Статті в журналах: "Visual-perceptual expertise"

1

Cheung, Olivia S., and Moshe Bar. "Visual prediction and perceptual expertise." International Journal of Psychophysiology 83, no. 2 (February 2012): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.11.002.

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2

Wong, Yetta Kwailing, and Isabel Gauthier. "A Multimodal Neural Network Recruited by Expertise with Musical Notation." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 4 (April 2010): 695–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21229.

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Prior neuroimaging work on visual perceptual expertise has focused on changes in the visual system, ignoring possible effects of acquiring expert visual skills in nonvisual areas. We investigated expertise for reading musical notation, a skill likely to be associated with multimodal abilities. We compared brain activity in music-reading experts and novices during perception of musical notation, Roman letters, and mathematical symbols and found selectivity for musical notation for experts in a widespread multimodal network of areas. The activity in several of these areas was correlated with a behavioral measure of perceptual fluency with musical notation, suggesting that activity in nonvisual areas can predict individual differences in visual expertise. The visual selectivity for musical notation is distinct from that for faces, single Roman letters, and letter strings. Implications of the current findings to the study of visual perceptual expertise, music reading, and musical expertise are discussed.

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3

Mann, Derek T. Y., A. Mark Williams, Paul Ward, and Christopher M. Janelle. "Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise in Sport: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 29, no. 4 (August 2007): 457–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457.

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Research focusing on perceptual-cognitive skill in sport is abundant. However, the existing qualitative syntheses of this research lack the quantitative detail necessary to determine the magnitude of differences between groups of varying levels of skills, thereby limiting the theoretical and practical contribution of this body of literature. We present a meta-analytic review focusing on perceptual-cognitive skill in sport (N = 42 studies, 388 effect sizes) with the primary aim of quantifying expertise differences. Effects were calculated for a variety of dependent measures (i.e., response accuracy, response time, number of visual fixations, visual fixation duration, and quiet eye period) using point-biserial correlation. Results indicated that experts are better than nonexperts in picking up perceptual cues, as revealed by measures of response accuracy and response time. Systematic differences in visual search behaviors were also observed, with experts using fewer fixations of longer duration, including prolonged quiet eye periods, compared with nonexperts. Several factors (e.g., sport type, research paradigm employed, and stimulus presentation modality) significantly moderated the relationship between level of expertise and perceptual-cognitive skill. Practical and theoretical implications are presented and suggestions for empirical work are provided.

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4

Ro, Tony, Ashley Friggel, and Nilli Lavie. "Musical expertise modulates the effects of visual perceptual load." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 71, no. 4 (May 2009): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/app.71.4.671.

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5

Curby, Kim M., and Isabel Gauthier. "To the Trained Eye: Perceptual Expertise Alters Visual Processing." Topics in Cognitive Science 2, no. 2 (April 2010): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-8765.2009.01058.x.

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6

Zhang, Yao, Jie Li, Ziwei Wang, Lun Zhao, Wei Wang, and Danmin Miao. "Perceptual expertise impacts preattentive processing of visual simple feature." NeuroReport 29, no. 5 (March 2018): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0000000000000947.

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7

Tanaka, James W., Tim Curran, and David L. Sheinberg. "The Training and Transfer of Real-World Perceptual Expertise." Psychological Science 16, no. 2 (February 2005): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00795.x.

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A hallmark of perceptual expertise is that experts classify objects at a more specific, subordinate level of abstraction than novices. To what extent does subordinate-level learning contribute to the transfer of perceptual expertise to novel exemplars and novel categories? In this study, participants learned to classify 10 varieties of wading birds and 10 varieties of owls at either the subordinate, species (e.g., “great blue crown heron,” “eastern screech owl”) or the family (“wading bird,” “owl”) level of abstraction. During training, the amount of visual exposure was equated such that participants received an equal number of learning trials for wading birds and owls. Pre- and posttraining performance was measured in a same/different discrimination task in which participants judged whether pairs of bird stimuli belonged to the same or different species. Participants trained in species-level discrimination demonstrated greater transfer to novel exemplars and novel species categories than participants trained in family-level discrimination. These findings suggest that perceptual categorization, not perceptual exposure per se, is important for the development and generalization of visual expertise.

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8

Landers, Casey. "Specialized Visual Experiences." Philosophical Quarterly 71, no. 1 (April 20, 2020): 74–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pq/pqaa018.

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Abstract Through extensive training, experts acquire specialized knowledge and abilities. In this paper, I argue that experts also acquire specialized visual experiences. Specifically, I articulate and defend the account that experts enjoy visual experiences that represent gestalt properties through perceptual learning. I survey an array of empirical studies on face perception and perceptual expertise that support this account. I also look at studies on perceptual adaptation that some might argue present a problem for my account. I show how the data are subject to an interpretation that is friendly to it. Last, I address two theoretical objections to the claim that visual experiences represent gestalt properties.

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9

Zhang, W., and W. Hayward. "The effect of perceptual expertise on visual short-term memory." Journal of Vision 11, no. 11 (September 23, 2011): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/11.11.679.

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10

Zhao, L. "Perceptual expertise affects pre-attentive change detection of visual features." International Journal of Psychophysiology 85, no. 3 (September 2012): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.06.094.

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11

Wong, Yetta Kwailing, Christine Kong-Yan Tong, Ming Lui, and Alan C. N. Wong. "Perceptual expertise with Chinese characters predicts Chinese reading performance among Hong Kong Chinese children with developmental dyslexia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): e0243440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243440.

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This study explores the theoretical proposal that developmental dyslexia involves a failure to develop perceptual expertise with words despite adequate education. Among a group of Hong Kong Chinese children diagnosed with developmental dyslexia, we investigated the relationship between Chinese word reading and perceptual expertise with Chinese characters. In a perceptual fluency task, the time of visual exposure to Chinese characters was manipulated and limited such that the speed of discrimination of a short sequence of Chinese characters at an accuracy level of 80% was estimated. Pair-wise correlations showed that perceptual fluency for characters predicted speeded and non-speeded word reading performance. Exploratory hierarchical regressions showed that perceptual fluency for characters accounted for 5.3% and 9.6% variance in speeded and non-speeded reading respectively, in addition to age, non-verbal IQ, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, rapid automatized naming (RAN) and perceptual fluency for digits. The findings suggest that perceptual expertise with words plays an important role in Chinese reading performance in developmental dyslexia, and that perceptual training is a potential remediation direction.

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12

Lochy, Aliette, Friederike G. S. Zimmermann, Renaud Laguesse, Verena Willenbockel, Bruno Rossion, and Quoc C. Vuong. "Does Extensive Training at Individuating Novel Objects in Adulthood Lead to Visual Expertise? The Role of Facelikeness." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 4 (April 2018): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01212.

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Human adults have a rich visual experience thanks to seeing human faces since birth, which may contribute to the acquisition of perceptual processes that rapidly and automatically individuate faces. According to a generic visual expertise hypothesis, extensive experience with nonface objects may similarly lead to efficient processing of objects at the individual level. However, whether extensive training in adulthood leads to visual expertise remains debated. One key issue is the extent to which the acquisition of visual expertise depends on the resemblance of objects to faces in terms of the spatial configuration of parts. We therefore trained naive human adults to individuate a large set of novel parametric multipart objects. Critically, one group of participants trained with the objects in a “facelike” stimulus orientation, whereas a second group trained with the same objects but with the objects rotated 180° in the picture plane into a “nonfacelike” orientation. We used a fast periodic visual stimulation EEG protocol to objectively quantify participants' ability to discriminate untrained exemplars before and after training. EEG responses associated with the frequency of identity change in a fast stimulation sequence, which reflects rapid and automatic perceptual processes, were observed over lateral occipital sites for both groups before training. There was a significant, albeit small, increase in these responses after training but only for the facelike group and only to facelike stimuli. Our findings indicate that perceived facelikeness plays a role in visual expertise and highlight how the adult perceptual system exploits familiar spatial configurations when learning new object categories.

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13

McCallum, Marvin, Alvah Bittner, Joshua Rubinstein, James Brown, Joel Richman, and Randal Taylor. "Factors Contributing to Airport Screener Expertise." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 49, no. 10 (September 2005): 922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120504901011.

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An airport X-ray Screener Test Battery was developed to better understand how selected aspects of screeners' visual and perceptual capabilities, attentional and verbal processing, work schedule, medication use, work history, training, equipment knowledge, personal style, attitudinal characteristics, and job satisfaction are related to job performance. The Test Battery was administered to 92 X-ray screeners and analyses compared Test Battery performance with X-ray screening job performance. Analyses suggest that important factors related to X-ray screening performance include several aspects of perceptual and attentional processing; screeners' time on the job; screeners' work schedules; and their use of pharmaceuticals, over-the-counter drugs, and dietary supplements. Potential applications of the findings for improving screener performance through personnel selection, training, workforce management, and X-ray equipment design enhancements are discussed. Ongoing research is also outlined.

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14

Carr, Allison, Andrea Cataldo, Hillary Hadley, Erik Arnold, James Tanaka, Tim Curran, and Lisa Scott. "Changes in Visual Scanning Strategies Accompany the Acquisition of Perceptual Expertise." Journal of Vision 18, no. 10 (September 1, 2018): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/18.10.390.

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15

Cai, Yazhi, Yudi Mao, Yixuan Ku, and Jing Chen. "Holistic Integration in the Processing of Chinese Characters as Revealed by Electroencephalography Frequency Tagging." Perception 49, no. 6 (June 2020): 658–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006620929197.

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It is debated whether perceptual expertise of nonface objects, such as visual words, is indicated by holistic processing, which is regarded as a marker of perceptual expertise of faces. We address this question by frequency-tagged electroencephalography. Different parts of real or pseudo Chinese characters are presented at distinctive frequencies (6 or 7.2 Hz), which induce frequency-tagged steady-state visual-evoked potentials at occipital brain areas. The intermodulation response (e.g., 6 + 7.2 = 13.2 Hz) would emerge when holistic integration takes place. Our results suggest that the intermodulation response to the real characters is left lateralized, which is contralateral to previous findings with faces. Furthermore, at the left occipital area, the intermodulation response to real characters is more prominent than pseudo characters, suggesting that holistic integration is enhanced for real characters than for pseudo ones. Taken together, our findings suggest that holistic integration is potentially a general expertise marker for both faces and non-face objects.

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16

Ward, Paul, and A. Mark Williams. "Perceptual and Cognitive Skill Development in Soccer: The Multidimensional Nature of Expert Performance." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 25, no. 1 (March 2003): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.1.93.

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This study examined the relative contribution of visual, perceptual, and cognitive skills to the development of expertise in soccer. Elite and sub-elite players, ranging in age from 9 to 17 years, were assessed using a multidimensional battery of tests. Four aspects of visual function were measured: static and dynamic visual acuity; stereoscopic depth sensitivity; and peripheral awareness. Perceptual and cognitive skills were assessed via the use of situational probabilities, as well as tests of anticipation and memory recall. Stepwise discriminant analyses revealed that the tests of visual function did not consistently discriminate between skill groups at any age. Tests of anticipatory performance and use of situational probabilities were the best in discriminating across skill groups. Memory recall of structured patterns of play was most predictive of age. As early as age 9, elite soccer players demonstrated superior perceptual and cognitive skills when compared to their sub-elite counterparts. Implications for training perceptual and cognitive skill in sport are discussed.

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17

Carr, Allison, Travis Jones, Andrea Cataldo, Hillary Hadley, Erik Arnold, James Tanaka, Tim Curran, and Lisa Scott. "A Dissociation Between Visual Strategy Use and Accuracy after Perceptual Expertise Training." Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (August 31, 2017): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.473.

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18

Nodine, Calvin F., and Elizabeth A. Krupinski. "Perceptual skill, radiology expertise, and visual test performance with NINA and WALDO." Academic Radiology 5, no. 9 (September 1998): 603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(98)80295-x.

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19

Brenton, John, and Sean Müller. "Is visual-perceptual or motor expertise critical for expert anticipation in sport?" Applied Cognitive Psychology 32, no. 6 (October 10, 2018): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.3453.

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20

Wong, Yetta Kwailing, Cynthia Peng, Kristyn N. Fratus, Geoffrey F. Woodman, and Isabel Gauthier. "Perceptual Expertise and Top–Down Expectation of Musical Notation Engages the Primary Visual Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 8 (August 2014): 1629–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00616.

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Most theories of visual processing propose that object recognition is achieved in higher visual cortex. However, we show that category selectivity for musical notation can be observed in the first ERP component called the C1 (measured 40–60 msec after stimulus onset) with music-reading expertise. Moreover, the C1 note selectivity was observed only when the stimulus category was blocked but not when the stimulus category was randomized. Under blocking, the C1 activity for notes predicted individual music-reading ability, and behavioral judgments of musical stimuli reflected music-reading skill. Our results challenge current theories of object recognition, indicating that the primary visual cortex can be selective for musical notation within the initial feedforward sweep of activity with perceptual expertise and with a testing context that is consistent with the expertise training, such as blocking the stimulus category for music reading.

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21

Catteeuw, Peter, Bart Gilis, Johan Wagemans, and Werner Helsen. "Perceptual-Cognitive Skills in Offside Decision Making: Expertise and Training Effects." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 32, no. 6 (December 2010): 828–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.6.828.

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This two-experiment study aims to investigate the role of expertise in offside decision making (Experiment 1) and the effect of perceptual-cognitive training (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, a video-based offside decision-making task followed by a frame recognition task demonstrated a bias toward flag errors and a forward memory shift for less-successful elite-standard assistant referees that is in line with the predictions from the flash-lag effect. In Experiment 2, an offside decision-making training program demonstrated a substantial progress from pre- to posttest for response accuracy, but not for accuracy of memory in the frame recognition task. In both experiments, no differences were found for visual scan patterns. First, these results suggest that less-successful elite-standard assistant referees are more affected by the flash-lag effect. Second, an off-field perceptual-cognitive training program can help assistant referees to deal with the perceptual consequences of the flash-lag illusion and to readjust their decision-making process accordingly.

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22

Scott, Lisa S., James W. Tanaka, David L. Sheinberg, and Tim Curran. "A Reevaluation of the Electrophysiological Correlates of Expert Object Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 9 (September 2006): 1453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1453.

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Subordinate-level object processing is regarded as a hallmark of perceptual expertise. However, the relative contribution of subordinate- and basic-level category experience in the acquisition of perceptual expertise has not been clearly delineated. In this study, participants learned to classify wading birds and owls at either the basic (e.g., wading bird, owl) or the subordinate (e.g., egret, snowy owl) level. After 6 days of training, behavioral results showed that subordinate-level but not basic-level training improved subordinate discrimination of trained exemplars, novel exemplars, and exemplars from novel species. Event-related potentials indicated that both basic- and subordinate-level training enhanced the early N170 component, but only subordinate-level training amplified the later N250 component. These results are consistent with models positing separate basic and subordinate learning mechanisms, and, contrary to perspectives attempting to explain visual expertise solely in terms of subordinate-level processing, suggest that expertise enhances neural responses of both basic and subordinate processing.

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23

Aretz, Anthony J. "Perceptual Skill and the Cerebral Hemispheres." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 36, no. 18 (October 1992): 1373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129203601803.

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The purpose of this experiment was to determine if there is a relationship between the development of a perceptual skill and the visual field of presentation for verbal and spatial stimuli. Subjects performed an extended practice Sternberg task in which targets were presented in either the left visual field (LVF) or right visual field (RVF). Both verbal (letters) and spatial (3−3 grid patterns) stimuli were used. The results indicated that visual field was not a significant factor for simple verbal stimuli. However, there was an initial LVF, or right hemisphere (RH), advantage for spatial stimuli that switched to a RVF, or left hemisphere (LH), advantage after a skill develops. These data support an analytic role for the LH, which may be the focus for feature detection expertise. Another finding was that individual differences in cerebral dominance may influence the development of perceptual skill. Together these data shed light on possible biological constraints of human information processing models.

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24

Gegenfurtner, Andreas, Ellen M. Kok, Koos Van Geel, Anique B. H. de Bruin, and Bettina Sorger. "NEURAL CORRELATES OF VISUAL PERCEPTUAL EXPERTISE: EVIDENCE FROM COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE USING FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING." Frontline Learning Research 5, no. 3 (July 14, 2017): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14786/flr.v5i3.259.

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25

Sunday, Mackenzie, Rankin W. McGugin, and Isabel Gauthier. "Domain-specific reports of visual imagery vividness are not related to perceptual expertise." Behavior Research Methods 49, no. 2 (April 8, 2016): 733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0730-4.

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26

Laurent, Eric, Paul Ward, A. Mark Williams, and Hubert Ripoll. "Expertise in basketball modifies perceptual discrimination abilities, underlying cognitive processes, and visual behaviours." Visual Cognition 13, no. 2 (January 2006): 247–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506280544000020.

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27

Petushek, Erich J., Edward T. Cokely, Paul Ward, and Gregory D. Myer. "Injury Risk Estimation Expertise: Cognitive-Perceptual Mechanisms of ACL-IQ." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 37, no. 3 (June 2015): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0315.

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Instrument-based biomechanical movement analysis is an effective injury screening method but relies on expensive equipment and time-consuming analysis. Screening methods that rely on visual inspection and perceptual skill for prognosticating injury risk provide an alternative approach that can significantly reduce cost and time. However, substantial individual differences exist in skill when estimating injury risk performance via observation. The underlying perceptual-cognitive mechanisms of injury risk identification were explored to better understand the nature of this skill and provide a foundation for improving performance. Quantitative structural and process modeling of risk estimation indicated that superior performance was largely mediated by specific strategies and skills (e.g., irrelevant information reduction), and independent of domain-general cognitive abilities (e.g., mental rotation, general decision skill). These cognitive models suggest that injury prediction expertise (i.e., ACL-IQ) is a trainable skill, and provide a foundation for future research and applications in training, decision support, and ultimately clinical screening investigations.

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28

Rossion, Bruno, Daniel Collins, Valérie Goffaux, and Tim Curran. "Long-term Expertise with Artificial Objects Increases Visual Competition with Early Face Categorization Processes." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 3 (March 2007): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.3.543.

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The degree of commonality between the perceptual mechanisms involved in processing faces and objects of expertise is intensely debated. To clarify this issue, we recorded occipito-temporal event-related potentials in response to faces when concurrently processing visual objects of expertise. In car experts fixating pictures of cars, we observed a large decrease of an evoked potential elicited by face stimuli between 130 and 200 msec, the N170. This sensory suppression was much lower when the car and face stimuli were separated by a 200-msec blank interval. With and without this delay, there was a strong correlation between the face-evoked N170 amplitude decrease and the subject's level of car expertise as measured in an independent behavioral task. Together, these results show that neural representations of faces and nonface objects in a domain of expertise compete for visual processes in the occipito-temporal cortex as early as 130–200 msec following stimulus onset.

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29

Abernethy, Bruce. "Training the Visual-Perceptual Skills of Athletes: Insights from the Study of Motor Expertise." American Journal of Sports Medicine 24, no. 6_suppl (November 1996): S89—S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659602406s24.

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30

Xue, Gui, and Russell A. Poldrack. "The Neural Substrates of Visual Perceptual Learning of Words: Implications for the Visual Word Form Area Hypothesis." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 10 (October 2007): 1643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.10.1643.

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It remains under debate whether the fusiform visual word form area (VWFA) is specific to visual word form and whether visual expertise increases its sensitivity (Xue et al., 2006; Cohen et al., 2002). The present study examined three related issues: (1) whether the VWFA is also involved in processing foreign writing that significantly differs from the native one, (2) the effect of visual word form training on VWFA activation after controlling the task difficulty, and (3) the transfer of visual word form learning. Eleven native English speakers were trained, during five sessions, to judge whether two subsequently flashed (100-msec duration with 200-msec interval) foreign characters (i.e., Korean Hangul) were identical or not. Visual noise was added to the stimuli to manipulate task difficulty. In functional magnetic resonance imaging scans before and after training, subjects performed the task once with the same noise level (i.e., parameter-matched scan) and once with noise level changed to match performance from pretraining to posttraining (i.e., performance-matched scan). Results indicated that training increased the accuracy in parameter-matched condition but remained constant in performance-matched condition (because of increasing task difficulty). Pretraining scans revealed stronger activation for English words than for Korean characters in the left inferior temporal gyrus and the left inferior frontal cortex, but not in the VWFA. Visual word form training significantly decreased the activation in the bilateral middle and left posterior fusiform when either parameters or performance were matched and for both trained and new items. These results confirm our conjecture that the VWFA is not dedicated to words, and visual expertise acquired with training reduces rather than increases its activity.

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31

Byers, Anna, and John T. Serences. "Enhanced attentional gain as a mechanism for generalized perceptual learning in human visual cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 1217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00353.2014.

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Learning to better discriminate a specific visual feature (i.e., a specific orientation in a specific region of space) has been associated with plasticity in early visual areas ( sensory modulation) and with improvements in the transmission of sensory information from early visual areas to downstream sensorimotor and decision regions ( enhanced readout). However, in many real-world scenarios that require perceptual expertise, observers need to efficiently process numerous exemplars from a broad stimulus class as opposed to just a single stimulus feature. Some previous data suggest that perceptual learning leads to highly specific neural modulations that support the discrimination of specific trained features. However, the extent to which perceptual learning acts to improve the discriminability of a broad class of stimuli via the modulation of sensory responses in human visual cortex remains largely unknown. Here, we used functional MRI and a multivariate analysis method to reconstruct orientation-selective response profiles based on activation patterns in the early visual cortex before and after subjects learned to discriminate small offsets in a set of grating stimuli that were rendered in one of nine possible orientations. Behavioral performance improved across 10 training sessions, and there was a training-related increase in the amplitude of orientation-selective response profiles in V1, V2, and V3 when orientation was task relevant compared with when it was task irrelevant. These results suggest that generalized perceptual learning can lead to modified responses in the early visual cortex in a manner that is suitable for supporting improved discriminability of stimuli drawn from a large set of exemplars.

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32

Bukach, Cindy M., Daniel N. Bub, Isabel Gauthier, and Michael J. Tarr. "Perceptual Expertise Effects Are Not All or None: Spatially Limited Perceptual Expertise for Faces in a Case of Prosopagnosia." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892906775250094.

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We document a seemingly unique case of severe prosopagnosia, L. R., who suffered damage to his anterior and inferior right temporal lobe as a result of a motor vehicle accident. We systematically investigated each of three factors associated with expert face recognition: fine-level discrimination, holistic processing, and configural processing (Experiments 1-3). Surprisingly, L. R. shows preservation of all three of these processes; that is, his performance in these experiments is comparable to that of normal controls. However, L. R. is only able to apply these processes over a limited spatial extent to the fine-level detail within faces. Thus, when the location of a given change is unpredictable (Experiment 3), L. R. exhibits normal detection of features and spatial configurations only for the lower half of each face. Similarly, when required to divide his attention over multiple face features, L. R. is able to determine the identity of only a single feature (Experiment 4). We discuss these results in the context of forming a better understanding of prosopagnosia and the mechanisms used in face recognition and visual expertise. We conclude that these mechanisms are not “all-or-none”, but rather can be impaired incrementally, such that they may remain functional over a restricted spatial area. This conclusion is consistent with previous research suggesting that perceptual expertise is acquired in a spatially incremental manner [Gauthier, I., & Tarr, M. J. Unraveling mechanisms for expert object recognition: Bridging brain activity and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 28, 431-446, 2002].

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33

Björnström, Laura Eklinder, Charlotte Hills, Hashim Hanif, and Jason J. S. Barton. "Visual Word Expertise: A Study of Inversion and the Word-Length Effect, with Perceptual Transforms." Perception 43, no. 5 (January 2014): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p7698.

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34

Hussain, Zahra. "An expert advantage in detecting unfamiliar visual signals in noise." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 41 (September 30, 2020): 25935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003761117.

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Diagnostic radiologists are experts in discriminating and classifying medical images for clinically significant anomalies. Does their perceptual expertise confer an advantage in unfamiliar visual tasks? Here, this issue was investigated by comparing the performance of 10 radiologists and 2 groups of novices on the ability to detect novel visual signals: band-limited textures in noise. Observers performed a yes/no detection task in which texture spatial frequency and external noise levels were varied. The task was performed on two consecutive days. Contrast thresholds and response bias were measured. Contrast thresholds of radiologists were superior to the control groups in all stimulus conditions on both days. Performance improved by an equivalent amount for all groups across days. Response bias differed consistently across stimulus conditions and days but not across groups. The difference in thresholds between the radiologists and control groups suggests that experience in diagnostic medical imaging produces perceptual skills that that transfer beyond the trained domain.

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Juni, Mordechai Z., and Miguel P. Eckstein. "The wisdom of crowds for visual search." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 21 (May 10, 2017): E4306—E4315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610732114.

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Decision-making accuracy typically increases through collective integration of people’s judgments into group decisions, a phenomenon known as the wisdom of crowds. For simple perceptual laboratory tasks, classic signal detection theory specifies the upper limit for collective integration benefits obtained by weighted averaging of people’s confidences, and simple majority voting can often approximate that limit. Life-critical perceptual decisions often involve searching large image data (e.g., medical, security, and aerial imagery), but the expected benefits and merits of using different pooling algorithms are unknown for such tasks. Here, we show that expected pooling benefits are significantly greater for visual search than for single-location perceptual tasks and the prediction given by classic signal detection theory. In addition, we show that simple majority voting obtains inferior accuracy benefits for visual search relative to averaging and weighted averaging of observers’ confidences. Analysis of gaze behavior across observers suggests that the greater collective integration benefits for visual search arise from an interaction between the foveated properties of the human visual system (high foveal acuity and low peripheral acuity) and observers’ nonexhaustive search patterns, and can be predicted by an extended signal detection theory framework with trial to trial sampling from a varying mixture of high and low target detectabilities across observers (SDT-MIX). These findings advance our theoretical understanding of how to predict and enhance the wisdom of crowds for real world search tasks and could apply more generally to any decision-making task for which the minority of group members with high expertise varies from decision to decision.

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Rennig, Johannes, Sonja Cornelsen, Helmut Wilhelm, Marc Himmelbach, and Hans-Otto Karnath. "Preserved Expert Object Recognition in a Case of Visual Hemiagnosia." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 2 (February 2018): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01193.

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We examined a stroke patient (HWS) with a unilateral lesion of the right medial ventral visual stream, involving the right fusiform and parahippocampal gyri. In a number of object recognition tests with lateralized presentations of target stimuli, HWS showed significant symptoms of hemiagnosia with contralesional recognition deficits for everyday objects. We further explored the patient's capacities of visual expertise that were acquired before the current perceptual impairment became effective. We confronted him with objects he was an expert for already before stroke onset and compared this performance with the recognition of familiar everyday objects. HWS was able to identify significantly more of the specific (“expert”) than of the everyday objects on the affected contralesional side. This observation of better expert object recognition in visual hemiagnosia allows for several interpretations. The results may be caused by enhanced information processing for expert objects in the ventral system in the affected or the intact hemisphere. Expert knowledge could trigger top–down mechanisms supporting object recognition despite of impaired basic functions of object processing. More importantly, the current work demonstrates that top–down mechanisms of visual expertise influence object recognition at an early stage, probably before visual object information propagates to modules of higher object recognition. Because HWS showed a lesion to the fusiform gyrus and spared capacities of expert object recognition, the current study emphasizes possible contributions of areas outside the ventral stream to visual expertise.

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Tahri Sqalli, Mohammed, Dena Al-Thani, Mohamed B. Elshazly, Mohammed Al-Hijji, Alaa Alahmadi, and Yahya Sqalli Houssaini. "Understanding Cardiology Practitioners’ Interpretations of Electrocardiograms: An Eye-Tracking Study." JMIR Human Factors 9, no. 1 (February 9, 2022): e34058. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/34058.

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Background Visual expertise refers to advanced visual skills demonstrated when performing domain-specific visual tasks. Prior research has emphasized the fact that medical experts rely on such perceptual pattern-recognition skills when interpreting medical images, particularly in the field of electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation. Analyzing and modeling cardiology practitioners’ visual behavior across different levels of expertise in the health care sector is crucial. Namely, understanding such acquirable visual skills may help train less experienced clinicians to interpret ECGs accurately. Objective This study aims to quantify and analyze through the use of eye-tracking technology differences in the visual behavior and methodological practices for different expertise levels of cardiology practitioners such as medical students, cardiology nurses, technicians, fellows, and consultants when interpreting several types of ECGs. Methods A total of 63 participants with different levels of clinical expertise took part in an eye-tracking study that consisted of interpreting 10 ECGs with different cardiac abnormalities. A counterbalanced within-subjects design was used with one independent variable consisting of the expertise level of the cardiology practitioners and two dependent variables of eye-tracking metrics (fixations count and fixation revisitations). The eye movements data revealed by specific visual behaviors were analyzed according to the accuracy of interpretation and the frequency with which interpreters visited different parts/leads on a standard 12-lead ECG. In addition, the median and SD in the IQR for the fixations count and the mean and SD for the ECG lead revisitations were calculated. Results Accuracy of interpretation ranged between 98% among consultants, 87% among fellows, 70% among technicians, 63% among nurses, and finally 52% among medical students. The results of the eye fixations count, and eye fixation revisitations indicate that the less experienced cardiology practitioners need to interpret several ECG leads more carefully before making any decision. However, more experienced cardiology practitioners rely on their skills to recognize the visual signal patterns of different cardiac abnormalities, providing an accurate ECG interpretation. Conclusions The results show that visual expertise for ECG interpretation is linked to the practitioner’s role within the health care system and the number of years of practical experience interpreting ECGs. Cardiology practitioners focus on different ECG leads and different waveform abnormalities according to their role in the health care sector and their expertise levels.

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Mack, Melanie, Marcel Schmidt, and Thomas Heinen. "The Relationship Between the Perceived Movement Quality and the Kinematic Pattern of Complex Skills in Gymnastics." Journal of Human Kinetics 77, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0007.

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Abstract The study aimed to investigate the relationship between the perceived movement quality of a gymnastics skill and its kinematic pattern, as well as the influence of expertise. Thirty participants with different levels of gymnastics expertise (n = 10 visual experts, n = 10 motor experts and n = 10 novices) were recruited for the study. They were instructed to compare the movement quality of eleven video sequences, showing different handstand - back handspring performances. To extract the kinematics, the performances were digitized. By means of an ongoing cluster analysis, the kinematic pattern as well as the pattern of the perceived movement quality of the skills were determined for each experimental group. The results of the cluster analysis of the different experimental groups were analyzed and compared. Expertise differences were found regarding the pattern of the perceived movement quality. There was a significant correlation between the dendrograms of the visual experts and the motor experts (p = .021), as well as between the dendrograms of the visual experts and the novices (p = .011). There was no significant correlation between the dendrograms of the motor experts and the novices (p = .173). The pattern of the perceived movement quality was not correlated with the holistic kinematic pattern of judged skills (p > .143). These results suggest perceptual and cognitive differences of the participants due to their different previous visual and motor experience.

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Goulet, Claude, Chantai Bard, and Michelle Fleury. "Expertise Differences in Preparing to Return a Tennis Serve: A Visual Information Processing Approach." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 11, no. 4 (December 1989): 382–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.11.4.382.

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Two experiments were conducted to analyze the performance of expert and novice tennis players. For testing purposes, 16-mm films were used. Subjects in both studies had to identify the type of serve presented (flat, top-spin, sliced). In Experiment 1, visual search patterns were investigated. During the ritual phase, experts focus on the shoulder/trunk areas whereas novices concentrate their search around the head of the server. During the execution phase, experts concentrate on the racquet whereas novices use more cues. Using the technique of temporal visual occlusion, the speed and accuracy of decisional processes were investigated in a second study. Results showed that expert players select valuable information during the preparatory phase and during the first part of. the execution phase. Novices must see the ritual phase until ball/racquet impact to be as accurate. Results emphasize the importance of combining sampling of eye movement and behavior parameters to sharpen our understanding of the perceptual processes underlying motor sport performance.

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Keuning, Kornelis H. D. M., George H. Wieneke, Hans A. Van Wijngaarden, and Philippe H. Dejonckere. "The Correlation between Nasalance and a Differentiated Perceptual Rating of Speech in Dutch Patients with Velopharyngeal Insufficiency." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 39, no. 3 (May 2002): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_2002_039_0277_tcbnaa_2.0.co_2.

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Objective: The correlation between the nasalance score and the perceptual rating of several aspects of speech of speakers with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) by six speech-language pathologists was evaluated. Procedure: The overall grade of severity, hypernasality, audible nasal emission, misarticulations, and intelligibility were rated on visual analog scales. Speech samples with a normal distribution of phonemes (normal text [NT]) and those free of nasal consonants (denasal text [DT]) of 43 patients with VPI were used. Mean nasalance scores were computed for the speech samples, and Spearman correlation coefficients were computed between the mean nasalance score and the five parameters of the differentiated rating. Setting: The Institute of Phoniatrics, Utrecht University Hospital, The Netherlands. Results: The correlation coefficient between the mean nasalance and the perceptual rating of hypernasality ranged among judges from .31 to .56 for NT speech samples and .36 to .60 for DT speech samples. Only small differences were found between speech pathologists with and without expertise in cleft palate speech. The rating of the overall grade of severity appeared to correlate quite well with the rating of the intelligibility (rNT = .77, rDT = .79). Lower correlation coefficients, ranging from .34 to .71, were found between overall grade of severity and hypernasality, audible nasal emission, and mis-articulations. Conclusions: A low correlation between the nasalance and the perceptual rating of hypernasality was found. The parameter overall grade of severity appeared to be determined mainly by the parameter intelligibility. Expertise in rating of cleft palate speech does not guarantee a high correlation between instrumental measurement and perceptual rating.

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Brown, Rachel M., and Virginia B. Penhune. "Efficacy of Auditory versus Motor Learning for Skilled and Novice Performers." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 30, no. 11 (November 2018): 1657–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01309.

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Humans must learn a variety of sensorimotor skills, yet the relative contributions of sensory and motor information to skill acquisition remain unclear. Here we compare the behavioral and neural contributions of perceptual learning to that of motor learning, and we test whether these contributions depend on the expertise of the learner. Pianists and nonmusicians learned to perform novel melodies on a piano during fMRI scanning in four learning conditions: listening (auditory learning), performing without auditory feedback (motor learning), performing with auditory feedback (auditory–motor learning), or observing visual cues without performing or listening (cue-only learning). Visual cues were present in every learning condition and consisted of musical notation for pianists and spatial cues for nonmusicians. Melodies were performed from memory with no visual cues and with auditory feedback (recall) five times during learning. Pianists showed greater improvements in pitch and rhythm accuracy at recall during auditory learning compared with motor learning. Nonmusicians demonstrated greater rhythm improvements at recall during auditory learning compared with all other learning conditions. Pianists showed greater primary motor response at recall during auditory learning compared with motor learning, and response in this region during auditory learning correlated with pitch accuracy at recall and with auditory–premotor network response during auditory learning. Nonmusicians showed greater inferior parietal response during auditory compared with auditory–motor learning, and response in this region correlated with pitch accuracy at recall. Results suggest an advantage for perceptual learning compared with motor learning that is both general and expertise-dependent. This advantage is hypothesized to depend on feedforward motor control systems that can be used during learning to transform sensory information into motor production.

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Zhao, Pei, Jing Zhao, Xuchu Weng, and Su Li. "Event-related potential evidence in Chinese children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, no. 3 (May 24, 2017): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025417708341.

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Visual word N170 is an index of perceptual expertise for visual words across different writing systems. Recent developmental studies have shown the early emergence of visual word N170 and its close association with individual’s reading ability. In the current study, we investigated whether fine-tuning N170 for Chinese characters could emerge after short-term literacy learning in young pre-literate children. Two groups of Chinese preschool children were trained for visual identification and free writing respectively. Results showed that visual identification learning led to enhanced N170 sensitivity to characters over radical-combinations in the left hemisphere and line-combinations in the right hemisphere, and writing learning led to enhanced N170 sensitivity to characters over radical-combinations and line-combinations in the right hemisphere. These results suggested that the N170 component became more sensitive for the local graphic feature (strokes) of characters rapidly after brief literacy learning even in young children; and writing learning experiences specifically led to enhanced orthographic sensitivity in the right hemisphere.

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Lounis, Christophe, Vsevolod Peysakhovich, and Mickaël Causse. "Visual scanning strategies in the cockpit are modulated by pilots’ expertise: A flight simulator study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): e0247061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247061.

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During a flight, pilots must rigorously monitor their flight instruments since it is one of the critical activities that contribute to update their situation awareness. The monitoring is cognitively demanding, but is necessary for timely intervention in the event of a parameter deviation. Many studies have shown that a large part of commercial aviation accidents involved poor cockpit monitoring from the crew. Research in eye-tracking has developed numerous metrics to examine visual strategies in fields such as art viewing, sports, chess, reading, aviation, and space. In this article, we propose to use both basic and advanced eye metrics to study visual information acquisition, gaze dispersion, and gaze patterning among novices and pilots. The experiment involved a group of sixteen certified professional pilots and a group of sixteen novice during a manual landing task scenario performed in a flight simulator. The two groups landed three times with different levels of difficulty (manipulated via a double task paradigm). Compared to novices, professional pilots had a higher perceptual efficiency (more numerous and shorter dwells), a better distribution of attention, an ambient mode of visual attention, and more complex and elaborate visual scanning patterns. We classified pilot’s profiles (novices—experts) by machine learning based on Cosine KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors) using transition matrices. Several eye metrics were also sensitive to the landing difficulty. Our results can benefit the aviation domain by helping to assess the monitoring performance of the crews, improve initial and recurrent training and ultimately reduce incidents, and accidents due to human error.

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Rodrigues, Sérgio T., and Martina Navarro. "What information is being acquired during the period of Quiet Eye? Comment on Vickers." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 1 (June 1, 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/ciss_2016.112.

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Sports and athletes’ highest performance offer a fascinating scenario to investigate perceptual-motor expertise. The remarkable work of Joan Vickers has captured this opportunity and built a valuable experimental paradigm. Our commentary emphasizes what information is being acquired during the period of Quiet Eye (QE), capable to produce successful performance. First, an extended notion of visual system that includes posture is presented. It is suggested that QE would represent a collective postural effort (resulting from movements of eyes, head, trunk, and whole body) to acquire the relevant information available in the optic flow. Second, the contribution of neural structures and functioning for vision and attention is discussed. Models of neural networks of attention and two visual systems are described with respect to QE and some questions about action parameters and motor programs are raised.

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Szwed, Marcin, Emilie Qiao, Antoinette Jobert, Stanislas Dehaene, and Laurent Cohen. "Effects of Literacy in Early Visual and Occipitotemporal Areas of Chinese and French Readers." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 3 (March 2014): 459–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00499.

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How does reading expertise change the visual system? Here, we explored whether the visual system could develop dedicated perceptual mechanisms in early and intermediate visual cortex under the pressure for fast processing that is particularly strong in reading. We compared fMRI activations in Chinese participants with limited knowledge of French and in French participants with no knowledge of Chinese, exploiting these doubly dissociated reading skills as a tool to study the neural correlates of visual expertise. All participants viewed the same stimuli: words in both languages and matched visual controls, presented at a fast rate comparable with fluent reading. In the Visual Word Form Area, all participants showed enhanced responses to their known scripts. However, group differences were found in occipital cortex. In French readers reading French, activations were enhanced in left-hemisphere visual area V1, with the strongest differences between French words and their controls found at the central and horizontal meridian representations. Chinese participants, who were not expert French readers, did not show these early visual activations. In contrast, Chinese readers reading Chinese showed enhanced activations in intermediate visual areas V3v/hV4, absent in French participants. Together with our previous findings [Szwed, M., Dehaene, S., Kleinschmidt, A., Eger, E., Valabregue, R., Amadon, A., et al. Specialization for written words over objects in the visual cortex. Neuroimage, 56, 330–344, 2011], our results suggest that the effects of extensive practice can be found at the lowest levels of the visual system. They also reveal their cross-script variability: Alphabetic reading involves enhanced engagement of central and right meridian V1 representations that are particularly used in left-to-right reading, whereas Chinese characters put greater emphasis on intermediate visual areas.

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Monfared, Shamsi S., Gershon Tenenbaum, Jonathan R. Folstein, and K. Anders Ericsson. "Allocation of Attention to Visual and Nonvisual Perceptual Channels by Marksmen During Aiming: Skill-Level Differences." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 41, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 386–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2019-0060.

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This study examined attention allocation in 30 marksmen categorized into 3 skill levels ranging from expert to novice. Each shooter performed 336 shooting trials. Half of the trials were performed under an occluded-vision condition and the rest under regular, unoccluded conditions. Immediately after completion of a random subset of shots (96 trials), shooters estimated the actual location of each shot, and on a random subset of trials (48 trials), shooters gave retrospective verbal reports. A mixed 3 × 2 factorial analysis of variance revealed that the expert marksmen performed and estimated their shots more accurately than the intermediate and novice marksmen, the intermediates performed like the experts under the full-vision condition and like novices under the occluded-vision condition, and the experts reported attending more to nonvisual information while they estimated their shots than did the novices. The findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms mediating expertise.

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Campitelli, Guillermo, Fernand Gobet, Gareth Williams, and Amanda Parker. "Integration of Perceptual Input and Visual Imagery in Chess Players: Evidence From Eye Movements." Swiss Journal of Psychology 66, no. 4 (December 2007): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.66.4.201.

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This multiple-case study addresses the question of how information from the environment is integrated with mental images. Chess players (N = 4) of different skill levels were submitted to a visual imagery task with familiar stimuli (chess positions) and unfamiliar stimuli (boards containing shapes). A position that remained unchanged and a grid in which moves were displayed using a standard chess notation familiar to the participants were visually presented. The participants’ task was to mentally reproduce a sequence of moves from the original position. Retention of updated positions was assessed with a memory task. Eye movements were recorded during the entire experiment. We found that (a) players performed better with familiar than with unfamiliar stimuli; (b) there was a strong correlation between skill level and performance in the familiar, but not the unfamiliar condition; (c) players used the external board as an external memory store; but (d) there was no difference in the extent to which players of different skill levels shifted their attention to the external board. Using control tasks unrelated to chess, we established that the skilled and unskilled players did not differ with respect to general cognitive abilities. These results emphasize the role of long-term memory in expertise and suggest that players use processes that enable them to smoothly combine information from the environment with mental images.

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Lin, Yen-Nan, Matheus M. Pacheco, Yaw-Feng Lin, Chia-Tso Huang, and Ju-Han Lin. "The influence of expertise and experimental paradigms on the visual behavior of tennis athletes in returning a serve." Kinesiology 53, no. 2 (2021): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.53.2.10.

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To return a serve, one must pick up information from the server’s kinematics and anticipate the ball trajectory. Although the perceptual requirements are important, the literature diverges in terms of the differences between experts and novices as well as the importance of the experimental paradigm (in-situ vs. video-based) for the results. This study aimed to address both concerns. We compared experts’ (n=7, 20.6±1.1 year of age) and novices’ (n=7, 20.0±0.4 years of age) visual pattern when returning a serve (Experiment 1) and the influence of the experimental paradigm in experts (Experiment 2). Experts fixated more and longer the upper body and ball, while novices showed a more distributed pattern and with longer fixations outside of the server’s body. Also, the pattern was different when comparing in-situ and laboratory settings, differing mainly in fixation frequency. The influence of expertise was observed in qualitative (relative) and quantitative (absolute) measures of visual behavior with the setting having an important influence. Thus, studies should be as close to the actual situation if trying to understand experts’ behavior.

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Vinckier, Fabien, Lionel Naccache, Caroline Papeix, Joaquim Forget, Valerie Hahn-Barma, Stanislas Dehaene, and Laurent Cohen. "“What” and “Where” in Word Reading: Ventral Coding of Written Words Revealed by Parietal Atrophy." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 12 (December 2006): 1998–2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.12.1998.

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The visual system of literate adults develops a remarkable perceptual expertise for printed words. To delineate the aspects of this competence intrinsic to the occipitotemporal “what” pathway, we studied a patient with bilateral lesions of the occipitoparietal “where” pathway. Depending on critical geometric features of the display (rotation angle, letter spacing, mirror reversal, etc.), she switched from a good performance, when her intact ventral pathway was sufficient to encode words, to severely impaired reading, when her parietal lesions prevented the use of alternative reading strategies as a result of spatial and attentional impairments. In particular, reading was disrupted (a) by rotating word by more than 50°, providing an approximation of the invariance range for words encoding in the ventral pathway; (b) by separating letters with double spaces, revealing the limits of letter grouping into perceptual wholes; (c) by mirror-reversing words, showing that words escape the default mirror-invariant representation of visual objects in the ventral pathway. Moreover, because of her parietal lesions, she was unable to discriminate mirror images of common objects, although she was excellent with reversible pseudowords, confirming that the breaking of mirror symmetry was intrinsic to the occipitotemporal cortex. Thus, charting the display conditions associated with preserved or impaired performance allowed us to infer properties of word coding in the normal ventral pathway and to delineate the roles of the parietal lobes in single-word recognition.

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Rossion, B., C. C. Kung, and M. J. Tarr. "Visual expertise with nonface objects leads to competition with the early perceptual processing of faces in the human occipitotemporal cortex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 40 (September 24, 2004): 14521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0405613101.

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