Статті в журналах: "Trophonios"

1

Bonnechere, Pierre. "Notes trophoniaques, V." Mnemosyne 68, no. 1 (January 20, 2015): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12301466.

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In his lost book On the descent to Trophonios (F 81 Mihrady), Dicaearchus alludes to the tomb of Harpalus’ courtesan, Pythionike. The contextualisation of the fragment cited by Athenaeus allows us to explain why the sophist made this allusion, considered trivial up to now : Harpalus, as it was believed, had evoked the soul of Pythionike in the East, thanks to the intervention of the Magoi. The oracle of Trophonius at Lebadeia implied a revelation quite close to nekyomancy, and Trophonius himself was associated with Magoi and their religious personality by Strabo and Lucian. Besides, this paper also comments on Python’s drama, Agên satyrikos (tgf 91 F 1 Snell), on the Greek mindset on the localities called ‘aornon’, and the difficulty of distinguishing facts of representation from real facts.

2

Bonnechere, Pierre. "La personnalité mythologique de Trophonios." Revue de l'histoire des religions 216, no. 3 (1999): 259–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhr.1999.1091.

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3

Bonnechere, Pierre. "La scène d'initiation des Nuées d'Aristophane et Trophonios : nouvelles lumières sur le culte lébadéen." Revue des Études Grecques 111, no. 2 (1998): 436–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/reg.1998.4335.

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4

Bonnechere, Pierre. "Notes trophoniaques, III : Héliodore, Éthiopiques, I, 28, 1 – 29, 4 , II, 11, 5. La caverne des brigands égyptiens et Trophonios." L'antiquité classique 78, no. 1 (2009): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/antiq.2009.3747.

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5

APPLETON, P. L., and K. VICKERMAN. "In vitro cultivation and developmental cycle in culture of a parasitic dinoflagellate (Hematodinium sp.) associated with mortality of the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) in British waters." Parasitology 116, no. 2 (February 1998): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182097002096.

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Dinoflagellates are common and often important parasites of aquatic organisms, but their developmental cycles are poorly known and have not been established in in vitro culture. The parasitic dinoflagellate (Hematodinium sp.) associated with mortality of the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) in British waters has been cultivated in vitro in 10% foetal calf serum in a balanced Nephrops saline. In culture the parasite undergoes a characteristic cycle of development. Circulating sporoblasts from the host's haemolymph in vitro generate 2 kinds of flagellated uninucleate dinospore, macrospores and microspores, either of which will, after 5 weeks in fresh medium, germinate to produce multinucleate unattached filamentous trophonts. These trophonts multiply by fragmentation and growth and may be serially subcultured in this form, at 2 week intervals, indefinitely. If not subcultured, the filamentous trophonts give rise to colonies of radiating filaments (‘gorgonlocks’) which subsequently attach to the substratum to form flattened web-like ‘arachnoid’ multi-nucleate trophonts. Arachnoid trophonts become arachnoid sporonts when they synthesize trichocysts and flagellar hairs and may give rise to secondary arachnoid sporonts or to dinospores which initiate a new cycle.

6

MA, RUI, BING NI, XINPENG FAN, ALAN WARREN, FEI YIN, and FUKANG GU. "Ultrastructure observation on the cells at different life history stages of Cryptocaryon irritans (Ciliophora: Prostomatea), a parasitic ciliate of marine fishes." Parasitology 143, no. 11 (June 17, 2016): 1479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001074.

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SUMMARYCells of Cryptocaryon irritans at different life history stages were studied using both light and electron microscopy. The characteristics of several organelles were revealed for the first time at the ultrastructural level. It was confirmed that the cytostome of trophonts, protomonts and theronts was surrounded by cilium–palp triplets rather than ciliary triplets. The nematodesmata underlying the circumoral dikinetids were single bundles, whereas these were always paired in Prorodontids. Toxicysts were present in late-stage tomonts and theronts, but were absent in trophonts and protomonts. We posited that toxicysts might play a role in infection and invasion of host-fish tissue by theronts. The adoral brosse was unlike that of any other family of the class Prostomatea based on its location and morphology. Membranous folds were present in trophonts, protomonts and theronts. These folds were longer and more highly developed in C. irritans than in exclusively free-living prostome ciliates suggesting that they might be linked to parasitism in C. irritans. Trophonts, protomonts and theronts had multiple contractile vacuoles. The basic ultrastructure of the contractile vacuole of C. irritans was similar to that of other kinetofragminophoran ciliates. They might play different roles in different stages of the life cycle since their ultrastructure varied among trophonts, protomonts and theronts.

7

LI, CAIWEN, TERRENCE L. MILLER, HAMISH J. SMALL, and JEFFREY D. SHIELDS. "In vitro culture and developmental cycle of the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium sp. from the blue crab Callinectes sapidus." Parasitology 138, no. 14 (September 9, 2011): 1924–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001405.

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SUMMARYHematodinium is a genus of parasitic dinoflagellates whose species have caused significant mortalities in marine crustacean fisheries worldwide. A species of Hematodinium infects the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus on the eastern seaboard of the USA. The mode of transmission of the parasite in blue crabs is unknown. We established several continuous in vitro cultures of Hematodinium sp. isolated from the haemolymph of infected blue crabs. One isolate has been continuously maintained in our laboratory through serial subcultivation for over 12 months, and is capable of infecting new hosts when inoculated into healthy crabs. Cells of the parasite undergo characteristic developmental changes in vitro consistent with the identifiable stages of Hematodinium sp.: filamentous trophonts, amoeboid trophonts, arachnoid trophonts and sporonts, sporoblasts, prespores and dinospores (macrospores and microspores). Additionally, we describe an unusual shunt in the life cycle wherein presumptive schizonts derived from arachnoid sporonts developed into filamentous and arachnoid trophonts that can then initiate arachnoid sporonts in new cultures. This may explain the rapid proliferation of the parasite in blue crab hosts. We also found that temperature and light intensity affected the growth and development of the parasite in vitro.

8

Bower, Susan M., and Gary R. Meyer. "Morphology and ultrastructure of a protistan pathogen in the haemolymph of shrimp (Pandalus spp.) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean." Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 6 (June 1, 2002): 1055–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-080.

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A eukaryotic parasite of uncertain taxonomic affiliation, with superficial similarity to parasitic dinoflagellates (large plasmodia and numerous trophonts) but a different mechanism of nuclear division and a lack of organelles characteristic of parasitic dinoflagellates, is described from spot prawns (Pandalus platyceros). Up to 20% of the spot prawns examined from Malaspina Strait, British Columbia, were infected. Infections in the majority of the prawns were cryptic (asymptomatic) but of sufficient duration to affect secondary sexual characteristics and castrate the host. Cryptic infections consisted of plasmodia containing numerous nuclei. The plasmodia were observed in the haemal sinuses of all tissues. In mature plasmodia the nuclei stopped dividing and showed a peripheral chromatin ring, an internal chromatin web, and up to three tiny nucleoli. Mature plasmodia divided into numerous uninucleate trophonts, resulting in symptoms of lethargy, orange discoloration, and milky haemolymph caused by a plethora of either spherical or discoid trophonts. Symptomatic infections of the prawns fished with traps rarely exceeded 2%. In 3 of the 156 symptomatic prawns examined, about 30% of the trophonts were in the process of binary fission. During mitosis the nuclear membrane was persistent, but openings (about 0.8 µm in width) at either pole accommodated emergent spindle-pole bodies to which the few chromosomes were attached by microtubules. Attempts to transmit the infection between prawns in the laboratory were unsuccessful.

9

Kapkova, Svetlana Yu. "TROPHONYMS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS IN MODERNENGLISH LITERARY FAIRY TALE." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Linguistics), no. 1 (2019): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-712x-2019-1-47-56.

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10

Haites, Ruth E., Anne E. Watt, Derek A. Russell, and Helen Billman-Jacobe. "Infection of Slugs with Theronts of the Ciliate Protozoan, Tetrahymena rostrata." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091970.

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Tetrahymena rostrata is a free-living ciliated protozoan and is a facultative parasite of some species of terrestrial mollusks. It is a potential biopesticide of pest slugs, such as the grey field slug, which cause considerable damage to crops. T. rostrata has several developmental forms. Homogeneous preparations of the feeding stage cells (trophonts) and excysted stage cells (theronts) were compared for their ability to infect and kill Deroceras reticulatum slugs. Theronts were more effective and remained viable and infective, even after prolonged starvation.

11

Bai, Jian-Shan, Ming-Quan Xie, Xing-Quan Zhu, Xue-Ming Dan, and An-Xing Li. "Comparative studies on the immunogenicity of theronts, tomonts and trophonts of Cryptocaryon irritans in grouper." Parasitology Research 102, no. 2 (October 10, 2007): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-007-0766-6.

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12

Starikova, Galina N., and Hoang Thi Hong Trang. "Trophonyms (restauronyms) as a special type of ergonyms (on the material of Moscow eating place names)." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Filologiya, no. 47 (June 1, 2017): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19986645/47/5.

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13

Wahli, T., and RA Matthews. "Ichthyophthiriasis in carp Cyprinus carpio:infectivity of trophonts prematurely exiting both the immune and non-immune host." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 36 (1999): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao036201.

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14

Xu, De-Hai, Phillip H. Klesius, and Craig A. Shoemaker. "Protective immunity of Nile tilapia against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis post-immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 25, no. 1-2 (July 2008): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.03.012.

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15

HOUART, ROLAND, and JAVIER SELLANES. "New data on recently described Chilean trophonines (Gastropoda: Muricidae), description of a new species and notes of their occurrence at a cold seep site." Zootaxa 1222, no. 1 (June 1, 2006): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1222.1.2.

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Additional specimens of three newly described Chilean species of Trophon s.l. Monfort, 1810 have been dredged recently off south-central Chile, and we here list the new data and illustrate the radulae. Another species, Trophon wilhelmensis Ramírez-Bohme, 1981, is combined with Coronium Simone, 1996. Pagodula concepcionensis n. sp. is described and another species remains unidentified. A type species is designated for Pagodula Monterosato, 1884. Part of the new material comes from an area of methane seepage located northwest of the Bay of Concepción, from 726 to 930 m depth. Many drilled valves of two species of chemosymbiotic clams (Calyptogena gallardoi Sellanes & Krylova, 2005 and Thyasira methanophila Oliver & Sellanes, 2005) were also obtained at the seep site. We assume that this holes document attacks of this trophonines to the clams.

16

Braček, Tadej. "Fact, Myth and Legend in Matthew Arnold’s Westminster Abbey." ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 4, no. 1-2 (June 16, 2007): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.4.1-2.99-106.

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The paper deals with the multilayered elegy “Westminster Abbey;” which was not given a lot of attention by Matthew Arnold’s critics. The poem is dedicated to Arnold’s life-long friend Dean Stanley; who was; like Arnold himself; “a child of light.” The term refers to their common fight against Philistinism in the English society of the time. As the poem is about a real person; it contains real data; such as excerpts from Stanley’s life; described in the form of praise. However; the poem also introduces the old Saxon legend of consecration of the Abbey; namely the consecration by the light; performed by the First Apostle (St Peter) himself. In addition to the legend; Arnold also used some classical Greek allusions to depict the late Dean’s character. In one of the allusions; Stanley is associated with Demophon; whose immortality was never achieved due to the fault of another human; and in the second he is transformed into an everlasting oracle of the Abbey using the Trophonius; a builder of Delphi; metaphor. All elements of the poem form a homogenous eulogy; making it worthwhile reading for English scholars and students; and possibly a candidate for the English poetic canon.

17

Daley, Brian E. "Apollo as a Chalcedonian: A New Fragment of a Controversial Work from Early Sixth-Century Constantinople." Traditio 50 (1995): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362152900013155.

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It seems to have been something of a Christian commonplace, at the turn of the fifth century, to taunt the ancient pagan oracles for being unable to predict their own demise. “Where are the frightening and shadowy spectres of Hecate,” asked Gregory of Nazianzus in his Epiphany sermon of 380 or 381, “and the subterranean tricks and prophecies of Trophonius, or the mutterings of the oak of Dodona, or the sophistries of the Delphic tripod, or the prophetic drink of Castalia? The only thing they could not prophesy was this: their own falling into silence.” Commenting, some thirty years later, on the stinging challenge to the prophetic powers of the pagan gods in Isaiah 41:22, Jerome observed “that after the coming of Christ all the idols have fallen silent. Where is Delphic Apollo and Loxias, Delian and Clarian [Apollo], and the other idols that promised knowledge of the future and deceived mighty kings? Why were they able to foretell nothing about Christ, nothing about his apostles, nothing about the ruin and abandonment of their temples? If, then, they were not able to foretell their own downfall, how could they foretell the good or bad fortunes of others?”

18

Landers, Stephen C., and Rex A. Treadaway. "Analysis of Endocytosis and Food Plaquette Formation in the Ciliated Protozoan Hyalophysa." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (July 1998): 1152–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600025885.

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The ciliated protozoan Hyalophysa is a symbiont of a variety of crustaceans, including grass shrimp, hermit crabs, and blue crabs. At the molting of the host, the attached protozoans excyst and swim into the exoskeleton to feed by pinocytosis on exuvial fluid. The feeding trophonts expand to many times their original size, transforming into cells that are little more than large food vacuoles with a rim of cytoplasm stretched around the perimeter. After feeding for the only time during their life cycle, they settle on the substrate to encyst and divide into daughter tomites, and in doing so they divide the food vacuole. The tomites then leave the cyst and attach to a crustacean for their next opportunity to feed at molting.We have followed endocytosis in Hyalophysa using two dyes, nigrosin and congo red, in order to understand the digestive process.

19

Moodi, Saeed, Sakineh Yeganeh, Marzieh Heidarieh, and Omid Safari. "Trichostatin A (TSA) levels in response to treatment of rainbow trout with gamma-irradiated trophonts against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis." Comparative Clinical Pathology 28, no. 2 (February 2, 2019): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00580-019-02903-4.

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20

Xu, Kuidong, Yanli Lei, Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid, and Weibo Song. "Two new ectoparasitic ciliates, Sphenophrya solinis sp. nov. and Planeticovorticella paradoxa sp. nov. (Protozoa: Ciliophora), from marine molluscs." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 2 (February 7, 2011): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410001967.

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Two new species of ciliates parasitizing marine molluscs in the Yellow Sea were described using live observation, protargol and wet silver impregnation: Sphenophrya solinis sp. nov. from the gills of Solen grandis and Planeticovorticella paradoxa sp. nov. from the gills as well as the mantle cavity of Meretrix meretrix. Sphenophrya solinis is elongate boat-shaped, and characterized by having the right system of 5–6 kineties more or less distinctly longer than the left system of 3–5 kineties and the bud formed on the dorsal left of body during budding. Planeticovorticella paradoxa is a second member of the genus Planeticovorticella, and characterized by the free-swimming, cylindroidal trophonts usually with no stalk or with a very short and non-contractile stalk, the C-shaped macronucleus longitudinally oriented in mid-body, and the apically located contractile vacuole. The morphology, infraciliature and morphometry of the two new species were studied in detail and compared with those of their most similar congeners.

21

Xu, De-Hai, Phillip H. Klesius, and Craig A. Shoemaker. "Effect of immunization of channel catfish with inactivated trophonts on serum and cutaneous antibody titers and survival against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis." Fish & Shellfish Immunology 26, no. 4 (April 2009): 614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2008.09.015.

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22

Gómez, F., and T. Horiguchi. "ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE BASAL DINOFLAGELLATE Ellobiopsis chattoni (ELLOBIOPSIDAE, ALVEOLATA), PARASITE OF COPEPODS." CICIMAR Oceánides 29, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v29i2.135.

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Ellobiopsis chattoni is the type species of the ellobiopsids, an enigmatic lineage of parasitic alveolates that branched between the syndinean dinoflagellates and the perkinsids. We have investigated the ultrastructure of four trophonts from three calanoid copepod hosts collected from the port of Valencia, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The cell wall showed a thick and homogenous layer and flask-shaped mucocysts that excreted an electron-dense substance that forms the outer layer. The cell wall in the attachment peduncle of Ellobiopsis was thicker and with numerous invaginations. The inner section showed numerous longitudinal channels here interpreted as conduits for the transport of host fluids. Trophomere and gonomere were separated by a thin septum with a central pore. Before the mature gonomere detached from the trophomere, the area of junction became undulated. Deficiencies in the fixation of the membrane organelle preclude discussing on other ultrastructural features. To date the ultrastructure of three ellobiopsid genera have been examined. The trophonts of Ellobiopsis and Thalassomyces showed a high similarity in the cell wall, with characteristic flaskshaped mucocysts. The lack of flask-shaped mucocysts in Ellobiocystis and other morphological and ecological differences argue against the monophyly of the ellobiopsids. Caracteres ultrastucturales del dinoflagelado basal Ellobiopsis chattoni (Ellobiopsidae, Alveolata), un parásito de copépodos Ellobiopsis chattoni es la especie tipo de los ellobiópsidos, un enigmático linaje de alveolados parásitos que se sitúa entre los dinoflagelados Syndiniales y los perkinsoides. Hemos examinado la ultraestructura de cuatro trofontes que parasitaban tres copépodos calanoides procedentes del puerto de Valencia, Mediterráneo noroccidental. La pared celular presenta una capa gruesa y homogénea con mucocistos con forma de matraz que excretan una substancia electro-densa que forma la capa externa. El pedúnculo de adhesión de Ellobiopsis presenta una pared celular más ancha y con numerosas invaginaciones. El pedúnculo en su sección interna muestra numerosos canales longitudinales cuya función se ha interpretado como conductos para el transporte de los fluidos del hospedador. El trofonte y el gonómero están separados por un fino septo con un poro central. Esa región de unión es undulada cuando el gonomero maduro se separe del trofonte. Otros caracteres ultrastructurales no pueden ser descritos debido a deficiencias en la fijación de las membranas de los orgánulos. Hasta ahora se ha examinado la ultrastructura de tres géneros de ellobiopsidos. Los trofontes de Ellobiopsis y Thalassomyces muestran una gran similitud en su pared celular que presenta el mismo tipo de mucocistos. En contraste, la falta de mucocistos con forma de matraz en Ellobiocystis, además de otras diferencias morfológicas y ecológicas, pone en duda el supuesto origen monofilético de los ellobiópsidos.

23

Gómez, F., and T. Horiguchi. "ULTRASTRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE BASAL DINOFLAGELLATE Ellobiopsis chattoni (ELLOBIOPSIDAE, ALVEOLATA), PARASITE OF COPEPODS." CICIMAR Oceánides 29, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.37543/oceanides.v29i2.135.

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Ellobiopsis chattoni is the type species of the ellobiopsids, an enigmatic lineage of parasitic alveolates that branched between the syndinean dinoflagellates and the perkinsids. We have investigated the ultrastructure of four trophonts from three calanoid copepod hosts collected from the port of Valencia, northwestern Mediterranean Sea. The cell wall showed a thick and homogenous layer and flask-shaped mucocysts that excreted an electron-dense substance that forms the outer layer. The cell wall in the attachment peduncle of Ellobiopsis was thicker and with numerous invaginations. The inner section showed numerous longitudinal channels here interpreted as conduits for the transport of host fluids. Trophomere and gonomere were separated by a thin septum with a central pore. Before the mature gonomere detached from the trophomere, the area of junction became undulated. Deficiencies in the fixation of the membrane organelle preclude discussing on other ultrastructural features. To date the ultrastructure of three ellobiopsid genera have been examined. The trophonts of Ellobiopsis and Thalassomyces showed a high similarity in the cell wall, with characteristic flaskshaped mucocysts. The lack of flask-shaped mucocysts in Ellobiocystis and other morphological and ecological differences argue against the monophyly of the ellobiopsids. Caracteres ultrastucturales del dinoflagelado basal Ellobiopsis chattoni (Ellobiopsidae, Alveolata), un parásito de copépodos Ellobiopsis chattoni es la especie tipo de los ellobiópsidos, un enigmático linaje de alveolados parásitos que se sitúa entre los dinoflagelados Syndiniales y los perkinsoides. Hemos examinado la ultraestructura de cuatro trofontes que parasitaban tres copépodos calanoides procedentes del puerto de Valencia, Mediterráneo noroccidental. La pared celular presenta una capa gruesa y homogénea con mucocistos con forma de matraz que excretan una substancia electro-densa que forma la capa externa. El pedúnculo de adhesión de Ellobiopsis presenta una pared celular más ancha y con numerosas invaginaciones. El pedúnculo en su sección interna muestra numerosos canales longitudinales cuya función se ha interpretado como conductos para el transporte de los fluidos del hospedador. El trofonte y el gonómero están separados por un fino septo con un poro central. Esa región de unión es undulada cuando el gonomero maduro se separe del trofonte. Otros caracteres ultrastructurales no pueden ser descritos debido a deficiencias en la fijación de las membranas de los orgánulos. Hasta ahora se ha examinado la ultrastructura de tres géneros de ellobiopsidos. Los trofontes de Ellobiopsis y Thalassomyces muestran una gran similitud en su pared celular que presenta el mismo tipo de mucocistos. En contraste, la falta de mucocistos con forma de matraz en Ellobiocystis, además de otras diferencias morfológicas y ecológicas, pone en duda el supuesto origen monofilético de los ellobiópsidos.

24

Sun, H. Y., J. Noe, J. Barber, R. S. Coyne, D. Cassidy-Hanley, T. G. Clark, R. C. Findly, and H. W. Dickerson. "Endosymbiotic Bacteria in the Parasitic Ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 23 (October 9, 2009): 7445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00850-09.

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ABSTRACT Endosymbiotic bacteria were identified in the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a common pathogen of freshwater fish. PCR amplification of DNA prepared from two isolates of I. multifiliis, using primers that bind conserved sequences in bacterial 16S rRNA genes, generated an ∼1,460-bp DNA product, which was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis demonstrated that 16S rRNA gene sequences from three classes of bacteria were present in the PCR product. These included Alphaproteobacteria (Rickettsiales), Sphingobacteria, and Flavobacterium columnare. DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining showed endosymbionts dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of trophonts and, in most, but not all theronts. Endosymbionts were observed by transmission electron microscopy in the cytoplasm, surrounded by a prominent, electron-translucent halo characteristic of Rickettsia. Fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated that bacteria from the Rickettsiales and Sphingobacteriales classes are endosymbionts of I. multifiliis, found in the cytoplasm, but not in the macronucleus or micronucleus. In contrast, F. columnare was not detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. It likely adheres to I. multifiliis through association with cilia. The role that endosymbiotic bacteria play in the life history of I. multifiliis is not known.

25

MARTINS, M. L., J. R. E. MORAES, P. M. ANDRADE, S. H. C. SCHALCH, and F. R. MORAES. "Piscinoodinium pillulare (Schäperclaus, 1954) Lom, 1981 (Dinoflagellida) infection in cultivated freshwater fish from the Northeast region of São Paulo State, Brazil: parasitological and pathological aspects." Brazilian Journal of Biology 61, no. 4 (November 2001): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842001000400013.

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The Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil, received fishes for diagnosis from fish farmers reporting fish crowding at pond edges and in water inlets. Fifty-three out of 194 cases showed round to oval, immobile whitish structures, measuring up to 162 mm diameter, identified as the dinoflagellate Piscinoodinium pillulare. In 34 diagnosed cases the parasites were present in the gills, in 2 on body surface, and 9 in both. Thirty-one out of 53 were tambacu hybrids hosts; 7, Piaractus mesopotamicus; 6, Colossoma macropomum; 5, Leporinus macrocephalus; 3, Oreochromis niloticus; and 1, Prochilodus lineatus. Fish showed increased mucous production on body surface and gills, while ecchymosis in the caudal peduncle and operculum was present. The gills also showed paleness, congestion, and petechiae. Histopathology presented a great number of trophonts situated between secondary lamellae, fixed to or detached from the epithelium. Primary lamellae presented interstitial hemorrhages, severe hyperplasia of the epithelium, goblet cells, and mononuclear infiltrates. The present work is the first report of P. pillulare in Brazil and emphasizes the importance of this dinoflagellate which caused significant economic losses from 1995 through 1997.

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Xu, D.-H., P. H. Klesius, and R. A. Shelby. "Immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts." Journal of Fish Diseases 27, no. 3 (March 2004): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00523.x.

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HEIDARIEH, Marzieh, Maryam HEDAYATI RAD, Ali Reza MIRVAGHEFI, Adama DIALLO, Shalaleh MOUSAVI, Najmeh SHEIKHZADEH, and Amir Ali SHAHBAZFAR. "Effect of gamma irradiation on inactivation of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis trophonts and its efficacy on host response in experimentally immunized rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES 38 (2014): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/vet-1312-78.

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Byadgi, Omkar, Fabio Marroni, Ron Dirks, Michela Massimo, Donatella Volpatti, Marco Galeotti, and Paola Beraldo. "Transcriptome Analysis of Amyloodinium ocellatum Tomonts Revealed Basic Information on the Major Potential Virulence Factors." Genes 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2020): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11111252.

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The ectoparasite protozoan Amyloodinium ocellatum (AO) is the etiological agent of amyloodiniosis in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (ESB). There is a lack of information about basic molecular data on AO biology and its interaction with the host. Therefore, de novo transcriptome sequencing of AO tomonts was performed. AO trophonts were detached from infested ESB gills, and quickly becoming early tomonts were purified by Percoll® density gradient. Tomont total RNA was processed and quality was assessed immediately. cDNA libraries were constructed using TruSeq® Stranded mRNA kit and sequenced using Illumina sequencer. CLC assembly was used to generate the Transcriptome assembly of AO tomonts. Out of 48,188 contigs, 56.12% belong to dinophyceae wherein Symbiodinium microadriaticum had 94.61% similarity among dinophyceae. Functional annotations of contigs indicated that 12,677 had associated GO term, 9005 with KEGG term. The contigs belonging to dinophyceae resulted in the detection of several peptidases. A BLAST search for known virulent factors from the virulence database resulted in hits to Rab proteins, AP120, Ribosomal phosphoprotein, Heat-shock protein70, Casein kinases, Plasmepsin IV, and Brucipain. Hsp70 and casein kinase II alpha were characterized in-silico. Altogether, these results provide a reference database in understanding AO molecular biology, aiding to the development of novel diagnostics and future vaccines.

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Yao, Jia-Yun, Ming-Yue Gao, Yong-Yi Jia, Yan-Xia Wu, Wen-Lin Yin, Zheng Cao, Gui-Lian Yang, et al. "Evaluation of salinomycin isolated from Streptomyces albus JSY-2 against the ciliate, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis." Parasitology 146, no. 4 (November 14, 2018): 521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182018001919.

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AbstractThe present study was undertaken to investigate the antiparasitic activity of extracellular products of Streptomyces albus. Bioactivity-guided isolation of chloroform extracts affording a compound showing potent activity. The structure of the compound was elucidated as salinomycin (SAL) by EI-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. In vitro test showed that SAL has potent anti-parasitic efficacy against theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis with 10 min, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h (effective concentration) EC50 (95% confidence intervals) of 2.12 (2.22–2.02), 1.93 (1.98–1.88), 1.42 (1.47–1.37), 1.35 (1.41–1.31) and 1.11 (1.21–1.01) mg L−1. In vitro antiparasitic assays revealed that SAL could be 100% effective against I. multifiliis encysted tomonts at a concentration of 8.0 mg L−1. In vivo test demonstrated that the number of I. multifiliis trophonts on Erythroculter ilishaeformis treated with SAL was markedly lower than that of control group at 10 days after exposed to theronts (P < 0.05). In the control group, 80% mortality was observed owing to heavy I. multifiliis infection at 10 days. On the other hand, only 30.0% mortality was recorded in the group treated with 8.0 mg L−1 SAL. The median lethal dose (LD50) of SAL for E. ilishaeformis was 32.9 mg L−1.

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HUANG, XIAOHONG, YANG XU, GUOWEI GUO, QIANQIAN LIN, ZHONGFENG YE, LIPING YUAN, ZHIYU SUN, and WEI NI. "Molecular characterization of an actin depolymerizing factor from Cryptocaryon irritans." Parasitology 140, no. 5 (January 4, 2013): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012001977.

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SUMMARYActin depolymerizing factors regulate actin dynamics involved in cellular processes such as morphogenesis, motility, development and infection. Here, a novel actin depolymerizing factor gene (CiADF2) was cloned from the cDNA library of Cryptocaryon irritans, a parasitic ciliate causing cryptocaryonosis. The full-length cDNA of CiADF2 was 531 bp. Its open reading frame (ORF) was 417 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 138 aa with typical features of the ADF/cofilin family. Reverse transcription-PCR suggested that CiADF2 is expressed in all stages of the life cycle. After site-directed mutagenesis of a non-universal genetic code, the ORF was subcloned in Escherichia coli. The bacteria were induced with the addition of isopropylthio-β-D-galactoside to express a fusion protein of recombinant CiADF2 (rCiADF2) with glutathione S transferase. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot confirmed the predicted molecular mass of rCiADF2 of 16·2 kDa. A mouse antibody against rCiADF2 recognized native CiADF2, and rCiADF2 reacted with mouse antisera against C. irritans trophonts. CiADF2 was abundant in the plasma around cytostomes, suggesting that CiADF2 is involved in ciliate movement. Moreover, rCiADF2 showed F-actin binding and depolymerizing activity. This study will help to clarify the pathogenic biology of the parasite and develop effective control measures for cryptocaryonosis.

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Dehon, Manuel, Michael S. Engel, Maxence Gérard, A. Murat Aytekin, Guillaume Ghisbain, Paul H. Williams, Pierre Rasmont, and Denis Michez. "Morphometric analysis of fossil bumble bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombini) reveals their taxonomic affinities." ZooKeys 891 (November 21, 2019): 71–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.891.36027.

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Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are a widespread corbiculate lineage (Apinae: Corbiculata: Bombini), mostly found among temperate and alpine ecosystems. Approximately 260 species have been recognized and grouped recently into a simplified system of 15 subgenera. Most of the species are nest-building and primitively eusocial. Species of Bombus have been more intensely studied than any other lineages of bees with the exception of the honey bees. However, most bumble bee fossils are poorly described and documented, making their placement relative to other Bombus uncertain. A large portion of the known and presumed bumble bee fossils were re-examined in an attempt to better understand their affinities with extant Bombini. The taxonomic affinities of fossil specimens were re-assessed based on morphological features and previous descriptions, and for 13 specimens based on geometric morphometrics of forewing shape. None of the specimens coming from Eocene and Oligocene deposits were assigned within the contemporary shape space of any subgenus of Bombus. It is shown that Calyptapis florissantensis Cockerell, 1906 (Eocene-Oligocene boundary, Florissant shale, Colorado, USA) and Oligobombus cuspidatus Antropov, 2014 (Late Eocene, Bembridge Marls) likely belong to stem-group Bombini. Bombus anacolus Zhang, 1994, B. dilectus Zhang, 1994, B. luianus Zhang, 1990 (Middle Miocene, Shanwang Formation), as well as B. vetustus Rasnitsyn & Michener, 1991 (Miocene, Botchi Formation) are considered as species inquirenda. In the Miocene, affinities of fossils with derived subgenera of Bombus s. l. increased, and some are included in the shape space of contemporary subgenera: Cullumanobombus (i.e., B. pristinus Unger, 1867, B. randeckensis Wappler & Engel, 2012, and B. trophonius Prokop, Dehon, Michez & Engel, 2017), Melanobombus (i.e., B. cerdanyensis Dehon, De Meulemeester & Engel, 2014), and Mendacibombus (i.e., B. beskonakensis (Nel & Petrulevičius, 2003), new combination), agreeing with previous estimates of diversification.

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Herczeg, Dávid, Dóra Sipos, Ádám Dán, Christina Loy, Dennis M. Kallert, and Edit Eszterbauer. "The effect of dietary immunostimulants on the susceptibility of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to the white spot parasite, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 65, no. 4 (December 2017): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2017.050.

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One of the main obstacles in freshwater aquaculture is the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), the causative agent of white spot disease. The use of immunostimulants as feed additives may be a promising approach to control Ich infection. In the present study, we tested the prophylactic effect of orally administered β-1,3/1,6-glucan and propolis extract E50 against Ich infection in common carp. In total, 122 fish were separated into three experimental groups fed with a control, 3% β-glucan and 1% propolis diet for 40 consecutive days, respectively. On day 40, 16 fish per group were individually exposed to Ich theronts and the number of trophonts was counted 5 days post exposure. Relative gene expression of interleukin 1-β (IL-1-β) in common carp liver was examined by qPCR. Compared to control, the mean infection intensity was lower in the β-glucan- and propolis-fed groups; however, the difference was not statistically significant. The relative expression of IL-1-β significantly decreased in the propolis-fed group at day 10. In the β-glucan-fed group, a significant IL-1-β decrease was detected at day 15 compared to control. Although the Ich infection intensity was slightly decreased in both treated groups, and IL-1-β was moderately down-regulated in the liver of common carp, our results suggest that the applied feeding regime is insufficient to prevent Ich outbreaks in common carp.

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Junior, Jair Alves Ferreira, André Santos Leonardo, João Paulo Monteiro Vieira Bayma Azevedo, Fábio Renato Rodrigues, Karla Alvarenga Nascimento, Juliana Targino Silva Almeida Macêdo, and Pedro Miguel Ocampos Pedroso. "Outbreak of Infection by Piscinoodinium pillulare and Trichodina spp. in Tambaquis (Colossoma macropomu), Pirapitingas (Piaractus brachypomus) and Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Federal District, Brazil." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (May 21, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86827.

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Background: Piscinoodinium pillulare is a mandatory mastigophore protozoan with no parasitic specificity, and an important ectoparasite of tropical and temperate psiculture. This parasite is responsible for serious health problems in Brazilian native fish. Another important pathogenic protozoan in psciculture belongs to the genus Trichodina spp., which is commonly found on the surface of fish, gills, fins, and integument. The aim of the present study was to describe an outbreak of P. pillulare andTrichodina spp. in three species of fish intensively created, emphasizing the anatomopathological and epidemiological aspects.Cases: Five animals were necropsied, among them three tambaquis (Colossoma macropomu), one pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) and one tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from an intensive psciculture in the Federal District. Out of 1500 fishes, 18 (1.2%) became ill and died. It was reported that the animals showed decreased feed intake, discomfort, dyspnea, opercular movements, red skin lesions and consequent death. In the direct examination of scraping of the body surface of a fish, preparedbetween lamina and coverslip, a ciliated ectoparasite, with a circular bell shape, measuring approximately 20-180 μm, adhered, with morphology consistent with Trichodina spp. was evidenced. During necropsy, fragments of different organs were collected and fixed in 10% formalin, routinely processed for histology, embedded in paraffin, cut to five microns thick and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Macroscopically, there were pale scaly areas in the medial-lateral regions, moderate increase amountof mucus with brown to green lumps on the body surface, partial loss of the fins, swollen gills with whitish mucus and multifocal hemorrhagic areas on the skin and between the scales. Microscopically, moderate multifocal lymphoplasmocytic branchitis was observed with cell hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamellae associated with trophons (protozoa), consistent with P. pillulare.Discussion: The diagnosis of infection by P. pillulare and Trichodina spp. in this study was based on the epidemiological and clinical-pathological findings. Regarding the first ones, we highlight the variety of fish species affected. P. pillulare is an example of a commensal parasite present on the substrate of culture tanks, and exerts a type of non-obligatory parasitism that uses the fish as a substrate for its fixation under favorable conditions. In this case, only Trichodina spp. was observed during the traditional evaluation of body surface and gills scraping, and histopathology was essential for the verification of the agent P. pillulare. Routine histopathological analysis may also provide a definitive diagnosis, observing the trophons attached to the gill filaments. Atrophy and fusion of secondary lamellae, which promote proliferative lesions in the gills associated with the interlamellar presence of parasites, are responsible for hypoxia, loss of balance and erratic movements. Although they were observed in a small number, Trichodina spp. are believed to be responsible, on a larger scale, for hemorrhagic lesions on the skin and between fish scales. These findings were similar to those of the literature, and the diagnosis of these parasites allows producers and technicians to adopt adequate treatment, as well as prophylactic measures that provide good environmental conditions in order to avoid economic losses.Keywords: fish diseases, protozoa, fish ectoparasites.

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von Gersdorff Jørgensen, L., R. D. Heinecke, K. Skjødt, K. J. Rasmussen, and K. Buchmann. "Experimental evidence for direct in situ binding of IgM and IgT to early trophonts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet) in the gills of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)." Journal of Fish Diseases 34, no. 10 (September 14, 2011): 749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01291.x.

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Ramos, Dirceu Guilherme de Souza. "Infection outbreak for Piscinoodinium pillulare in Piaractus brachypomus from aquaculture farm in Brazilian cerrado." International Journal of Hydrology 4, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/ijh.2020.04.00231.

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The Brazilian aquaculture stands out due to the climate and water availability, and grows along with the world fish production, due especially to the human population growth. The Piaractus spp. shows great participation in production due to the high economic value and productive performance, and because species of the genus are native from South America, including Brazil. Fish are susceptible to parasitizing infection by Piscinoodinium pillulare, a protozoa that causes a disease known as “rust disease”, even more at high population densities and stressful circunstances. An outbreak was observed in a semi intensive aquaculture farming property of Piaractus spp. for preservation, and without any commercial interest, in the municipality of Jataí, Goiás, Brazil, where the main characteristics were: dying fish on the water surface; petechiae in the ventral region of the body, especially in the abdomen; ulcers in the cranial portion; inappetence; and high mortality rates. Three specimens of P. brachypomus were captured and a scraped was performed on the body surface and gills and subjected to microscopic analysis. After microscopic analysis, P. pillulare was observed in slides of all samples. The diagnose was based only on the visualization of P. pillulare trophons (protozoa) in the skin and gills of the fish. The populational and climate conditions that P. brachypomus were exposed at Brazilian Cerrado are equivalent with those required to lead fish to stressful conditions and thus, make them susceptible to parasites infections, such as P. pillulare.

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"TROPHONIOS (LEBADEIA)." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 33, Supplement_38_Part_3 (February 1, 1986): 66–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1994.tb01826.x.

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"LETHE (LEBADEIA) See TROPHONIOS (LEBADEIA)." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 33, Supplement_38_Part_2 (January 1, 1986): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1986.tb01542.x.

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"MEGALOI THECI See KABIROI (KABIRION), METER (LEBADEIA), TROPHONIOS (LEBADEIA)." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 33, Supplement_38_Part_2 (January 1, 1986): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1986.tb01556.x.

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Pirenne-Delforge, Vinciane. "Pierre Bonnechere, Trophonios de Lébadée. Cultes et mythes d’une cité béotienne au miroir de la mentalité antique." Kernos, no. 17 (January 1, 2004). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/kernos.1503.

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Thomas, Dani, A. Navaneeth Krishnan, P. Ezhil Praveena, J. Raymond Jani Angel, M. Kailasam, and K. P. Jithendran. "Amyloodinium sp. (Brown, 1931) (Dinoflagellida) infestation in captive stock of silver moony, Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758)." Indian Journal of Fisheries 67, no. 4 (December 31, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21077/ijf.2020.67.4.88605-19.

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This study was undertaken to investigate the cause of mortality in the captive stock of silver moony Monodactylus argenteus. The fishes showed severe infection of dinoflagellate protozoan Amyloodinium sp. (Blastodinida, Oodiniaceae) on gills and skin with complete mortality of the stock within a week. Histopathological changes were evident in the gill tissues with severe lamellar epithelial cell hyperplasia and lamellar fusions with the presence of trophonts of Amyloodinium sp. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also revealed trophonts of Amyloodinium sp. of varying sizes in groups consisting of 3 to 5 trophonts tightly attached to gill lamellae. Source water contaminated with the tiny infectious form of the parasite (dinospores) favoured by higher salinity and low water temperature in the rearing tank could be the triggering factor for the spurt of infections. Proper quarantine and biosecurity protocols to prevent the potential sources of water-borne infection sources are likely to be far more effective than treatment.

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Pan, Nan, Tao Niu, Muhammad Zeeshan Bhatti, Haiyang Zhang, Xinpeng Fan, Bing Ni, and Jiwu Chen. "Novel insights into molecular mechanisms of Pseudourostyla cristata encystment using comparative transcriptomics." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55608-7.

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AbstractThe encystment of many ciliates is an advanced survival strategy against adversity and the most important reason for ciliates existence worldwide. However, the molecular mechanism for the encystment of free-living ciliates is poorly understood. Here, we performed comparative transcriptomic analysis of dormant cysts and trophonts from Pseudourostyla cristata using transcriptomics, qRT-PCR and bioinformatic techniques. We identified 2565 differentially expressed unigenes between the dormant cysts and the trophonts. The total number of differentially expressed genes in GO database was 1752. The differential unigenes noted to the GO terms were 1993. These differential categories were mainly related to polyamine transport, pectin decomposition, cytoplasmic translation, ribosome, respiratory chain, ribosome structure, ion channel activity, and RNA ligation. A total of 224 different pathways were mapped. Among them, 184 pathways were upregulated, while 162 were downregulated. Further investigation showed that the calcium and AMPK signaling pathway had important induction effects on the encystment. In addition, FOXO and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis signaling pathway jointly regulated the encystment. Based on these findings, we propose a hypothetical signaling network that regulates Pseudourostyla cristata encystment. Overall, these results provide deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms of ciliates encystment and adaptation to adverse environments.

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Gomes, Ana Lucia Silva, Jesaías Ismael da Costa, Maria Linda Flora de Novaes Benetton, Geraldo Bernardino, and Andrea Belem-Costa. "A fast and practical method for initial diagnosis of Piscinoodinium pillulare outbreaks: piscinootest." Ciência Rural 48, no. 7 (July 23, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20170680.

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ABSTRACT: The dinoflagellate Piscinoodinium pillulare is a parasite with low parasitic specificity and unspecific geographical distribution. This research reported a simple and practical method - the principle of spontaneous sedimentation - to identify the presence of P. pillulare during massive infestations which does not require using precision equipment. Agitation in water of the gill arches of infested fish will elicit, after a period of rest, recording the accumulation of trophonts in the bottom of flasks. The method was applied during outbreaks of P. pillulare in tambaqui, Colossoma macropomum and matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus, in fish farms of the Amazon region and proved to be effective.

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Li, Anxing, Jianshan Bai, Mingquan Xie, and Xingquan Zhu. "Comparative studies on the immunogenicity of theronts, tomonts and trophonts of Cryptocaryon irritans in grouper." FASEB Journal 22, S1 (March 2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.859.15.

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Yin, Fei, Peibo Bao, Xiao Liu, Youbin Yu, Lei Wang, and Lumin Wang. "Antiparasitic Effect of Copper Alloy Surface on Cryptocaryon irritans in Aquaculture of Larimichthys crocea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 85, no. 3 (November 16, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01982-18.

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ABSTRACT Copper and alloys containing >60% copper by weight are antimicrobial. In aquaculture, copper alloys are used as part of corrosion-resistant cages or as part of copper coating. To test whether a copper alloy surface prevents the outbreak of parasitosis in the aquaculture of Larimichthys crocea, we covered the bottom of the aquaculture tank with sheets of copper alloy containing 74% to 78% copper, and we cultured L. crocea juveniles that had been artificially infected with the protozoan parasite Cryptocaryon irritans. Our results showed that these copper alloy sheets effectively blocked the infectious cycle of C. irritans within a 1-week period and significantly reduced the number of C. irritans trophonts and tomonts, thereby decreasing the mortality rate of L. crocea. In in vitro assays, the cytoplasmic membranes of protomonts disintegrated and the cytoplasm overflowed after just 5 minutes of contact with copper alloy surfaces. Although the same cytoplasmic membrane disintegration was not observed in tomonts, the tomonts completely lost their capacity for proliferation and eventually died following direct contact with copper alloy sheets for 1 h; this is likely because C. irritans tomonts took in >100 times more copper ions following contact with the copper alloy sheets than within the control aquaculture environment. Exposure to copper alloy sheets did not lead to excessive heavy metal levels in the aquacultured fish or in the culture seawater. IMPORTANCE Cryptocaryon irritans, a parasitic ciliate that penetrates the epithelium of the gills, skin, and fins of marine fish, causes acute suffocation and death in cultured fish within days of infection. Much of the existing research centers around the prevention of C. irritans infection, but no cure has been found. Studies demonstrate that copper has strong antimicrobial properties, and fish grown in copper-containing cages have lower rates of C. irritans infection, compared to those grown in other currently used aquaculture cages. In this study, we found that an alloy containing 74% to 78% copper by weight effectively killed C. irritans cells and prevented cryptocaryoniasis outbreaks within a 1-week period. These findings offer a new perspective on the prevention and control of cryptocaryoniasis.

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