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Статті в журналах з теми "Vertical inequality"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 3 червня 2025

Оновлено: 31 липня 2025

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1

Digdowiseiso, Kumba, Syed M. Murshed, and Sylvia I. Bergh. "How Effective Is Fiscal Decentralization for Inequality Reduction in Developing Countries?" Sustainability 14, no. 1 (2022): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010505.

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The relationship between fiscal decentralization and vertical inequality has long received attention by fiscal federalism theorists. However, horizontal inequality has been largely overlooked. This study will present a novel empirical examination of the relationship between fiscal decentralization, vertical inequality, and horizontal inequality. Specifically, it will focus on how institutional quality and military expenditure affect the fiscal decentralization–inequality nexus across 33 developing countries in the period 1990–2014. Findings indicate that varieties of fiscal authority have a si

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2

Pellicer, Miquel. "Inequality persistence through vertical vs. horizontal coalitions." Journal of Development Economics 90, no. 2 (2009): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.09.012.

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3

Fabio, Andrés Díaz. "Inequality, Social Protests and Civil War." OASIS, no. 26 (December 11, 2017): 25–39. https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n26.03.

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The following article presents a series of hypotheses to analyze the possible transitions between protest and civil war and their relation to inequality. To do so, the article presents an analysis on the emergence of protests and its relation with the increase in inequality across the world. This increase in inequality can in fact lead to social unrest, instability and in some cases facilitate the emergence of future armed conflicts. Thus this scenario of increased inequality presents different  possible trajectories: 1) protest generated by inequality can escalate into civil conflicts an

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4

Flores, Thomas Edward. "Vertical Inequality, Land Reform, and Insurgency in Colombia." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 20, no. 1 (2014): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2013-0058.

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AbstractHow can we understand the origins and resilience of Colombia’s long-running insurgency? A leading theory emphasizes the feasibility of insurgency, identifying drug trafficking as the main culprit. I propose an alternative theory of civil violence that emphasizes how bargaining over property rights in the face of deep vertical inequality deepens the subordinate group’s social identity, heightens its sense of grievance, and facilitates collective violence. An examination of the history of land reform struggles in Colombia echoes this pattern. Struggles over land reforms in the 1920s and

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5

Liang, Wen-Jung, and Chao-Cheng Mai. "Capital Flows, Vertical Multinationals, Wage Inequality, and Welfare." Review of Development Economics 7, no. 4 (2003): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9361.00211.

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6

Jayaraj, D., and S. Subramanian. "Horizontal and Vertical Inequality: Some Interconnections and Indicators." Social Indicators Research 75, no. 1 (2006): 123–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-4649-2.

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7

GÜLBAHAR, Mehmet, Şemsi EKEN MERİÇ, and Erol KILIÇ. "Chen invariants for Riemannian submersions and their applications." Communications Faculty Of Science University of Ankara Series A1Mathematics and Statistics 71, no. 4 (2022): 1007–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31801/cfsuasmas.990670.

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In this paper, an optimal inequality involving the delta curvature is exposed. With the help of this inequality some characterizations about the vertical motion and the horizontal divergence are obtained.

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8

Dieleman, Susan. "Toward a Pragmatist Feminist Egalitarianism: Redescribing the Vertical-Horizontal Debate From a Feminist Perspective." Contemporary Pragmatism 16, no. 4 (2019): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18758185-01604003.

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In this response to David Rondel’s Pragmatist Egalitarianism, I suggest that the disagreement between vertical egalitarians and horizontal egalitarians has deeper roots than Rondel acknowledges. Using feminist egalitarianism as my example, I suggest that this is because Rondel fails to note that horizontal egalitarians do not merely offer an alternative account of the sites of and remedies for inequality than do vertical egalitarians; they also see vertical egalitarianism itself as contributing to inequality. Yet I also contend that, even though the two sides of the vertical-horizontal debate

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9

Sorensen, Jesper B., and Olav Sorenson. "Corporate Demography and Income Inequality." American Sociological Review 72, no. 5 (2007): 766–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240707200506.

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We examine the relationship between income inequality and corporate demography in regional labor markets and specify two mechanisms through which the number and diversity of employers in a labor market affect wage dispersion. Vertical differentiation, or variation in the ability of organizations of a particular kind to benefit from labor inputs, amplifies inequality through quality sorting, as the most productive employees in a particular domain pair with the most productive employers. Increasing horizontal differentiation—variation in the kinds of organizations—reduces inequality as individua

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10

Allanson, Paul, and Dennis Petrie. "UNDERSTANDING THE VERTICAL EQUITY JUDGEMENTS UNDERPINNING HEALTH INEQUALITY MEASURES." Health Economics 23, no. 11 (2013): 1390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.2984.

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11

Anderton, Charles H., and Roxane Anderton. "Horizontal Economic Inequality and Mass Atrocity Risk: A Large-Sample Empirical Inquiry." Genocide Studies and Prevention 17, no. 2 (2024): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.17.2.1941.

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Our research question is: Does inter-group horizontal economic inequality elevate state-perpetrated mass atrocity risk? Theoretical perspectives in genocide studies show how economic and other forms of discrimination against ethnic or religious groups can elevate the risk of government violence against them. Among the approximately five dozen large-sample empirical studies of mass atrocity risk, only a few consider the effects of economic discrimination. Moreover, no large-sample empirical studies, to the best of our knowledge, test hypotheses related to how inter-group horizontal economic ine

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12

Osipova, N. G. "Social inequality in the modern world." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 25, no. 4 (2020): 124–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2019-25-4-124-153.

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This article presents the results of a study of new forms of social inequality, as well as the features of their manifestation in modern Russia, carried out by employees of the Department of Modern Sociology of the Sociology Faculty of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov. Social inequality as a whole is defined as a specific form of social stratification in which individual individuals, social groups, layers or classes are at different levels of the vertical social hierarchy and have unequal opportunities to satisfy their material, social or spiritual needs. Much attention is pa

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13

Valdés, Manuel T. "Horizontal inequality in the transition to upper secondary education in Spain." Papers. Revista de Sociologia 107, no. 2 (2022): e2968. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2968.

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Effectively maintained inequality theory posits that a reduction in vertical inequality following the expansion of a level of education will be compensated by an increase in horizontal inequality. Although this theory has been intensely studied in various countries, it has barely been explored in the Spanish case. To fill this gap, I use data from the Survey on the Transition from Education/Training to Labour Market Insertion and analyse the sample of students who completed compulsory education in 2001, right after the expansion of upper secondary education (baccalaureate) in Spain. I study tw

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14

Peng, Zihan, Yang Gao, Chengfa Gao, Rui Shang, and Lu Gan. "Improving Smartphone GNSS Positioning Accuracy Using Inequality Constraints." Remote Sensing 15, no. 8 (2023): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082062.

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To improve smartphone GNSS positioning performance using extra inequality information, an inequality constraint method was introduced and verified in this study. Firstly, the positioning model was reviewed and three constraint applications were derived from it, namely, vertical velocity, direction, and distance constraints. Secondly, we introduced an estimator based on the density function truncation method to solve the inequality constraint problem. Finally, the performance of the method was investigated using datasets from three smartphones, including a Huawei P30, a Huawei P40, and a Xiaomi

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15

Shelburne, Robert C. "Trade and Inequality: The Role of Vertical Specialization and Outsourcing." Global Economy Journal 4, no. 2 (2004): 1850022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1044.

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This article considers how the process of outsourcing results in economic changes in factor usage and productivity in developed countries. Some scholars have incorrectly interpreted these observed changes as being the result of biased skilled-labor using technological change. This article examines the size and significance of vertical specialization, and describes how outsourcing contributes to increased inequality in developed nations. The effects of outsourcing on labor market outcomes in the developing world are also explored. The author describes the potential implications and significance

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16

Soemiarsono, B., C. F. Ananda, M. Khusaini, and Susilo. "REVENUE SHARING REFORMULATION IN INDONESIA TAXATION: RESOLVING VERTICAL FISCAL INEQUALITY?" Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences 75, no. 3 (2018): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2018-03.06.

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17

MAZURKIEWICZ, Kamil, and Anna STASZEL. "VERTICAL WAGE INEQUALITY IN HIGH-TECH MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN POLAND1." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2024, no. 205 (2024): 329–36. https://doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2024.205.20.

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18

Gachet, Ivan, Diego F. Grijalva, Paúl A. Ponce, and Damián Rodríguez. "Vertical and Horizontal Inequality in Ecuador: The Lack of Sustainability." Social Indicators Research 145, no. 3 (2017): 861–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1810-2.

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19

Gedikli, Cigdem. "Occupational Gender Segregation in Turkey: The Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions." Journal of Family and Economic Issues 41, no. 1 (2019): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10834-019-09656-w.

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AbstractThis paper investigated occupational gender segregation and its vertical and horizontal dimensions in Turkey. In order to explore the extent of inequality entailed in occupational gender segregation (measured by the vertical dimension), average pay levels across occupations were used. In addition to the economic inequalities captured by pay, aiming to explore the social inequalities inherent in occupational segregation, Cambridge Social Interaction and Stratification Scale scores across occupations were used. The results showed that the extent of inequality associated with occupational

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20

Kim, jiyoun, and Soon-Yong Pak. "A Study on the Changes in Educational Inequalities amidst the Expansion of Higher Education Opportunities: A Systematic Review of Korean Literature." Institute for Educational Research 35, no. 4 (2022): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.35283/erft.2022.35.4.79.

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The purpose of this study is to comprehensively review the patterns and mechanisms of educational inequalities that have changed in the context of expanding and diversifying accessibility to higher education since the 1990s. Undergoing systematic literature review, the researchers selected 38 documents that dealt with the theme on educational inequality, and then proceeded to analyze and integrate the findings. First, educational inequality was found to coexist in two types: vertical inequality and horizontal inequality. The impact of parents' socioeconomic status on children's academic achiev

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21

Yomogida, Morihiro. "Vertical Specialization and Wage Inequality: A Simple Model of Monopolistic Competition." International Economy 23 (2020): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5652/internationaleconomy/ie2020.23.09.my.

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22

Das, Gouranga G. "Fragmentation in Production, Vertical Integration and Wage Inequality: A Theoretical Note." Modern Economy 03, no. 08 (2012): 958–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2012.38121.

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23

Di Pasquale, Giacomo, and Elisa Parazzi. "Shifts in the Boot: Understanding Inequality’s Impact on Interregional Migration Patterns in Italy." Economies 12, no. 12 (2024): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies12120317.

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Italy has long experienced a significant developmental gap between its northern and southern regions, with the latter being less developed. The 2007–2008 financial crisis accentuated this gap, leading to distinct patterns of interregional migration. This paper aims to investigate the effects of past migration flows and income inequality on interregional mobility in Italy, using a gravity model with bidirectional dyads and three different measures of inequality as dependent variables: Gini Index, Relative Poverty, and Income Ratio. Previous research has shown that living in highly unequal regio

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24

Burger, Thomas. "Die Dimensionen der Ungleichheit in der modernen Gesellschaft." Analyse & Kritik 13, no. 1 (1991): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auk-1991-0101.

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AbstractRecent developments in advanced industrial societies have increased the prominence of kinds of social inequality not adequately accomodated in traditional theories of class and social stratification. It is argued that the source of this failure is not, as has been claimed, the vertical imagery informing these theories, but rather their one-dimensionality, i.e., their assumption of a single unitary distributive mechanism as the essential generator of comprehensive social inequality. The weakness of a one-dimensional approach is illustrated through an analysis of Beck’s criticism of a cl

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25

Oburota, Chukwuedo Susan, and Olanrewaju Olaniyan. "Health care financing and income inequality in Nigeria." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 11 (2020): 1419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2020-0286.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to decompose the inequities induced by the Nigerian health care financing sources and their effect on the income distribution. Inequities in health care financing sources are of immense policy concern particularly in developing countries such as Nigeria, where high-level income inequality exists, and the cost of medical care is generally financed out-of-pocket (OOP) due to limited access to health insurance.Design/methodology/approachThe Duclos et al. decomposition model provided the theoretical framework for the study. Data were obtained from two waves of t

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26

Memesheva, L. "Gender Equality as One of the Factors Influencing the Social and Economic Development of Uzbekistan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 7 (2020): 257–61. https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/56/28.

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Achieving gender equality remains one of the most important tasks of the state policy of Uzbekistan. The country maintains a position with a high level of both vertical and horizontal gender segregation in the labor market. The article reviews and identifies the main reasons for maintaining gender inequality, as well as positive changes in the provision of equal rights in the field of gender relations.

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27

Pavlov, Oleg I., and Olga Yu Pavlova. "Income inequality measures and the middle class." SHS Web of Conferences 114 (2021): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111401019.

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We study how the presence of the middle class in the sense of Gevorgyan-Malykhin affects the value of income inequality measures including the Gini coefficient J and the Hoover index H. It is proved that in the presence of the middle class (1) $J \leqslant \frac{1}{2}\frac{{L'\left( 0 \right)}}{2}$ (where L is the Lorenz function), (2) $H \leqslant \frac{1}{2}$, (3) the longest vertical distance between the diagonal and the Lorenz curve (which is equal to H) is attained at ${z_0} < \frac{3}{4}$ A tight upper bound for P90/P10 ratio is found assuming L′(0)>0. Tight upper and lower bounds

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28

Klopčič, Jelena, and Maja Klun. "Analysis of the Relationship of Professionals towards the Vertical Equity of the Slovenian Tax System and Its Comparison with Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and the USA." Central European Public Administration Review 15, no. 3-4 (2018): 145–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17573/ipar.2017.3-4.07.

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Vertical equity states that taxpayers whose positions are not the same should be treated differently while taking into consideration all the relevant characteristics. The main purpose of using the vertical equity principle is to require the redistribution of income in a way that reduces the income inequality of the society. The presented research aims to check the opinion of Slovenian tax system professionals on the principle of vertical equity. Slovenian results have been compared to a similar analysis carried out in Croatia, and partly with survey results from Bosnia and Herzegovina and the

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29

Robinson, Rowena. "‘Private Acts’ and Structural Inequality: Law and Housing Discrimination." Socio-Legal Review 18, no. 1 (2022): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55496/xyqt3904.

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This paper focuses on law and housing discrimination within the context of a sociological understanding of the cumulative disadvantageous effects of what are legally considered ‘private acts’. It therefore brings a distinct perspective to the examination of vertical versus horizontal rights. The paper particularly focuses on housing discrimination against Muslims in urban areas against the background of marginalisation, conflict, and violence. It seeks to think about housing segregation as both producing discrimination, targeted violence, economic inequality, and social exclusion as well as it

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30

Lazarević Moravčević, Marija, Marija Mosurović, and Jelena Minović. "Gender Inequality in Education and Science." JWEE, no. 3/4 (December 8, 2023): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.28934/jwee23.34.pp143-166.

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The research in the paper is directed towards the study of gender equality in science and education, with a focus on science and research activities in Serbia. The aim of the research conducted is to identify certain anomalies indicating the presence of a gender gap in education and science and to compare the trend in the domain of gender inequality with the one detected in Europe. Descriptive statistics is used in the research. The data is collected from various sources and the relevant literature that explores the gender gap in education and science, primarily focusing on the publications of

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31

Shapoval, Yuliia. "Economic inequality: concept and approaches to measurement." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2024, no. 57 (2024): 426–47. https://doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2024.57.426.

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The study of economic inequality has evolved from the classical works of S. Kuznets and A. Atkinson to the modern approaches of A. Sen, J. Foster, A. Shorrocks, G. Palma, and T. Piketty, which take into account the impact of globalization, technological changes, and political decisions. Economic inequality is understood as the uneven distribution of economic opportunities and resources, including income and wealth, among individuals and population groups. Two primary forms of economic inequality are distinguished: income inequality (which reflects differences in current income) and wealth ineq

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32

Gachet, Ivan, Diego F. Grijalva, Paúl A. Ponce, and Damián Rodríguez. "Correction to: Vertical and Horizontal Inequality in Ecuador: The Lack of Sustainability." Social Indicators Research 145, no. 3 (2019): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1916-1.

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33

SanPietro, Frank J., Mark S. Sunderman, Evgeny Radetskiy, and Brian Janz. "Using information theory to evaluate measures of vertical inequality in property taxation." Journal of Property Tax Assessment & Administration 16, no. 1 (2019): 5–23. https://doi.org/10.63642/1357-1419.1209.

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34

Agapova, О., and Yu Shpak. "GENDER IMBALANCE IN THE FIELD OF PROVIDING FORENSIC SERVICES FOR JUSTICE: CURRENT SITUATION IN UKRAINE AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE." Archives of Criminology and Forensic Sciences 3 (October 3, 2021): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/acfs.3.2021.03.

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Abstract. The article is dedicated to the issue of gender inequality in general, and in particular in the field of forensic expert support of justice, including the problem of vertical segregation of labor in leadership positions in state specialized institutions of Ukraine. The article outlines possible reasons for the existence of gender imbalance in the form of vertical segregation of labor in leadership positions in the field of employment and in the field of forensic expert support of justice, as well as examples of gender inequality manifestations. An analysis of previous researches of d

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35

qizi, Rahimova Madina Shuhrat, and Xidirova Shahzoda Shuhrat qizi. "Systematizing the level of urbanization in the region." International Journal Of Management And Economics Fundamental 5, no. 3 (2025): 98–100. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmef/volume05issue03-14.

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The article analyzes the state of housing construction, calculated from the main indicators of the level of urbanization in the region, using the example of the Kashkadarya region. In the analysis, the housing was divided into individual and multi-storey, and the processes of growing the height of the areas were assessed on the basis of a vertical growth index. According to the results, the vertical growth index in ten areas of the province was lower than the provincial average, indicating a high inter-territorial inequality in the construction of multi-apartment housing.

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36

Zafar, Asma, Muhammad Ramzan, and Ahmed Usman. "Gender Inequality as a Barrier to Utilization of Services in Mother to Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan." Global Sociological Review VI, no. IV (2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gsr.2021(vi-iv).04.

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Анотація:

This study examines gender inequality as a barrier to utilization of services in mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan. The study uses a feminist approach to explore the barriers related to gender inequality during the uptake of HIV treatment. The data was collected from 26 medical practitioners and 10 HIV positive mothers through in-depth interviews. HIV positive mothers were found to have experienced discrimination in their treatment, difficulty in traveling from far off areas to the special clinics, and they expressed having the least family support as HIV patients.They also

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37

Tian, Yiya, Yijun Xia, Jialu Yu, and Yijing Han. "Does Public Education Promote Gender Equality? Evidence from 8 Countries of Different Income and Religion Levels." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 101, no. 1 (2025): 30–45. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/2024.24357.

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Анотація:

Gender inequality, accompanied by the progress of human thoughts, has been extensively discussed in multiple fields of study, but there is still limited research on the exact impact of public education. Is public education one of the decisive factors in the extent of gender inequality? To explore the answer and the underlying mechanism, this paper examines the relationship between public education and gender inequality by selecting three different indicators (total general government expenditure on education, average years of schooling and gross enrollment ratio in primary education) to measur

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38

Il'in, A. N. "Neoliberal narrative about competition and equality of chances." Voprosy kul'turologii (Issues of Cultural Studies), no. 5 (May 29, 2023): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-01-2305-01.

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The article criticizes the position of neoliberal ideology, according to which every person in a market society has an equal chance of success. Various factors neutralizing the validity of this thesis are considered. Depending on the economic, social and cultural capital of the family, a person has chances for vertical mobility. The thesis of equality of chances seems to be a mythologeme, specially constructed and replicated for political purposes. It is proved that inequality is an integral aspect of the neoliberal order. We are talking about inequality both at the microsocial level and at th

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39

Kurniawan, Arika, А. Azwardi, and А. Yunisvita. "Occupational Segregation Based on Gender and Wage Inequality by Education, Age and Mobility (South Sumatra, Indonesia)." MIR (Modernization. Innovation. Research) 12, no. 2 (2021): 182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18184/2079-4665.2021.12.2.182-196.

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Анотація:

Purpose: this study measures gender segregation by occupations and wage inequality based on overall segregation, vertical segregation, and horizontal segregation in terms of labour supply, namely differences in wages, hours of work, age, level of education, and mobility (rural and urban) in South Sumatra Province in 2019.Methods: the data used in this study are secondary data sourced from the 2019 South Sumatra Province Labour Force Survey (SAK19.AK) which is limited to individuals aged 15 to 64 who are currently working, namely as many as 10,429 individuals, of whom 6,873 men and 3,556 women.

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40

Mao, Lan. "Fiscal vertical imbalance and income inequality: A threshold effect analysis based on government expenditure." PLOS ONE 20, no. 1 (2025): e0317537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317537.

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This study aims to investigate the complex relationship between vertical fiscal imbalance, public expenditure structure, and income distribution disparities, with the goal of providing policy insights for achieving shared prosperity. Employing Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and threshold analysis, the research reveals key findings: (1) an exacerbation of vertical fiscal imbalance significantly widens the urban-rural income gap; (2) public expenditure structure exhibits threshold effects, resulting in non-linear impacts on income disparity; (3) a unique contribution of our study is the ide

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41

Salas, Rafael, and Isabel Rabadan. "LIFETIME AND VERTICAL INTERTEMPORAL INEQUALITY, INCOME SMOOTHING, AND REDISTRIBUTION: A SOCIAL WELFARE APPROACH." Review of Income and Wealth 44, no. 1 (1998): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1998.tb00252.x.

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42

Llamas, Linda, Abdelkrim Araar, and Luis Huesca. "Income redistribution and inequality in the Mexican tax-benefit system." Cuadernos de Economía 36, no. 72 (2017): 301–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/cuad.econ.v36n72.65869.

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Анотація:

The paper examines the redistributive effect that was achieved by the Mexican tax-benefit system in 2014 using personal income tax, indirect taxes, social security contributions and social benefits. Our goal is to analyse the impact on inequality due to fiscal system action and then go further by demonstrating to what extent the contributions have on the total redistribution effect. The Mexican tax-benefit sys-tem is characterised by significant pre-fiscal income inequality. The contribution made by Vertical Equity (VE) is relatively important, but Horizontal Inequity (HI) reduces its impact.

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43

Esteban, Joan, and Debraj Ray. "On the Salience of Ethnic Conflict." American Economic Review 98, no. 5 (2008): 2185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.5.2185.

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Анотація:

A classical theme in social analysis views economic class divisions as the main cause of social conflict. Yet many, if not most of the conflicts we observe today appear to be ethnic in nature. It appears that the "vertical" nature of class divisions is often dominated by the "horizontal" antagonisms across groups delineated by noneconomic markers. This paper highlights the perverse synergy of economic inequality within ethnic groups, and its role in the salience of ethnic conflict. In a model of group formation which allows both class and ethnic groupings to emerge, we show that ethnic, as opp

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44

Cox, Henry. "Vertical line arrays of vector sensors." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 157, no. 2 (2025): 755–65. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0035567.

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A vertical line array (VLA) of vector sensors has a multi-component vector sensor at each sensor position. Vector sensors consist of an omni-directional receiver (Omni), two orthogonal horizontal dipoles, and possibly a vertical dipole. VLA beamforming may be factored into azimuthal processing at each sensor by using a weighted sum of the sensor components and vertical beamforming that combines the vector sensor outputs. Alternative sensor weights, which may depend on vertical steering angle, including cardioids, limacons, and the optimal weights for azimuthally symmetric noise are compared. T

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45

TANG, Jingyuan, Yongjie GOU, Yangyang MA, and Binfeng PAN. "Rocket landing guidance based on second-order Picard-Chebyshev-Newton type algorithm." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 42, no. 1 (2024): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20244210098.

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This paper proposes a rocket substage vertical landing guidance method based on the second-order Picard-Chebyshev-Newton type algorithm. Firstly, the continuous-time dynamic equation is discretized based on the natural second-order Picard iteration formulation and the Chebyshev polynomial. Secondly, the landing problem that considers terminal constraints is transformed into a nonlinear least-squares problem with respect to the terminal constraint function and solved with the Gauss-Newton method. In addition, the projection method is introduced to the iteration process of the Gauss-Newton metho

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46

Memesheva, L. "Gender Equality as One of the Factors Influencing the Social and Economic Development of Uzbekistan." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 7 (2020): 257–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/56/28.

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Achieving gender equality remains one of the most important tasks of the state policy of Uzbekistan. The country maintains a position with a high level of both vertical and horizontal gender segregation in the labor market. The article reviews and identifies the main reasons for maintaining gender inequality, as well as positive changes in the provision of equal rights in the field of gender relations.

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47

Ouya, Jules, and Arouna Ouedraogo. "Global Existence of Weak Solutions to 3D Compressible Primitive Equations of Atmospheric Dynamics with Degenerate Viscosity." European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 16, no. 4 (2023): 2247–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29020/nybg.ejpam.v16i4.4931.

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In this work, we show the existence of global weak solutions to the three-dimensional compressible primitive equations of atmospheric dynamics with degenerate viscosity density-dependent for large initial data. With a pressure law of the form ρ2, we represent the vertical velocity as a function of the density and the horizontal one which will be important in using Faedo-Galerkin method to obtain the global existence of the approximate solutions. In analogy with the cases in [28] and [26, 27], we prove that the weak solutions satisfy the basic energy inequality and the Bresch-Desjardins entropy

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48

Wilmers, Nathan. "Does Consumer Demand Reproduce Inequality? High-Income Consumers, Vertical Differentiation, and the Wage Structure." American Journal of Sociology 123, no. 1 (2017): 178–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/692063.

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49

Hamid, Abdul, and Naeem Akram. "Socio-Economic Consequences of Horizontal Gender Inequalities in Education and Health: Incidence from Pakistan." Journal of Asian Development Studies 14, no. 1 (2025): 296–308. https://doi.org/10.62345/jads.2025.14.1.22.

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Women make up almost half of the population of Pakistan and contribute significantly to socio-economic development. However, women have been suffering from horizontal and vertical multi-dimensional inequality of opportunities in all spheres of life, especially in education and health. This occurrence of horizontal inequality poses serious socio-economic consequences, leading to poverty, inequality, low productivity, ill health, low life expectancy, and other interrelated problems. In the Gender Inequality Index (GII), the ranking of Pakistan is 135, compared with 127 for Bangladesh and 108 for

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50

Randjelovic, Sasa, and Jelena Zarkovic-Rakic. "Addressing inequality and poverty with tax instruments." Ekonomski anali 56, no. 190 (2011): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1190007r.

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There is a consensus, in both academia and economic policy circles, that the reform of the personal income tax system in Serbia is necessary one. Two frequently discussed reform scenarios are East European style flat tax and the comprehensive income tax model of Western Europe. Most Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have recently reformed their income tax systems by introducing some form of flat tax scheme, while in numerous countries of Western Europe the possibility of flat tax reform is also seriously considered. Opponents of the reform usually stress the adverse distributional e

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