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Статті в журналах з теми "VO2 slow component"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 березня 2023

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1

Fontana, Federico Y., Giorgia Spigolon, and Silvia Pogliaghi. "VO2 Slow Component." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 48 (May 2016): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000485602.73906.88.

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2

Wasserman, K. "Coupling of external to cellular respiration during exercise: the wisdom of the body revisited." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 266, no. 4 (1994): E519—E539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.4.e519.

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The changes in cellular respiration needed to increase energy output during exercise are intimately and predictably linked to external respiration through the circulation. This review addresses the mechanisms by which lactate accumulation might influence O2 uptake (VO2) and CO2 output (VCO2) kinetics. Respiratory homeostasis (a steady state with respect to VO2 and VCO2) is achieved by 3-4 min for work rates not associated with an increase in arterial lactate. When blood lactate increases significantly above rest for constant work rate exercise, VO2 characteristically increases past 3 min (slow

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3

Colosio, Alessandro L., Kevin Caen, Jan G. Bourgois, Jan Boone, and Silvia Pogliaghi. "Bioenergetics of the VO2 slow component between exercise intensity domains." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 472, no. 10 (2020): 1447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-020-02437-7.

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Abstract During heavy and severe constant-load exercise, VO2 displays a slow component (VO2sc) typically interpreted as a loss of efficiency of locomotion. In the ongoing debate on the underpinnings of the VO2sc, recent studies suggested that VO2sc could be attributed to a prolonged shift in energetic sources rather than loss of efficiency. We tested the hypothesis that the total cost of cycling, accounting for aerobic and anaerobic energy sources, is affected by time during metabolic transitions in different intensity domains. Eight active men performed 3 constant load trials of 3, 6, and 9 m

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4

Womack, C. J., S. E. Davis, J. L. Blumer, E. Barrett, A. L. Weltman, and G. A. Gaesser. "Slow component of O2 uptake during heavy exercise: adaptation to endurance training." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 3 (1995): 838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.3.838.

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Seven untrained male subjects [age 25.6 +/- 1.5 (SE) yr, peak O2 uptake (VO2) 3.20 +/- 0.19 l/min] trained on a cycle ergometer 4 days/wk for 6 wk, with the absolute training workload held constant for the duration of training. Before and at the end of each week of training, the subjects performed 20 min of constant-power exercise at a power designed to elicit a pronounced slow component of VO2 (end-exercise VO2-VO2 at minute 3 of exercise) in the pretraining session. An additional 20-min exercise bout was performed after training at this same absolute power output during which epinephrine (Ep

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5

Heck, Kristen L., Jeffrey A. Potteiger, Karen L. Nau, and Jan M. Schroeder. "Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion Does Not Attenuate the VO2 Slow Component during Constant-Load Exercise." International Journal of Sport Nutrition 8, no. 1 (1998): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsn.8.1.60.

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We examined the effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on the VO2 slow component during constant-load exercise. Twelve physically active males performed two 30-min cycling trials at an intensity above the lactate threshold. Subjects ingested either sodium bicarbonate (BIC) or placebo (PLC) in a randomized. counterbalanced order. Arterialized capillary blood samples were analyzed for pH, bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−), and lactate concentration ([La]). Expired gas samples were analyzed for oxygen consumption (VO2). The VO2 slow component was defined as the change in VO2 from Minutes 3 and

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6

Billat, V. L. "VO2 slow component and performance in endurance sports." British Journal of Sports Medicine 34, no. 2 (2000): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.34.2.83.

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7

Lucia, A. "The slow component of VO2 in professional cyclists." British Journal of Sports Medicine 34, no. 5 (2000): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.34.5.367.

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8

Jones, A. "VO2 slow component and performance in endurance sports." British Journal of Sports Medicine 34, no. 6 (2000): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.34.6.473.

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9

Poole, D. C., W. Schaffartzik, D. R. Knight, et al. "Contribution of excising legs to the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 4 (1991): 1245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.4.1245.

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Rates of performing work that engender a sustained lactic acidosis evidence a slow component of pulmonary O2 uptake (VO2) kinetics. This slow component delays or obviates the attainment of a stable VO2 and elevates VO2 above that predicted from considerations of work rate. The mechanistic basis for this slow component is obscure. Competing hypotheses depend on its origin within either the exercising limbs or the rest of the body. To resolve this question, six healthy males performed light nonfatiguing [approximately 50% maximal O2 uptake (VO2max)] and severe fatiguing cycle ergometry, and simu

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10

Jones, Andrew M., and Mark Burnley. "Oxygen Uptake Kinetics: An Underappreciated Determinant of Exercise Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 4, no. 4 (2009): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.4.524.

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The rate at which VO2 adjusts to the new energy demand following the onset of exercise strongly influences the magnitude of the “O2 defcit” incurred and thus the extent to which muscle and systemic homeostasis is perturbed. Moreover, during continuous high-intensity exercise, there is a progressive loss of muscle contractile efficiency, which is reflected in a “slow component” increase in VO2. The factors that dictate the characteristics of these fast and slow phases of the dynamic response of VO2 following a step change in energy turnover remain obscure. However, it is clear that these featur

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11

Fawkner, S. G., and N. Armstrong. "VO2 SLOW COMPONENT RELATIVE TO CRITICAL POWER IN CHILDREN." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 5 (2002): S86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200205001-00481.

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12

Poole, D. C., L. B. Gladden, S. Kurdak, and M. C. Hogan. "L-(+)-lactate infusion into working dog gastrocnemius: no evidence lactate per se mediates VO2 slow component." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 2 (1994): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.2.787.

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Constant-load exercise that engenders a sustained lactic acidosis (i.e., above the lactate threshold) is accompanied by a slow component of O2 uptake (VO2) kinetics that increases VO2 above rather than toward the predicted value. This response arises predominantly from within the exercising limbs and is temporally correlated with that of blood lactate. Lactate exerts a disproportionate metabolic stimulatory effect on gluconeogenic tissues, and there is a strong indication that lactate infusions may increase VO2 of resting tissues. To investigate the potential role of lactate in the VO2 slow co

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13

Hagberg, J. M., D. S. King, M. A. Rogers, et al. "Exercise and recovery ventilatory and VO2 responses of patients with McArdle's disease." Journal of Applied Physiology 68, no. 4 (1990): 1393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.68.4.1393.

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This study was designed to determine whether patients with McArdle's disease, who do not increase their blood lactate levels during and after maximal exercise, have a slow “lactacid” component to their recovery O2 consumption (VO2) response after high-intensity exercise. VO2 was measured breath by breath during 6 min of rest before exercise, a progressive maximal cycle ergometer test, and 15 min of recovery in five McArdle's patients, six age-matched control subjects, and six maximal O2 consumption- (VO2 max) matched control subjects. The McArdle's patients' ventilatory threshold occurred at t

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14

Oliveira, Diogo R., Lio F. Gonçalves, António M. Reis, Ricardo J. Fernandes, Nuno D. Garrido, and Victor M. Reis. "The oxygen uptake slow component at submaximal intensities in breaststroke swimming." Journal of Human Kinetics 51, no. 1 (2016): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0179.

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Abstract The present work proposed to study the oxygen uptake slow component (VO2 SC) of breaststroke swimmers at four different intensities of submaximal exercise, via mathematical modeling of a multi-exponential function. The slow component (SC) was also assessed with two different fixed interval methods and the three methods were compared. Twelve male swimmers performed a test comprising four submaximal 300 m bouts at different intensities where all expired gases were collected breath by breath. Multi-exponential modeling showed values above 450 ml·min−1 of the SC in the two last bouts of e

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15

Casaburi, R., T. J. Barstow, T. Robinson, and K. Wasserman. "Influence of work rate on ventilatory and gas exchange kinetics." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 2 (1989): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.2.547.

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A linear system has the property that the kinetics of response do not depend on the stimulus amplitude. We sought to determine whether the responses of O2 uptake (VO2), CO2 output (VCO2), and ventilation (VE) in the transition between loadless pedaling and higher work rates are linear in this respect. Four healthy subjects performed a total of 158 cycle ergometer tests in which 10 min of exercise followed unloaded pedaling. Each subject performed three to nine tests at each of seven work rates, spaced evenly below the maximum the subject could sustain. VO2, VCO2, and VE were measured breath by

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16

Hallen, J., G. K. Resaland, and S. B. Aasen. "INTERMITTENT ISOMETRIC EXERCISE, A NEW MODEL TO STUDY VO2 SLOW COMPONENT." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (2001): S326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-01830.

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17

Pedersen, P. K., J. Franch, K. Madsen, and M. S. Djurhuus. "SHORT-INTERVAL RUN TRAINING REDUCES THE SLOW VO2 COMPONENT DURING RUNNING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (1998): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-01080.

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18

Lucía, Alejandro, Jesús Hoyos, Margarita Pérez, and José L. Chicharro. "Thyroid Hormones May Influence the Slow Component of VO2 in Professional Cyclists." Japanese Journal of Physiology 51, no. 2 (2001): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2170/jjphysiol.51.239.

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19

Faina, M., G. B. Mirri, F. Felici, and A. Rosponi. "COMPARISON BETWEEN VO2 SLOW COMPONENT AT SEA LEVEL AND AT HIGH ALTITUDE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31, Supplement (1999): S182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199905001-00811.

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20

Bernasconi, Sylvain, Nicolas Tordi, Stéphane Perrey, Bernard Parratte, and Guy Monnier. "Is the VO2 slow component in heavy arm-cranking exercise associated with recruitment of type II muscle fibers as assessed by an increase in surface EMG?" Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 4 (2006): 414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h06-021.

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The recruitment of additional type II muscle fibers is one mechanism often suggested to be responsible for the slow component of oxygen uptake (VO2 SC). We hypothesized that surface electromyogram (EMG) of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, and infraspinatus muscles could be related to the VO2 SC amplitude during arm-cranking exercises above ventilatory threshold (VT). Eight healthy subjects performed transitions from rest to 6-min heavy exercise at a constant power output of approximately 40% between VT and peak VO2. A 2-component exponential model was used to fit the VO2

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21

Ferri, Alessandra, Mauro Marzorati, Saverio Adamo, et al. "Absence Of A Slow Component Of Pulmonary VO2 Kinetics In Very Old Subjects." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (2004): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-00046.

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22

Ferri, Alessandra, Mauro Marzorati, Saverio Adamo, et al. "Absence Of A Slow Component Of Pulmonary VO2 Kinetics In Very Old Subjects." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (2004): S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-00046.

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23

Shelden, Melissa A., Vassilios G. Vardaxis, Julian Rivera, Brooke A. Boley, and Joseph P. Weir. "Lack of Association Betyween Changes In Running Mechanics and the VO2 Slow Component." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (2011): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000401064.09437.1b.

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24

Cleland, Sarah Margaret, Juan Manuel Murias, John Michael Kowalchuk, and Donald Hugh Paterson. "Effects of prior heavy-intensity exercise on oxygen uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics of a subsequent heavy-intensity cycling and knee-extension exercise." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 37, no. 1 (2012): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h11-143.

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This study examined the effects of prior heavy-intensity exercise on the adjustment of pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2p) and muscle deoxygenation Δ[HHb] during the transition to subsequent heavy-intensity cycling (CE) or knee-extension (KE) exercise. Nine young adults (aged 24 ± 5 years) performed 4 repetitions of repeated bouts of heavy-intensity exercise separated by light-intensity CE and KE, which included 6 min of baseline exercise, a 6-min step of heavy-intensity exercise (H1), 6-min recovery, and a 6-min step of heavy-intensity exercise (H2). Exercise was performed at 50 r·min–1 or contrac

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25

Casaburi, R., T. W. Storer, I. Ben-Dov, and K. Wasserman. "Effect of endurance training on possible determinants of VO2 during heavy exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 1 (1987): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.1.199.

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When moderate exercise begins, O2 uptake (VO2) reaches a steady state within 3 min. However, with heavy exercise, VO2 continues to rise beyond 3 min (VO2 drift). We sought to identify factors contributing to VO2 drift. Ten young subjects performed cycle ergometer tests of 15 min duration for each of four constant work rates, corresponding to 90% of the anaerobic threshold (AT) and 25, 50, and 75% of the difference between maximum VO2 (VO2 max) and AT for that subject. Time courses of VO2, minute ventilation (VE), and rectal temperature were recorded. Blood lactate, norepinephrine, and epinephr

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26

Machado, Fabiana A., >Luiz G. A. Guglielmo, Camila C. Greco, and Benedito S. Denadai. "Effects of Exercise Mode on the Oxygen Uptake Kinetic Response to Severe-Intensity Exercise in Prepubertal Children." Pediatric Exercise Science 21, no. 2 (2009): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.21.2.159.

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The objective of this study was to verify the effect of the exercise mode on slow component of VO2 (VO2SC) in children aged 11–12 years during severe-intensity exercise. After determination of the lactate threshold (LT) and peak VO2 (VO2peak) in both cycling (CE) and running exercise (TR), fourteen active boys completed a series of “square-wave” transitions of 6-min duration at 75%∆ [75%∆ = LT + 0.75 × (VO2peak—LT)] to determine the VO2 kinetics. The VO2SC was significantly higher in CE (180.5 ± 155.8 ml • min−1) than in TR (113.0 ± 84.2 ml · min−1). We can conclude that, although a VO2SC does

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27

WOMACK, CHRISTOPHER J., JUDITH A. FLOHR, ARTHUR WELTMAN, and GLENN A. GAESSER. "The Effects of a Short-Term Training Program on the Slow Component of Vo2." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 14, no. 1 (2000): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200002000-00009.

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28

Lauver, Jakob D., Timothy R. Rotarius, and Barry W. Scheuermann. "The Effect of Continuous versus Intermittent Exercise on VO2 Slow Component and Muscle Activation." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (2017): 640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000518684.52735.77.

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29

Reis, Joana F., Gregoire P. Millet, Davide Malatesta, et al. "Are Oxygen Uptake Kinetics Modified When Using a Respiratory Snorkel?" International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 5, no. 3 (2010): 292–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.292.

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Purpose:The aim of this study was to compare VO2 kinetics during constant power cycle exercise measured using a conventional facemask (CM) or a respiratory snorkel (RS) designed for breath-by-breath analysis in swimming.Methods:VO2 kinetics parameters—obtained using CM or RS, in randomized counterbalanced order—were compared in 10 trained triathletes performing two submaximal heavy-intensity cycling square-wave transitions. These VO2 kinetics parameters (ie, time delay: td1, td2; time constant: τ1, τ2; amplitude: A1, A2, for the primary phase and slow component, respectively) were modeled usin

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30

Reis, Victor M., Eduardo B. Neves, Nuno Garrido, et al. "Oxygen Uptake On-Kinetics during Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise: Effect of Exercise Mode and Load." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (2019): 2524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142524.

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Oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics has been analyzed through mathematical modeling of constant work-rate exercise, however, the exponential nature of the VO2 response in resistance exercise is currently unknown. The present work assessed the VO2 on-kinetics during two different sub maximal intensities in the inclined bench press and in the seated leg extension exercise. Twelve males (age: 27.2 ± 4.3 years, height: 177 ± 5 cm, body mass: 79.0 ± 10.6 kg and estimated body fat: 11.4 ± 4.1%) involved in recreational resistance exercise randomly performed 4-min transitions from rest to 12% and 24% of 1 r

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31

Poole, D. C., G. A. Gaesser, M. C. Hogan, D. R. Knight, and P. D. Wagner. "Pulmonary and leg VO2 during submaximal exercise: implications for muscular efficiency." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 2 (1992): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.2.805.

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Insights into muscle energetics during exercise (e.g., muscular efficiency) are often inferred from measurements of pulmonary gas exchange. This procedure presupposes that changes of pulmonary O2 (VO2) associated with increases of external work reflect accurately the increased muscle VO2. The present investigation addressed this issue directly by making simultaneous determinations of pulmonary and leg VO2 over a range of work rates calculated to elicit 20–90% of maximum VO2 on the basis of prior incremental (25 or 30 W/min) cycle ergometry. VO2 for both legs was calculated as the product of tw

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32

Roth, D. A., W. C. Stanley, and G. A. Brooks. "Induced lactacidemia does not affect postexercise O2 consumption." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 3 (1988): 1045–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.3.1045.

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To study the effects of circulatory occlusion on the time course and magnitude of postexercise O2 consumption (VO2) and blood lactate responses, nine male subjects were studied twice for 50 min on a cycle ergometer. On one occasion, leg blood flow was occluded with surgical thigh cuffs placed below the buttocks and inflated to 200 mmHg. The protocol consisted of a 10-min rest, 12 min of exercise at 40% peak O2 consumption (VO2 peak), and a 28-min resting recovery while respiratory gas exchange was determined breath by breath. Occlusion (OCC) spanned min 6-8 during the 12-min work bout and elic

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33

Powell, Slater K., Emilie M. Hauser, Nathan D. Dicks, Robert W. Pettitt, and Cherie D. Pettitt. "Recreationally-Trained Subjects are Unable to Attenuate VO2 Slow Component During Severe Exercise Using RPE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 49, no. 5S (2017): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000517143.45951.dd.

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34

Womack, C. J., D. J. Sieminski, L. I. Katzel, A. Yataco, and A. W. Gardner. "EXERCISE REHABILITATION DECREASES THE SLOW COMPONENT OF VO2 IN PATIENTS WITH PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE 955." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 29, Supplement (1997): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199705001-00954.

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35

Lai, Nicola, Melita M. Nasca, Marco A. Silva, Fatima T. Silva, Brian J. Whipp, and Marco E. Cabrera. "Influence of exercise intensity on pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics at the onset of exercise and recovery in male adolescents." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 1 (2008): 107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-154.

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The dynamics of the pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) responses to square-wave changes in work rate can provide insight into bioenergetic processes sustaining and limiting exercise performance. The dynamic responses at the onset of exercise and during recovery have been investigated systematically and are well characterized at all intensities in adults; however, they have not been investigated completely in adolescents. We investigated whether adolescents display a slow component in their VO2 on- and off-kinetic responses to heavy- and very heavy-intensity exercise, as demonstrated in adults. Heal

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36

Carmines, A. A., L. Wideman, J. Y. Weltman, M. L. Hartman, A. Weltman, and G. A. Gaesser. "HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE AND HIGH-FAT DIETS DO NOT ALTER SLOW COMPONENT OF VO2 DURING HEAVY EXERCISE." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27, Supplement (1995): S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199505001-00053.

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37

Pedersen, Preben K., Martin Mogensen, Malene Bagger, Maria Fernström, and Kent Sahlin. "Vo2 Slow Component Correlates With Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial UCP3 In Untrained But Not In Trained Individuals." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (2007): S359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000274409.22439.e1.

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38

Faisal, Azmy, Keith R. Beavers, Andrew D. Robertson, and Richard L. Hughson. "Priming Exercise Induced Attenuation Of VO2 Slow Component Is Associated With Changes In Muscle EMG Activity." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43, Suppl 1 (2011): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000401062.07651.d2.

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39

Draper, Stephen B., Dan M. Wood, Jo Corbett, David V. B. James, and Christopher R. Potter. "The Effect of Prior Moderate- and Heavy-Intensity Running on the VO2 Response to Exhaustive Severe-Intensity Running." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 1, no. 4 (2006): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.1.4.361.

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We tested the hypothesis that prior heavy-intensity exercise reduces the difference between asymptotic oxygen uptake (VO2) and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) during exhaustive severe-intensity running lasting ≍2 minutes. Ten trained runners each performed 2 ramp tests to determine peak VO2 (VO2peak) and speed at venti-latory threshold. They performed exhaustive square-wave runs lasting ≍2 minutes, preceded by either 6 minutes of moderate-intensity running and 6 minutes rest (SEVMOD) or 6 minutes of heavy-intensity running and 6 minutes rest (SEVHEAVY). Two transitions were completed in each co

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Cochrane, J. E., and R. L. Hughson. "319 EVIDENCE FOR A SLOW DRIFT COMPONENT IN OXYGEN UPTAKE (VO2) KINETICS BELOW THE VENTILATORY THRESHOLD (VT)." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 22, no. 2 (1990): S54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199004000-00319.

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Pogliaghi, Silvia, Alessandro L. Colosio, Kevin Caen, et al. "Response to the commentary on our paper “bioenergetics of the VO2 slow component between exercise intensity domains”." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 472, no. 12 (2020): 1665–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-020-02489-9.

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42

DeLorey, Darren S., Aaron P. Heenan, Greg R. duManoir, John M. Kowalchuk, and Donald H. Paterson. "The Effect of Prior Exercise on the Slow Component of VO2, Leg Blood Flow and Muscle Deoxygenation." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (2006): S221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-01856.

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Barstow, T. J., and P. A. Mole. "Linear and nonlinear characteristics of oxygen uptake kinetics during heavy exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 71, no. 6 (1991): 2099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.6.2099.

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We assessed the linearity of oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics for several work intensities in four trained cyclists. VO2 was measured breath by breath during transitions from 33 W (baseline) to work rates requiring 38, 54, 85, and 100% of maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max). Each subject repeated each work rate four times over 8 test days. In every case, three phases (phases 1, 2, and 3) of the VO2 response could be identified. VO2 during phase 2 was fit by one of two models: model 1, a double exponential where both terms begin together close to the start of phase 2, and model 2, a double exponentia

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44

Cannon, Daniel T., Fred W. Kolkhorst, and Daniel J. Cipriani. "Electromyographic Data Do Not Support a Progressive Recruitment of Muscle Fibers during Exercise Exhibiting a VO2 Slow Component." Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 26, no. 5 (2007): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2114/jpa2.26.541.

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45

Zuniga, Jorge, Kris Berg, John Noble, Jeanette Harder, Morgan Chaffin, and Vidya Sagar Hanumanthu. "Physiological Responses and Role of VO2 slow Component to Interval Training with Different Intensities and Durations of Work." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (2008): S173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000322213.21626.2d.

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46

Ocel, J., S. Davis, F. Gwasdauskas, et al. "ADAPTATION OF THE SLOW COMPONENT OF ??VO2 (SC) FOLLOWING 6 WEEKS OF HIGH OR LOW INTENSITY EXERCISE TRAINING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (1998): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-00944.

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Moral-González, Susana, Javier González-Sánchez, Pedro L. Valenzuela, et al. "Time to Exhaustion at the Respiratory Compensation Point in Recreational Cyclists." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (2020): 6352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176352.

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The time to exhaustion (tlim) at the respiratory compensation point (RCP) and whether a physiological steady state is observed at this workload remains unknown. Thus, this study analyzed tlim at the power output eliciting the RCP (tlim at RCP), the oxygen uptake (VO2) response to this effort, and the influence of endurance fitness. Sixty male recreational cyclists (peak oxygen uptake [VO2peak] 40–60 mL∙kg∙min−1) performed an incremental test to determine the RCP, VO2peak, and maximal aerobic power (MAP). They also performed constant-load tests to determine the tlim at RCP and tlim at MAP. Part

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Miyamoto, Y., and Y. Niizeki. "Dynamics of ventilation, circulation, and gas exchange to incremental and decremental ramp exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 6 (1992): 2244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.6.2244.

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Transient responses of minute volume (VE), O2 uptake (VO2), CO2 output (VCO2), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (Q) to a step change and ramp changes with slopes ranging from 33.3 to 14.3 W/min were studied in five healthy human subjects over the load range from 25 to 125 W. The ramp responses were fitted to a first-order model with a pure time delay (td) and a time constant (TC), while most of the step responses fitted better to a second-order model, consisting of a fast and a slow component. No significant asymmetry was observed between the on- and off-responses to step forcing. The mean

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Fernandes, Ricardo, and J. Vilas-Boas. "Time to Exhaustion at the VO2max Velocity in Swimming: A Review." Journal of Human Kinetics 32, no. 1 (2012): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0029-1.

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Time to Exhaustion at the VO2max Velocity in Swimming: A Review The aim of this study was to present a review on the time to exhaustion at the minimum swimming velocity corresponding to maximal oxygen consumption (TLim-vVO2max). This parameter is critical both for the aerobic power and the lactate tolerance bioenergetical training intensity zones, being fundamental to characterize it, and to point out its main determinants. The few number of studies conducted in this topic observed that swimmers were able to maintain an exercise intensity corresponding to maximal aerobic power during 215 to 26

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Santalla, Alfredo, Alejandro Lucía, and Margarita Pérez. "Caffeine Ingestion Attenuates the VO2 Slow Componnt during Intense Exercise." Japanese Journal of Physiology 51, no. 6 (2001): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2170/jjphysiol.51.761.

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