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1
Roy, Shilpi, Tanjil Sowgat, and Jhuma Mondal. "City Profile: Dhaka, Bangladesh." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 10, no. 2 (August 21, 2019): 216–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425319859126.
Анотація:
Despite numerous complex urban challenges, Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is rapidly growing in terms of both population and extent. This profile captures that unplanned and spontaneous urbanization of Dhaka, which resulted in haphazard spatial expansion and transformation. Its unstable urban primacy is the result of high concentration of administrative activities, jobs and services in this city. Results of unsustainable growth are reflected in the socio-spatial divisions and high-density urban living. The current urban growth has created a strain on housing, urban services, health and education services and facilities, and they, in turn, are severely damaging the sustainability of the natural and built environment. The city requires policies for decentralisation of activities rather than pro-growth planning. An integrated national and local policy agenda and an active city government are crucial for tackling the multidimensional crisis of Dhaka.
2
Byomkesh, Talukder, Nobukazu Nakagoshi, and Ashraf M. Dewan. "Urbanization and green space dynamics in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh." Landscape and Ecological Engineering 8, no. 1 (February 8, 2011): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11355-010-0147-7.
3
Ishtiaque, Asif, Mallik Sezan Mahmud, and Mahmudul Hasan Rafi. "Encroachment of Canals of Dhaka City, Bangladesh: An Investigative Approach." GeoScape 8, no. 2 (December 30, 2014): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geosc-2014-0006.
Анотація:
Abstract Dhaka City has been suffering from many environmental problems including flooding, water logging and other related problems. Urbanization, which is occurring very fast and with larger magnitude in Dhaka, is the intrinsic reason behind these problems. High rate of urbanization causes extensive urban area expansion and as a result canals, wetland and other water bodies are quickly vanishing from the landscape. This study shows the present physical condition of the canals; identifies the processes of canal encroachment; represents the consequences of canal encroachment. 13 canals of 50 were surveyed; local people were surveyed to identify the impact and processes of encroachment. According to this study, canals of Dhaka city are under serious threat of extinction and require immediate recovery actions. Canals are being encroached in various styles and this study identifies five: unauthorized land filling, illegal construction over canal, expansion of slum, solid waste dumping, taking advantage of lack of awareness of local people as well as government agencies. However, this study also discusses the grave consequences of canal encroachment: increasing flood vulnerability, wane of ground water recharge area and ground water level, collapse of natural drainage system, loss of local ecology and biodiversity.
4
Arifeen, Hossain Mohammad, Khamphe Phoungthong, Ali Mostafaeipour, Nuttaya Yuangyai, Chumpol Yuangyai, Kuaanan Techato, and Warangkana Jutidamrongphan. "Determine the Land-Use Land-Cover Changes, Urban Expansion and Their Driving Factors for Sustainable Development in Gazipur Bangladesh." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (October 16, 2021): 1353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101353.
Анотація:
At present, urbanization is a very common phenomenon around the world, especially in developing countries, and has a significant impact on the land-use/land-cover of specific areas, producing some unwanted effects. Bangladesh is a tightly inhabited country whose urban population is increasing every day due to the expansion of infrastructure and industry. This study explores the land-use/land-cover change detection and urban dynamics of Gazipur district, Bangladesh, a newly developed industrial hub and city corporation, by using satellite imagery covering every 10-year interval over the period from 1990 to 2020. Supervised classification with a maximum likelihood classifier was used to gather spatial and temporal information from Landsat 5 (TM), 7 (ETM+) and 8 (OLI/TIRS) images. The Geographical Information System (GIS) methodology was also employed to detect changes over time. The kappa coefficient ranged between 0.75 and 0.90. The agricultural land was observed to be shrinking very rapidly, with an area of 716 km2 in 2020. Urbanization increased rapidly in this area, and the urban area grew by more than 500% during the study period. The urbanized area expanded along major roads such as the Dhaka–Mymensingh Highway and Dhaka bypass road. The urbanized area was, moreover, concentrated near the boundary line of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Urban expansion was found to be influenced by demographic-, economic-, location- and accessibility-related factors. Therefore, similarly to many countries, concrete urban and development policies should be formulated to preserve the environment and, thereby, achieve sustainable development goal (SDG) 11 (sustainable cities and communities).
5
Mortoja, Md Golam, and Tan Yigitcanlar. "How Does Peri-Urbanization Trigger Climate Change Vulnerabilities? An Investigation of the Dhaka Megacity in Bangladesh." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 3938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233938.
Анотація:
This paper aims to scrutinize in what way peri-urbanization triggers climate change vulnerabilities. By using spatial analysis techniques, the study undertakes the following tasks. First, the study demarcates Dhaka’s—the capital of Bangladesh—peri-urban growth pattern that took place over the last 24-year period (1992–2016). Afterwards, it determines the conformity of ongoing peri-urban practices with Dhaka’s stipulated planning documents. Then, it identifies Dhaka’s specific vulnerabilities to climate change impacts—i.e., flood, and groundwater table depletion. Lastly, it maps out the socioeconomic profile of the climate change victim groups from Dhaka. The findings of the study reveal that: (a) Dhaka lacks adequate development planning, monitoring, and control mechanisms that lead to an increased and uncontrolled peri-urbanization; (b) Dhaka’s explicitly undefined peri-urban growth boundary is the primary factor in misguiding the growth pockets—that are the most vulnerable locations to climate change impacts, and; (c) Dhaka’s most vulnerable group to the increasing climate change impacts are the climate migrants, who have been repeatedly exposed to the climate change-triggered natural hazards. These study findings generate insights into peri-urbanization-triggered climate change vulnerabilities that aid urban policymakers, managers, and planners in their development policy, planning, monitoring and control practices.
6
Uddin, Md Sanuwar, and Mohammad Zoynal Abedin. "Segregation of Plastic Waste from Solid Waste Stream: Bangladesh Perspective." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 324–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.06.04.2021.09.
Анотація:
Solid waste is an inevitable by-product of human beings, animals and also of industrial-commercial activities. Obviously solid waste creates a greater problem to the environment, if it is not properly managed. Bangladesh being a heavily populated country needs to pay adequate attention to waste management. Waste generation in Bangladesh is increasing because of rapid urbanization and economic development of the country. At present, total solid waste generation in Bangladesh is around 27000 tons/day and in the four important city corporations is about 13,332 tons. Particularly in Dhaka city, it is around 7500 tons/day. This amount is likely to reach about 47000 tons per day in entire Bangladesh and 15000 tons per day for Dhaka city alone by 2030. At present, landfilling is the only method for disposal of heterogeneous waste stream and there are three landfills in Dhaka City. Most of these landfill sites are in open dumps polluting land, water and air. Development of any new landfill site is near to impossible due to land scarcity and increasing of land prices especially in Dhaka City. Improperly disposed waste is posing serious health implications to the people and it may transmit various diseases especially by non-degradable wastes like polythene. Rather, a proper Segregation system to recover of resource from plastic wastes can play a very important role in mitigating the difficulties of solid waste that can act as a raw material for product design in Bangladesh too. Therefore, a comprehensive study report followed by a model of plastic waste segregation system for Bangladesh has been highlighted in the paper.
7
Jahangir Alam, Md. "Rapid urbanization and changing land values in mega cities: implications for housing development projects in Dhaka, Bangladesh." Bandung: Journal of the Global South 5, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40728-018-0046-0.
Анотація:
This paper explores changing land values in the process of rapid urbanization in Dhaka, Bangladesh and its implications for urban land management and administration in the megacity. The study reveals that substantial increase in land values have resulted in land speculation among real estate and individual developers. Land values have increased by an average of 22.26% per year between 1990 and 2000, while the period spanning from 2000 to 2010 saw about 74% of yearly increase in Dhaka. The study revealed that due to increasing land values, prospective real estate developers are tempted to build housing in restricted areas defined by Dhaka metropolitan development plan such as flood zones, lakes, canals, ditch and drainage channels etc. The paper proposes a re-look at the causes of increase in land values and land speculations and the resulting environmental damage pointed out in this study as part of a broad urban land and environmental management strategy in rapidly growing megacities.
8
Huq, Ferdous Farhana, Rabeya Akter, Roxana Hafiz, Abdullah Al Mamun, and Mashrekur Rahman. "Conservation planning of built heritages of Old Dhaka, Bangladesh." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 244–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-08-2014-0030.
Анотація:
Purpose Built heritage is a unique resource, an irreplaceable expression of the richness and diversity of our past and of the generations who have gone before us. Old Dhaka has an outstanding built heritage that is of significance not only in the local, but also in a national and regional context. But senseless urbanization and ignorance of such an important issue in the existing detailed area plan is destroying the built heritages of Dhaka. As a result, many heritage buildings of Dhaka have been destroyed and the destruction is going on unabated. Therefore, there is a need to re-examine how such destruction can be prevented. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This research aims at the identification of heritages, their assessment and classification which is utterly significant for preserving the invaluable heritages. Heritages are classified according to their present condition which will show which type of heritage needs which type of attention. Findings The research indicates the way how a conservation planning for heritages can be done in a systematic and logical way. It reveals the present condition of the heritage buildings which will point out the way of preservation. There is no such document available which will tell general people about the most important or rare or significant heritages, the location of these heritages, or their background information. This research addresses these all issues. Originality/value To date, no conservation plans were implemented for Dhaka and there are no attempts to improve Old Dhaka through an urban design. The methodological approach in this research is new and effective for conserving heritages.
9
Ranagalage, Manjula, Takehiro Morimoto, Matamyo Simwanda, and Yuji Murayama. "Spatial Analysis of Urbanization Patterns in Four Rapidly Growing South Asian Cities Using Sentinel-2 Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13081531.
Анотація:
The rapid and dominant urbanization in Asian cities has fueled concerns regarding the local and global efforts toward urban sustainability. Specifically, South Asian cities have been a topical issue concerning ecological and environmental threats due to their unplanned and haphazard urban development. However, comparative urbanization studies in South Asian cities remain uncommon. Therefore, in this study, we sought to comparatively examine the land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics and to detect the urbanization patterns of four rapidly developing South Asian lowland cities: Mumbai (India), Colombo (Sri Lanka), Karachi (Pakistan), and Dhaka (Bangladesh). Sentinel-2 (10 m) data and various geospatial approaches, including urban–rural gradient and grid-based methods, statistics, and urban landscape metric techniques, were used to facilitate the analysis. The study revealed that Mumbai, Karachi, and Dhaka had larger built-up landscapes compared to Colombo. Mumbai had the highest percentage of green spaces, followed by Colombo. Dhaka and Karachi had relatively small percentages of green spaces. Colombo and Dhaka had more croplands, which consistently increased along the urban–rural gradient compared to Mumbai and Karachi. Karachi showed that the only major land use was built-up, while most of the areas were left as open lands. On the other hand, Colombo’s urban setup was more fragmented than the other three cities. Mumbai and Karachi had larger patches of urban footprints compared to Colombo and Dhaka. Thus, this study provides vital information on the past land utilization priorities in the four cities, and comparatively proffers guidance on certain critical areas of focus for local, regional, and global future sustainable urban planning.
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Siddiqy, Md Ruhullah. "Urban environment and major challenges in sustainable development: Experience from Dhaka City in Bangladesh." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v7i1.34673.
Анотація:
Sustainable development is one of the most discussed and desired issues for the last few decades in Bangladesh and also throughout the world. But due to various challenges it is really tough to prepare and execute a proper plan for achieving sustainable development. The objective of this study is to find out the major challenges that the urban environment has been facing in sustainable development in Dhaka city. The qualitative study was done purposively and data collection methods were 10 Key Informants Interviews (KII) and 10 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). KII were conducted among university teachers and Government officials as well as FGDs were conducted among city duelers in Dhaka. Urbanization process providing reasonable housing and infrastructure for duelers of all financial gain categories is a nice challenge for capital of Bangladesh town. Lack of swamp, open places, public parks, land with tree cover up causes environmental degradation and also creates aesthetic discomfort is another challenge in urban areas. Surface water is becoming useless because of having extensive pumping of groundwater in capital of Bangladesh. City dwellers didn’t follow the environmental rules and pollutes the surface waters with freedom. Impenetrable population with quick urbanization, industrialization and the lack of land coming up with has created major environmental problem to establish sustainable development. In future we need to study on identify the implementation strategy to sustainable development of urban environment.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.7(1) 2017: 12-16
11
Badhan, Ishrat Momtaz, and Asma Siddika. "Evaluating the Policy Outcomes for Urban Resiliency in Informal Settlements Since Independence in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Review." Nakhara : Journal of Environmental Design and Planning 17 (October 18, 2019): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.54028/nj20191797110.
Анотація:
Today’s cities are characterized by the process of urbanization, which in most cases is integrated with the escalation of informal settlements due to excessive migration followed by a housing crisis. This is a common situation for most cities in developing countries, such as Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Dhaka has emerged as one of the fastest growing megacities in recent times, which receives a major number of rural to urban migrants annually due to its growth as the major economic hub of Bangladesh. Dhaka has one of the largest populations among all global cities, which results in a critical challenge for urban areas that are experiencing very fast growing slum and squatter settlements. Considering the global concern toward urban resiliency, several policy approaches such as eviction, resettlement, and upgrading have been adopted to deal with slum (bastee) settlements of Dhaka since independence in 1972. The objective of this study is to analyse these adopted policies chronologically by reviewing the policy outcomes of other South Asian countries. The study follows a theoretical analysis from secondary resources and finally makes a summary of different policies and their outcomes.
12
Roy, S., S. Dutta, and MM Hoque. "Urban forestry and urban greening for sustainable urban development-A case of Dhaka north city corporation area (Zone-1)." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 14, no. 2 (May 29, 2017): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v14i2.32691.
Анотація:
Urban forestry and urban greening is one of the most substantial factors for sustainable urban development, which can contribute towards good quality of life and sound environment. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh once renowned for its green resources but in recent times the city is losing its greeneries very rapidly. This study was intended to explore the status of urban greening as well as to investigate the prospects and challenges for enhancing urban forestry and urban greening in Dhaka North city corporation area (Zone-1). This study focused on the qualitative approach where interview with key informants, questionnaire survey and observation techniques were followed to obtain required information. The study identified some factors that are responsible for losing of green resources in Dhaka city including transformation of existing green areas or open spaces to other land use purposes, unplanned urbanization & improper planning, rapid increase of urban population and lack of conservation activities for protecting the existing greeneries. The study also revealed that still there are ample opportunities to enhance the greeneries in Dhaka city by conserving the existing green areas (e.g. parks, gardens, playgrounds etc.), increasing roadside plantation, promoting homestead and rooftop gardening and by initiating afforestation and nursery activities.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 167-176, December 2016
13
Bashar, Toriqul, and Ivan W. H. Fung. "Water Pollution in a Densely Populated Megapolis, Dhaka." Water 12, no. 8 (July 26, 2020): 2124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082124.
Анотація:
Rapid urbanization has been a boon for industrial growth in Bangladesh, leading the Dhaka megapolis to become one of the least livable places in the world. These circumstances, however, have received little attention by policy makers and in academic research. Using mainly secondary data, this article explores the water quality of the river Buriganga that flows across Dhaka and identifies major sources of pollutants. While much of the article analyzes the sources and extent of pollution, it also points toward a great threat to public health from the presence of high levels of heavy metals, such as chromium, lead, and iron, as well as chemicals, including ammonia and phosphate. Moreover, the article recommends some policy changes that could potentially reduce pollution levels and boost water sustainability not only in Dhaka but also in other fast-growing cities in the least developed countries (LDCs).
14
Islam, Tahsina, Md Azijul Islam, Md Shahidul Islam, and Nishat Farzana Nimni. "Identification of Inaccessible Roads and Vulnerable Settlements in Dhaka City Using ArcGIS Tools." International Journal of Disaster Response and Emergency Management 3, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdrem.2020010101.
Анотація:
Dhaka, the capital, is a highly populated city in Bangladesh. Indiscriminate and unplanned urbanization, with narrow road networks, has made the city more vulnerable and risk-prone for any disaster. This study focuses on the identification of inaccessible roads and vulnerable areas of Dhaka city for improving search and rescue operations, response initiatives, and debris management. For the study purposes, four different locations of Dhaka city have been selected to analyze the accessibility of emergency vehicle and equipment for rescue operations. The narrowest roads and vulnerable areas including individual houses have been identified using ArcGIS. The analysis reveals that a maximum of 60% houses of old Dhaka has been found vulnerable whereas in Uttara there are 2.4% vulnerable houses. In addition, the traffic volume analysis is performed for the most vulnerable area in terms of narrow roads. Thus, vulnerable houses have been identified on the basis of maximum congestion in a scenario of no disaster to access basic facilities like hospital and fire stations.
15
Bangalee, Md Zavid Iqbal, M. Ferdows, and Roushanara Begum. "Numerical computation of natural ventilation system at the top floor of a multistory building in Dhaka city." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 44, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v44i2.51460.
Анотація:
urban environment studies have become more and more critical in the past decades because of the rapid development of urbanization in industrial countries. Temperature, velocity, average mass flow, etc. at different unit on the top floor of a multistory building are discussed here. For the numerical computation of the air flow inside the building rooms, the k−ε turbulence model is used. ANSYS CFX software is used to solve the governing equations. For modeling the building, Bangladesh's national building code is applied. The turbulence model is also validated by comparing the result with an experimental result and a numerical result. Satisfactory ventilation rate is also ensured by comparing the result with ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004.
Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 2, 161-178, 2020
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Ahmed, Jashim Uddin, Sabrina Hoque, Rubaiyat-i-Siddique, and Nazmul A. Khan. "Zinda Park: Rural Community Eco-park Complex in Bangladesh." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 20, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 380–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972262916671469.
Анотація:
The rural and natural areas are diminishing with the flow of urbanization. Villages are being turned into metropolitan areas. The case focuses on Zinda Park rural community eco-park complex which is located near the capital, Dhaka, close to Purbachal which is a government project of Rajdani Unnayan Kartripakka (RAJUK). With the wave of development, the Zinda village where the park is located along with the other surrounding villages is affected by urbanization. The park was built with the motive of social welfare and the development of the livelihood of the local people. The article discusses how the community works and helps the society by sharing a certain portion of revenue generated from the park. Its aim is to save the environment by developing the social condition of the villagers and this was achieved through the strong determination of the founder(s). RAJUK has been trying to acquire the park along with the village with the purpose of development; however, the locals have voiced strong protest against it. This article also explains how the Zinda community eco-park complex survived these difficulties with help of the villagers and other stakeholders.
17
Uddin, MN, MF Anwar, MT Rahman, and MN Mobin. "An Investigation on the Pattern of Land Use Change in Dhaka City Using Remote Sensing and GIS Application." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 7, no. 2 (February 14, 2015): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v7i2.22217.
Анотація:
This study assessed the extent and trend of landuse/cover change in three selected area of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. This paper examined the use of GIS and Remote Sensing in mapping Land Use/Land Cover in Dhaka city of Landsat imageries of 1960, 2000 and 2014 were downloaded from the Landsat website and to detect the changes that has taken place in this status between these periods. Remote sensing and GIS based software (ILWIS) were used to produce and analysis the land use maps and least square method was functioned to identify the trend of land use change in the study areas. The images were analyzed using unsupervised classification approach in ILWIS 4.1 environment. The present study expressed the experiences of unplanned land use change in Dhaka city. And it is found that the study area follows the pattern of urbanization without planned development. Consequently, the pattern of unplanned land use change in Dhaka city will make it a haphazard city in World.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v7i2.22217 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 7(2): 105-109 2014
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Asad, Rumana. "Structuring Urban Sustainability with Water: A Case of Kamrangir Chor, Dhaka, Bangladesh." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 3, no. 8 (August 15, 2012): 293–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v3i8.713.
Анотація:
Too much or too little water is always a challenge for any water related issue, especially for developing countries where water is abundant or crisis like Bangladesh with the change of circumstances. Dhaka the capital of Bangladesh is facing a serious water scarcity problem due to the big gap between demand and supply of water system. On the other hand it can be say that this water crisis originated due to too much water like floods, rainfall, drought etc. that force rural people from other part of country towards city and city is losing its hydrological balance to accommodate these unwanted migrated people. Dhaka has experiencing a tremendous pressure and transformation in terms of its water system due to such unmanageable urban growth and uncontrolled urbanization. Design strategies and solution are needed to respond for pressing climate and environmental changes and necessary to take action against the ubiquitous human mismanagement of the essential resource of water. To overcome these water related problem water can be a designing element for structuring future development with the combination of sustainable approaches for social and physical transformation, open up opportunities for land water management system. This paper will try to find the changing relation between the city and its water system. Using Kamrangir chor a water linked suburb in Dhaka as an experimental site this paper will also frame some urban design strategies for reducing water damages, revitalize water sources, productive water parks, which will structure new water based urban development.
19
Sultana, Shahanaj, Md Abdul Mannan, Md Abdur Rahman Khan, Ronakey Khandaker, and Md Kamrujjaman. "Pre-Existing Weather Phenomena for Spreading Dengue Fever Over Dhaka in 2019." Journal of Engineering Science 11, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jes.v11i2.50901.
Анотація:
An attempt has been made to investigate the outbreak of dengue fever over Dhaka city by examining the preexisting condition of weather elements over Bangladesh. For the study, the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, rainfall, humidity data is analyzed to find the optimum values which trigger the dengue fever over Dhaka city. If the pre-existing weather phenomena are analyzed and compute, it will be possible to settle down which elements are responsible for spreading dengue fever over Dhaka city in 2019. The average minimum and maximum temperature were relatively high in winter season of 2019 than that of the winter of 2018 which may trigger epidemic dengue fever. In June increased temperature and intermittent rainfall (260mm within 17 days) which is also causes of spreading dengue. This is why, Dhaka city, 51,777 dengue cases have occurred from 1st January to 31 December 2019 on the other hand 50,726 dengue cases had occurred during 2000–2018. In the future, due to climate change and its unstable weather phenomena, weak administrator, unplanned urbanization, environmental erosion, and increasing population, dengue risk will be high. If Dhaka city people are not conscious, dengue may increase more upcoming years due to the possibility of increasing temperature, the occurrence of abnormal rainfall, the environmental condition of Dhaka city, and attack trend of previous years.
Journal of Engineering Science 11(2), 2020, 99-106
20
Dewan, Ashraf M., and Yasushi Yamaguchi. "Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh: Using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization." Applied Geography 29, no. 3 (July 2009): 390–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.12.005.
21
Mohiuddin, Abdul Kader. "An Extensive Review of Health and Economy of Bangladesh Amid Covid-19 Pandemic." IJHCM (International Journal of Human Capital Management) 5, no. 1 (June 2, 2021): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/ijhcm.05.01.2.
Анотація:
COVID-19 has affected 213 countries around the world, killing around 390,000 and infecting close to 6.6 million by June 04, 2020 (worldometer.info). Bangladesh, a South Asian low-middle-income economy, has experienced a demographic and epidemiological transition with rapid urbanization and a gradual increase in life expectancy. It is the seventh most populous country in the world and population of the country is expected to be nearly double by 2050. The increasing burden of communicable diseases in Bangladesh can be attributable to rapid urbanization and nearly 50% of all slum dwellers of the country live in Dhaka division. In 2017, National Rapid Response Team of IEDCR investigated 26 incidents of disease outbreak. The joint survey of the Power and Participation Research Centre and BRAC Institute of Governance and Development reveals that per capita daily income of urban slum and rural poor drops by 80% due to present countrywide shutdown enforced by the government to halt the spread of Covid-19. 40%-50% of these population took loans to meet the daily expenses. However, the country has just 127,000 hospital beds, 91,000 of them in government-run hospitals. Researchers say, the country’s economy is losing BDT 33 billion every day from its service and agriculture sectors during the nationwide shutdown.
22
Fatemi, Md Nawrose, Tahmina Rahman, and Michihiro Kita. "Tracing the past: an insight on flood risk management strategies in the development instruments of Bangladesh and Dhaka city." Water Policy 22, no. 6 (November 13, 2020): 1142–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.006.
Анотація:
Abstract Confronting devastating floods regularly is a critical challenge for Bangladesh. Dhaka, the capital and a megacity at the forefront of rapid, unplanned urbanization, has been experiencing consistent challenges and threats of flood since 1954. Since then, to ensure flood protection and control, the city authorities have adapted diverse flood risk management strategies (FRMS). Regardless of the overall progress in flood risk management policies in the national development agenda, the inertness of their implementation means the city remains vulnerable. Along with that, several divergences from the development plans, for instance, the new town development in flood flow zone, the declaration to convert a residential zone into a retention area, illegal acquisition of wetlands for property development have also been observed. Therefore, the objective is to review the diversification of FRMS at the national level and to identify the convergence or divergence on the development plans at the sub-national level, in this case, Dhaka Metropolitan Area. This study provides a commentary to support policy-makers and researchers in integrating FRMS with the development plans at the local level.
23
Das, Delip K., Mohammad Mostafa Feeroz, and Sajeda Begum. "Diversity and population density of birds at the Jahangirnagar University campus, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 48, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v48i2.52369.
Анотація:
Rapid urbanization is changing the habitats of many wildlife species. Even so, certain species appear to adapt and now have thriving populations within cities. To look at the capacity for these spaces to provide “habitat” we examined population density of bird species using Jahangirnagar University campus close to the Dhaka mega city, Bangladesh. Four strip transects were surveyed from March 2008 to February 2009 (12 times/transect). A total of 101 species were found along the transect areas. The density of Lesser Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna javanica) was the highest 107.02indiv. /ha while Large-tailed Nightjar (Caprimulgus macrurus) was the lowest 0.01indiv. /ha among resident birds of Jahangirnagar University campus. Among the migratory birds, the density of Pintail Snipe (Gallinago stenura) and Common Stonechat (Saxicola torquata) were the highest (1.99indiv. /ha.) and the lowest (0.02indiv. /ha.), of the different available habitats, water bodies contained the highest density (318.59indiv. /ha) and grassland contained the lowest (2.48indiv./ha) of bird population. The percentage of average density of non-passerine and passerine birds was 65% and 35%, respectively. Future studies of avian composition and density is recommended at a regular interval to understand changes in the carrying capacity and avian community of the campus as a function of altering habitat due urbanization.
Bangladesh J. Zool. 48(2): 289-300, 2020
24
Abdul Kader Mohiuddin, M. Nasirullah, and Muhammad Ridwan. "An Extensive Review of Health and Economy of Bangladesh Amid Covid-19 Pandemic." Konfrontasi: Jurnal Kultural, Ekonomi dan Perubahan Sosial 7, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 168–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/konfrontasi2.v7i3.113.
Анотація:
COVID-19 has affected 213 countries around the world, killing 711,313 and infecting around 19 million by August 06, 2020 (worldometer.info). Bangladesh, a South Asian low-middle-income economy, has experienced a demographic and epidemiological transition with rapid urbanization and a gradual increase in life expectancy. It is the seventh most populous country in the world and population of the country is expected to be nearly double by 2050. The increasing burden of communicable diseases in Bangladesh can be attributable to rapid urbanization and nearly 50% of all slum dwellers of the country live in Dhaka division. In 2017, National Rapid Response Team of IEDCR investigated 26 incidents of disease outbreak. Until August 6th, death reported 3,267 and 246,674 got infected in this country. The joint survey of the Power and Participation Research Centre and BRAC Institute of Governance and Development reveals that per capita daily income of urban slum and rural poor drops by 80% due to present countrywide shutdown enforced by the government to halt the spread of Covid-19. 40%-50% of these population took loans to meet the daily expenses. However, the country has just 127,000 hospital beds, 91,000 of them in government-run hospitals. Researchers say, the country’s economy is losing BDT 33 billion every day from its service and agriculture sectors during the nationwide shutdown.
25
Islam, Mazeda, Marc Van Camp, Delwar Hossain, Md Mizanur Rahman Sarker, Shahina Khatun, and Kristine Walraevens. "Impacts of Large-Scale Groundwater Exploitation Based on Long-Term Evolution of Hydraulic Heads in Dhaka City, Bangladesh." Water 13, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 1357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101357.
Анотація:
Dhaka city has emerged as the fastest-growing megacity, having more than 20 million inhabitants, with a growth rate of 3.62%. Unplanned and rapid urbanization, coupled with exponential population growth, has significantly altered the groundwater dynamics in Dhaka city. This study concentrates on the evolution of long-term piezometric heads of the Upper Dupi Tila aquifer (UDA) and the Middle Dupi Tila aquifer (MDA) based on long-term hydrographs, piezometric maps and synthetic graphical overviews of piezometric trends. Due to over-exploitation, the piezometric level (PL) has declined deeper than −85 and −65 m PWD (Public Works Department reference datum) in UDA and MDA, respectively. The highest rate of decline was observed in the south-central to southeastern parts of the city both in UDA (4.0 m/year) and MDA (5.74 m/year). The results clearly show that the rates of decline in PL vary from 2.25 to 5.74 m/year in both aquifers of the city, and urban expansion has greatly affected the shape and extent of the depression cone over the past four decades. The magnitudes of the depression cones in both aquifers seem to pose a considerable threat to groundwater resources, indicating that the current exploitation is not sustainable at all.
26
Hossain, Md Anwar, and Robert Huggins. "The Environmental and Social Impacts of Unplanned and Rapid Industrialization in Suburban Areas: The Case of the Greater Dhaka Region, Bangladesh." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425321990319.
Анотація:
This study explores how rapid industrialization alongside a lack of regulatory controls through policy and planning encourages unplanned rapid urbanization in suburban areas. Taking Konabari–Kashimpur, a rapidly growing suburban area of the Greater Dhaka Region (GDR) as a case study, data has been collected through 16 key informant interviews and a questionnaire survey of 359 households in the area. The study finds that the readymade garment industry plays a significant role in the growth of this area. Negative externalities in the core area, the availability of large land parcels at a cheaper price, abundant labour supply and good transport connectivity to the core city make it favourable for industrialization. It is further found that industrialization and the forms of development taking place have largely occurred in an unplanned manner. Low-skilled and labour-intensive industry-driven growth has produced mixed-use intense development dominated by industrial and low-class residential uses. The impact of such growth on the suburban natural environment, infrastructure and society is found to be significant. The natural environment has been destroyed to provide land for industry and housing for workers. Basic service infrastructure and urban amenities have not increased proportionately to the growth of activities and the population. Moreover, the absence of a planning authority and land use regulations has worsened the situation further. It is concluded that the provision of basic infrastructure through planned intervention is required for sustainable urbanization.
27
Hasan, Muhammad Mahmudul, Mirajul Islam, Md Saifullah Sakib, and Md Iqramul Haq. "Influences of Proximate Determinates on Fertility Among Urban and Rural Women in Bangladesh." Dhaka University Journal of Science 66, no. 1 (January 31, 2018): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v66i1.54544.
Анотація:
Bangladesh has met a lot of challenges in recent decades. The remarkable decline in fertility is one of the major challenges faced by this country. The rate of fertility in rural areas is still higher than urban areas. The proximate determinants of fertility which influence fertility directly are analyzed in this study for urban and rural areas separately as well as the study quantify the decomposition of the differences in total fertility rate (TFR) in residence during 1993-94 to 2014. The effectiveness of contraceptive use is found to be the most important factor for declining fertility. The result revealed that the index of contraception shows a declining trend, indicating an increasingly inhibiting effect on fertility in both urban and rural areas of Bangladesh. The inhibition effect of postpartum infecundability decreases with increase in urbanization. The decomposition analysis shows that fertility decline has been occurred due to delay marriage, increase of contraception practice, shortening of postpartum infecundability period, increase proportion in induced abortion and the interaction factor.
Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 66(1): 49-54, 2018 (January)
28
Rahman, Md Naimur, Md Rakib Hasan Rony, Farhana Akter Jannat, Subodh Chandra Pal, Md Saiful Islam, Edris Alam, and Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam. "Impact of Urbanization on Urban Heat Island Intensity in Major Districts of Bangladesh Using Remote Sensing and Geo-Spatial Tools." Climate 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli10010003.
Анотація:
Urbanization is closely associated with land use land cover (LULC) changes that correspond to land surface temperature (LST) variation and urban heat island (UHI) intensity. Major districts of Bangladesh have a large population base and commonly lack the resources to manage fast urbanization effects, so any rise in urban temperature influences the population both directly and indirectly. However, little is known about the impact of rapid urbanization on UHI intensity variations during the winter dry period in the major districts of Bangladesh. To this end, we aim to quantify spatiotemporal associations of UHI intensity during the winter period between 2000 and 2019 using remote-sensing and geo-spatial tools. Landsat-8 and Landsat-5 imageries of these major districts during the dry winter period from 2000 to 2020 were used for this purpose, with overall precision varying from 81% to 93%. The results of LULC classification and LST estimation showed the existence of multiple UHIs in all major districts, which showed upward trends, except for the Rajshahi and Rangpur districts. A substantial increase in urban expansion was observed in Barisal > 32%, Mymensingh > 18%, Dhaka > 17%, Chattogram > 14%, and Rangpur > 13%, while a significant decrease in built-up areas was noticed in Sylhet < −1.45% and Rajshahi < −3.72%. We found that large districts have greater UHIs than small districts. High UHI intensities were observed in Mymensingh > 10 °C, Chattogram > 9 °C, and Barisal > 8 °C compared to other districts due to dense population and unplanned urbanization. We identified higher LST (hotspots) zones in all districts to be increased with the urban expansion and bare land. The suburbanized strategy should prioritize the restraint of the high intensity of UHIs. A heterogeneous increase in UHI intensity over all seven districts was found, which might have potential implications for regional climate change. Our study findings will enable policymakers to reduce UHI and the climate change effect in the concerned districts.
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Chowdhury, Fahima, Mohammad Arif Rahman, Yasmin A. Begum, Ashraful I. Khan, Abu S. G. Faruque, Nirod Chandra Saha, Nabilah Ibnat Baby, et al. "Impact of Rapid Urbanization on the Rates of Infection by Vibrio cholerae O1 and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Dhaka, Bangladesh." PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 5, no. 4 (April 5, 2011): e999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000999.
30
Ahmed, Iftekhar. "Lifestyle and Affordability Choices in Traditional Housing of Old Dhaka." Open House International 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2011-b0008.
Анотація:
Affordability and lifestyle choices in housing are critical to meet basic human needs for shelter, security and wellbeing. The meaning of a house for a particular group of people and what is ‘affordable’ for a particular community is the critical issue. Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, has greater population density and rate of expansion compared to almost any other mega cities of Asia. The historic core of the city known as old Dhaka is a combination of several traditional neighborhoods. Houses in these traditional neighborhoods are not only places to live, rather an integral unit of a social system, having a good mix of place of work and individual expression in living. They also show flexibility and adaptability (with more scope for personalization and individual life style choices) compared to the contemporary housing stock. One of the success factors in these traditional houses is the healthy mix of the income ranges to avoid a ghetto effect of low cost housing. The recent rapid urbanization has led to a discontinuity of the traditional housing form of old Dhaka, leading to a disintegration of the mix of lifestyle choices and affordability. Following popular market trends, they are often replaced by housing blocks in a higher density ignoring the need for a diverse mix. This paper studies the traditional housing of old Dhaka with two case study neighborhoods. Several elements of housing like the common price, materials and construction, space layout, scale, social space, facades, street interface, etc are selected for a qualitative study. Local residents interview, archival records, maps, Plans, figure-ground, aerial images are used to analyze, identify and demonstrate the elements that made them socio-culturally sustainable and affordable for the community. With the analysis, lessons from the traditional housing form that may contribute to the new housing in Dhaka are identified.
31
Hosen, Md Sabbir, Shahidul Islam, Alak Paul, and Md Mahfuzul Hoque Bhuiyan. "Geospatial Evaluation of Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Ashulia Industrial Hub in Dhaka, Bangladesh." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 04, no. 04 (December 30, 2021): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.040403.
Анотація:
Spatial and temporal evaluation of the land use and land cover (LULC) changes, its dynamism and overall consequences are considered the fundamental variables in global climate change. These immense changes influence ecosystem, life, and livelihoods. Over the last few decades, industrial expansion in Bangladesh has a major effect on LULC across the suburban areas of the capital city Dhaka, especially the surrounding areas of Ashulia industrial hub. While providing new approaches to improve the frontiers of antecedent revolutions, particularly those of LULC changes monitoring and mapping, this study tried to evaluate further land development and planning in the study area between 2014 and 2020. Remote sensing imageries and relevant multiple secondary information were consecutively used as datasets. The interactive supervised classification tool using a maximum likelihood process was applied in LULC changes evaluations, detections, and as well providing fruitful explanations. Therefore, evaluated LULC maps’ overall accuracies were between 84% and96%, and kappa coefficient between 0.83 and 0.92. The results revealed that the urbanization and built-up area were the prime LULC type (77.36% in 2020) in the study area and were exceedingly increasing land cover type over water bodies, bare land and vegetation. Overall, in between 2014 and 2020, the LULC types as of water bodies, barelands, and vegetation have decreased by 212 hectares, 435 hectares, and 470 hectares, respectively. Moreover, overall downward trends of LULC changes were identified in all the land use types except built-up area. Hence, imbalanced land conversions and lack of proper planning together were creating the region highly vulnerable to several disasters as well as imbalanced ecosystem. Th study findings can help the decision makers and planners apart from future research.
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Sultana, Nusrat, Nusrat Fatema, Mohammad Zaid Hossain, Md Anisur Rahman, Naznin Nehar, Mst Marufa Yeasmin, Rabeya Sharmin, Afroza Akbar Sweety, and Monira Pervin. "Frequency of dengue infection in febrile patients attended Dhaka Medical College Hospital during January to December, 2018." Journal of Dhaka Medical College 28, no. 1 (March 3, 2020): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jdmc.v28i1.45765.
Анотація:
Introduction: Dengue is a major public health concern in our country. The alarming thing is that the seasonal trend of dengue infection is changing with time in Bangladesh due to climate change and unplanned urbanization. Our study was conducted to determine the frequency of dengue virus infection among the febrile patients in 2018 at Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) and to observe the seasonal trend.
Materials and Methods: The study was carried out on 899 febrile patients attended in DMCH from January to December, 2018. Whole blood samples were collected and sera were tested for dengue NS1 antigen and anti-dengue IgM antibodies using commercial test kits (NS1 by OMC Healthcare (Pvt.) Ltd & IgM antibody by Omega Diagnostics Ltd.), respectively. All negative dengue cases were tested for anti Chikungunya antibody to exclude chikungunya.
Results: Of the total 899 febrile patients, 350(38.93%) were positive for Dengue infection. Out of them 264(75.43%) were positive for NS1, 82 (23.43%) were positive for IgM and 4 (1.14%) were positive for dengue NS1antigen + anti dengue IgM antibody. More than 50% patients belonged to age group 15-29 years. Males were predominant. More than 60% cases were detected in the post monsoon season.
Conclusion: Highest dengue cases were detected in this year in comparison to the previous year’s probably due to re-emergence of DEN-3 serotype. Due to pattern of climate change, seasonal trend of dengue infection was not maintained. Moreover, unplanned urbanization and poor solid waste management have worsened the situation more.
J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 28, No.1, April, 2019, Page 105-111
33
Afroz, Romana, Md Bodruddoza Mia, and Md Saiful Islam. "Evaluation and Monitoring of Water Quantity and Quality of the Buriganga River in Bangladesh using Multi-temporal Landsat Images." Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences 8, no. 1 (December 14, 2020): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujees.v8i1.50760.
Анотація:
Buriganga River, the study area, is one of the most polluted and decreasing expeditiously its area in Bangladesh due to rapid urbanization, effluents of industries and factories surrounding the river, sewage disposal from Dhaka City and some anthropogenic activities. The objective of this study is to evaluate and monitor the water quantity and quality of the river using satellite remote sensing techniques. Unsupervised and indices based classification were used to derive and monitor landuse-landcover (LULC), surface water distribution (SWD), land surface temperature(LST) and total suspended material (TSM) using four sets of Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI/TIRS images of the study area from 1989 to 2015. The indices are Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). LULC classification results showed that the water bodies and vegetation decreased and consequently urban as well bared area increased from 1989 to 2015. Results of indices (NDVI and NDWI) analysis are similar to that of unsupervised LULC outputs, that is, the water bodies decreased with increasing urban structures of the study area. The surface water distribution monitoring results from the suitable change detection GIS model indicate that the water bodies have decreased about 31.07% and accretion rate increased rapidly from 1989 to 2015 along the river bank due to urbanization and accretion activity is more prominent in north, northeast, northwest, south, southeast and eastern part. The study also shows that the rate of TSM is sporadically increasing during the study period i.e., the maximum and minimum value of TSM was 56215.53 and 1956 mg/l in 1989 and 14188714.35 mg/l and 333942 mg/l in 2015 respectively; this indicates that the water is harmful for aquatic life. Both the analyzed satellite image outcome and in situ observations reveal that land surface temperature is also increased in some part of the study area. The study results could be used to make policy for upgrading the water quality and to maintain the extent and water quantity for agriculture, navigation and fisheries sectors of the Buriganga River.
The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 8(1), 2019, P 61-69
34
Alam, Mohammad Feruj, Munir Hossain, and Md Azahar Hossain. "Unexpectedly two storied tin shed collapse: A case study of urban hazard in Dhaka city, Bangladesh." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 56, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v56i1.22698.
Анотація:
The study has been carried out for an urban hazard analyses to find out the engineering geological characteristics of subsurface sediments and causes of two storied tin shed unexpectedly and suddenly collapsed and submerged in Rampura valley, Dhaka city, Bangladesh on the 15 April, 2015. Total 12 people were spot died due to collapsed tin shed. The area is covered by valley and this valley is composed of organic material, clayey silt, silty sand and sandy silt. Atterberg limit test indicates that the sediments are slightly plastic and low compressibility inorganic silts. Specific gravity of the sediments varies from 2.66 to 2.68, natural moisture content about 34.5%, dry density about 1.37 gm/cc, wet density about 1.84 gm/cc and unconfined compression strength about 45.9 Kpa. From this result, it reveals that shallow foundation is not suitable for the study area but deep foundation particularly pile foundation would be required. Five major possible causes have been identified for this incident, these are (1) presence of a valley and valley deposits, (2) very soft organic clay and soft slightly plastic clayey silt, (3) poor quality construction materials of shed and shallow foundation pillar, (4) overloaded by inhabitants with their usable items, and (5) filled up asides of the valley by filling materials which pressurized the pillar of the shed. Due to push or additional side pressure by filling materials to the foundation pillar, the pillar was moved and imbalanced the total shed and finally shed was suddenly subsided and collapsed by uniform settlement. Finally, it can be concluded that geological and engineering - geological study must be carried out for an urban hazard analyses in Rampura valley area as well as other valley areas in Dhaka city for future plan of urbanization and avoiding this type of urban hazard.
35
Shahjahan, Abu Taib Mohammed, Khandaker Shabbir Ahmed, and Ismail Bin Said. "Study on Riparian Shading Envelope for Wetlands to Create Desirable Urban Bioclimates." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2020): 1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121348.
Анотація:
Climate change and rapid urbanization are adversely affecting the urban environment by exacerbating the widely reported urban heat island effect in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Two wetland areas with variable riparian shadings in the warm-humid conditions of urban Dhaka were investigated through field campaigns on microclimatic parameters for their cooling potential on the surrounding urban fabric. It was observed that an inversion layer of fully saturated air develops over the water surface of wetland, suppressing evaporation from the wetland water surface layer, which was effectively reducing the heat exchange between the water surface and the air layer above it through its action as an insulating vapor blanket. Due to this effect, the wetland was unable to render as a source of coolth for the surrounding overheated urban area. This effect of the inversion layer was more pronounced in the urban wetland without riparian shading either by the urban form or tree canopy. A multiphysics simulation study conducted on the selected urban wetlands indicates the effect of differential shading pattern on the relation between fetch and inversion layer thickness. This research hypothesizes that the wetland can act as an urban adaption measure against the urban heat island effect by potentially transforming them into an urban cooling island (UCI) towards a favorable urban bioclimate.
36
Hossain, Nasir, and Khalid Md Bahauddin. "Integrated water resource management for mega city: a case study of Dhaka city, Bangladesh / Zintegrowane zarządzanie zasobami wodnymi dużych miast: przykład miasta Dakka w Bangladeszu." Journal of Water and Land Development 19, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2013-0014.
Анотація:
Abstract Dhaka the capital of Bangladesh is facing a serious water scarcity problem due to the big gap between demand and supply of water system. When accelerating water scarcities and pollution in and around urban centers are superimposed on issues like continuing urbanization, lack of investment funds for constructing and maintaining water infrastructures, high public debts, inefficient resources allocation processes, inadequate management capacities, poor governance, inappropriate institutional frameworks and inadequate legal and regulatory regimes, water management in the megacities poses a daunting task in the future. To overcome these water related problems, water can be a designing element for structuring future development with the combination of sustainable approaches for social and physical transformation, open up opportunities for water management system. Therefore an integrated approach like integrated water resource management (IWRM) system is required that responds to problems that are all interrelated. Alternate supply and demand management tools such as ground water recharge, rainwater harvesting, effective water pricing, reclaimed water use are suggested to meet the deficit of current supply system through the efficient use of the scarce resources available. Institutional reform and improved water planning are required to facilitate economic growth and social development. Finally, human resource development is identified as key factor for the sustainable effective management of this valuable resource.
37
Rahman, Md Samin, and Md Humayun Kabir. "Social Internet of Things (SIoT) Enabled System Model for Smart Integration of Building‟s Energy, Water and Safety Management: Dhaka City, Bangladesh Perspective." AIUB Journal of Science and Engineering (AJSE) 18, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53799/ajse.v18i1.18.
Анотація:
Dhaka, being the largest township of Bangladesh City Buildings is excreted by in-migration, a rapid growth of population, withering of living and infrastructure standard, which eventually is threatening overall sustainability and well beings. Modernization and digitalization of building infrastructure is not only an important step towards resolving the problems but also it will be a facilitator for smart, efficient and optimized urbanization. On May 2018, the authors conducted a survey among 51 Residential Building’s owner/building managers, 25 Non-residential Building’s owner/building managers and 25 corporate building’s owner/building managers to find market adoptable IoT solutions for building’s smart efficient energy, water and safety managements. The features requested in this survey are optimized and implemented by the authors and finally, here the system model with simulation results is presented. This system shows promising energy, water resource management optimization and some intriguing factors that validate its objectives, social characteristics, market usability.
38
Maclin, Beth J., Nirma D. Bustamante, Hannah Wild, and Ronak B. Patel. "“They think you are weak”: Examining the Drivers of Gender-Based Violence in Three Urban Informal Settlements." SAGE Open 12, no. 2 (April 2022): 215824402210896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221089645.
Анотація:
The global trend of rapid urbanization raises concerning issues related to the living standards of the urban poor, many of whom live in dense informal settlements. Residents of informal urban settlements can face significant insecurity, with men and women experiencing different threats. While space and socioeconomic status have specific consequences on the hazard of violence that urban residents face, gender modifies the impact of that violence. In an attempt to understand the drivers of insecurity within a social ecological framework, this study investigated underdeveloped neighborhoods in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Dhaka, Bangladesh; and Port-au-Prince, Haiti. The qualitative approach employed focus group discussions using various probing techniques and key informant interviews followed by a thematic analysis of the data. The direct quotes and experiences of young and older women compared to those of young and older men highlight how the combination of factors - gender and poverty - drive differential risk for women compared to men among the urban poor in these cities.
39
Mannan, Fouzia. "The Urban Poor and Livelihood Vulnerability: Are Gender, Age and Marriage Intertwined." Social Science Review 37, no. 2 (November 20, 2021): 217–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ssr.v37i2.56515.
Анотація:
Dhaka is the capital city and the single fastest growing metropolis in Bangladesh – by 2020 its population will have increased thirty-fold to over ten million. This rapid population growth is largely facilitated by mass rural-to-urban migration. The speed of urbanization and the enormous numbers involved make it one of the major development challenges of the 21st century (World Bank & Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, 1998). Neither public nor private facilities can meet the basic human needs (food, water, shelter, sanitation, and a safe environment) of slum dwellers, most of whom also lack livelihood security. To understand the magnitude of urban poverty, this research explores the question of whether gender, age and marital status are indeed linked to livelihood vulnerability among the urban poor. It has utilized qualitative methods of data collection -FGDs, case studies (based on in depth-interviews) and participant observation from a selected slum in Dhaka- Begultila. Results of this study has indicated that both physical and emotional vulnerabilities have a crucial impact on the livelihood pattern of the slum dwellers of Begultila. To understand the state and nature of poverty in Begultila it is important to consider non-economic factors, which have a very strong role in enhancing vulnerability among the urban poor, particularly with children, women, and the elderly. This study sheds new light on urban poverty in relation to livelihood vulnerability; and consequently, highlights the diverse experiences of the urban poor and the livelihood insecurity that automatically categorizes them as one of the most vulnerable groups within the slum community. This form of livelihood vulnerability has a crucial effect on the nature and quality of life of the urban poor, particularly for women, which in turn, perpetuates the cycle of poverty.
Social Science Review, Vol. 37(2), Dec 2020 Page 217-237
40
Siddiqua, Ayasha. "Emergence of Water Sensitive Design:." Iraqi Journal of Architecture and Planning 19, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 46–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36041/iqjap.v19i1.513.
Анотація:
Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, once had lowlands on both west and east periphery. The west periphery has already taken up by urbanization after constructing the flood embankment and in the eastern periphery it is on process of disappearing very fast. City is now expanding to this area which requires mandatory to keep open and low to take water from city for flooding alleviation. Lack of physical planning is very evident here which causes great degradation of the flooding and water logging situation of the city. At present master planning of the city following subdivision of land and provide little attention about water problem when zoning. Dhaka city was once gifted with rich system of water bodies and lowlands. Vast lowlands in both sides helped rivers to spread over wider area so the depth of flooding could remain low and contribute to balance water level by storing water before discharge into rivers. But, city is expanding drastically by grabbing all the least open areas in and around, and worsening the flooding scenario unbearable. Keeping these issues in mind this paper tried to understand the water system for the city, reasons for water (flooding, water logging) problems, role of eastern lowlands to control city's flooding situation. Finally, some innovative design strategies have been suggested for upcoming unavoidable development by understanding the water system and checking flood problem eventually ensuring environmental quality.
41
Datta, Rajon Kanti, Ohidul Alam, and Mohammad Mozaffar Hossain. "CURRENT STATUS OF URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND ITS PROBLEM IN NETROKONA MUNICIPAL, DHAKA." Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 22, no. 1 (July 18, 2017): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jist.v22i1.17769.
Анотація:
Rapid and haphazard urbanization has triggered environmental hazards in Bangladesh. Analogously, Netrokona Municipal is also facing problems due to unplanned and unstable urban infrastructural development. The quest of the study was to explore the status of current urban drainage system and its problem. Therefore, a preliminary reconnaissance survey was accomplished in the study area and then a semi-structured questionnaire was designed. By adopting simple random sampling method, the study area was surveyed covering 50 respondents in different wards to collect primary data. Results revealed that poor drainage system (PDS) is one of the most liable factors for environmental deterioration. The maximum urban drainage system was found unclosed with number of 49 (i.e., 98%). It was 34 drains were made of brick, while 17 were worst type, 32 had odor problem, 20 were not well designed, 29 had inadequacy of drains,18 with poor technical fitness, 22 wastes disposal in gutters,18 had clogging of ditches & drains, and 15 with broken road surface respectively. The consequent major environmental and health problems were flash-flooding (42%), and skin disease (38%) respectively. In case of public opinion, the highest percentage (i.e., 30%) suggested to stoutly prohibit dumping of garbage into gutters. PDS was found strongly positive correlated with its effects on environment (r=0.98) and on public health (r=0.91). Thereby, present PDS affects the environment as-well-as public health by enhancing frequent flash-floods and spreading diseases within the study area.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 22, Issue 1, July 2017, Page: 165-178
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Akter, Nazma. "Prediction of the risk of developing diabetes mellitus among Bangladeshi adults by using risk assessment score." BIRDEM Medical Journal 10, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v10i1.44759.
Анотація:
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as one of the major health problems worldwide. The rising prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladesh is primarily attributed to rapid urbanization and associated changes in lifestyle, such as sedentary lifestyle, higher calorie food intake and stressful life. Studies support the utilization of riskassessment scoring systems in quantifying individual’s risk for developing T2DM. Thus, a simple risk-assessment scoring system for early screening of T2DM among Bangladeshi adults will be beneficial to identify the high-risk adults and thus taking adequate preventive measures in combating DM.The purpose of the study was to calculate the risk assessment score of developing T2DM within 10 years among Bangladeshi adults.
Methods: The cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the outpatient department (OPD) of Medicine, MARKS Medical College & Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh from February 2018 to July 2018 among randomly sampled 205 adult subjects. Subjects undiagnosed with diabetes mellitus and had previous history of high blood glucose during pregnancy or other health examination (i.e. impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance or gestational diabetes mellitus) were included. From a review of literature regarding risk factors of developing DM in Bangladesh, the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) system was found to be more useful for the Bangladeshi adults. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire was used to collect the data including demographic characteristics and different risk factors and to calculate total risk score for predicting the risk of developing T2DM within 10 years.
Results: Among 205 subjects, male and female were 57.1% and 42.9% respectively. The Mean (±SD) age of the study subjects was 37.64±1.07 years. In this study, both non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors showed statistically significant association with the FINDRISC among Bangladeshi adults (p<0.05). There was a significant association among FINDRISC with history of previous high blood glucose, and treated hypertensive Bangladeshi adults.33.65% of the Bangladeshi adults had slightly elevated diabetes risk score (DRS). This study predicts that 17.55% of the Bangladeshi adults may have moderate to high risk to develop T2DM within the consecutive 10 years.
Conclusion: This study provides a simple, feasible, non-invasive and convenient screening FINDRISC tool that identifies individuals at risk of having T2DM. People with high risk of DM should be referred for early intervention and changes to a healthy lifestyle and primary prevention to prevent or delay the onset of T2DM.
Birdem Med J 2020; 10(1): 40-47
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Rahman, Md Moshiur, Farzana Zafreen, and Abu Noman Mohammed Mosleh Uddin. "Characteristics of Road Traffic Accident Cases Reported in a Tertiary Military Hospital." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 15, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 213–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v15i2.50842.
Анотація:
Introduction: Road traffic accidents (RTA) are the eighth leading cause of death globally, and the leading cause of death in Bangladesh. The road safety situation in Bangladesh has been deteriorating with increasing number of road accident deaths, largely as direct consequences of rapid growth in population, motorization, urbanization and lack of investment in road safety.
Objectives: To describe the injury characteristics of road traffic accidents cases that reported at Combined Military Hospital (CMH), Dhaka.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional hospital based study was conducted on all the RTA cases reported to medical inspection room CMH, Dhaka from 01 March to 30 June 2010. A total of 126 RTA victims irrespective of age and sex were included, data were collected by face to face interview using a pre-tested questionnaire.
Results: A total of 126 road traffic accident victims both sexes were studied. The majority of the study subjects were men 103 (81.7%) and most of them were in 31-40 years group (27%), Muslims (98.41%) were the majority. In our study regarding educational qualification of RTA victims most of them were SSC qualified (44’4%) and primary level (15.1%). Military services holder (45.2%) was the majority of road traffic crash victims. Bus/Minibus (32.5%) was responsible for the majority of road traffic crashes and motor vehicle passengers (42.9%) were main victims. Laceration & cut injury were (38.1%) and multiple injury (18.3%) were the most common injury. Main roads (49.2%) were the commonest site of the accidents. Regarding place of occurrence main roads 62 (49.2%) was the most common site and noon 41 (32.5%) was the most common time of occurrence of accidents.
Conclusion: Road traffic crashes constitute a major public health problem in our setting and contribute significantly to unacceptably high morbidity and mortality. Urgent preventive measures targeting at reducing the occurrence of road traffic crashes is necessary to reduce the morbidity and mortality resulting from these injuries. Early recognition and prompt treatment of road traffic injuries is essential for optimal patient outcome.
JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 15, No 2 (December) 2019: 213-217
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Ahmed, Sazdik, and Siddharth Khakhar. "Adaptive Flood Resilient City Design Strategies: An Exploratory Analysis of the Impact of Flooding on Street Network of Dhaka City." Urbanie & Urbanus - Resilient Cities, no. 7 (December 2022): 40–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.55412/07.03.
Анотація:
Flood incidents are becoming a common circumstance all over the world due to rapid urbanization and climate change. The dependence on flood control structures is becoming unsustainable and modern approaches are taking place with improved spatial planning, design strategies, adaptation techniques, and forecasting. All the major cities in developing countries like Bangladesh are facing flooding issue. The immediate impact on the urban environment is found in the street network due to flooding. Most of the previous studies are focused on the topography to understand the flooding or vulnerability of transport networks with traffic issues, but less attention is given to the street network performance during flooding and possible strategies for solving those issues. This research aims to understand the appropriateness of flooding resilience vs flooding prevention from a context-sensitive point of view of Dhaka city by identifying flooding impact on the road network. Spatial network analysis with sDNA and flooding data from World Bank helped to understand the relationship between street networks, and before-after situations during flooding. The circumstantial impact on the street network by flooding was visualized with GIS and sDNA analysis to define its performance and possible alternative solutions. This research will help to dictate future planning policy frameworks of Dhaka city derived from this exploratory study. Also, this research endeavors to help the government and corresponding authorities of flood-prone cities to enhance an inclusive strategic tool for the existing and future planning policy by developing shortterm and long-term strategic vision.
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Akter, Nazma. "Prediction of 10-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Disease among Diabetic Patients in Bangladesh." Delta Medical College Journal 8, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v8i1.58961.
Анотація:
Background: Diabetic populations and people from developing countries have a higher risk of developing CVD than the general population. Bangladesh, a rapidly developing country, faces progressive urbanization and the adoption of a westernized lifestyle, factors which contribute to the rising burden of cardiovascular disease.
Objective: To predict the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases among diabetic patients in Bangladesh.
Materials and method: This cross sectional study was done among the diabetic patients attending the outpatient department of MARKS Medical College &Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from February 2018 to July 2018. Patients suffering from any cardiovascular disease were excluded from the study. The purpose of the study was explained and informed written consent was obtained from each subject who volunteered for the study. Data was collected with a pre tested structured questionnaire. Cardiovascular risk was assessed based on Framingham scoring, calculated by using online calculator and expressed as percentages. Based on the total risk score calculated, subjects were categorized to be at high (≥20%), intermediate (10-19%), and low (<10%) risk of cardiovascular disease. Data analysis was done in SPSS software version 16.
Result: Among the diabetic patients, 32.62% are in high and 22.64% are in intermediate risk category based on Framingham scoring system for developing cardiovascular disease. A statistically significant association was found between cardiovascular risk and factors like gender, occupational status, smoking and hypertension.
Conclusion: This study reveals that the diabetic populations are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Hence awareness about the risk should be created and appropriate intervention at early stages should be implemented at primary health care level.
Delta Med Col J. Jul 2020 8(1): 32-40
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Jafrin, Maharina, and Beau Beza. "Developing an Open Space Standard in a Densely Populated City: A Case Study of Chittagong City." Infrastructures 3, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures3030040.
Анотація:
In densely populated settings like Chittagong, Bangladesh cities facing rapid urbanization and economic growth are challenged to provide open space for its citizens. For example, the population of this port city is 14,200 people per square kilometer and there is a struggle to provide open space. Again, the planning proposal did not set any open space standard to achieve its open space aspirations Hence, the objectives of this paper are four-fold: (i) Develop an understanding of open space standards to establish relative benchmarks for potential use in Chittagong. (ii) Examine existing formal open space in Chittagong. (iii) Document the existing informal open space areas in Chittagong according to the planning direction. (iv) Recommend an approach that can be used to realize open spaces in Chittagong. To achieve these, this paper documents the existing open space scenario in the city, examines the recommended open space standards developed by organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Dhaka Structural Plan (2016–2035) (the planning document of the capital city of Bangladesh) to identify to what extent these ‘benchmark’ standards are appropriate for use in the city. A discussion on open space in Chittagong and the criteria used to ‘frame’ open space calculations in the city is then conducted to provide a foundation to reflect upon the world’s various open space recommendations. Ultimately, by analyzing existing open space recommendations and their associated well-being aspirations, the research suggests that a new standard relating to the unique characteristics of the city should be used when developing open space standards in Chittagong.
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Bhuiyan, Mahbubur Rahman, Sk Akhtar Ahmad, Md Shahidullah, and Mahfuzur Rahman Bhuiyan. "Nutritional Status and Associated Factors among 24 to 59 Months old Urban Slum Children of Dhaka City." Journal of Armed Forces Medical College, Bangladesh 11, no. 1 (December 15, 2016): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jafmc.v11i1.30660.
Анотація:
Introduction: Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of disease in children. Prevention of under nutrition is one of the priority efforts to reduce childhood mortality. About 20% of the population is forced to reside in urban slum due to rapid urbanization. Lack of basic human necessities in the urban slum, adversely affects the nutritional status resulting in poor growth and development of the slum children.Objectives: To assess nutritional status and associated factors among 24 to 59 months old urban slum children of Dhaka city in Bangladesh.Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted during the period of March 2009 to June 2009 among 24 to 59 months old children of Vashantek slum of Dhaka. A total of 207 children who were available along with their mother during data collection period, were included as the study participants. For data collection face to face interview of the mother was performed and to determine the nutritional status of children anthropometric measurement was carried out.Results: Among the total 207 children, 54.1% were male and 45.9% were female. The mean age± standard deviation of the children was 43.6±11.0 months. As per Z-score of National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference classification, 45.4% children were underweight, 48.3% were stunted and 28.1% were wasted. Majority of the malnourished children were within 46 months of age. There was a little difference in nutritional status between male and female children. As per immunization schedule, 85.0% of the children completed their immunization. A higher proportion of the underweight children (57.7%) were not exclusively breastfed in comparison to that of the wasted children (42.3%). Moreover, it was revealed that there was a positive association between incomplete immunization and underweight, stunting and wasting (p<0.05). The study also showed that there was an association between history of absence of exclusive breast feeding and underweight (p<0.005) and wasting (p<0.001) status of the children.Conclusion: The study revealed that none of the slum children had normal nutrition, all of them were suffering from malnutrition and majority of them had stunted growth or were underweight. As the slum children are a part of urban society and will be the future generation, it is expected that the finding of this study will sensitize the policy makers to formulate policy and undertake measures to prevent malnutrition amongst the slum children.Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.11(1) 2015: 14-18
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Mumu, Shirin Jahan, A. K. M. Fazlur Rahman, Paul P. Fahey, Liaquat Ali, and Dafna Merom. "Lifestyle risk factors and metabolic markers of cardiovascular diseases in Bangladeshi rural-to-urban male migrants compared with their non-migrant siblings: A sibling-pair comparative study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 27, 2022): e0274388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274388.
Анотація:
Background The increasing prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in developing countries like Bangladesh has been linked to progressive urbanisation. Comparisons of rural and urban populations often find a higher prevalence of CVD risk factors in the urban population, but rural-to-urban migrants might have different CVD risk profiles than either rural or urban residents. This study aimed to describe differences in CVD risk factors between migrants and non-migrants siblings and to determine whether acculturation factors were associated with CVD risk factors among migrants. Methods Using a sibling-pair comparative study, 164 male migrant who migrated from Pirganj rural areas to Dhaka City and their rural siblings (total N = 328) were assessed by interview, anthropometric measurement, blood pressure and blood samples. Comparisons were made using linear or logistic mixed effects models. Findings Physical inactivity, inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables and possible existence of a mental health disorder had 3.3 (1.73; 6.16), 4.3 (2.32; 7.92) and 2.9 (1.37; 6.27) times higher odds among migrants than their rural siblings, respectively. Migrants watched television on average 20 minutes (95% CI 6.17–35.08 min/day) more per day than the rural sibling group whereas PUFA intake, fruit and vegetable and fish intake of the migrants were -5.3 gm/day (-6.91; -3.70), -21.6 serving/week (-28.20; -15.09), -14.1 serving/week (-18.32; -9.87), respectively, lower than that of the rural siblings. No significant difference was observed for other variables. After adjusting, the risk of physical inactivity, inadequate fruit and vegetable intake, a mental health disorder and low HDL were significantly higher in migrants than in rural siblings and tended to be higher for each increasing tertile of urban life exposure. Conclusion The findings suggest that migration from rural-to-urban environment increases CVD risk which exacerbate with time spent in urban area due to acculturation. This study gives new insights into the increased CVD risk related with migration and urbanization in Bangladesh.
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R, Parvin, Muna FZ, Jahan S, Hossain N, and Sampa SR. "The Pattern of Dyslipidemia and its Association with Dietary Habits in Individuals Attending BSMMU Outpatient Department." Scholars International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 5 (May 24, 2022): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijog.2022.v05i05.005.
Анотація:
Introduction: Abnormal level of circulating lipids refers to dyslipidemia. Dyslipidemia mostly affects non-communicable diseases like CHD, CVD, cancer, autoimmune disease, etc. The population group most affected by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Bangladesh comprises middle-aged persons and the elderly, having a major share of the disease burden and mortality in the country. Changing dietary habits and lifestyle, rapid urbanization, growth of commuting, tobacco use, uncontrolled growth and consumption of processed foods and beverages, indoor air pollution, road-traffic injuries, lack of awareness about healthful behavioral patterns, and psychological pressure are among the important factors responsible for such non-communicable diseases. The present study was conducted with the goal of observing any association between dyslipidemia and dietary habits in men and women. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to observe the association of dyslipidemia with dietary habits. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study duration was one year, from March 2016 to February 2017. Non-probability sampling method was used to select a total of 245 dyslipidemia cases from the adult population attending the BSMMU outpatient department during the study period. Result: The majority of the dyslipidemic patients had isolated hypercholesterolemia. All types of dyslipidemia had a significantly higher prevalence among the male population. Mixed hyperlipidemia was significantly higher among the older population. Statistical significance was only observed among the total cholesterol levels and the male population and TG level and the female population of mixed hyperlipidemic subjects in regards to healthy food consumption. Unhealthy food consumption had a high correlation with dyslipidemia in both male and female population. Conclusion: The study shows that isolated hypercholesterolemia is prevalent. Food habits also have an impact on lipid profile among study subjects. Healthy foods are mostly associated with high HDL-C. Unhealthy food consumption has a high correlation with dyslipidemia in both male and female populations.
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Shahen, Mostafa E., Shibly Shahrier, and Koji Kotani. "Happiness, Generativity and Social Preferences in a Developing Country: A Possibility of Future Design." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 5256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195256.
Анотація:
Happiness, generativity and social preferences are pivotal factors for the betterment and sustainability of societies. However, little is known about the relationships among happiness, generativity and social preferences, along with sociodemographic factors, within a single analytical framework. We hypothesize that generativity and social preferences are the determinants of happiness, posing a research question “Are people happier by being prosocial and/or generative for sustainability?” We conduct a survey experiment, collecting data from five subjective happiness scales, generativity, social value orientation and sociodemographic variables in one urban area (Dhaka) and two rural areas (Bogra and Gaibandha) in Bangladesh. With the data, we empirically characterize determinants of subjective happiness with a focus on generativity and social value orientation, controlling for sociodemographic factors. The statistical analysis consistently shows a positive association between subjective happiness and generativity, irrespective of the type of happiness scale, while social value orientation does not exhibit any significance. Rural residents have lower peer relative happiness than urban residents, and household income has a positive relationship with general subjective happiness, leading each of these factors to be significant in overall subjective happiness. In summary, generativity, income and residence area are main determinants of happiness, implying that further urbanization, which is expected to occur in the future, will positively affect people’s happiness if it can bring about an increase in generativity. These results also suggest a possibility that people are happier by being more generative for sustainability, and some new institutional framework such as future design shall be recommended to enhance generativity.