "recycling" and "null" tracer barcodes can provide equally competent reservoir information. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluated the history matching qualities deriving from different tracer injection schemes. We showed that through optimal designs of the tracer injections, we can acquire very similar information with reduced tracer materials and barcodes, thus reducing costs and field operational complexities. We believe this study facilitates the deployment of large-scale reservoir monitoring and optimization campaigns using tracers such as ATS.

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Chen, Hsieh, Sehoon Chang, Gawain Thomas, Wei Wang, Afnan Mashat, and Hussain Shateeb. "Comparison of Water and Gas Tracers Field Breakthrough." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205863-ms.

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Abstract We are developing new classes of barcoded advanced tracers, which, compared to present commercial offerings, can be optically detected in an automated fashion. The eventual goal for the advanced tracers is to deploy cost-effective, ubiquitous, long-term, and full-field tracer tests in supporting large-scale waterflooding optimization for improved oil recovery. In this paper, we compare model predictions to breakthrough data from two field tests of advanced tracers in a pilot during water alternating gas (WAG) cycles, where gas tracer tests have recently been performed as well. Two advanced tracer injections were performed at the test site. For the first injection, only a dipicolinic acid based advanced tracer (DPA) was injected. For the second injection, DPA and a phenanthroline- based advanced tracer, 4,7-bis(sulfonatophenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid (BSPPDA), was injected in conjunction with a commercially available fluorobenzoic acid-based tracer (FBA) to benchmark their performance. Produced water samples were collected weekly for tracer analysis. Both newly developed 2D-high performance liquid chromatography/time-resolved fluorescence optical detection method (2D-HPLC/TRF) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were used to construct the breakthrough curves for the advanced tracers. In parallel, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to detect FBA tracer. Gas tracer tests have been performed on the same field. Since DPA, BSPPDA and FBA tracers were water tracers as designed, they were expected to appear in between gas tracer breakthroughs, and we observed exactly that for BSPPDA and FBA. Unexpectedly, the DPA predominantly appeared along with gas tracer breakthroughs, suggesting its favorable compatibility with the gas phase. We suspect the presence of some gas components rendered the medium more acidic, which likely protonates DPA molecules, thereby alters its hydrophilicity. A wealth of information could be gathered from the field tests. First, all tracers survived not only the harsh reservoir conditions but also the irregular WAG injections. Their successful detection from the producers suggested robustness of these materials for reservoir applications. Second, the breakthrough curves of the BSPPDA tracers using optical detection method were very similar to those of FBA tracers detected by GC-MS, substantiating the competency of our in-house materials and detection methods to the present commercial offerings. Finally, even though DPA has passed prior lab tests as a good water tracer, its high solubility to gas phase warrants further investigation. This paper summarizes key results from two field trials of the novel barcoded advanced tracers, of which both the tracer materials and detection methods are new to the industry. Importantly, the two co- injected advanced tracers showed opposite correlations to the gas tracers, highlighting the complex physicochemical interactions in reservoir conditions. Nevertheless, the information collected from the field trials is invaluable in enabling further design and utilization of the advanced tracers in fulfilling their wonderful promises.

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Qasem, Fuad, Ridha B. C. Gharbi, and Muhammed I. Mir. "Characterizing Partially Fractured Reservoirs by Tracer Injection." In SPE International Improved Oil Recovery Conference in Asia Pacific. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/84886-ms.

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McGreehan, William F., Fred G. Haaser, and Laurence T. Sherwood. "Labyrinth Seal Flow Measurement by Tracer Gas Injection." In ASME 1987 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/87-gt-187.

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A practical system for flow measurement in rotating seals using the injection and sampling of a tracer gas is presented. Carbon dioxide or helium is injected as a tracer into a labyrinth seal at a controlled rate and gas samples are extracted downstream for concentration measurement. Test results from a rotating labyrinth seal rig were obtained over a range of seal pressure ratios and rotor speeds in order to determine the conditions which assure optimum tracer gas mixing. Seal leakage rates calculated by tracer gas concentration are compared to venturi flow measurements.

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Xie, J., and M. Pooladi-Darvish. "Up-Scaling of Tracer Injection in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2003-075.

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Griston, S. "Evaluation of Radioactive Tracer Surveys for Steam Injection Wells." In SPE California Regional Meeting. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/20031-ms.

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Bian, Xiaoming, Srinivasa K. Prabhu, Weiying Yang, David L. Miller, and Nicholas P. Cernansky. "Tracer Fuel Injection Studies on Exhaust Port Hydrocarbon Oxidation." In International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/982559.

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Anderson, J. H., R. A. Laurie, W. R. Loder, and Paul Kennedy. "Brassey Field Miscible Flood Management Program Features Innovative Tracer Injection." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/24874-ms.

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Mahmoud, Seif, James S. Bennett, Mohammad H. Hosni, and Byron Jones. "Comparison of Pathogens Dispersion in an Aircraft Cabin Using Gas Injection Source Versus a Coughing Manikin." In ASME 2020 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2020 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2020 18th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2020-20095.

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Abstract The dispersion characteristics of airborne pathogens were investigated in a Boeing 767 mockup cabin containing 11 rows with 7 seats per row, using two tracer gas source methods: continuous injection at low velocity and a coughing manikin. Both the injection source and the coughing manikin were located on the same seat in the sixth row. The injection source utilized CO2 gas at an injection rate of 5.0 liters per minute mixed with helium at a rate of 3.07 liters per minute to neutralize buoyancy. The manikin coughed approximately once every 75 seconds, with a volume of 4.2 liters of CO2 per cough. To ensure sufficient data were collected at each sampling location, each coughing manikin test was run for 6 coughs and each injection source test for 30 minutes of continuous injection. In both test methods, the tracer gas concentration was measured using CO2 gas analyzers at seated passenger breathing height of 1.2 m and radially up to 3.35 m away from the gas injection location, representing approximately four rows of a standard B767 aircraft. The collected data obtained from each tracer method was then normalized to provide a suitable comparison basis that is independent of tracer gas introduction flowrate. The results showed that both tracer source methods gave similar dispersion trends in diagonal and lateral directions away from the injection location. However, the tracer gas concentration was higher along the longitudinal direction in the coughing manikin tests due to the cough momentum. The results of this work will help researchers analyze different experimental and numerical approaches used to determine contaminant dispersion in various environments and will provide a better understanding of the associated transport phenomena.

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Yang, Weiying, Jincai Zheng, David L. Miller, and Nicholas P. Cernansky. "Tracer Fuel Injection Studies on Exhaust Port Hydrocarbon Oxidation: Part II." In CEC/SAE Spring Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-1945.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Tracer injection"

Axley, James, and Andrew Persily. Integral mass balances and pulse injection tracer techniques. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.88-3855.

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Zhan, Lang, and Y. C. Yortsos. Identification of the Permeability Field of Porous Medium from the Injection of Passive Tracer. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13827.

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Tsang, C. F., and C. Doughty. Insight from simulations of single-well injection-withdrawal tracer tests on simple and complex fractures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/972710.

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J.L. Southeast Geyers Cooperative Tracer Evaluation and Testing Program for the Purpose of Estimating The Efficiency of Injection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/789808.

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Lecain, G. D., L. O. Anna, and M. F. Fahy. Results from Geothermal Logging, Air and Core-Water Chemistry Sampling, Air Injection Testing and Tracer Testing in the Northern Ghost Dance Fault, YUCCA Mountain, Nevada, November 1996 to August 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/762958.

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LeCain, G. D. Results from air-injection and tracer testing in the Upper Tiva Canyon, Bow Ridge Fault, and upper Paintbrush contact alcoves of the Exploratory Studies Facility, August 1994 through July 1996, Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/656613.

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Kissick, M. W., E. D. Fredrickson, J. D. Callen, C. E. Bush, Z. Y. Chang, P. C. Efthimion, R. A. Hulse, et al. Transient electron heat diffusivity obtained from trace impurity injection on TFTR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10181392.

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Niedermayer, Emma, Olivia N. Genther-Schroeder, and Stephanie L. Hansen. Effect of a Trace Mineral Injection on Growth Performance of Natural Beef Feedlot Steers. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-408.

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Pogge, Danielle, Erin Richter, Mary Drewnoski, and Stephanie L. Hansen. Trace Mineral Clearance from Plasma and Liver Following Injection is Affected by Cattle Breed. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-432.

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Genther-Schroeder, Olivia N., Christopher A. Clark, and Stephanie L. Hansen. Effect of Trace Mineral Injection and Optaflexx on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Cattle. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1282.

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