Дисертації з теми "Trait biologique"
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Marlin, Laurent. "Métabolisme énergétique et aptitude physique chez les porteurs du trait drépanocytaire aux Antilles : approche épidémiologique, biologique et cardiorespiratoire à l'exercice." Antilles-Guyane, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGUY0183.
The sudy of the physical ability of sickle cell trait carriers(SCTc) during different kind of exercise (more or less important duration and intensity) reports controversial results. In a first study, we have identified the presence of STCc in a sprint elite population (national French team). The percentages of titles and etablished records of male SCTc are able to performon as well as non-STCc, and eve to have best performances in explosive and brief exercises at the highest level in relation with HbS. The asset of a heightened anaerobic ability in SCTc could be the consequence of a reduced aerobic ability, related to an impaiment of oxygen tranport system consecutive to the decrease of HbS affinity to oxyge. The study of ventilatory and lactic responses during an incremental exercise test did not show any significant difference between groups and did not allow confirming this hypothesis (study n°2). Similary, during three repeated incremental exercise tests, the ventilatory and lactic responses were not significantly different between groups and witnessed to a similar aerobic ability between SCTc and control subjects (study n°3). Regarding the controversy, the data of our studies inclined towards "at least" a similar physical ability between SCTc and non-STCc whatever the contribution of the aerobic metabolism
Ferrero, Maxime. "Le système tritrophique tomate-tétranyques tisserans-phytoseiulus longipes : étude de la variabilité des comportements alimentaires du prédateur et conséquences pour la lutte biologique." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0024.
The tomato spider mites pests Tetranychus evansi and T. Urticae are difficult to control in tomato greenhouses. Their abilities to quickly develop resistances to acaricides, along with the exudation of toxic compounds from hairy solanaceous plants such as tomato and the drought occurring in tomato greenhouses, are important factors that hinder the control of tetranychids in tomato. A predaceous mite of the family Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiulus longipes, is a potential candidate for controlling spider mites outbreaks in these crops. Among the four known populations of this predator, two (from Argentina and Brazil) are able to develop and reproduce well fed on T. Evansi on tomato, while the two others (from Chile and Sout Africa) cannot. After having shown that all those populations actually belong to the same species, studies about the life history and attractiveness of several of those populations depending on prey species/ plant supports allowed to characterize the relationships in the tritrophic system tomato – spider mites – P. Longipes and to confirm that there are two distincts feeding behaviours in this predatory mite species. This phenomena is probably due to a host-plant mediated specialisation for the prey, itself coming from a coevolution between the predator and the complex tomato - T. Urticae and/ or tomato - T. Evansi. Study about the egg hatching response to humidity of P. Longipes showed that this predator is among the four most drought tolerant species studied to date. Furthermore, an analysis of the indirect ecological effects of a possible introduction of P. Longipes, along with the confirmation from semi-field trials that this predator is able to control spider mite pests in tomato greenhouses, lead to the conclusion that P. Longipes is an excellent candidate for the biological control of T. Evansi and T. Urticae in tomato protected crops in Europe
Maines, Emma. "Diversité biologique et archéologie de la mort : une approche populationnelle et culturelle du Néolithique soudanais (Haute-Nubie)." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H078.
The human remains and excavation archives from 5 cemeteries from the Kadruka concession represented a unique opportunity for the study of the evolution of Neolithic populations and funerary practices in Neolithic Upper Nubia. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to reconstruct the biology of these populations (their health and lifeways) as well as to examine the specific practices at work in the different sequences of the funerary cycle within a chronological framework. Through the study of the 643 individuals (for the biological analysis) and 734 structures (for the archaeological analysis) from KDK 1, KDK 2, KDK 18, KDK 21 and KDK 23 and their comparison, it was possible to discuss the homogeneity of these populations from a biological and cultural standpoint. While the analysis of non-metric anatomical variation (specifically the discrete dental traits) points toward an overall continuity and uniformity throughout the Neolithic, though arguments may also be advanced based on this data for thinking flexibly about population admixture and processes of acculturation following migration patterns that may be multiple and discontinuous. Mortality profiles, non-specific stress markers, and other palaeopathological and occupational indicators, provide evidence of significant variability with biological, as well as cultural implications. Elements related to the processes of change at work within these societies, at a critical chronological and cultural juncture in the Prehistory of Upper Nubia, are perceptible through the study of these funerary groups. For example the exclusion of younger infants within burial areas otherwise including the remains of older individuals, the percentage of carious teeth incidence within populations and the use of teeth as tools, all speak to shifts in economy, subsistence and the structuring of society. While our analysis of funerary practice appears globally homogenous, our data also points to significant variability within an otherwise established and stable funerary sequence (important shifts in grave goods, variable occupation and structuring of the cemetery space, etc.). Finally, this work takes a critical look at the place the Kadruka concession now occupies within the greater understanding of the funerary experience in Prehistoric Sudan, as well as along the Nile river valley and across the Sahara. In examining data from a synchronic and diachronic perspective, across a wide variety of regions and contexts, we achieved our goal of identifying cultural undercurrents, evolutions and particularities for the Kadruka ensemble, as well as for the Sudanese Neolithic more broadly
Zablotski, Yury [Verfasser]. "Optimality and trait based approaches to sympatric speciation and sympatric co-evolution of predator and prey traits in marine plankton / Yury Zablotski." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2014. http://d-nb.info/105432820X/34.
Fournier, Alice. "Modéliser et prédire les invasions biologiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS144/document.
Biologicals invasions, the second cause of biodiversity loss worldwide, represent a major threat that our societies have to face. Invasive species correspond to species that, due to human activities, cross geographic and reproduction barriers and expand into new areas in large numbers. This spread into new ecosystems may have severe socio-economic or ecological impacts. The most efficient way to limit these impacts is to predict and avoid biological invasions before they occur by setting up appropriate management plans.The aim of this PhD thesis is to demonstrate that existing predictive models can be further developed and combined together to improve biological invasion predictions. All of the methods developed in this thesis have been applied to social Hymenoptera: ant species (Formicidae) and the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina nigrithorax), but they are generalizable to any other taxa. The questions asked are: can we predict future invader species? Can we improve the spatial predictions of their distribution? Can we predict invasive species impact?First, I show in this thesis that it is possible to develop a model that detects future invasive species, even before they have had the chance to be moved outside their native range. I apply this screening tool to more than 2000 ant species, provide a list of the 15 ant species that are highly likely to become invasive and map their global suitability to highlights the area the most at risk from these invasions. All continents are threatened by at least one of these potential invasions. Second, I set up a methodological framework to improve species distribution predictions by combining multi-scale drivers. I apply this method to the invasive Asian hornet, identify its high affinity habitats, and use this information to refine suitability maps. I show that integrating multiple drivers, while still respecting their scale of effect, produced a potential range 55.9% smaller than that predicted using a climatic model alone. Finally, I propose a method to predict invasive species impacts in a spatially explicit way and I apply it to the estimate the Asian hornet’s impact on honeybee colonies in France. To do so, I estimate the Asian hornet nest density across France and combine it with an agent-based hive model to estimate honeybee mortality risk. I show that up to 41% of the honeybee colonies are likely to collapse due to the Asian hornet.Overall, these studies demonstrate how modelling techniques can provide valuable inputs to improve invasive species management decision by offering tools to optimize prevention strategies and target areas, species or habitats where action is needed in priority. Biological invasions involve our scientific, political and cultural perceptions in an intricate way; this PhD thesis highlights the usefulness of bringing together modelling techniques and the rest of biological invasion knowledge to better grasp invasion science complexity
Quenouille-Lederer, Julie. "Bases génétiques et fonctionnelles de la durabilité des résistances polygéniques au virus Y de la pomme de terre (PVY) chez le piment (Capsicum annuum)." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0650/document.
Genetic resistances provide an efficient control of crop diseases but are limited by pathogen adaptation.In pepper, the durability of the pvr23 allele, conferring resistance to Potato virus Y (PVY), was demonstrated todepend on the plant genetic background. The aim of my PhD thesis was to characterize the host genetic factorsaffecting the durability of the major resistance gene pvr23 and to answer to the following question s: (i) What istheir action on the evolution of the viral population? (ii) Is there identity between the QTLs (quantitative traitloci) controlling the partial resistance and the QTLs affecting the durability of pvr23? (iii) Are these genetic factorswidespread among the genetic resources of pepper? Various experiments including resistance testing,experimental evolution and competition between various PVY variants, enabled to show that the genetic factorsaffecting the durability of pvr23 acted in: (i) decreasing the viral accumulation, (ii) decreasing the probability ofacquisition of resistance breaking (RB) mutations by PVY and (iii) slowing down the selection of RB variants. QTLdetection and mapping of genetic factors affecting the frequency of pvr23 RB showed that four loci actingadditively and in epistatic interactions explained together 70% of the variance of pvr23 breakdown frequency.Comparative mapping between these QTLs and QTLs affecting partial resistance showed that three of the fourQTLs controlling the frequency of pvr23 RB are also involved in quantitative resistance, suggesting that QTLs forquantitative resistance have a pleiotropic effect on the durability of the major resistance gene. Analysis of acollection of 20 pepper accessions, carrying pvr23 or pvr24 (allele closely related to pvr23) in various geneticbackgrounds, showed that genetic backgrounds favorable to the durability of the pvr2-mediated resistance arewidespread in the genetic resources of pepper. These results highlight that the durability of a major resistancegene can be strongly increased when associated with genetic factors decreasing the pathogen multiplication.Moreover, the frequency of a major gene RB is a highly heritable trait and QTLs detection for this trait isachievable. The direct selection for such QTLs opens new prospects to preserve the durability of major resistancegenes used by breeders
Ky, Rithya Caroline. "Modélisation de l'enlèvement du phosphore d'un effluent agro-alimentaire traité par réacteur biologique séquentiel." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0013/MQ60899.pdf.
Laugier, Guillaume. "Evolution du fardeau génétique et des traits liés à la reproduction au cours d'une invasion biologique." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0029/document.
This thesis provides some evolutionary insights on biological invasions, which represent a growing threat on ecology, economy and public health.Biological invasions are a place of rapid and important evolutionary changes that can be the cause or the consequence of invasion success.These changes can be caused by differences in selective pressures between the native and the invaded area.They can also be due to demo-genetic events such as demographic bottlenecks and admixture (emph{i.e.} intra-specific hybridisation) between genetically distinct populations.Evolutionary changes affect life-history traits (including reproductive traits) as well as the genetic load and inbreeding depression.Genetic drift can be strong during a bottleneck and can induce the rapid purging or fixation of deleterious alleles responsible for the genetic load.Reproductive traits can also influence the fate of an invasion by changing the demographic growth rate.Moreover, they can have an indirect impact on the success of introduction by altering the intensity of demo-genetic events.Throughout this thesis, I studied the evolution of the genetic load and of reproductive traits by the mean of (i) laboratory experiments using the invasive Harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis as a model species and (ii) through the study of a theoretical model of the dynamics of allele frequencies during a bottleneck.My results show that invasive populations have better reproductive traits than those from the native area.Particularily, invasive females display an increased fecundity and fertilize their eggs with the sperm of a higher number of males.In this species, there is no obvious mechanism of inbreeding avoidance, even though native populations suffer to inbreeding depression contrarily to invasive ones.Inbreeding depression can evolve quickly in this species if the population goes through a severe bottleneck.In my experiments, deleterious alleles were often fixed in the population during the bottleneck, but were sometimes purged.Finally, the theoretical model studied described show that the probability of complete loss or fixation of a deleterious recessive allele can both increase by drift during a bottleneck.These results highlight the importance of chance on the success of a biological invasion.Because the probability of emergence of genomic combinations that can favour an invasion increases with the number of introduction events, limiting the number of introduction events might be an efficient way to prevent or minimise upcoming biological invasions
Prado, Carlos. "Un Modèle de succession végétale rôle des traits biologiques des espèces et des contraintes spatiales /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37617710h.
Prado, Carlos. "Un modele de succession vegetale : role des traits biologiques des especes et des contraintes spatiales." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066491.
Dao, Pascal. "Synthèse et études biologiques d’inhibiteurs de la protéine d’adhésion focale (FAK) à activité anti-angiogénique et anti-tumorale." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05P639/document.
FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase. FAK participates in growth factor receptor-mediated and integrin signaling pathway and plays essential roles in many cellular functions and the dysfunction of this system is involved in many pathologies, in particular in cancer. The implication of FAK in the various stages of the tumoral progress is widely studied but no inhibitors are used in therapy today. And some roles of FAK need to be clarify ant that why we need to develop selective inhibitors of FAK. As a part of our research program aimed at the development for new inhibitors of FAK, we have synthesized a series of novel diarylamino-1,3,5-triazine derivatives. The study of this first series in particular the structural studies allowed us to design four new families, more original of FAK inhibitors with an IC50 of 35 nM for the best compounds. This compounds show a high angiogenic potential on HUVEC cells and anti-tumor activity on a variety of cellular models (eg : colon, brain). Besides, some of our inhibitors of FAK restores sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in resistant cancer cells line (PANC-1, MCF-7 and SKOV-3)
Fumanal, Boris. "Caractérisation des traits biologiques et des processus évolutifs d'une espèce envahissante en France : Ambrosia artemisiifolia L." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00163962.
L'objectif de ce travail de thèse a été d'étudier à travers une approche multidisciplinaire, les différentes caractéristiques de l'espèce, tant biologiques, génétiques, qu'écologiques, ainsi que les caractéristiques des communautés envahies, pouvant permettre d'expliquer le succès de son envahissement en France.
Une synthèse bibliographique a été réalisée sur les différents paramètres impliqués dans les phénomènes d'invasions biologiques et sur les connaissances actuelles du modèle étudié, A. artemisiifolia.
Les différents traits d'histoire de vie de l'espèce ont révélé une variabilité considérable, en particulier au niveau des semences, ce qui suggère l'existence d'une stratégie adaptée à la colonisation d'environnements variables. L'importante plasticité phénotypique d'A. artemisiifolia mise en évidence, explique en partie le succès de cet envahisseur. La dynamique générale des populations (taux d'accroissement) est également différente entre habitats. Le facteur limitant la colonisation ou le maintien des populations est sans conteste la fermeture du milieu. De plus, la présence de mycorhizes à arbuscules dans les communautés envahies serait également un des facteurs susceptibles de faciliter le processus d'envahissement de l'espèce.
D'autre part, le potentiel d'envahissement de cette espèce peut s'expliquer par les niveaux de diversité génétique très élevés des populations natives et introduites, observés à l'aide de différents marqueurs moléculaires (ADNcp, AFLP). Ces résultats suggèrent également que l'espèce a été introduite à de multiples reprises, à partir de différentes sources et avec un nombre important de fondateurs.
Enfin, nos résultats montrent qu'A. artemisiifolia possède une amplitude écologique très large et qu'elle n'est pas spécifiquement inféodée à un groupement végétal particulier. L'espèce est donc capable de coloniser des environnements écologiquement différents et peut potentiellement accroître son aire de distribution de manière considérable.
Les connaissances acquises au cours de cette thèse montrent que l'invasion d'A. artemisiifolia est un phénomène multifactoriel. L'envahissement de cette espèce dépend avant tout des conditions rencontrées lors de son processus d'introduction et de colonisation (habitats perturbés, dispersion anthropique). Son caractère généraliste lui permet ensuite de pouvoir répondre de manière optimale aux conditions environnementales rencontrées. Nos résultats suggèrent que dans le contexte actuel, A. artemisiifolia présente un potentiel d'envahissement considérable en France comme dans le reste de l'Europe.
Fumanal, Boris. "Caractérisation des traits biologiques et des processus évolutifs d’une espèce envahissante en France : Ambrosia artemisiifolia L." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS025.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae) is an annual plant which was not intentionally introduced from North America in Europe since the end of 19th century. In France, this invasive species causes important threats for human public health due to its allergenic pollen. This species is also a troublesome weed in spring crops, but it also colonizes all other human disturbed habitats. Nevertheless, its spread in natural environments seems to be limited to disturbed ones such as riverbanks. The aim of this thesis was to study through a multidisciplinary approach, the different biological, genetic and ecological species characteristics, as well as the characteristics of invaded communities which could explain its invasive success in France. A bibliographic synthesis was realized on the different parameters involved in invasive processes, but also on the current knowledge of A. Artemisiifolia. The different life history traits of the species revealed a considerable variability, more particularly for seeds, which suggested the existence of an adapted strategy to colonize variable environments. The high phenotypic plasticity observed in A. Artemisiifolia explained in part the success of its invasion. The whole population dynamics (rate of increase) is also different among habitats. The limiting factor to the colonization or the maintaining of populations is definitely the habitat stabilization. The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the invaded communities may be a facilitating factor in the invasive process of the species. In addition, the species invasiveness can be also explain by the high levels of genetic diversity observed both in native as well as in introduced populations using different molecular markers (ADNcp, AFLP). These results also suggest that the species was introduced several times, from different origins and with a high number of founders. Finally, it has been showed that A. Artemisiifolia possessed an large ecological amplitude, and that it was not specifically associated with a particular vegetal group. Therefore, the species is able to colonize different ecological environments and is potentially able to spread out of its present distribution. The knowledge obtained through this thesis shows that the invasion of A. Artemisiifolia is a multifactorial phenomenom. The invasion of that species depends first of all to the conditions met during its introduction and spread (disturbed habitats, anthropogenic dispersal). Then, its generalist character enables it to respond to the abiotic conditions encountered. Our results suggest that in the present context, A. Artemisiifolia has a considerable potential to spread through France and Europe
Devin, Simon Moreteau Jean-Claude. "Les invasions biologiques des milieux d'eau douce analyse du rôle des traits biologiques et écologiques d'un nouvel envahisseur (Dikerogammarus villosus, Gammaridae, Crustacea) dans le processus invasif /." Metz : Université Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2003/Devin.Simon.SMZ0324.pdf.
Devin, Simon. "Les invasions biologiques des milieux d'eau douce : analyse du rôle des traits biologiques et écologiques d'un nouvel envahisseur (Dikerogammarus villosus, Gammaridae, Crustacea) dans le processus invasif." Metz, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003METZ024S.
The Moselle River, owing to its geographic localization, is connected to the main European waterways, generating regular establishment of new exotic species. A recent invader (Dikerogammarus villosus, Amphipoda, Crustacea) was used as a model for our study. We defined and analysed its biological and ecological traits, and evidenced a pool of characteristics that could have enhanced D. Villosus invasiveness. Such characteristics are also frequently presented in the literature as shared by invasive Gammaridae. In order to check this hypothesis, and to define whether those traits are common or specific to invaders, a comparison of bio/ecological traits of invasive and non-invasive gammarid species was performed, that revealed the importance of ecological traits, allowing a species to go through the first steps of the invasion process. Moreover, we have shown that invasive gammarids generallly originate from biogeographic areas where this group is highly diversified. Finallly, the study of macroinvertebrate communities in the Moselle River showed an increase of the functional diversity between 1994-2001, with nevertheless a trend to the homogenisation
Tardy, Florence. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des stratégies de compétition pour les ressources aériennes et souterraines au sein d’une gamme d’espèces végétales : application à la régulation biologique des adventices par les plantes de services dans l'agrosystème bananier antillais." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS096/document.
Banana agro-ecosystems in the French West Indies have relied for a long time on intensive monocultures. A shift to agroecological management practices have been made since the “Plan Banane Durable” program in 2009. To achieve the aim of reducing the use of chemical inputs, the introduction of cover plants to deliver agroecosystem services under study to reconcile agronomic and environmental issues. These services include the biological control of weeds by cover plants which requires to introduce cover plant species with a good ability to compete for light towards weeds. However the introduction of cover plants should not cause a dis-service by reducing the production of bananas through a competition for mineral and water soil resources. A better knowledge of aboveground and belowground competition process by cover plants is then essential to reason their use in cropping systems. We chose an approach based on functional traits to characterize plant species from this very anthropized agroecosystem because an exhaustive study of the ecophysiological processes underlying competition is not suitable for a large panel of potentially useful cover plant species. We assume that a combination of values of functional traits related to the acquisition and use of resources reflects a strategy of competition. The objectives of this thesis were 1) to characterize a panel of potential cover plant and weed species as well as two banana cultivars according to functional traits related to the acquisition and use of aboveground and belowground resources, 2) identify competition strategies on the basis of the combinations of trait values obtained for each species and 3) comparing the competitive effects of the species as a function of their competition strategies. This study is based on a bibliographic work to identify traits of interest, a first field experiment to characterize the competition strategy of the different species by measuring functional traits on plants grown individually and in non-limiting resources conditions and a second field experiment to characterize the competitive relationships between species according to their respective competitive strategies. The analysis of the results allowed us to build two classifications of species according to their strategy, one based on competitive traits for light and the other one based on the competitive traits for soil resources. Our results allowed to distinguish four aboveground competition strategies for light ("shade", "obstruction," "smothering low”," strong smothering ") and four belowground competition strategies for soil resources (" exploration "," occupation "" exploitation, "" neutral "). The species of the panel were replaced on the main axes of differentiation between species in ecology opposing resource conservation and capture strategies. The results do not show links between aboveground and belowground strategies. These functional classifications can be used to identify the most qualified species, a priori, to be used in banana cropping systems of the French West Indies. The use of functional traits in an agronomic context enabled us to acquire a better knowledge of the species competition abilities and opens perspectives for the establishment of a decision-making tool for the choice of species to include in multi-species cover
Avrabos, Charilaos. "Brain circuit dynamics related to extremes in trait anxiety in mice." Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-149945.
Brenndörfer, Julia. "On the trail of anxiety." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-158408.
Arloth, Janine. "Expression quantitative trait loci as possible biomarkers on depression." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-185767.
MESSIN, JEAN-CHRISTOPHE. "Un cas de panencephalite sclerosante subaigue (pess) traite par isoprinosine et interferon : suivi clinique, biologique et electrophysiologique sur 18 mois." Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA3065.
Zhang, Yaoyang. "Molecular correlates of trait anxiety: expanding biomarker discovery from protein expression to turnover." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-123628.
Brink, Gijs Robert van den. "Morphostasis of the adult gastrointestinal tract." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2002. http://dare.uva.nl/document/85925.
Ilić, Maja [Verfasser], and Patrick [Gutachter] Fink. "Effects of natural phytoplankton trait diversity on Daphnia spp. / Maja Ilic ; Gutachter: Patrick Fink." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1191365743/34.
Bunck, Mirjam. "Behavioral phenotyping, gene expression profiles, and cognitive aspects in a mouse model of trait anxiety." Diss., kostenfrei, 2008. http://edoc.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9109/.
Valente, Emmanuel Pihan Jean-Claude Maul Armand. "Traits biologiques d'une espèce invasive, la perche soleil (Lepomis gibbosus), dans un réservoir artificiel aux eaux échauffées reproduction, croissance, longévité /." Metz : Université de Metz, 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2008/Valente.Emmanuel.SMZ0844.pdf.
Léger, Arnaud. "Indice de vulnérabilité à l'extinction des poissons d'eau douce du Québec une analyse multivariée des traits biologiques, écologiques et biogéographiques /." Thèse, [Rimouski, Québec] : Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2006.
Titre de lʹécran-titre (visionné le 25 avril 2007). Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de maîtrise en gestion de la faune et de ses habitats. CaQRU CaQRU Bibliogr.: f. 56-64. Paraît aussi en éd. imprimée. CaQRU
Croci, Solène. "Urbanisation et biodiversité : traits biologiques et facteurs environnementaux associés à l’organisation des communautés animales le long d’un gradient rural-urbain." Rennes 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REN1S038.
In order to better understand urbanization impact on animals, we tried to identify the biological and environmental factors that influenced community organization along a rural-urban gradient. Specific composition of urban bird communities is very constant through various climatic areas. At a large scale, the town seemed to act as a filter selecting species on the basis of their biological traits. Structure of carabid beetles communities is mainly related to urban landscape fragmentation, those of bird and small mammal communities are mainly related to the quality of habitat patches. During the colonization process of woodlots from the rural landscape to the town centre, the structure of the communities is firstly influenced by the species capacity to move through the urban matrix and then, by the quality of habitat patches. These results can be used for the study of biological invasion process
Valente, Emmanuel. "Traits biologiques d'une espèce invasive, la perche soleil (Lepomis gibbosus), dans un réservoir artificiel aux eaux échauffées : reproduction, croissance, longétivité." Thesis, Metz, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008METZ044S/document.
The study of teleost reproduction is fundamental in order to understand the future of ichthyologic populations, determinant for the balance in aquatic environments, and this, in a context of global warming which will affect distribution zones of species as well as their reproductive strategies in order to guarantee survival of their progeny. Sexual maturation in pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) has been studied in an artificial basin in north-eastern France (Mirgenbach Reservoir) which receives over-heated water from the Cattenom nuclear power plant. Pumpkinseed, a centrarchid fish specie, is native to North America but has been introduced in Europe in 1880. Since its introduction, it has colonized the entire French hydrographic network. This specie, predominantly littoral, is already established in at least 28 countries in Europe and Asia Minor, but is currently considered to be invasive mainly in southern and central Europe. In our study, the reproductive effort was studied in both sex, using gonado-somatic index (GSI) and gonadal maturity stages obtained from histological observations. Growth and longevity have also been studied. A sample of 162 females and 157 males was collected for this work. In this context of warm thermal environment, sexual maturation is precocious compared to other pumpkinseed populations located at similar latitudes (age at maturity: 1 year), and the males mature one month before the females. The juvenile growth rate is high (LT>70mm at 1 year old), except for the small male cuckolders, but longevity (3 years) is lower than at the other sites in Europe (4 to 8 years). This precocity was also observed in other species at sites receiving over-heated nuclear plant discharge water, however oocyte abnormalities were observed which was not the case for the pumpkinseed population in the Reservoir Mirgenbach. The thermal conditions of the Mirgenbach Reservoir confer to this site a good opportunity to evaluate the consequences of the Global Warming on fish biology
Murgatroyd, Christopher A. "Impaired repression at a vasopressin promoter polymorphism in a rat model of trait anxiety and depression." Diss., lmu, 2005. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-35921.
Orsucci, Marion. "Rôle de la spécialisation à la plante hôte et de l'isolement reproducteur dans la divergence de lépidoptères ravageurs de cultures." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS074/document.
Specialization in different environments is a driver of divergence between populations and species. Phytophagous insects are interesting candidates to study the speciation process via the ecological specialization, due to the intimate relationship between the insects and their host plant but also the regular occurrence of host changes they experienced during evolution. Ecological speciation requires three important components: a source of divergent selection, a form of reproductive isolation either pre- or post-zygotic, and a mechanism linking the genes under selection to those responsible of the reproductive isolation. In this context, we studied the reproductive isolation and specialization in two models polyphagous lepidopteran pests: (1) the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, and the closely related species Ostrinia scapulalis, (2) two host races of Spodoptera frugiperda (the fall armyworm), rice strain (sf-R) and corn strain (sf-M). Both models showed a patterns of diversification via the host plant: both species sisters and the two strains are genetically differentiated and are specialized on different host plants (maize for O. nubilalis and sf-M; mugwort for O. scapulalis; rice sf-R). We studied the patterns of specialization of these models by quantification of life history traits in two time points of their life-cycles: (1) in the larval instar, by reciprocal transplant experiments, (2) in the adult, by choice oviposition experiment. These measures highlighted a pattern of specialization at the adult and/or larval instar for both moth species and sf-M. However, the results showed no clear specialization for sf-R of S. frugiperda on the tested plants. We investigated the mechanisms of specialization by RNA-seq in order to identify the genes or the gene families for which variation of their expression depends on the host plant. This mechanistic study revealed genes involved in detoxification, digestion and immunity process that may explain the differences observed in life history traits. Finally, we quantified various barriers (pre- and post-zygotic) to estimate the divergence degree and the causes involved in reproductive isolation of genetic entities studied. In particular, for the two models, we found evidences of post-zygotic barriers with a lower percentage of hatching in the interspecific crosses. In Ostrinia model, we have also demonstrated the presence of pre-zygotic barrier depending of the pheromone blend emitted by the females
Javal, Marion. "Invasion du capricorne asiatique Anoplophora glabripennis : génétique, traits d’histoire de vie et écologie." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2034/document.
The Asian longhorned Beetle Anoplophora glabripennis provides a good example of insects that benefited from international trade from Asia. It partly invaded North America, where it has been present since the 1990s, and Europe where its presence was detected in the early 2000s. This highly polyphagous species develops in urban trees and can cause their death, highlighting the importance of its management. The aim of this thesis was to use a multidisciplinary approach to study the invasion of A. glabripennis in order to bring new elements to the global understanding of biological invasions. I therefore first wanted to retrace its invasion route through the world. Secondly, I sought to know whether some of its biological characteristics had contributed to the success of its invasion. Finally, I addressed the question of the ecological impact of A. glabripennis by focusing on the alterations of the xylophagous fauna that its presence could have caused. The results obtained in this thesis revealed a complex invasion which includes several introductions as well as a bridgehead scenario between North America and Europe. It also appeared that some traits of the species contributed to shaping its distribution pattern. Notably, its resistance to thermal stress probably favored its installation in various climates. Furthermore, the natural dispersion of A. glabripennis seems very limited, but my results indicated that the species is not limited by its physiological capacities to disperse. Finally, the preliminary study of the invaded fauna did not reveal any effects of the species on the other Ceramycidae for the moment. In the light of the other cases of invasion documented, the case of A. glabripennis highlights the diversity of the characteristics of species becoming invasive, and confirms the difficulty of drawing a typical portrait
Bertelsmeier, Cleo. "Biologie des invasions de fourmis dans un contexte de changement climatique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112358/document.
Climate change and biological invasions are both among the greatest threats to biodiversity and their impacts might increase by the end of the century. Among invasive species, ants are a prominent group due to their negative impacts on native species, ecosystem processes, human and animal health, agro-ecosystems and the economy. The objective of this thesis was to forecast future ant invasions – especially in the light of on-going climate change, which is generally thought to favour invasive species by removing thermal barriers. I used three complementary approaches to study the potential of different ant species to invade in the future: species distribution modelling, behavioural experiments and the analysis of a database of ecological traits. I modelled suitable area for 15 of the worst invasive ant species, both currently and with predicted climate change, globally, regionally and within the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots. Surprisingly, the potential distribution of only five species was predicted to increase (up to 35.8%) with climate change, with most declining by up to 63.3%. The ant invasion hotspots are predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa, Asia and Oceanic islands, and particularly correspond with biodiversity hotspots. Contrary to general expectations, climate change and biological invasions will not systematically act synergistically for ants. In addition, I found that the impacts of climate change can change over time and even reverse the trend of the impact (i.e., an increase instead of a decrease or vice versa). However, ant invasions will likely remain as a major global problem, especially where invasion hotspots coincide with biodiversity hotspots. The species distribution models have identified large potentially overlapping distributions of several invasive ants. In the future, these species may arrive simultaneously in the same regions and compete with each other. In a series of experiments, I tested behavioural differences among 7 highly invasive ant species (Anoplolepis gracilipes, Paratrechina longicornis, Myrmica rubra, Linepithema humile, Lasius neglectus, Wasmannia auropunctata and Pheidole megacephala). I discovered two different behavioural strategies among invasive ants. Interactions at the colony level, exhibited more complex demographic processes and more variability. Further, I investigated resource competition and differences in resource exploitation. I found significant differences among species, with competitive abilities that were negatively correlated with behavioural dominance. This series of experiments suggests that the ‘mechanisms’ of invasiveness are more complex than previously thought and that different invasive ant species may use different behavioural strategies. Since there are more than 250 exotic species of ants, it would be interesting to identify potential future invaders. In order to identify traits associated with invasiveness in ants, I set up a database with 2193 ant species and 24 ecological characteristics. I performed a preliminary analysis of trait differences between native and invasive ants that shows clearly different clusters of invasive and native species, with exotic species in between. These results could be used as a basis to construct a predictive model of future ant invasions. The different methods used (models, experiments, database) are complementary in that they explore different aspects of the future ant invasions which are likely to be influenced by on-going climate change. The worst invaders of tomorrow may not be the same as today and similarly, areas most at risk are likely to change
Blanck, Aurélie. "Variabilité des traits d'histoire de vie de poissons d'eau douce Européens à différentes échelles spatiales et niveaux biologiques : (population et espèce)." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10071.
The objective of improving understanding of life-history traits of organisms and their variation is recurrent in ecology. It is now widely accepted that environmental constraints in freshwaters play a key role in life-history trait variations in fish. In this context, this work aims to study the relationships between life-history traits of European freshwater fish and their environment focusing on different biological levels (population and species) and different spatial scales (continental, regional and local scales). Using biological and environmental data from published sources at the European scale and from field work in the Rhone river basin, this work illustrates (1) the effect of temperature at the continental and regional scales on several population traits, that are not confirmed for all species and (2) the weak effect of hydraulics at the continental and regional scales on population traits. By contrast, this work identifies more important relationships between hydraulics and traits than between temperature and traits at the species level. Microhabitat hydraulics seems to provide a template for species ecological strategies with fast-flowing and shallow microhabitats (riffles) selecting opportunistic species. The comparison between the intraspecific variation in traits and the interspecific variation in traits illustrates the relevance of using traits estimated at the species level and at the regional scale, and traits such as fecundity and traits associated with body size estimated at the species level from literature, in interspecific and inter-communities comparative approaches. By integrating variation of multiple traits in different biological levels and at different spatial scales, my thesis provides interesting elements for ecologists of different disciplines such as population biology and dynamics, species biology, community ecology and evolutionary ecology
Aguilar, Trigueros Carlos Alejandro [Verfasser]. "Understanding the ecological role of root infecting fungi through phenomenological and trait based approches / Carlos Alejandro Aguilar Trigueros." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1073150828/34.
Bass, Julia [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Kleyer, and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Zotz. "Biodiversity effects on dune and salt marsh biogeomorphology: a trait-based approach / Julia Bass ; Michael Kleyer, Gerhard Zotz." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1205879072/34.
Bolund, Elisabeth. "Condition dependence and fitness consequences of sexual traits in zebra finches." Diss., lmu, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-102858.
Bergmann, Joana [Verfasser]. "Root traits and their effect in plant-soil interactions / Joana Bergmann." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1159900531/34.
Fritsch, Manon. "Traits biologiques et exploitation du bar commun Dicentrarchus labrax (L. ) dans les pêcheries françaises de la Manche et du golfe de Gascogne." Brest, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BRES2023.
Sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (Linné, 1758) is a fish of major interest in France and in the British Isles. It is the main target species for some anglers and a growing number of professional fishermen. In spite of this, the reproduction of sea bass in natural environment, the identification of its populations, as well as the fleet participating to and the level of its exploitation are poorly known. Thus, in the perspective of a future management of the bass fisheries, this thesis collected required data for the analysis of the sea bass resource in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay. A first chapter describes to the principal biological and ecological characteristics of Dicentrarchus labrax. The five following chapters deal successively with: (i) the sexual ripening of the English Channel females and their spawning progress during the reproductive season; (ii) the identification of the sea bass populations in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay, from genetic (microsatellite loci) and tagging data; (iii) the recreational and professional fishermen who target this species in the same area; (iv) its exploitation by these fishermen; and finally (v) the current state of sea bass stocks
Ruaux, Brigitte. "Les plantes envahissantes des corridors fluviaux : traits biologiques, impacts de Ludwigia péploides et L.grandiflora en Loire moyenne et implications pour la gestion." Thesis, Tours, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOUR4040/document.
In the Loire catchment, and particularly in the middle Loire River, two species of water primroses (Ludwigia peploides (Kunth) Raven subsp. montevidensis (Spreng.) Raven and L. grandiflora (Michx.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. hexapetala (Hook. & Arn.) Nesom & Kartesz) which are invading exotic amphiphytes. They, mainly colonize former channels and river banks in the in between-dykes floodplain. This thesis studies the biology (reproduction, establishment, dispersal, …) of those two taxa, their effects on plant and animal communities (aquatic macro-invertebrates) in order to optimize their management. The results of the field surveys as well as in situ and ex situ experimentations show in particular: (i) differences between the two species concerning their reproduction features and their development in former channels and river banks, (ii) the possibility of a complete sexual reproduction cycle in the climatic conditions of the middle Loire River, (iii) the absence of effetcs on hydrophyte communities but a negative one on riparian communities, (iv) few differences between the diversity and the structure of invertebrate communities in stands of both native macrophytes and exotic ones. From those results we suggest a survey and management protocol for water primroses in the two types of habitats (former channels and river banks), including in particular the new piece of data on high probability of sexual reproduction
Avrabos, Charilaos [Verfasser], and Rainer [Akademischer Betreuer] Landgraf. "Brain circuit dynamics related to extremes in trait anxiety in mice / Charilaos Avrabos. Betreuer: Rainer Landgraf." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1028325533/34.
Ismaeil, Ibrahim. "Effets d’un stress thermique chaud sur les traits de vie et le succès parasitaire du parasitoïde de pucerons Aphidius ervi (Aphidiidae), agent de lutte biologique." Amiens, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AMIE0105.
Natural populations are commonly exposed to fluctuations of temperature and poikilothermic organisms such as insects are particularly sensitive to such variations which can represent potential stresses, ultimately affecting their life history traits and their overall fitness. The present study focused on the solitary endoparasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae Aphidiidae), an efficient biological control agent commercially used against aphids such as the potato aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae Thomas (Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae). We here evaluated the effects of mild heat stresses (at 25°C or 28°C, applied for either 1h or 48h) on young adults of A. Ervi and on the fitness of their first generation (F1) progeny. Only heat stresses of 48h had a strong impact on the wasps’ mortality while all treatments reduced the male longevity. Heat-stresses applied to A. Ervi parents also had consequences on their F1 progeny whose developmental time, rate of mummification and success of parasitism were negatively affected. Surprisingly, the fecundity of the F1 female progeny was increased when their mother had been submitted to a mild heat stress of 25°C. The increased fecundity of the F1 female progeny is suggested to result from a homeostatic, hormesis-like effect implying trans-generational phenotypic plasticity, thus illustrating the complexity of insect responses, and underlying mechanisms, to fluctuating conditions of their natural environment. Such phenomenon is believed to be adaptive as organisms with the induced phenotype are expected to experience a greater fitness
Ismail, Mohannad. "Plasticité de la réponse à l'exposition au froid chez Aphidius ervi dans le cadre des processus de stockage utilisés en lutte biologique." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00588289.
Hägebarth, Andrea. "Brk tyrosine kinase signaling in the gastrointestinal tract." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15379.
The Breast tumor kinase Brk is a prototypical non-myristoylated, non-receptor tyrosine kinase. Brk expression is epithelial-specific and ,in normal tissues, restricted to cells exiting the cell cycle and undergoing terminal differentiation. To determine the biological role of Brk in the gastrointestinal tract, we disrupted mouse brk by homologous recombination. Loss of Brk in the mouse resulted in increased intestinal epithelial cell turnover and the appearance of longer small intestinal villi. Brk deficient mice displayed enhanced accumulation of nuclear (-catenin and upregulation of the (-catenin target gene c-myc in the crypt compartment of small and large intestine. In addition, Brk deficient mice exhibited increased Akt kinase activity. Even though, there was no corresponding difference in base-line apoptosis in untreated wild-type and knockout animals. However, subjected to (-irradiation, Brk deficient animals were significantly impaired in the apoptotic response. Wild-type mice, however, exhibited normal levels of apoptosis following (-irradiation accompanied by a rapid induction of Brk expression in crypt cells. Furthermore, chronic inflammation was observed in Brk deficient mice, and they showed increased susceptibility to a colon injury model utilizing DSS. Interestingly, wild-type mice exhibited a significant upregulation of nuclear Brk protein throughout the intestinal epithelium in response to DSS. These recent findings suggest that Brk plays a crucial role in the maintenance of intestinal tissue homeostasis and integrity. In addition, Brk may function to protect the intestinal epithelium against DNA-replication-induced errors and hence the development of cancer. Contrary to reported oncogenic properties of Brk in other epithelial tissues, Brk appears to have tumor suppressor-like functions in the mouse gastrointestinal epithelium.
Grunert, Michaela. "Die Charakterisierung des rezeptornahen Signalweges der TRAIL-induzierten Aktivierung von NF-κB". Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-145209.
Kossmann, Guido [Verfasser]. "Plant functional traits and ecosystem functions in experimental grassland stands / Guido Kossmann." Bayreuth : Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, 2006. http://d-nb.info/979898854/34.
Klemmer, Daniel [Verfasser], Michael [Gutachter] Lässig, and Thomas [Gutachter] Wiehe. "Quantitative Traits and Phenotypic Interference / Daniel Klemmer ; Gutachter: Michael Lässig, Thomas Wiehe." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1175091596/34.
Kühsel, Sara [Verfasser], Nico [Akademischer Betreuer] Blüthgen, and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Jürgens. "Pollinator trait diversity: functional implications at different land-use intensities and environmental conditions / Sara Kühsel. Betreuer: Nico Blüthgen ; Andreas Jürgens." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1112044779/34.
Bergholz, Kolja [Verfasser], Florian [Akademischer Betreuer] Jeltsch, Jana [Gutachter] Petermann, and Anja [Gutachter] Linstädter. "Trait-based understanding of plant species distributions along environmental gradients / Kolja Bergholz ; Gutachter: Jana Petermann, Anja Linstädter ; Betreuer: Florian Jeltsch." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1218404604/34.
Tiede, Yvonne Christin [Verfasser], and Nina [Akademischer Betreuer] Farwig. "Multiple facets of biodiversity: Assembly processes, trait composition, and functionality along tropical elevation gradients / Yvonne Christin Tiede ; Betreuer: Nina Farwig." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1150398701/34.
Pottier, Julien. "Structures spatiales et traits biologiques du voisinage de la plante au paysage : le cas des digues restaurées des canaux de dérivation du Rhône." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482451.