Готові списки джерел за темами / Tumor content

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Tumor content"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 14 березня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Tumor content"

1

Milas, L. "Tumor Bed Effect in Murine Tumors: Relationship to Tumor Take and Tumor Macrophage Content." Radiation Research 123, no. 2 (August 1990): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3577551.

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2

Bai, Ren-Kui, Julia Chang, Kun-Tu Yeh, Mary Ann Lou, Jyh-Feng Lu, Duan-Jun Tan, Hao Liu, and Lee-Jun C. Wong. "Mitochondrial DNA Content Varies with Pathological Characteristics of Breast Cancer." Journal of Oncology 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/496189.

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Changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content in cancers have been reported with controversial results, probably due to small sample size and variable pathological conditions. In this study, mtDNA content in 302 breast tumor/surrounding normal tissue pairs were evaluated and correlated with the clinico-pathological characteristics of tumors. Overall, mtDNA content in tumor tissues is significantly lower than that in the surrounding normal tissues,P<0.00001. MtDNA content in tumor tissues decreased with increasing tumor size. However, when the tumor is very large (>50 cm3), mtDNA content started to increase. Similarly, mtDNA content decreased from grades 0 and I to grade II tumors, but increased from grade II to grade III tumors. Tumors with somatic mtDNA alterations in coding region have significantly higher mtDNA content than tumors without somatic mtDNA alterations (P<0.001). Tumors with somatic mtDNA alterations in the D-Loop region have significantly lower mtDNA content (P<0.001). Patients with both low and high mtDNA content in tumor tissue have significantly higher hazard of death than patients with median levels of mtDNA content. mtDNA content in tumor tissues change with tumor size, grade, and ER/PR status; significant deviation from the median level of mtDNA content is associated with poor survival.
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3

Watanabe, Satoru, Junko Kamiyama, Hiroo Chigasaki, and Shigetake Yoshioka. "Polyol content of cerebrospinal fluid in brain-tumor patients." Journal of Neurosurgery 70, no. 2 (February 1989): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1989.70.2.0183.

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✓ In order to investigate whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polyols are consumed by brain tissue, the concentration of seven polyols in the CSF and the serum of 30 patients with intracranial tumor and 17 control individuals was measured by gas chromatography. The mean polyol content in the control samples showed that the fructose, inositol, and glucitol levels were significantly greater in CSF than in serum. A comparison of the lumbar CSF from control subjects and 11 patients with malignant tumors exposed to the CSF snowed the fructose and inositol levels to be significantly lower (54% and 45%, respectively) and the glucose content to be slightly higher (110%) in the tumor cases. These differences were markedly greater in the ventricular than in the lumbar CSF and greater in patients with tumors exposed to the CSF space than in those with tumors buried in the brain tissue. In ventricular CSF obtained from seven patients with malignant brain tumors before and after radio— and/or chemotherapy, significant increases in fructose (34%) and glucitol (48%) levels were found, but the other polyols did not change significantly. In culture, the human glioblastoma cell growth rate was higher in the medium containing fructose and glucose than in that containing glucose alone. A notable amount of fructose and glucose was consumed by cultured glioblastoma cells. The roles of polyols contained in CSF and the effects of fructose on the growth of cultured glioblastoma cells are discussed in light of these findings and of previous reports.
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4

Sawaya, Raymond, O. Juhani Rämö, Mei Lin Shi, and George Mandybur. "Biological significance of tissue plasminogen activator content in brain tumors." Journal of Neurosurgery 74, no. 3 (March 1991): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1991.74.3.0480.

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✓ Fresh brain-tumor samples were obtained at operation and analyzed for their content of tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) using an activity assay (gel chromatography zymogram) and an enzyme-linked immunospecific assay. The specimens were taken from 23 glioblastomas, 35 metastatic tumors, 42 meningiomas, 16 low-grade gliomas, and seven acoustic neurinomas; seven specimens were from normal brain. A strong correlation was found between the results of the two assays (r = 0.77, p < 0.0001). There was a threefold difference in the tPA content of the benign tumors as compared to malignant tumors (p = 0.0006), the latter having less tPA. Histologically benign meningiomas contained higher tPA than malignant meningiomas (p = 0.01); however, the difference between low-grade gliomas and high-grade gliomas was less evident. Overall regression analysis data have shown an inverse relationship between the tissue content in tPA and the presence and degree of tumor necrosis and peritumoral brain edema (p = 0.004 and p = 0.0004, respectively). This finding was most consistent in the glioblastoma group where the correlation coefficient values were r = 0.53 and r = −0.55, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the tissue tPA content and the age and sex, steroid use, or plasma tPA of the patients or the duration of symptoms. In summary, this is the first demonstration of tPA in a large series of human brain tumors and in normal brain. The differences observed have clear biological significance and, although the source of tPA in tumor tissue is still unknown, a relative reduction in tPA in tumor tissue may play an integral role in the development of tissue necrosis and tissue edema. The lack of tPA in tumor necrosis was not due to tissue destruction and cell death since urokinase was readily detectable in that tissue.
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5

García, I., F. Vizoso, A. Andicoechea, P. Raigoso, P. Vérez, E. Alexandre, J. L. García-Muñiz, and M. T. Allende. "Clinical Significance of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Content in Gastric Cancer." International Journal of Biological Markers 16, no. 3 (January 2001): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/172460080101600305.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) content in gastric cancer, its possible relationship with clinicopathological parameters of tumors and its prognostic significance. Membranous EGFR levels were examined by radioligand binding assays in 110 patients with gastric cancer. The mean follow-up period was 30.7 months. EGFR levels of tumors ranged widely, from 0.3 to 510 fmol/mg protein. EGFR levels were significantly higher (p<0.0005) in neoplastic tissue than in paired adjacent mucosa samples (median) (n= 84; 8.7 vs. 3.9 fmol/mg protein). Intratumoral EGFR levels were significantly correlated with tumor stage (p<0.05), and were higher in patients with stage III tumors (median) (7.6, 6.4, 12.3 and 7.5 fmol/mg protein for stages I, II, III and IV, respectively). In addition, the tumor/mucosa ratios of the EGFR content were significantly higher (p<0.05) in patients with stage III tumors (1, 1.8, 3.9, and 0.92, respectively). Although there was no significant relationship between EGFR levels of tumors and overall survival, the results suggest a role for EGFR in tumor progression of gastric cancer.
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6

O'Brien, T. D., D. W. Hayden, T. P. O'Leary, D. D. Caywood, and K. H. Johnson. "Canine Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors: Immunohistochemical Analysis of Hormone Content and Amyloid." Veterinary Pathology 24, no. 4 (July 1987): 308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588702400404.

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Thirty-one primary canine pancreatic endocrine tumors and their metastases were studied histologically and immunohistochemically for the presence of insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), gastrin, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). Tumors were also evaluated for the presence of amyloid. The cytoarchitectural pattern of 25 of 31 primary tumors was predominantly solid, whereas three tumors were mostly glandular, two were unclassified, and one had a gyriform pattern. Cells with insulin immunoreactivity were found in 30 of 31 tumors and were found in all cases in which there was clinical evidence of inappropriate insulin secretion. Insulin was the only hormone demonstrable in three of the 30 tumors, but cells immunoreactive for other hormones were also present in various combinations in most tumors [i.e., glucagon (13 of 30), somatostatin (17 of 30), PP (25 of 30), and gastrin (2 of 30)]. One tumor contained only cells with glucagon and PP immunoreactivity. Amyloid was found in ten of 31 primary tumors but was not detected in metastases. Cells with insulin immunoreactivity were the only cell type consistently present in tumors containing amyloid. Amyloid deposits did not immunoreact with any of the antisera. Seventeen of 31 dogs had metastasis of the pancreatic endocrine tumor to regional lymph nodes, liver, or both. All metastases available for study (15 of 17) contained cells with insulin immunoreactivity and some contained cells with PP or somatostatin immunoreactivity. No statistically significant ( P > 0.05) differences in tendency to metastasize were found when pancreatic endocrine tumors were compared by region of origin, cytoarchitectural pattern, presence of amyloid, or by number of hormones contained within the tumor.
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7

Hao, Qiongyu, Yong Wu, Yanyuan Wu, Piwen Wang, and Jaydutt V. Vadgama. "Tumor-Derived Exosomes in Tumor-Induced Immune Suppression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031461.

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Exosomes are a class of small membrane-bound extracellular vesicles released by almost all cell types and present in all body fluids. Based on the studies of exosome content and their interactions with recipient cells, exosomes are now thought to mediate “targeted” information transfer. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) carry a cargo of molecules different from that of normal cell-derived exosomes. TEX functions to mediate distinct biological effects such as receptor discharge and intercellular cross-talk. The immune system defenses, which may initially restrict tumor progression, are progressively blunted by the broad array of TEX molecules that activate suppressive pathways in different immune cells. Herein, we provide a review of the latest research progress on TEX in the context of tumor-mediated immune suppression and discuss the potential as well as challenges of TEX as a target of immunotherapy.
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8

Nesseler, Jean Philippe, Mi-Heon Lee, Christine Nguyen, Anusha Kalbasi, James W. Sayre, Tahmineh Romero, Philippe Nickers, William H. McBride, and Dörthe Schaue. "Tumor Size Matters—Understanding Concomitant Tumor Immunity in the Context of Hypofractionated Radiotherapy with Immunotherapy." Cancers 12, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12030714.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the dynamic contributions of different immune cell subsets to primary and abscopal tumor regression after hypofractionated radiation therapy (hRT) and the impact of anti-PD-1 therapy. A bilateral syngeneic FSA1 fibrosarcoma model was used in immunocompetent C3H mice, with delayed inoculation to mimic primary and microscopic disease. The effect of tumor burden on intratumoral and splenic immune cell content was delineated as a prelude to hRT on macroscopic T1 tumors with 3 fractions of 8 Gy while microscopic T2 tumors were left untreated. This was performed with and without systemic anti-PD-1. Immune profiles within T1 and T2 tumors and in spleen changed drastically with tumor burden in untreated mice with infiltrating CD4+ content declining, while the proportion of CD4+ Tregs rose. Myeloid cell representation escalated in larger tumors, resulting in major decreases in the lymphoid:myeloid ratios. In general, activation of Tregs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells allow immunogenic tumors to grow, although their relative contributions change with time. The evidence suggests that primary T1 tumors self-regulate their immune content depending on their size and this can influence the lymphoid compartment of T2 tumors, especially with respect to Tregs. Tumor burden is a major confounding factor in immune analysis that has to be taken into consideration in experimental models and in the clinic. hRT caused complete local regression of primary tumors, which was accompanied by heavy infiltration of CD8+ T cells activated to express IFN-γ and PD-1; while certain myeloid populations diminished. In spite of this active infiltrate, primary hRT failed to generate the systemic conditions required to cause abscopal regression of unirradiated microscopic tumors unless PD-1 blockade, which on its own was ineffective, was added to the RT regimen. The combination further increased local and systemically activated CD8+ T cells, but few other changes. This study emphasizes the subtle interplay between the immune system and tumors as they grow and how difficult it is for local RT, which can generate a local immune response that may help with primary tumor regression, to overcome the systemic barriers that are generated so as to effect immune regression of even small abscopal lesions.
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Paradiso, Angelo, Annita Mangia, Anna Barletta, Francesco Marzullo, Vincenzo Ventrella, Angela Racanelli, Francesco Schittulli, and Mario De Lena. "Mammography and Morphobiologic Characteristics of Human Breast Cancer." Tumori Journal 79, no. 6 (December 1993): 422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089169307900611.

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Aims A comparative analysis was performed to verify a possible correlation between mammographic features and morphobiologic characteristics of the tumor in a series of 176 invasive primary breast cancer patients. Methods Breast cancers were grouped according to mammographic features as follows: tumor mass with spiculated borders; tumor mass with well-circumscribed borders; tumor with density alteration of parenchyma with no clear borders; a cluster of micro-calcifications as the only sign of tumor presence; tumor without mammographic abnormality. The tumor tissue biologic characteristics investigated were: hormone receptor content, tumor proliferative activity, DNA content and cytohlstologic tumor-grade differentiation. Results Spiculated tumors showed a significantly higher percentage of estrogen-receptorpositive cases with respect to circumscribed tumors, independently of the patient's menopausal status. Tumors with only microcalcifications were all from premenopausal patients and showed a significantly higher percentage of progesterone-receptor-positive cases (83 %). Tumor proliferative activity did not significantly differ in the 5 mammographic breast cancer groups; aneuploidy was less frequent in tumors with spiculated borders than in mammographic types (39 % vs 57 %; p = 0.05); percentages of G1-G2-G3 tumors did not differ significantly among the mammographic groups considered. Conclusions Certain relationships between mammographic features and biologic characteristics could be of potential clinical interest and stimulate more detailed studies on this issue.
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10

von Au, A., M. Vasel, S. Kraft, M. G. Cecchini, A. Wetterwald, and I. Nakchbandi⁎. "Circulating fibronectin increases tumor growth and fibronectin content of tumors correlates with survival." Bone 50 (May 2012): S50—S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2012.02.138.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Tumor content"

1

Quang, Ly. "Photosensitizing effects of M-Tetrahydroxypheylchlorin on human tumor xenografts : correlation with sensitizer uptake, tumor doubling time and tumor histology /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1999. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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2

Tulukcuoglu, Güneri Ezgi. "Development of microfluidic device for high content analysis of circulating tumor cells." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066583/document.

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Le cancer est l'une des principales causes de décès dans le monde. D'après la société américaine contre le cancer; en 2015, un quart des décès aux Etats-Unis est du au cancer du poumon avant même les maladies cardiaques. Cette situation nous incite et bien d'autres scientifiques dans le monde à développer des moyens plus efficaces de traitement, le diagnostic et le dépistage de la maladie. Parce que près de 90% des décès par cancer sont dus à des métastases, de nombreuses études se sont concentrées sur le mécanisme de métastases et sur son impact clinique. Les cellules tumorales circulantes (CTC) sont les cellules s’échappent de tumeurs primaires ou métastatiques pour rejoindre le flux sanguin périphérique, ces cellules sont un élément de transition dans le processus métastatique et portent ainsi des informations cruciales sur ce mécanisme encore mal compris. Les CTCs ont déjà montré leur potentiel comme biomarqueur de pronostic de la progression de la maladie et de l'indicateur de l'efficacité du traitement en fonction l’augmentation ou de la diminution de leur nombre. Leur caractérisation moléculaire peut également donner des informations vis à vis de cibles thérapeutiques possibles et des mécanismes de progression de la maladie ou de la résistance aux médicaments. Leur comptage au cours du traitement combiné avec leur caractérisation moléculaire devrait améliorer la prise en charge des patients dans le cadre de la médecine personnalisée. Cependant CTCs sont extrêmement rares, 1 à 10 cellules / ml de sang parmi les 106 globules blancs et 109 globules rouges, leur capture à partir du sang reste donc un challenge analytique. Dans les dernières décennies, Une grande variété de techniques d'enrichissement et de capture a été mise au point et l'approche microfluidique est l'une des méthodes efficaces, flexibles et à haut débit. Au sein de notre équipe, un dispositif microfluidique (système Ephesia) puissant pour la capture et l'analyse des cellules tumorales circulantes a déjà été mis au point précédemment. Le principe de capture est basé sur l'auto-assemblage de billes magnétiques greffées par des anticorps, grâce aux quelles les cellules sont enrichies via l’interaction Ab- l'antigène de surface EpCAM que l'on trouve communément dans les cellules cancéreuses d'origine épithéliale. Ce système a déjà été validé avec des lignées cellulaires et des échantillons de patients. Cependant, le système n'a pas permis l'isolement / détection des sous-populations de CTCs ou d'effectuer une caractérisation moléculaire très poussée. Par conséquent, mon projet de thèse vise à améliorer encore les capacités du système sur les deux principaux aspects: le ciblage sous-populations de CTC et à l'étude des interactions des protéines à la surface des CTCs dans le Système Ephesia
Metastasis is the advanced stage of cancer progression and is the cause of 90% of deaths in cancer disease. During metastatic cascade, it is suggested that the successful metastatic initiation depends on the survival of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CTCs are the cells that shed from the primary or secondary tumor sites into the blood circulation. it is now widely recognized as potential biomarker for companion diagnostics in which high number of CTCs in blood can indicate association with poor survival or high risk of disease progression. Besides, following the number of CTCs during the course of treatment can help to adapt the selected therapy and predict the treatment efficacy. On the other hand molecular characterization can provide patient stratification and identifying the therapeutic targets. However they are extremely rare in the bloodstream, estimated between 1-10 CTC among 6×106 leukocytes, 2×108 platelets and 4×109 erythrocytes per one mL of blood which makes their isolation very challenging. A very attractive way of isolation of CTCs is to integrate microfluidics. Microfluidics offers great advantages such as low volume of reagent consumption and short analysis times with automation as well as isolation and detection analysis can be integrated resulting in highly efficient biomedical devices for diagnostics. As parallel to state of the art, a powerful microfluidic device for circulating tumor cells capture and analysis had already been developed previously in our laboratory. The principle of capture is based on self-assembly of antibody-coated (EpCAM) magnetic beads in which the cells are enriched by EpCAM surface antigen which is found commonly in epithelial origin cancer cells. This system was already validated with cell lines and patients samples. However, the system did not allow isolation/detection of subpopulations of CTCs or performing high content molecular characterization. Therefore, my PhD project aimed at further improving the capabilities of the system on the main two aspects: targeting subpopulations of CTC and studying of protein interactions of CTCs in Ephesia System
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3

Romagnoli, Dario. "Identification and development of epigenetic tumor biomarkers through computational biology approaches." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1227695.

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DNA-methylation alterations are common in cancer and display unique characteristics that make them ideal markers for tumor quantification and classification. In this study, we discuss the development and testing of a computational framework exploiting minimal DNA-methylation signatures composed by a few dozen informative DNA-methylation sites to quantify and classify tumor signals in tissue and cell-free DNA samples. Extensive analyses of multiple independent and heterogenous datasets including >7,200 samples demonstrate the capability of the framework to provide precise estimations of tumor content and to enable accurate classification of tumor type and molecular subtype. To evaluate its applicability in the clinical context, we designed an informed assay incorporating the minimal signatures for breast cancer. Using both artificial samples and clinical serial cell-free DNA samples from patients with metastatic breast cancer, we show that our approach provides accurate estimations of tumor content, sensitive detection of tumor signal and the ability to capture clinically relevant molecular subtype in patients’ circulation. This study provides evidence that an extremely parsimonious approach can be used to develop cost-effective and highly-scalable DNA-methylation assays that could support and facilitate the implementation of precision oncology in clinical practice.
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4

Herrera-Calderon, Oscar, Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo, Juan Rojas-Armas, Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate, Linder Figueroa-Salvador, Edwin Enciso-Roca, and Johnny Tinco-Jayo. "Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of Chromolaena laevigata on Human Tumor Cell Lines." SCIENCEDOMAIN international, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/622501.

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Aims: Cancer is the first cause of death in the Peruvian population; searching alternative treatments of medicinal plants constitute a promissory field to find new anticancer drugs. The main objective in this study was to evaluate the phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract of Chromolaena laevigata (C. laevigata) on human tumor cell lines. Study Design: The fresh leaves of C. laevigata were soaked with ethanol followed by phytochemical screening using standard methods. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional San Luis Gonzaga de Ica, Ica, Peru; Laboratory “Abraham Vaisberg Wolach”, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. Methodology: Phytochemical screening was assessed by using chemical reactives. Total phenolic content (TPC) was developed using Folin Ciocalteu reactive and the antioxidant activity was determined against DPPH and ABTS radicals by spectrophotometry. The cytotoxic activity was determined on human tumor cell lines followed as: MCF-7, H-460, HT-29, M-14, K-562 and DU-145. Results: Phytochemical study confirmed flavonoids and phenolic compounds in ethanol extract. TPC resulted 45.21 ± 3.5 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of dried extract. The highest antioxidant extract for DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging tests were IC50 = 11.66 ± 1.0 μg/mL, IC50= 12.45 ± 0.50 μg/mL respectively. Ethanolic extracts (μg/mL) showed a low cytotoxicity on human tumor cell lines (CI50 > 20 μg/mL) for DU-145, HT-29, MCF-7 and M-14. Whereas, for H-460, and K562 tumor cell lines showed high cytotoxicity. Conclusion: In our findings, C. laevigata demonstrated a high antioxidant and total phenolic content. The ethanol extract exhibited better cytotoxic effect compared with 5-FU. Hence, This medicinal plant could be effective to prevent chronical diseases as cancer and oxidative stress disorders.
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5

Furrer, Markus Kurt. "Isolated cytostatic lung perfusion : experimental assessment of different modalities and study of antitumor activity of human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha /." [S.l : s.n.], 1998. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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6

König, Adrian. "Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 stimulate bone resorption in vivo as measured by urinary ³H-tetracycline extretion from prelabeled mice /." [S.l : s.n.], 1988. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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7

Teng, Teng. "Loss of tumor suppressor RPL5/RPL11 does not induce cell-cycle arrest, but impedes proliferation due to reduced ribosome content and translation capacity: Implications in Diamond Blackfan Anemia." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1383645029.

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8

Leruste, Amaury. "Immune context of malignant rhabdoid tumors : description and identification of new therapeutic targets." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS050.

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Анотація:
Les tumeurs rhabdoïdes (TR) constituent un rare cancer indifférencié du jeune enfant et du nourrisson, avec un âge médian au diagnostic de 20 mois. Ces tumeurs sont caractérisées par une inactivation biallélique du gène suppresseur de tumeur SMARCB1, un des membres du complexe SWI/SNF, acteur majeur du remodelage de la chromatine, sans autre altération génomique récurrente. Le pronostic des TR est péjoratif, le taux de survie globale atteignant 30% dans la plupart des séries, malgré des approches thérapeutiques conventionnelles particulièrement agressives. Les approches d’immunothérapies ont obtenu un succès certain dans certains cancers de l’adulte, et récentes analyses de l’infiltrat immun des cancers pédiatriques ne montrent pas un fort taux de tumeurs infiltrées à l’exception de rare types de cancers dont les TR intracrâniennes. Nous avons donc procédé à une analyse multimodale de l’infiltrat immun de cohortes de patients ainsi que d’un modèle de TR murines établi dans notre laboratoire. Nous avons identifié une forte proportion de tumeurs infiltrées dans certains sous-groupes de TR. Cet infiltrat était composé à la fois de cellules myéloïdes incluant des populations au phénotype immunosuppresseur, et lymphocytaires T notamment de phénotype résident mémoire caractérisées par une forte expansion clonale probablement spécifique d’un antigène tumoral. Nous avons identifié des cibles thérapeutiques communes aux tumeurs humaines et au modèle murin syngénique, et trouvé que cibler l’infiltrat lymphocytaire T ou myéloïde était susceptible d’induire une réponse tumorale complète avec induction d’une mémoire immunitaire, confirmant le caractère immunogénique des TR, et apportant de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques utiles en clinique. Enfin, nous avons identifié que les TR étaient le site d’une réexpression de rétrovirus endogènes, dépendante de celle de SMARCB1, avec activation des voies de l’interféron, apportant une base à une immunogénicité des TR issue du génome non codant
Rhabdoid tumors (RT) are highly undifferentiated cancers occurring in infancy and early childhood, with a median age at diagnosis about 20 months. These tumors are characterized by the biallelic inactivation of SMARCB1 tumor suppressor gene, core member of the SWI/SNF complex, one major chromatin remodeling actor, in an otherwise highly stable genome. The prognosis of RT is dismal with overall survival hardly reaching 30% in most series, despite particularly aggressive conventional treatment. Immunotherapy approaches has gained a striking success within some adult cancer types and recent analyses of immune cell content of pediatric cancers don’t reveal a high rate of infiltrated tumors, except in few tumor types such as intracranial rhabdoid tumors. Then, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the immune context of both human RT cohorts and a mouse RT model, including at single cell level. We identified a high recurrence of infiltrated tumors, in a RT-subgroup related manner, composed of both myeloid cells including cells with immune suppressive phenotypes, and T cells with notably a tissue resident memory phenotype demonstrating a high clonal expansion highly suggestive of immunogenicity. We identified common targetable immune populations between human and mouse RTs, and found that targeting both T and myeloid infiltrating cells was able to induce complete anti-tumor response with induced memory, confirming the immunogenic properties of RTs, and identifying new therapeutic strategies of clinical relevance. We finally identified that RTs were the site of SMARCB1-dependent endogenous retroviruses reexpression, with subsequent activation of interferon signaling, likely triggering the immune response in the context of RT, and providing a basis of non-coding genome-driven immunogenicity for these tumors
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9

Hobbs, Bryan. "Improving Educational Content: A Web- based Intelligent Tutoring System with Support for Teacher Collaboration." Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/225.

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Collaboration among teachers in some shape or form is becoming increasing popular among the educational system. The goal of this thesis is to determine whether teachers find value in collaboratively working in a Web environment and if we can use collaboration to improve educational content. We took a Web-based intelligent tutoring system, called ASSISTments, and incorporated a collaboration feature allowing teachers from around the Web to work together to create content for their students. The previous ASSISTments model did not allow for any form of collaboration; teachers using ASSISTments were not able to modify each other's content. By creating the opportunity for teachers to work together, we hypothesized that the educational content within ASSISTments would improve. To help improve education content among ASSISTments, we also deemed it necessary to improve the tool that teachers used to create problems for their students. Using surveys and interviews, we obtained feedback from teachers supporting our changes of the ASSISTments system and validating our claims that they found value in collaboratively working in a Web-based environment.
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10

Akbar, Shazia. "Tumour localisation in histopathology images." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/c282ab9c-5776-400f-8440-f5ac9cf2f4ba.

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Immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment in cancer research is important for understanding the distribution and localisation of biomarkers at the cellular level. However currently IHC analyses are predominantly performed manually, increasing workloads and introducing inter- and intra-observer variability. Automation shows great potential in clinical research to reduce pathologists' workloads and speed up cancer research in large clinical studies. Whilst recent advancements in digital pathology have enabled IHC measurements to be performed automatically, the acquisition of manual annotations of tumours in scanned digital slides is still a limiting factor. In this thesis, an automated solution to tumour localisation is explored with the aim of replacing manual annotations. As an exemplar, human breast tissue microarrays stained with estrogen receptor are considered. Methods for automated tumour localisation are described with a focus on capturing structural information in tissue by adopting superpixel properties in a rotation invariant manner, suitable for histopathology images. To incorporate essential contextual information, methods which utilise posterior tumour probabilities in an iterative manner are proposed. Results showed pixel-level agreements between automated and manual tumour segmentation masks (κ=0.811) approach inter-rater agreement between expert pathologists (κ=0.908). A large proportion of disagreements between automated and manual segmentations were shown to correlate to minor discrepancies, inconsequential for IHC assessment. IHC scores extracted from automated and manual tumour segmentation masks showed strong agreements (Allred: κˆ=0.911; Quickscore: κˆ=0.922), demonstrating the potential of automation in clinical practice across large clinical trials.
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Книги з теми "Tumor content"

1

A, Culp Lloyd, ed. Histamine content and secretion in basophils and mast cells. Jena: G. Fischer, 1998.

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2

Dvorak, Ann M. Histamine content and secretion in basophils and mast cells. Jena: G. Fischer, 1998.

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3

Talbot, John Charles. Tudor medicine within its social context: The impact of the Renaissance, humanism and the Reformation upon medicine from Henrican to Elizabethan times and later. London: PEL, 1990.

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4

Talbot, John Charles. Tudor medicine within its social context: The impact of the Renaissance, humanism and the Reformation upon medicine from Henrican to Elizabethan times and later. London: PEL, 1990.

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5

Comprehensive brachytherapy: Physical and clinical aspects. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013.

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6

International Agency for Research on Cancer., ed. Some drinking-water disinfectants and contaminants, including arsenic. Lyon, France: IARC Press, 2004.

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7

Hatef, Jeffrey, and Russell R. Lonser. Hemangioblastoma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0007.

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Hemangioblastomas are benign central nervous system tumors that are found primarily (99%) in the cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord. They can occur sporadically (67% of cases) or in the context of the familial neoplasia syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL; 33%). These lesions often remain quiescent or grow in a saltatory pattern. When these tumors cause signs or symptoms, the signs or symptoms are often associated with peritumoral cyst formation. Whether the tumor occurs sporadically or in the context of VHL, complete resection is the treatment of choice when necessary. This chapter describes the clinical, imaging, and treatment features of this neoplasm.
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8

Dong, Qiongzhu, Baoli Hu, Peter Jon Nelson, Hongquan Zhang, and Yue Zhao, eds. Cancer Cell Metabolism and Immunomodulation in the Context of Tumor Metastasis. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-731-3.

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9

Introduction to Tudor Britain, 1485-1603 (Access to History - Context S.). Hodder Murray, 2001.

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10

Monaghan, Tanya M., and James D. Thomas, eds. Oxford Handbook Clinical Tutor Study Cards: Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198830849.001.0001.

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Oxford Handbooks Study Cards are a versatile and innovative aid to revision. The content can also be used as an aid to examination on the ward, including vital techniques and tips to aid diagnosis. Defined sections allow the reader to find topics quickly, and are supplemented with full colour illustrations to aid quick and confident diagnoses. As the cards use a systems-based approach, they cover all essential diseases and syndromes.
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Частини книг з теми "Tumor content"

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Suzuki, Shinichi, Nobuhiro Fukunari, Kaori Kameyama, Megumi Miyakawa, Katsuhiro Tanaka, and Yatsuka Hibi. "CQ14. Do Cystic Nodules Decrease in Volume by Aspiration and Drainage of Content Fluid and Percutaneous Ethanol Injection Therapy?" In Treatment of Thyroid Tumor, 87–89. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54049-6_19.

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2

McPherson, Andrew, Andrew Roth, Cedric Chauve, and S. Cenk Sahinalp. "Joint Inference of Genome Structure and Content in Heterogeneous Tumor Samples." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 256–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16706-0_25.

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Zhou, Jiayin, Yanling Chi, Weimin Huang, Wei Xiong, Wenyu Chen, Jimin Liu, and Sudhakar K. Venkatesh. "Liver Tumor Segmentation Using SVM Framework and Pathology Characterization Using Content-Based Image Retrieval." In Biomedical Image Understanding, 325–60. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118715321.ch9.

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4

Zeng, Ye, Xiaoqiang Du, Wenli Jiang, and Yan Qiu. "Measurement of VEGF Content in Exosomes and Subsequent Tumor Tubulogenesis and In Vivo Angiogenesis Functional Assays." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 79–96. New York, NY: Springer US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2217-9_5.

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5

Bayarmagnai, Battuya, Louisiane Perrin, Kamyar Esmaeili Pourfarhangi, and Bojana Gligorijevic. "Intravital Imaging of Tumor Cell Motility in the Tumor Microenvironment Context." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 175–93. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7701-7_14.

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Hosington, Brenda M. "Tudor Englishwomen’s Translations of Continental Protestant Texts: The Interplay of Ideology and Historical Context." In Tudor Translation, 121–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230361102_7.

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7

Noble, Mark, and Joerg Dietrich. "Analysis of Neural Precursor Cells in the Context of Origin of Brain Tumors, Their Treatment, and Repair of Treatment-Associated Damage." In Brain Tumors, 107–23. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-843-9:107.

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8

Chandra, Siddhartha, Maria Vakalopoulou, Lucas Fidon, Enzo Battistella, Théo Estienne, Roger Sun, Charlotte Robert, Eric Deutsch, and Nikos Paragios. "Context Aware 3D CNNs for Brain Tumor Segmentation." In Brainlesion: Glioma, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injuries, 299–310. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11726-9_27.

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9

Fingleton, Barbara, and Conor Lynch. "Cancer in Context: Importance of the Tumor Microenvironment." In Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions in Cancer, 43–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0814-8_3.

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10

Rahman, Md Monibor, Md Shibly Sadique, Ahmed G. Temtam, Walia Farzana, L. Vidyaratne, and Khan M. Iftekharuddin. "Brain Tumor Segmentation Using UNet-Context Encoding Network." In Brainlesion: Glioma, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injuries, 463–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08999-2_40.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Tumor content"

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Premasiri, Amaranath, Gemunu Happawana, and Arye Rosen. "Analytical Porous Media Model of Light Penetration in Photodynamic Therapy." In ASME 2007 2nd Frontiers in Biomedical Devices Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/biomed2007-38019.

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is currently being developed as a new therapeutic modality with minimal side effects in the treatment of many different types of cancers [1]. PDT requires three essential components, which includes a photosensitizing agent, activation light, and molecular oxygen [2, 3]. Light is one of the governing components for PDT, and the only component that can be controlled externally [4]. The understanding of light penetration in a tumor is critical for an efficient PDT protocol. A well-designed PDT protocol provides minimal microvascular damage and efficient killing of malignant tumor cells [5–7]. The depth of light penetration in a tumor depends on the microvascular nature of the tumor, amount of solid and liquid contents present, and the wavelength of the light source. The first two factors depend on the nature of the tumor tissue and therefore the optimal light dose is not standard for all tumors. Furthermore the liquid content of a tumor changes with the tumor temperature due to vasodilatation, and this in turn affects the depth of light penetration.
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2

Takacs, Petra, and Andrea Manno-Kovacs. "MRI Brain Tumor Segmentation Combining Saliency and Convolutional Network Features." In 2018 International Conference on Content-Based Multimedia Indexing (CBMI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbmi.2018.8516544.

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3

Chi, Y., J. Liu, S. K. Venkatesh, J. Zhou, Q. Tian, and W. L. Nowinski. "Liver tumor detection and classification using content-based image retrieval." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Ronald M. Summers and Bram van Ginneken. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.877919.

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4

Wetzel, Arthur W., R. Crowley, Sujin Kim, R. Dawson, Lei Zheng, Y. M. Joo, Yukako Yagi, et al. "Evaluation of prostate tumor grades by content-based image retrieval." In The 27th AIPR Workshop: Advances in Computer-Assisted Recognition, edited by Robert J. Mericsko. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.339826.

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Lonigro, Robert J., Catherine Grasso, Yi-Mi Wu, Michael Quist, Xiaojun Jing, Rohit Mehra, Javed Siddiqui, Xuhong Cao, Scott Tomlins, and Arul Chinnaiyan. "Abstract LB-262: Estimation of tumor content from exome sequencing data." In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-lb-262.

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6

Xia, Chuli, Kai Niu, Zhiqiang He, Shun Tang, Jichuan Wang, Yidan Zhang, Zhiqing Zhao, and Wei Guo. "SVM-Based Bone Tumor Detection by Using the Texture Features of X-Ray Image." In 2018 International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content (IC-NIDC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnidc.2018.8525806.

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Mehneh, Zahra Chinsari, and Reza Shamsaee. "Content base image retrieval design & optimization for MRI brain tumor images." In 2017 3rd Iranian Conference on Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing (ICSPIS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icspis.2017.8311607.

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8

Vega, Adriana L., Hai Yao, Marc-Antoine Justiz, and Weiyong Gu. "Variation of Electrical Conductivity With Water Content in Agarose Gel." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32507.

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Specific electrical conductivity, a material property of biological tissues, has been found to be greater in tumor tissue than in normal tissue on account of its higher water content [1]. Its value is related to water content, ion concentrations, and ion diffusivities within biological tissues [e.g., 1,2,3]. The variation in conductivity with water content is hypothesized to be related to the change in ion diffusivities [5,6]. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between conductivity and water content in hydrogels. The main goal is to develop a similar relationship for biological tissues and to understand deformation-dependent ion diffusivity in tissues under mechanical loading.
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Forcato, Claudio, Alberto Ferrarini, Genny Buson, Cassie Schumacher, Chiara Bolognesi, Paola Tononi, Valentina del Monaco, et al. "Abstract 5345: Complementary NGS approaches on digitally sorted pure tumor cells reveal hidden molecular characteristics in low tumor content FFPE specimens." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2017; April 1-5, 2017; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-5345.

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Garvey, Colleen M., Oscar Chen, Jasmine Foo, and Shannon M. Mumenthaler. "Abstract C39: High-content screening to capture tumor dynamics in response to microenvironmental perturbations." In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference: The Function of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression; January 7-10, 2016; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.tme16-c39.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Tumor content"

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Li, Zhenqi, Guangfu Zhang, Jia Liu, and Xiaolin Li. Risk factors for gallbladder Cancer:A meta-analysis based on nearly a decade of research. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0065.

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Review question / Objective: Gallbladder cancer is a rare tumor that is mostly advanced once detected. The efficacy of surgical treatment is still controversial. Therefore, primary prevention of gallbladder cancer is important. There are many studies on risk factors for gallbladder cancer, but at present it is difficult to identify independent risk factors for gallbladder cancer, except for a history of symptomatic chronic cholecystitis and malignant transformation of a single polyp. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is popular worldwide and can be a preventive procedure for gallbladder cancer in addition to resolving benign lesions. This study makes a meta-analysis of the latest research results exploring the risk factors of gallbladder cancer in the last decade , expecting to provide evidence-based medical support for the prevention of gallbladder cancer at the clinical level, and to provide some ideas to guide the surgical indications for LC and future research related to gallbladder cancer. Subject of study: Gallbladder cancer. Study content: Risk factors. Type of study: case-control or cohort study. Extract the value: OR, HR, RR.
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Lochab, Dr Prachi, Dr Lata Rajoria, Dr Sunita Hemani, and Dr Akanksha Akanksha. EVALUATION OF IOTA SIMPLE ULTRASOUND RULES AND HISTOPATHOLOGY TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT OVARIAN TUMORS : A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY. World Wide Journals, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijar/5405931.

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Introduction: Ovarian masses present with very vague symptoms and thus it is imperative to establish a quick diagnosis at the rst point of contact. Pre-operative diagnosis of an ovarian mass and its classication as benign or malignant helps in timely referral to specialized gynecologist/oncologist and proper surgical/medical management. IOTA simple Rules provides one such criteria for pre-operative classication of ovarian mass and has proved to be reliable, accurate and highly reproducible in all settings. a hospital Methods: based prospective study was done on 100 patients. Initial pre-operative classication was done using IOTA Simple Rules and the ndings were compared to histo-pathological ndings after surgery which were considered gold standard. Out of the 100 masses under study, 86% Results: could be classied according to IOTA Simple Rules with a sensitivity of 96.36% and specicity of 91.4%. The positive predictive value was 80.3% and the negative predictive value was 94.1%. The accuracy was 85%. Thus, IOTA S Conclusion: imple Rules is a cost-effective, simple, reliable, accurate scoring system with excellent sensitivity and specicity that is easily applicable in primary evaluation of patients with ovarian masses in clinical practice. Only unclassied masses on IOTA Simple Rules need further evaluation. Use of these rules in discriminating the masses will help in timely referral of the patient to specialized gynecologist /oncologist to receive optimal management.
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Marold, Juliane, Ruth Wagner, Markus Schöbel, and Dietrich Manzey. Decision-making in groups under uncertainty. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/361udm.

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The authors have studied daily decision-making processes in groups under uncertainty, with an exploratory field study in the medical domain. The work follows the tradition of naturalistic decision-making (NDM) research. It aims to understand how groups in this high reliability context conceptualize and internalize uncertainties, and how they handle them in order to achieve effective decision-making in their everyday activities. Analysis of the survey data shows that uncertainty is thought of in terms of issues and sources (as identified by previous research), but also (possibly a domain-specific observation) as a lack of personal knowledge or skill. Uncertainty is accompanied by emotions of fear and shame. It arises during the diagnostic process, the treatment process and the outcome of medical decision making. The most frequently cited sources of uncertainty are partly lacking information and inadequate understanding owing to instability of information. Descriptions of typical group decisions reveal that the individual himself is a source of uncertainty when a lack of knowledge, skills and expertise is perceived. The group can serve as a source of uncertainty if divergent opinions in the decision making group exist. Three different situations of group decisions are identified: Interdisciplinary regular meetings (e.g. tumor conferences), formal ward meetings and ad hoc consultations. In all healthcare units concerned by the study, only little use of structured decision making procedures and processes is reported. Strategies used to handle uncertainty include attempts to reduce uncertainty by collecting additional information, delaying action until more information is available or by soliciting advice from other physicians. The factors which ultimately determine group decisions are hierarchy (the opinion of more senior medical staff carries more weight than that of junior staff), patients’ interest and professional competence. Important attributes of poor group decisions are the absence of consensus and the use of hierarchy as the predominant decision criterion. On the other hand, decisions judged to be effective are marked by a sufficient information base, a positive discussion culture and consensus. The authors identify four possible obstacles to effective decision making: a steep hierarchy gradient, a poor discussion culture, a strong need for consensus, and insufficient structure and guidance of group decision making processes. A number of intervention techniques which have been shown in other industries to be effective in improving some of these obstacles are presented.
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Elbaum, Michael, and Peter J. Christie. Type IV Secretion System of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Components and Structures. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699848.bard.

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Objectives: The overall goal of the project was to build an ultrastructural model of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens type IV secretion system (T4SS) based on electron microscopy, genetics, and immunolocalization of its components. There were four original aims: Aim 1: Define the contributions of contact-dependent and -independent plant signals to formation of novel morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 2: Genetic basis for morphological changes at the A. tumefaciens polar membrane. Aim 3: Immuno-localization of VirB proteins Aim 4: Structural definition of the substrate translocation route. There were no major revisions to the aims, and the work focused on the above questions. Background: Agrobacterium presents a unique example of inter-kingdom gene transfer. The process involves cell to cell transfer of both protein and DNA substrates via a contact-dependent mechanism akin to bacterial conjugation. Transfer is mediated by a T4SS. Intensive study of the Agrobacterium T4SS has made it an archetypal model for the genetics and biochemistry. The channel is assembled from eleven protein components encoded on the B operon in the virulence region of the tumor-inducing plasmid, plus an additional coupling protein, VirD4. During the course of our project two structural studies were published presenting X-ray crystallography and three-dimensional reconstruction from electron microscopy of a core complex of the channel assembled in vitro from homologous proteins of E. coli, representing VirB7, VirB9, and VirB10. Another study was published claiming that the secretion channels in Agrobacterium appear on helical arrays around the membrane perimeter and along the entire length of the bacterium. Helical arrangements in bacterial membranes have since fallen from favor however, and that finding was partially retracted in a second publication. Overall, the localization of the T4SS within the bacterial membranes remains enigmatic in the literature, and we believe that our results from this project make a significant advance. Summary of achievements : We found that polar inflations and other membrane disturbances relate to the activation conditions rather than to virulence protein expression. Activation requires low pH and nutrient-poor medium. These stress conditions are also reflected in DNA condensation to varying degrees. Nonetheless, they must be considered in modeling the T4SS as they represent the relevant conditions for its expression and activity. We identified the T4SS core component VirB7 at native expression levels using state of the art super-resolution light microscopy. This marker of the secretion system was found almost exclusively at the cell poles, and typically one pole. Immuno-electron microscopy identified the protein at the inner membrane, rather than at bridges across the inner and outer membranes. This suggests a rare or transient assembly of the secretion-competent channel, or alternatively a two-step secretion involving an intermediate step in the periplasmic space. We followed the expression of the major secreted effector, VirE2. This is a single-stranded DNA binding protein that forms a capsid around the transferred oligonucleotide, adapting the bacterial conjugation to the eukaryotic host. We found that over-expressed VirE2 forms filamentous complexes in the bacterial cytoplasm that could be observed both by conventional fluorescence microscopy and by correlative electron cryo-tomography. Using a non-retentive mutant we observed secretion of VirE2 from bacterial poles. We labeled the secreted substrates in vivo in order detect their secretion and appearance in the plant cells. However the low transfer efficiency and significant background signal have so far hampered this approach.
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