Готові списки джерел за темами / Uneven-aged forest

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Uneven-aged forest"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 20 червня 2021
Оновлено: 5 лютого 2022

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  3. Книги
  4. Частини книг
  5. Тези доповідей конференцій
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Статті в журналах з теми "Uneven-aged forest":

1

Yang, Feng’e, and Shashi Kant. "Forest-level analyses of uneven-aged hardwood forests." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 2 (February 2008): 376–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-109.

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The matrix growth models of maple–beech and maple stands in the uneven-aged mixed species hardwood forests in the Algonquin region of Ontario are specified as a system of simultaneous growth equations with restrictions on the sum of transition probabilities. The specified system of growth equations is estimated using the seemingly unrelated regression technique. The estimated matrix growth models are used to predict the growth dynamics of stands. Linear and nonlinear programming models are used to seek optimal management regimes and to analyze the trade-offs between financial returns and structural diversity at the forest level as well as at the stand level. The optimal harvesting schedules obtained at the forest level without ecological (residual basal area or structural diversity) constraints are identical with those obtained at the stand level; however, for higher structural diversity at the forest level, the optimal harvesting schedules based on forest-level decision making are found to be different from those based on stand-level decision making.
2

Susaeta, Andres, Kotryna Klizentyte, Ajay Sharma, and Damian C. Adams. "Can uneven-aged management improve the economic performance of longleaf pine?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, no. 9 (September 2021): 1307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0437.

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Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) is a keystone tree species in the Coastal Plain of the southern United States. To reverse habitat loss and restore critically important forest ecosystem services in this region dominated by private landownership, longleaf pine’s economic performance must be addressed. Uneven-aged forest management has been suggested as a viable alternative for longleaf pine, but evidence of its economic performance under uneven-aged versus even-aged management is lacking. Here, we compare the economic viability of three competing longleaf pine management scenarios — thinned even-aged, unthinned even-aged (conservation and non-conservation land objectives), and uneven-aged — considering timber and nontimber benefits. We find that managing existing uneven-aged longleaf pine forests with a 10-year cutting cycle is economically preferred to even-aged management for land conservation ($1643.9·ha−1 versus $1548.8 to $1641.6·ha−1). However, these estimates exclude costs associated with switching to uneven-aged management ($174.3 to $694.9·ha−1), which are considerable. Annual subsidies of between $5 and $22·ha−1 for 50 years would be required to offset costs of conversion to uneven-aged management. For establishment of new longleaf pine stands, an uneven-aged scenario would be the economically preferred management approach, providing higher economic gains ($176.9·ha−1) than unthinned, high-density even-aged management when the primary objective is timber production.
3

Rämö, Janne, and Olli Tahvonen. "Economics of harvesting uneven-aged forest stands in Fennoscandia." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 29, no. 8 (November 17, 2014): 777–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827581.2014.982166.

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4

Treiman, Thomas, John Dwyer, and David Larsen. "Long-Term Economic Simulation: Even-Aged and Uneven-Aged Examples from the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP)." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/22.1.42.

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Abstract Much of the software and many of the algorithms commonly used to simulate forest growth and harvesting activities have been optimized for short-term projections based primarily on larger-sized trees and are focused on even-aged silvicultural systems. Using data on trees 1.5 in. dbh and larger from the Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem Project (MOFEP), we have adapted the widely available Landscape Management System (LMS) and Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) software to make long-term simulations using even and uneven-aged silvicultural management systems. MOFEP is designed to test the long-term effects of even-aged, uneven-aged, and no harvest treatments on a variety of ecosystem attributes. To simulate the economic outcomes of these three treatments, we have written new LMS algorithms that simulate the effects of uneven-aged harvesting. Our results show that in the Missouri Ozarks even-aged and uneven-aged management silvicultural systems yield long-term (100 years) economic outcomes that are not statistically different. This result reinforces the need for land managers or landowners to consider esthetics, nontraditional forest products, and other nonmarket values in their decision matrix. North. J. Appl. For. 22(1):42– 47.
5

Kuuluvainen, Timo, Olli Tahvonen, and Tuomas Aakala. "Even-Aged and Uneven-Aged Forest Management in Boreal Fennoscandia: A Review." AMBIO 41, no. 7 (May 12, 2012): 720–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0289-y.

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6

Hood, S. M., S. M. Zedaker,, W. M. Aust, and D. W. Smith. "Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-Predicted Soil Loss for Harvesting Regimes in Appalachian Hardwoods." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/19.2.53.

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Abstract Soil erosion from forest harvesting is a major environmental concern. While there has been research comparing soil erosion on clearcut regeneration harvests with that on uncut forests, there has been little focus on the differences among common silvicultural harvests. Forest certification standards that are currently being evaluated for adoption across the country often encourage uneven-aged systems over even-aged or two-aged systems. We estimated soil loss using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) for forest land on five harvested treatments in the southern Appalachians. Treatments included a clearcut, leave-tree harvest, shelterwood, group selection, and uncut control. Results predicted that the group selection would have approximately 10 tons/ac more soil loss over a 100 yr rotation than the other harvested treatments. The higher rate was primarily from skid trails when the treatment was reentered for harvesting. These results should be considered when weighing the benefits of uneven-aged silviculture over even-aged or two-aged silviculture.
7

Shanin, Vladimir, Sauli Valkonen, Pavel Grabarnik, and Raisa Mäkipää. "Using forest ecosystem simulation model EFIMOD in planning uneven-aged forest management." Forest Ecology and Management 378 (October 2016): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.07.041.

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8

Bachofen, Hansheinrich. "Nachhaltige Verjüngung in ungleichförmigen Beständen | Sustainable recruitment in uneven aged stands." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0002.

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Sustainable recruitment is necessary in uneven aged and inhomogeneous forest stands (selection forests, group plenter forests, continuous cover forests) to guarantee long-lasting structure. In protection forests, an abundant tree regeneration is of utmost importance. If the regeneration rate is small, the protection function will eventually be at risk. Today, adequate methods are missing that precisely estimate self-sustaining regeneration rates. Therefore, in this study the actual state of regenerating trees was assessed in monitoring plots at various altitudes. The results can be considered as generalised ranges of sustained regeneration rates. It was found that regeneration rates in selection forests at higher altitudes were lower than in more productive forests at lower altitudes. According to theoretical considerations, mortality in youth forests is dependent on height growth. It follows that mortality of regenerating trees in less productive, balanced selection forests is smaller than in more productive ones.
9

Dwyer, John P., Daniel C. Dey, William D. Walter, and Randy G. Jensen. "Harvest Impacts in Uneven-Aged and Even-Aged Missouri Ozark Forests." Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/21.4.187.

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Abstract Forest managers are concerned about the potential damage to residual trees and site from cyclic harvest re-entries into the same forest stand. This study summarizes logging and felling damage resulting from the harvesting of silvicultural treatments on a large landscape experiment in southern Missouri that is designed to compare impacts of even-aged, uneven-aged and no management on a wide array of ecosystem components. Although damage levels to bole and crown of leave trees was low for all treatments, the individual tree selection (uneven-aged) treatment did show: (1) higher levels of surface area skidder impact; (2) higher percentage of leave trees with one or more bole wounds; (3) higher number of bole wounds; (4) higher percentage of wounded trees in the dominant and co-dominant crown classes; and (5) the highest percentage of leave trees impacted by logging activity. Preharvest planning that involves the layout and discussion with the skidder operator(s) will reduce the area impacted by skidding to less than 12%. Also, the probability of a bole wound to a residual tree can be reduced to less than 5% if skid trails are kept 30 ft or more from the leave tree. North. J. Appl. For. 21(4):187–193.
10

Willim, Katharina, Melissa Stiers, Peter Annighöfer, Martin Ehbrecht, Christian Ammer, and Dominik Seidel. "Spatial Patterns of Structural Complexity in Differently Managed and Unmanaged Beech-Dominated Forests in Central Europe." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 1907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12121907.

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One of the main goals of modern silviculture is to emulate the structural complexity of old-growth forests. In this context, it is of advantage to identify a target state of structural complexity at the stand level and to analyze the spatial characteristics that led to the desired complexity of forest structures in primary forest references. In this study, we used 3D forest scenes captured by terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to identify spatial patterns of structural complexity of differently managed and unmanaged European forests dominated by beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). We scanned in managed even-aged and uneven-aged stands, as well as in formerly managed forests (National Parks) and primary forests. For three different forest strata, representing the understory, the midstory, and the overstory of a forest stand, we determined the structural complexity mathematically using fractal analysis. Beyond that, we analyzed the density, as well as the horizontal and vertical distribution of plant material. For all three forest strata, we observed differences in structural complexity between the different forest types. Within the lower and middle strata, the investigated primary forests showed a random to regular distribution of plant material, as well as a complex understory structure as a result of pronounced natural decay. Compared to the primary forests, the managed uneven-aged stands showed quite similar spatial patterns of distribution of plant material, but on average a higher space occupation in the lower and middle forest stratum. Our results suggest that single tree or group selection cutting is a useful management tool to imitate old-growth structures of undisturbed beech-dominated forests.
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Статті в журналах Дисертації Книги

Дисертації з теми "Uneven-aged forest":

1

Miller, Gary W. "Prescribing optimal harvests in forests containing even-aged and uneven-aged stands." Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-171206/.

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2

Loewenstein, Edward F. "An analysis of the size- and age-structure of a managed uneven-aged oak forest /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9717178.

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3

Axelsson, Robert. "Forest policy, continuous tree cover forest and uneven-aged forest management in Sweden's boreal forest /." Uppsala : Institutionen för skogens produkter, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/10947312.pdf.

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4

Shrimpton, Nicole H. "An economic assessment of uneven-aged forestry based on the modelling of forestry operations." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/652.

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In recent years, interest in uneven-aged forestry has been increasing in Britain, particularly for sensitive areas such as recreation and amenity forests. Literature on the economics of uneven-aged forestry is scarce and few operational, uneven-aged forests are available for study. Therefore, in order to quantify the operating costs associated with uneven-aged forestry, a modelling approach was chosen. The resulting model is written in FORTRAN and uses a series of square two-dimensional arrays to represent a block of forest. The block may then be managed by clearfelling and replanting at a specified age, or by a system of group management with a choice of four group sizes. The resulting model was then used to investigate the effect of the following management strategies on operating times: 1. Varying the scale of working (i.e. the group size and forest size) in the uneven-aged forest. 2. Using shortwood or pole-length harvesting systems and a range of machine types within each harvesting system. 3. Varying the length of time taken to transform the structure of the forest from even-aged to uneven-aged. 4. Varying the age of the trees when the transformation from even-aged to uneven-aged structure begins. The results obtained from running the model show that the time taken to carry out an operation is influenced both by the absolute size of the group within the forest block and by the number of groups of that size within the forest block. This fragmentation effect explains why it is difficult to determine the absolute costs of working for a specific group size, because it is the combination of group size, number of groups and forest block size, which determines costs. Most of the results below are based on a range of group sizes from 1.000 ha. to 0.0625 ha., with a block size of 16 ha. Forwarders were penalized when the group size was decreased to 0.0625 ha. (-12% increase over clearfelling), because very small groups do not contain full forwarding loads and a large proportion of total forwarding time is spent manoeuvring into and out of groups. However, the operating times for the three group sizes 1.00 ha., 0.25 ha. and O. 1 1 ha. were very similar indicating that the group size can be quite small before any extra forwarding costs are incurred. On poor sites, the cost differential between the largest and smallest groups is greater. In contrast to forwarding, skidders are most penalized with the decision to adopt an uneven-aged system, and once that decision has been made, there is not a clear increase in costs with decreasing group size. During the transformation period, felling and thinning times in the uneven-aged system are significantly higher than those for the even-aged system, because trees are being harvested prematurely to create the early groups, but this difference is reduced once the forest is transformed. Felling and thinning times increase gradually as the group size decreases, because more care is needed for the felling operation and more time is needed for snedding coarse edge trees. Replanting times for the uneven-aged forest are approximately 8% - 14% higher than replanting times for clearfelling. The results from the model were then analysed using the EXCEL spreadsheet programme to examine, among other things, the cost implications of varying group size, and the relative profitability of uneven-aged and even-aged management. First,optimum ages to begin transformation were found, which varied with the Yield Class and discount rate chosen. Then, the effect of the length of the transformation period was examined and a long transformation period (80-years) was found to be preferable to a short transformation period (40-years). The analysis showed that at high discount rates even-aged and uneven-aged management had similar Net Present Values, but at lower discount rates the even-aged system was preferred. The greatest financial penalty was incurred with adoption of an uneven-aged system, and reducing the group size had relatively little impact on Net Present Values. Other costs and benefits, such as scenic beauty and recreation potential, could not be included in the model, because research relating these values to forest management variables has not been carried out. Therefore, these mostly non-financial factors were discussed for even-aged and uneven-aged forestry, based on a review of the literature.
5

Wang, Zhiming. "Stability and predictability of diameter distributions in a managed uneven-aged oak forest /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841345.

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6

Moores, Andrew R. "Understory Growth Dynamics and Mensuration Techniques in Uneven-Aged, Mixed-Species Northern Conifer Stands." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/MooresAR2003.pdf.

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7

Kariuki, Maina. "Modelling dynamics including recruitment, growth, and mortality for sustainable management in uneven-aged mixed-species rainforests." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://epubs.scu.edu.au/theses/27/.

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8

DeGomez, Tom. "Guidelines for Thinning Ponderosa Pine for Improved Forest Health and Fire Prevention." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146952.

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7 pp.
Preventing catastrophic stand replacing events are best accomplished through thinning. Lower tree densities result in greater tree growth. Stands with lower tree densities have greater plant diversity. Determining stand conditions will provide a baseline for formulating a plan to improve stand conditions. Thinning around individual trees can improve individual tree health reducing the likelihood of damage from bark beetles, fire or drought.
9

Blomgren, Andreas. "Skogsbruksplanläggning i fullskiktad skog." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik (SOT), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105082.

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Intresset för olika hyggesfria skogsbruksmetoder ökar men frågan är hur en skogsbruksplan kan anpassas till detta och vilken metod som kan användas. Denna studie inriktade sig på att mäta i fullskiktade skogar med enkla verktyg för att få ut beståndsdata till nytta för skötseln och att användas till en skogsbruksplan. För att få fram diameterspridningen klavades träden. Det krävdes minst 600 m2 för att få tillräcklig kvalitet i diameterspridning. För volymen jämfördes klavning, relaskopmätning och laserdata. Resultatet visade att det är svårt att mäta volym i fullskiktade bestånd beroende på tätheten och ojämnheten. Inte minst gäller detta relaskopmätning som undervärderade volymen. Klavning och laserdata fick ungefär samma precision. Studien visade också att tidsåtgången i fält för klavning jämfört med vanlig planläggning med relaskop endast skiljde några få minuter. Om klavning kombineras med att hämta volymen från laserdata kan till och med denna metod vara mer tidseffektiv.
10

Smith, Kimberly J. "Understory Plant Responses to Uneven-Aged Forestry." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2007. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/216.

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In northern hardwood-conifer forests, alternatives to conventional forest management practices are being developed in order to maintain biodiversity and ecosystem functioning while providing for timber revenue generation. The understory layer of vegetation encompasses the majority of plant species diversity in forested ecosystems and may be sensitive to timber harvest disturbance. Thus, monitoring the response of forest understories to new silvicultural techniques may provide a means for evaluating their intensity. In this study, we hypothesize that i) uneven-aged, low-intensity silvicultural systems can maintain understory plant diversity and support latesuccessional species through harvest disturbance; ii) retaining and enhancing stand structural complexity can increase understory plant diversity in northern hardwoodconifer forests; and iii) plant responses are influenced by interactions between canopy structure, soils, and exogenous climate processes. Experimental treatments include two conventional uneven-aged prescriptions (single-tree selection and group selection) modified to increase structural retention, and a third technique designed to promote late-successional forest structure and function, termed structural complexity enhancement (SCE). Four replications of each treatment were applied to 2 ha management units at three sites in Vermont and New York, U.S.A. Understory vegetation was monitored over 2 years pre- and 4 years post-treatment. We used a linear mixed effects model to evaluate the effects of treatment, soil properties, and drought stress on understory diversity and abundance. Compositional changes among treatments were assessed with non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS), an ordination technique. Model results show that over time, understory responses were strongly affected by overstory treatment and less influenced by soil chemistry and drought stress. All treatments were successful in maintaining overall composition and diversity. However, late-successional diversity increased significantly in SCE units compared to group selection units. These results indicate that while conventional uneven-aged systems are capable of maintaining understory plant diversity, variations that retain or enhance structural complexity may be more efficient at retaining latesuccessional species. Increased microsite heterogeneity as a result of these techniques may also increase understory plant diversity, at least during the initial post-harvest recovery period.
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Книги з теми "Uneven-aged forest":

1

Farrar, Robert M. Fundamentals of uneven-aged management in southern pine. Tallahassee, Fla: Tall Timbers Research Station, 1996.

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2

Farrar, Robert M. Fundamentals of uneven-aged management in southern pine. Tallahassee, Fla: Tall Timbers Research Station, 1996.

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3

IUFRO Interdisciplinary Uneven-aged Management Symposium (1997 Oregon State University). Proceedings of the IUFRO Interdisciplinary Uneven-aged Management Symposium, September 1997. [Corvallis, Or: Dept. of Forest Science, Oregon State University, 1997.

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4

Wiemann, Michael Carl. Effects of uneven-aged and diameter-limit management on West Virginia tree and wood quality. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2004.

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5

Wiemann, Michael Carl. Effects of uneven-aged and diameter-limit management on West Virginia tree and wood quality. [Madison, WI]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2004.

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6

Wiemann, Michael Carl. Effects of uneven-aged and diameter-limit management on West Virginia tree and wood quality. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2004.

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7

Wiemann, Michael Carl. Effects of uneven-aged and diameter-limit management on West Virginia tree and wood quality. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2004.

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8

Wiemann, Michael Carl. Effects of uneven-aged and diameter-limit management on West Virginia tree and wood quality. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2004.

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9

Marshall, Peter Lawrence. Response of uneven-aged Douglas-fir to alternative spacing regimes: Analysis of the initial impact of the spacing regimes. [Victoria, B.C.]: Canadian Forest Service, 1996.

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10

Kluender, Richard A. Harvesting production in uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf pine stands: The Crossett farm forestry forties. New Orleans, La: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1992.

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Частини книг з теми "Uneven-aged forest":

1

Burkhart, Harold E., and Margarida Tomé. "Growth and Yield Models for Uneven-Aged Stands." In Modeling Forest Trees and Stands, 339–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3170-9_15.

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2

Price, Colin. "The economics of transformation from even-aged to uneven-aged forestry." In Recent Accomplishments in Applied Forest Economics Research, 3–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0279-9_1.

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3

Gove, Jeffrey H. "Optimizing the Management of Uneven-Aged Spruce-Fir Stands While Preserving Structural Diversity." In Assessment of Biodiversity for Improved Forest Planning, 123–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9006-8_12.

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4

Schuler, Thomas M. "Uneven-Aged Management After a Half-Century of Research on the Forest Service Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia." In USDA Forest Service Experimental Forests and Ranges, 149–71. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1818-4_7.

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5

Zhou, Mo, Joseph Buongiorno, and Jingjing Liang. "Bootstrap Simulation, Markov Decision Process Models, and Role of Discounting in the Valuation of Ecological Criteria in Uneven-Aged Forest Management." In Continuous Cover Forestry, 243–71. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2202-6_8.

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6

Valsta, Lauri. "Economic Evaluation of Uneven-aged Management." In Continuous Cover Forestry, 281–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9886-6_20.

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7

Cancino, Jorge, and Klaus von Gadow. "Stem Number Guide Curves for Uneven-Aged Forests Development and Limitations." In Continuous Cover Forestry, 163–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9886-6_13.

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8

"Economic supply of carbon storage through management of uneven-aged forests." In Handbook of Forest Resource Economics, 274–90. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203105290-24.

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Aplet, Gregory H. "Beyond Even- vs. Uneven-Aged Management: Toward a Cohort-Based Silviculture." In Assessing Forest Ecosystem Health in the Inland West, 423–33. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137797-25.

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Bruciamacchie, Max, Serge Garcia, and Anne Stenger. "How Timber Harvesting and Biodiversity Are Managed in Uneven-Aged Forests: A Cluster-Sample Econometric Approach." In Sustainable Forest Management - Current Research. InTech, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/30005.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Uneven-aged forest":

1

RÖHLE, Heinz. "GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND MANAGEMENT IN MIXED FOREST STANDS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.122.

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Анотація:
In 2017, the global population stands at about 7.6 billion. Due to the medium variant of the population projections, developed by the UN, the world population will grow to nearly 10 billion by the middle of this century. As a consequence, the worldwide demand for wood will increase. Therefore, the forest sector has to develop concepts in order to cope with the increasing demand for wood, the altering environmental conditions and the challenge of climate change. Modified silvicultural treatment programs may contribute to solving these questions. Appropriate measures are the conversion of pure stands into mixed stands, the promotion of natural regeneration instead of artificial regeneration and the creation of structured forests consisting of indigenous or foreign tree species, which are better adapted to climate change and/or are growing faster. Mixed stands often exceed the volume as well as the biomass productivity of pure stands and increase the biodiversity of forest landscapes. Forest simulation models are a prerequisite for the management of mixed stands. They provide enhanced opportunities of planning for forest conversion and facilitate the decision support in forest practice. These model approaches support the development of goal oriented thinning programs and make it possible to test and optimize alternative silvicultural concepts without the establishment of experimental plots. The Bavarian State Forest Enterprise (Bayerische Staatsforsten) is managing 808731 ha of forest area in the southern part of Germany. Since 2005 this enterprise is converting pure, coniferous stands (> 200000 ha of forest area) into mixed, uneven-aged forests. A simulation program (single tree simulator) is used in order to achieve this goal.
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Yang, Jian, Yuhong He, and John Caspersen. "Individual tree-based species classification for uneven-aged, mixed-deciduous forests using multi-seasonal WorldView-3 images." In 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2017.8127080.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Uneven-aged forest":

1

Baker, James B., Michael D. Cain, James M. Guldin, Paul A. Murphy, and Michael G. Shelton. Uneven-Aged Silviculture for the Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Forest Cover Types. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-gtr-118.

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2

Guldin, James M., Greg F. Iffrig, and Susan L. Flader. Pioneer forest - a half century of sustainable uneven-aged forest management in the Missouri Ozarks. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-108.

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3

Guldin, James M., Greg F. Iffrig, and Susan L. Flader. Pioneer forest - a half century of sustainable uneven-aged forest management in the Missouri Ozarks. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-108.

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4

Brockway, Dale G., Kenneth W. Outcalt, James M. Guldin, William D. Boyer, Joan L. Walker, D. Craig Rudolph, Robert B. Rummer, James P. Barnett, Shibu Jose, and Jarek Nowak. Uneven-aged management of longleaf pine forests: a scientist and manager dialogue. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-78.

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5

Brockway, Dale G., Kenneth W. Outcalt, James M. Guldin, William D. Boyer, Joan L. Walker, D. Craig Rudolph, Robert B. Rummer, James P. Barnett, Shibu Jose, and Jarek Nowak. Uneven-aged management of longleaf pine forests: a scientist and manager dialogue. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-gtr-78.

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6

Kluender, R., B. Stokes, and S. Woodfin. Harvesting Productionin Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands:The Crossett Farm Forestry Forties. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/so-rp-269.

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7

Buongiorno, Joseph, Benedict Schulte, and Kenneth E. Skog. Quantifying Trade-Offs Between Economic and Ecological Objectives in Uneven-Aged Mixed- Species Forests in the Southern United States. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-145.

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