Статті в журналах: "Voussoirs"

1

Galletti, Sara. "Philibert de L’Orme’s Dome in the Chapel of the Château d’Anet: The Role of Stereotomy." Architectural History 64 (2021): 253–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/arh.2021.11.

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ABSTRACTThe coffered dome designed by Philibert de L’Orme (1514–70) for the chapel of the Château d’Anet in northern France between 1549 and 1552 is a masterpiece of stereotomy — the stone vaulting technique characterised by the custom cutting (or dressing) of a vault’s components or voussoirs. The dome was executed by first individually dressing its large voussoirs, so that they would fit one another precisely, and then dry assembling them like the pieces of a three-dimensional jigsaw puzzle. The spiralling ribs that form the coffers added a layer of complexity to the work, for they are embedded in the voussoirs; thus the exact shape and position of the rib sections belonging to each voussoir had to be calculated precisely before dressing to ensure that, after assembling, they would form the correct pattern over the vault’s surface. The dome’s execution method continues to baffle historians, in particular with regard to the transfer of the complex pattern formed by the ribs on to the templates used by the stonecutters to shape the voussoirs. Based on a new 3D laser scan of the dome and on the analysis of late medieval and early modern stereotomic practices and theories, this article offers a new interpretation of the methods that de L’Orme adopted at Anet and of their significance within the panorama of sixteenth-century architectural practice and theory.

2

Abdulhameed, Ali A., and AbdulMuttalib I. Said. "Experimental Investigation of the Behavior of Self-Form Segmental Concrete Masonry Arches." Fibers 7, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7070058.

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This research aims to introduce a new technique—off-site and self-form segmental concrete masonry arches fabrication, without the need of construction formwork or centering. The innovative construction method in the current study encompasses two construction materials forms the self-form masonry arches, wedge-shape plain concrete voussoirs, and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. The employment of CFRP fabrics was for two main reasons: bonding the voussoirs and forming the masonry arches. In addition, CFRP proved to be efficient for strengthening the extrados of the arch rings under service loadings. An experimental test was conducted on four sophisticated masonry arch specimens. The research parameters were the Keystone thickness and the strengthening of the self-form arch ring at the intrados. The major test finding was that the use of thicker Keystone alters the behavior of the self-form arch and considerably increases the load carrying capacity by 79%. Partial strengthening of the intrados with CFRP fabrics of typical arch ring Keystone resulted considerable increase in the debonding load of fabrication CFRP sheets by 81%, increase in the localized crushing load by 13% and considerably increase voussoir sliding load by 107%.

3

de Azambuja Varela, Pedro, and José Pedro Sousa. "Variable Casting of Voussoirs for a Stereotomic Shell." Nexus Network Journal 20, no. 3 (April 30, 2018): 627–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00004-018-0382-z.

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4

Harris, Roland B. "RECONSTRUCTING THE ROMANESQUE CLOISTER OF NORWICH CATHEDRAL." Antiquaries Journal 99 (September 2019): 133–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581519000118.

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Works to the south side of the Gothic cloister at Norwich Cathedral in 1900 produced a series of finely sculpted double-capitals, which have long been identified as deriving from the Romanesque predecessor that was progressively demolished and replaced in 1297–1430. Additional discoveries in 1900 included twelfth-century voussoirs and jamb stones, which probably came from one of the larger doorways – perhaps to the chapter house – that opened off the cloister. These fragments have attracted considerable interest since 1900, almost entirely focused on art historical analysis of the subjects, style and date of the historiated double-capitals. Discovery of further fragments from the Romanesque cloister during works to the easternmost bay of the south walk (Bay 15) in 2018, however, allows us to understand more of its architecture. Although lacking the impressiveness of the earlier finds, these newly revealed sculpted stones include voussoirs and a shaft from the cloister arcades, and allow reconstruction of the overall form of the twelfth-century cloister. Moreover, the discovery of the use of calc-sinter – a faux marble sourced from the Eifel aqueduct – for the shafts of the arcades reveals that the Romanesque cloister had a hitherto entirely unsuspected lavishness.

5

Pomares, Juan Carlos, Antonio González, and Pascual Saura. "Simple and Resistant Construction Built with Concrete Voussoirs for Developing Countries." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 144, no. 8 (August 2018): 04018076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001532.

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6

Bryant, Richard. "A Carved Romanesque Springer with Voussoirs in Church House, Gloucester Cathedral." Journal of the British Archaeological Association 170, no. 1 (January 2017): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00681288.2017.1366627.

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7

Quiertant, Marc, François Toutlemonde, and Jean-François Seignol. "Etude d'une alternative en béton de fibres pour voussoirs de tunnel." Revue Française de Génie Civil 6, no. 5 (January 2002): 763–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12795119.2002.9692401.

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8

Baraldi, Daniele, Giosuè Boscato, Claudia Brito de Carvalho Bello, Antonella Cecchi, and Emanuele Reccia. "Discrete and Finite Element Models for the Analysis of Unreinforced and Partially Reinforced Masonry Arches." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.229.

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In this work the behavior of masonry arches, without reinforcement and with partial reinforcement, is investigated by means of three different numerical models. The first one is a Discrete Element model based on rigid blocks, and elastic-plastic interfaces; the second one is a standard heterogeneous Finite Element Model, which is adopted for a detailed micro-modelling of arch voussoirs, joints, and reinforcements. The third model is analytic-numerical, and it is adopted for validating the other numerical results. The aim of the work is the comparison and validation of the numerical Finite and Discrete Element models for the correct simulation of masonry arch behavior, together with the evaluation of the effectiveness of these models in simulating the behavior of the partially reinforced arch.

9

Saad Abdel Naby, Heba Mahmoud. "The Treatment of the Architectural Unit above Openings of the Mamluk and Ottoman Facades in Cairo." Journal of Islamic Architecture 3, no. 2 (September 3, 2014): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jia.v3i2.2541.

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<p>The facades of the Mamluk buildings have a common characteristic feature which is the use of lintels, nafis and relieving arches above doors and windows. The three elements together formed a unit with an important architectural function on the façades. This unit was also treated as a focal point of the façade. Therefore, it was richly decorated with floral and geometric decorations and was usually made of colored marble, joggles voussoirs or carved stones. As a result, that unit attracted the attention of pedestrians and added to the beauty of the façade.</p> During the Ottoman period the same unit was used on facades, however, due to financial and political reasons, the materials used differed and the decorations became modest. Nonetheless, the decoration of the lintel, nafis and relieving arch managed to mark the Ottoman facades with a different identity.

10

Hill, Nick, and Andrea Kirkham. "TWELFTH-CENTURY INTERIOR DECORATION: A DISCOVERY AT OAKHAM CASTLE, RUTLAND." Antiquaries Journal 98 (September 2018): 115–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581518000057.

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A decorative scheme applied to the internal gable wall at the ‘high’ end of the hall of Oakham Castle, in Rutland, has been the subject of recent investigation, with the removal of later over-painting. Analysis indicates that the scheme is original Romanesque work dating from the 1180s, an exceptional survival for a secular building. Very unusually, the decoration was produced with self-coloured plaster rather than paint. The scheme, of which quite extensive sections survive, consisted of a large semi-circular arch with voussoirs (similar to the hall’s main stone arcade), and a lattice pattern simulating opus reticulatum in the tympanum below. The pattern was created by laying white lime strips over a buff-coloured plaster background. The only comparable example yet identified – at Chepstow Castle, in Monmouthshire – is on a smaller scale and a century earlier. The scheme seems to have survived because the interior of the hall has been little disturbed, with a tradition since the fifteenth century of displaying outsized horseshoes on the walls.

11

Riveiro, B., J. C. Caamaño, P. Arias, and E. Sanz. "Photogrammetric 3D modelling and mechanical analysis of masonry arches: An approach based on a discontinuous model of voussoirs." Automation in Construction 20, no. 4 (July 2011): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2010.11.008.

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12

Demirel, Ismail Ozan, and Alper Aldemir. "Simplified Approach for Seismic Performance Assessment of Dry-Joint Masonry Arch Bridges." Buildings 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11070313.

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The seismic performance assessment of dry-joint masonry arches is challenging because of their unique structural characteristics. Widely used assessment methods developed for frame-type structures require the use of a material-dependent section response. In contrast, the response of a dry-joint arch is not dependent on the material capacity but characterized by the sustainment of stability, primarily depending on rigid body rotation or sliding motion at the interfaces between the adjacent voussoirs. A hybrid methodology, combining a simple finite element micro model with principles of limit analysis method, is proposed in this work for the seismic performance assessment of these structures. The nonlinearity is concentrated at interfaces of the model by means of shear and compression-only axial springs. Kinematic conditions yielding a possible collapse mechanism were traced at every step of the time history analysis by checking the failure of individual interfaces. The procedure is applied to an ancient dry-joint Roman arch bridge in close proximity to the North Anatolian fault subject to significant seismic risk. Along with the performance of the system in its current state, the effects of retrofitting measures were investigated in the scope of this study.

13

Bennoui-Ladraa, Baya, and Youcef Chennaoui. "Use of Photogrammetry for Digital Surveying, Documentation and Communication of the Cultural Heritage. Example Regarding Virtual Reconstruction of the Access Doors for the Nameless Temple of Tipasa (Algeria)." Studies in Digital Heritage 2, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/sdh.v2i2.24496.

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This paper presents a methodological contribution in the field of the archaeological restitution’s process. This latter is based on virtual anastylosis, which concerns the reconstruction of fragments of the ruins of the nameless Temple of Tipasa in Algeria. We have to mention that our work focused more particularly on the virtual restitution of the three access doors of the sacred courtyard of the temple. Here, we have found many fragments including the voussoirs, which were revealed during the excavation work, encouraging the proposition of our hypothesis on the initial state of the temple. The protocol followed is based on the photogrammetric survey of the blocks which has allowed us to generate 3d models of the elements constituting the entrance facade to the sacred courtyard. The historical documentation as well as the architectural treatises made it possible to fill the gaps with the aim of communicating the most relevant image of our temple. The main objective of the research was to provide a corpus of data in 2d and 3d of all the blocks which has served, at first the documentation and the study of the remains; but also for the proposal of virtual reconstitution hypothesis for valorization and knowledge of part of the history of the site of Tipasa.

14

Fehér, Krisztina. "Tas-de-charge – An Essential Part of Gothic Vault." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 52, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.16889.

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Gothic architecture can be viewed from several perspectives, including stylistic aspects, architectural theory, and structural analysis.As Gothic architecture is a skeletal construction, it is essential to achieve an equilibrium with the multiple loads and forces. Medieval master masons' architectural knowledge was firmly based on empirical learning, which stimulated the dynamic development of structural innovations.This paper emphasises and describes a particular type of vault springer, one of the most complicated and sensitive parts of Gothic construction. Known as tas-de-charge, it became especially characteristic of high Gothic architecture. According to its principle, the springer's lower courses contain the merged vault nerves and are carved from one single stone block in each course. The beds of these courses are not radial as those of the average voussoirs, but horizontal. Without the concept of tas-de-charge, the development of late Gothic vaults could not be imaginable. This particular solution made possible the creation of elegantly narrow imposts supporting the vault ribs, the double arch and the formerets. So far, tas-de-charge has not been a focus of interest in the historiography of Hungarian medieval architecture; however, it appears that it was commonly applied in our late Romanesque and early Gothic monuments.

15

Marzo, Carla, and Risale Neves. "Stereotomic Design: The Use of Stone in Contemporary Architecture." Key Engineering Materials 848 (June 2020): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.848.165.

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Stereotomy, as a constructive technique, has a millennial history that has been optimized over time due to the development of geometry and construction . Using mainly stones specially limestone the stereotomic design takes advantage of the subdivision of solid big structures into smaller different pieces, named ´voussoirs´. These pieces are limited in forms and they work through the assembly of multiple units to create the final structure. Precision in the cuts and the correct placement of each part is crucial to ensure static and structural safety. The development of digital technology which has been taking place through the last decades re-ignited the interest in the use of stones as an essential material to buildings structures. As a result, many experiences took place mixing the use of stones with computerized and manufactoring techniques that , in turn, boost the industry of stone cutting. This paper presents information on the use of stereotomic design through the centuries, focusing on its evolution as a technique and on the results that are showing out in contemporary architecture. Through an analysis of the recovery of stone as a constructive and structural material, it is the aim of this study to establish a general panorama on the results achieved in the field of architecture and design in order to understand the methodologies applied when using the stereotomic technique.

16

GOSHIMA, RIHEE. "CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE METHODS OF INCORPORATING PANEL VOUSSOIRS IN THE LAYING OF VAULT : Study of the panel construction of the rib vault (1)." Journal of Architecture, Planning and Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 353 (1985): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijax.353.0_129.

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17

Vilnay, Oren. "Dynamical Behavior of Three‐Voussoir Arch." Journal of Structural Engineering 114, no. 5 (May 1988): 1173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1988)114:5(1173).

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18

Huang, Qingxiang, Jinlong Zhou, and Jian Cao. "Key Stratum Structure and Support Working Resistance of Longwall Face with Large Mining Height in the Shallow Coal Seams, China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 30, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8834403.

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The fully mechanized mining with large mining height is the main method for high yield and efficient coal mining in China. The key stratum structure (KSS) is the basis of revealing the mechanism of roof weighting and determination of support working resistance of the longwall face with large mining height (LFLMH) in the shallow coal seam. The height of the caving zone at LFLMH is large, the thick immediate roof forms the “short cantilever beam” structure commonly, and the hinge layer of the overlying key stratum will move upward to the higher position. The “high position oblique step voussoir beam” structure of single-key stratum (SKS) and “oblique step voussoir beam and voussoir beam” structure of double-key stratum (DKS) in the shallow coal seam were proposed with physical simulation and Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC). The analysis of the KSS and numerical simulation reveals the mechanism of strong roof weighting at the SKS longwall face and large-small alternate periodic weighting at the DKS longwall. It is concluded that the large static load caused by the “equivalent immediate roof (EIR)” is the basic load, and the instability load of the KSS is the additional dynamic load of support. Besides, the calculation methods of the reasonable support working resistance at LFLMH were obtained and verified with engineering applications.

19

Cao, Jian, and Qingxiang Huang. "Roof structure of shallow coal seam group mining in Western China." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0255047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255047.

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In order to realize roof control of shallow coal seam group mining in Western China, combining with engineering statistics, physical simulation and theoretical analysis, the roof weighting characteristics during lower coal seam mining were revealed, and the classification of shallow coal seam group was proposed. Based on this, mechanical models of roof structure were set up, and the calculation method of support resistance was determined. The results show that the roof weighting is closely related to the interburden thickness and the mining height of lower coal seam, considering the ratio of interburden thickness to the mining height, as well as the key stratum structure, the classification of shallow coal seam group was put forward. The first type is shallow coal seam group with no key stratum (SCSG-No), its roof pressure is mainly affected by caving roof of upper coal seam, and the interburden roof forms slanting pillar-beam structure. The second type is shallow coal seam group with single key stratum (SCSG-S), interburden roof represents step voussoir beam structure. The third type is shallow coal seam group with double key strata (SCSG-D), interburden roof can form double key strata structure, the lower key stratum forms slanting step voussoir beam structure, while the upper key stratum forms voussoir beam structure, besides, longwall face represents large—small periodic weighting. Through establishing the roof structure models, the calculation formulas of support resistance were determined, it can provide basis for roof control and promote safe mining in Western China.

20

Cameron, Neil Manson. "The Painted Romanesque Voussoir in Glasgow Cathedral." Journal of the British Archaeological Association 139, no. 1 (January 1986): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/jba.1986.139.1.40.

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21

Zhang, Yong Bo. "Experimental Research on Instability Activation Mechanism of Old Goaf Overburden Rock." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 1426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.1426.

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Taking the 2204 working face of Xinzhi Colliery in Huozhou as the background, through experiment of analog simulation, analyze the structure type of old goaf overburden rock breakage, instability activation mechanism of overburden rock and instability form and condition for stability of voussoir beam of old goaf. As the result, after mining and breakage, the rock mass structure of old goaf and overburden rock can be divided four types. This secondary rock structure has an important effect on old goaf activation. The existence form will decide the basic characteristic of old goaf activation. Through the mechanics analysis on voussoir beam of old goaf , it is obtained that instability due to sliding mainly depend upon the physical mechanics characteristic of key block and sideward rock, W/T value, and additional load of building on surface and so on. Rotational instability is related to the physical mechanics characteristic of key block and sideward rock and thick and length ratio h/l of the hanging rock

22

Liu, Jinkai, Chunyuan Li, Yaoyu Shi, and Yong Zhang. "Stability Analysis and Fracture Patterns of Hard Main Roof in Longwall Top Coal Caving with Large Mining Height." Shock and Vibration 2021 (May 4, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9930221.

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In order to study the fracture patterns of hard main roof in longwall top coal caving (LTCC) with large mining height, a two-dimensional physical similarity model was created to simulate the mining process of No. 8100 large mining height face in Tongxin coal mine, China. The results show that there are three positions of broken line in hard main roof presented with the advance of longwall face, and the underground pressure induced by hard main roof fracturing presents the effect of superposition of large and small periods. It is found that there are two fracture patterns of main roof during the mining process: composite structure of lower cantilever beam and upper voussoir beam with hard main roof and composite structure instability of lower and upper voussoir beam with hard main roof. The underground pressure induced by these two fracture patterns is also analyzed by building mechanical models. In the end, the hydraulic fracture technique is introduced to presplit the main roof and weaken the effect of dynamic loads induced by composite structures instability.

23

Bourke, John, Su Taylor, Des Robinson, and Adrian Long. "Modelling of solid and hollow voussoir FlexiArch systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Bridge Engineering 167, no. 1 (March 2014): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/bren.11.00015.

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24

Hu, Chaoshi, Derek Apel, Les Jozef Sudak, Wei Victor Liu, and Zhaoyuan Chu. "Physical investigation on the behaviours of voussoir beams." Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 12, no. 3 (June 2020): 516–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2019.12.007.

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25

Redpath, John. "Precast concrete voussoir geometry in a skewed arch bridge." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Bridge Engineering 166, no. 3 (September 2013): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/bren.11.00012.

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26

Roussel, N., C. Lanos, and Z. Toutou. "Remontée d’un anneau de voussoir : modélisation et analyse paramétrique." Revue Française de Géotechnique, no. 104 (2003): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/geotech/2003104073.

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27

Talesnick, M. L., N. Bar Ya’acov, and A. Cruitoro. "Modeling of a Multiply Jointed Voussoir Beam in the Centrifuge." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 40, no. 4 (September 11, 2006): 383–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-006-0104-9.

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28

Galassi, Stefano, Giulia Misseri, Luisa Rovero, and Giacomo Tempesta. "Failure modes prediction of masonry voussoir arches on moving supports." Engineering Structures 173 (October 2018): 706–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.07.015.

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29

Lan, Yiwen, Rui Gao, Bin Yu, and Xiangbin Meng. "In Situ Studies on the Characteristics of Strata Structures and Behaviors in Mining of a Thick Coal Seam with Hard Roofs." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2018): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092470.

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The movements of overburden induced by mining a thick coal seam with a hard roof extend widely. The effects of breakages in the hard strata on the strata behaviors might vary with the overlying strata layers. For this reason, we applied a test method that integrated a borehole TV tester, borehole-based monitoring of strata movement, and monitoring of support resistance for an in situ investigation of a super-thick, 14–20 m coal seam mining in the Datong mining area in China. The results showed that the range of the overburden movement was significantly high, which could reach to more than 300 m. The key strata (KS) in the lower layer main roof were broken into a ‘cantilever beam and voussoir beam’ structure. This structure accounted for the ‘long duration and short duration’ strata behaviors in the working face. On the other hand, the hard KS in the upper layer broke into a ‘high layer structure’. The structural instability induced intensive and wide-ranging strata behaviors that lasted for a long time (two to three days). Support in the working face were over-pressured by large dynamic factors and were widely crushed, while the roadways were violently deformed. Hence, the structure of a thick coal seam with a hard roof after mining will form a ‘cantilever beam and voussoir beam and high layer structure’, which is unique to a large space stope.

30

Sofianos, A. I. "Analysis and design of an underground hard rock voussoir beam roof." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 33, no. 2 (February 1996): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(95)00052-6.

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31

Stimpson, B., and M. Ahmed. "Failure of a linear Voussoir arch: a laboratory and numerical study." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 29, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t92-022.

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The design of underground openings in horizontally layered strata on the basis of classical linear arching theory assumes the ultimate load capacity of the roof is limited by crushing or compressional failure at the centre of the arch or at the abutments. In this study, physical model tests on limestone, granite, and potash beams revealed a progressive failure mechanism dominated by discrete tensile fracturing, a quite different failure process to that assumed by classical theory. Subsequently, discrete crack propagation finite element analysis successfully simulated the failure mechanisms observed in the physical models. Key words : rock mechanics, underground design, roof stability, Voussoir arch, fracture.

32

Huang, Xiao, Huaining Ruan, Chong Shi, and Yang Kong. "Numerical Simulation of Stress Arching Effect in Horizontally Layered Jointed Rock Mass." Symmetry 13, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 1138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13071138.

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Stress arching effect during the excavation of broken surrounding rock in underground engineering has an important influence on the stability of surrounding rock after underground excavation. To determine the stress arching effect in horizontally layered jointed rock mass, the stress arching characteristics of surrounding rock mass after excavation is analyzed in this study by using a series of numerical tests. The formation mechanism of stress arch is revealed through a comparison of the stress characteristics of a voussoir beam structure and theoretical analysis of multi-block mechanical relationship of jointed rock mass. The method for determining the boundaries of a stress arching zone is proposed, and the influence of various factors on a stress arch is further discussed. Results show that after the excavation of horizontally layered jointed rock mass, the stress arch bunch (SAB) is formed in the lower strata above the cavern, and the global stress arch (GSA) is formed in the higher strata, both of which are symmetrical arch stress patterns. The SAB is the mechanical manifestation of the voussoir beam structure formed by several low-level sandstone layers, and the GSA is caused by the uneven displacement between blocks. Compared with the GSA, the SAB is more sensitive to various influencing factors. The extent of stress arching zone decreases with the increase of an internal friction angle of the joint, lateral pressure coefficient, and overburden depth. In addition, the joint spacing of rock strata is conducive to the development of a stress arch. Results can provide technical support for deformation control and the stability analysis of broken surrounding rock in underground engineering.

33

Garcia-Talegon, Jacinta, Adolfo C. Iñigo, Santiago Vicente-Tavera, and Eloy Molina-Ballesteros. "Heritage Stone 5. Silicified Granites (Bleeding Stone and Ochre Granite) as Global Heritage Stone Resources from Ávila, Central Spain." Geoscience Canada 43, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2016.43.087.

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Silicified granites were used to build the Romanesque monuments in the city of Ávila, Spain. The building stones comprise two types of granite based on their technical properties and colour: Bleeding Stone (Piedra Sangrante) and Ochre Granite (Caleño). They were used as a facing stone in the city´s Romanesque monuments of the 12th century (e.g. the cathedral and church of San Pedro), and the famous city walls that constitute the best example of military Romanesque Spanish architecture. During the Gothic and Renaissance periods of the 13th and 15th centuries, silicified granites were used mainly to build ribbed vaults, the voissoirs of the arches, and elements of the windows in the monuments of Ávila. Silicified granites are found in the intermediate and upper part of a complex palaeoweathering zone or mantle developed on the Iberian Hercynian Basement which underlies much of the western Iberian Peninsula. The silicification occurred during tropical conditions in the Mesozoic. The weathered mantle was truncated by Alpine tectonic movements during the Tertiary, and its remnants were unconformably overlain by more recent sediments in the western and southern part of the Duero Basin and along the northern edge of the Amblés Valley graben. The historical, and now protected, quarry is located in a village called La Colilla, about 5 km from the city of Ávila. Currently, this stone is exploited only for restoration work performed in the city, for example the Walls of Ávila, and the church of San Pedro. The resource is limited and being depleted, so the stone will be scarce in the near future. Consequently, these silicified granites should be recognized as a Global Heritage Stone Resource. The specific technical properties of these stones and their historic use, decay patterns, durability, and suitability for conservation treatments combine to support its designation as a Global Heritage Stone Resource.RÉSUMÉDes granites silicifiés ont été utilisés pour construire les monuments romans dans la ville d’Ávila, en Espagne. Les pierres de construction comprennent deux types de granite selon leurs propriétés techniques et leur couleur : Bleeding Stone (Piedra sangrante) et Ochre Granite (Caleño). Ils ont été utilisés comme pierre de revêtement de monuments romans du 12ème siècle de la ville (par exemple la cathédrale et de l'église de San Pedro), et pour les célèbres remparts de la ville qui constituent le meilleur exemple de l'architecture espagnole romane militaire. Durant les périodes gothique et Renaissance des 13e et 15e siècles, les granites silicifiés ont été utilisés principalement pour construire des croisés d'ogives, des voussoirs d’arcs et des éléments de fenêtres des monuments d’Ávila. Les granites silicifiés se trouvent dans la partie intermédiaire et supérieure d'une zone complexe de paléo-altération ou de manteau développée sur le socle ibérique hercynien qui supporte une grande partie de la péninsule ibérique occidentale. La silicification s’est produite dans des conditions tropicales au Mésozoïque. Le matériau mantélique altéré a été tronqué par des mouvements tectoniques alpins au cours du Tertiaire, et ses restes ont été recouverts en discordance par des sédiments plus récents dans la partie ouest et sud du bassin de Duero, et le long de la bordure nord de la vallée en graben d’Amblés. L’ancienne carrière, maintenant protégée, est située dans un village appelé La Colilla, à environ 5 km de la ville d’Ávila. Actuellement, cette pierre est exploitée uniquement pour les travaux de restauration effectués dans la ville, par exemple les murs d’Ávila, et l'église de San Pedro. La ressource est limitée et en voie d'épuisement, de sorte que la pierre sera rare dans un proche avenir. Par conséquent, ces granites silicifiés devraient être reconnus en tant que pierre du Patrimoine mondial des ressources en pierre. Les propriétés techniques spécifiques de ces pierres et leur valeur historique, leurs modes de désintégration, leur durabilité et leur pertinence pour la conservation patrimoniale justifient leur désignation en tant que roche du Patrimoine mondial des ressources en pierre. Traduit par le Traducteur

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Diederichs, M. S., and P. K. Kaiser. "Stability of large excavations in laminated hard rock masses: the voussoir analogue revisited." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 36, no. 1 (January 1999): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0148-9062(98)00180-6.

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Xue, Haojie, Yubing Gao, Xingyu Zhang, Xichun Tian, Haosen Wang, and Di Yuan. "Directional Blasting Fracturing Technology for the Stability Control of Key Strata in Deep Thick Coal Mining." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2019): 4665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244665.

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Under the conditions of high ground stress and mining disturbance, the strata breakage that is induced by mining is severe. Thus, it is critical to investigate the structural characteristics of key strata (KS) in deep thick mining. This study introduces an innovative technology, namely, directional blasting fracturing, in which an energy-gathering tube is installed in a borehole and an explosive is detonated to break the roof in a specified direction. A theory of balanced bulk filling is established based on the requirements of developing a voussoir beam structure, which can be used to effectively evaluate the percentage of bulk filling in gob and to determine to which structure the key strata belongs. Based on this theory, two types of novel structural models in the advancing and lateral directions of the longwall face are established and defined for studying the roof fracturing mechanism. Compared with a cantilever structure, Model C can develop a stable voussoir beam structure, limiting the rotation space of the KS and reducing both the peak abutment pressure and the dynamic disturbance time in the advancing of the longwall face. Model E is defined as when the technology of directional blasting fracturing effectively cuts a stress transfer path into the barrier pillar. The peak abutment pressures on the barrier pillar and auxiliary entry are smaller, and the dynamic disturbance time is shorter, which can effectively improve the stability of the auxiliary entry. The key parameters of directional blasting fracturing are designed and constructed, and they include the roof fracturing height, angle, and charge structure. The field application performance of this innovative technology at the longwall face of 3−1101 in Hongqinghe coal mine was evaluated by analyzing the chock pressure stress, the pillar pressure stress, and the deformation of the auxiliary entry during mining, which lays a foundation for the application of this technology in coal mines in China.

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Liu, Chuang, Huamin Li, Hani Mitri, Dongjie Jiang, Huigui Li, and Junfa Feng. "Voussoir beam model for lower strong roof strata movement in longwall mining – Case study." Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 9, no. 6 (December 2017): 1171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2017.07.002.

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He, Changchun, and Jialin Xu. "Subsidence Prediction of Overburden Strata and Surface Based on the Voussoir Beam Structure Theory." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (May 31, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2606108.

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The hard and stiff strata (key strata) bear the overburden load in the form of a voussoir beam structure (VBS) after break. The VBS affects both the surface subsidence and the stope underground pressure. Therefore, the reasonable method to predict the surface subsidence is based on the whole subsidence formulae of the VBS. This study first establishes the subsidence formulae of the VBS analytically. The influence of the block length on the subsidence curve and the VBS level on the zero-subsidence range are then analyzed based on the subsidence formulae of the VBS. The results show the half-subsidence curve of the VBS is an S-shaped curve. The block length hardly affects the S-shaped subsidence curve determined by the width of the undercompacted zone. Furthermore, a greater undercompacted zone width corresponds to a greater offset distance of the inflection point. The higher the VBS level, the farther the zero-subsidence range, and the flatter the subsidence curve. The subsidence of the highest VBS can approximately represent the surface subsidence when the topsoil is thin enough.

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Li, Zhen-lei, Lin-ming Dou, Wu Cai, Gui-feng Wang, Yan-lu Ding, and Yong Kong. "Mechanical Analysis of Static Stress Within Fault-Pillars Based on a Voussoir Beam Structure." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 49, no. 3 (April 17, 2015): 1097–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-015-0754-6.

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Sofianos, A. I., and A. P. Kapenis. "Numerical evaluation of the response in bending of an underground hard rock voussoir beam roof." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 35, no. 8 (December 1998): 1071–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0148-9062(98)00166-1.

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Li, Zhu, Shengchao Yu, Weibing Zhu, Guorui Feng, Jingmin Xu, Yuxia Guo, and Tingye Qi. "Dynamic loading induced by the instability of voussoir beam structure during mining below the slope." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 132 (August 2020): 104343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104343.

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Hatzor, Yossef H., and Ron Benary. "The stability of a laminated Voussoir beam: Back analysis of a historic roof collapse using DDA." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 35, no. 2 (March 1998): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0148-9062(97)00309-4.

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Newman, D., A. J. Hutchinson, and D. P. Mason. "Tensile fracture analysis of a thin Euler-Bernoulli beam and the transition to the voussoir model." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 102 (February 2018): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.01.009.

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Pan, Weidong, Xinyuan Li, and Zhining Zhao. "Strata Caving and Gob Evolution Characteristic in Longwall Mining." Shock and Vibration 2022 (March 20, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3235063.

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It is usually difficult to capture strata caving and gob evolution characteristic in longwall mining at engineering scales. This paper uses bonded block modelling (BBM) approach within a distinct element method (DEM) code to simulate strata behaviour in longwall mining, which captures the caving phenomena and bulking characteristics of roof strata successfully. Many features in longwall mining, including the caving and compaction of gob strata and the associated stress evolution, are reproduced in the model. Four zones in longwall gob are identified based on its stress characteristics: voussoir influencing zone, compacted zone, compacting zone, and pilling zone. The initial bulking factor of the caved strata ranges from 1.12 to 1.25 and decreases gradually to the residual bulk factor of approximately 1.05 as the longwall face advances. The caved strata in the longwall gob present strain hardening behaviour and the load carrying capacity increases exponentially as a function of strain. Moreover, the range of the interaction between the caving strata and the overburden in gob was discussed, which provides a reference when using a continuum method to simulate longwall mining.

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Wang, Xiang-yu, Wen-da Wu, and Bo-wen Wu. "Grouting of bed separation spaces to control sliding of the high-located main key stratum during longwall mining." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 53, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2019-064.

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The gob-side entry 150–180 m behind the 14201 working face at Majialiang coal mine is severely deformed. We developed a new technique to control the behaviour of the high-located main key stratum (HMKS) to improve mine safety. The failure type and breaking span of the HMKS were determined based on key stratum theory and the voussoir beam model. By monitoring the deformation of the entry and surface subsidence, we found that the main cause of the large deformation of the gob-side entry was sliding of the HMKS. A new technique is proposed to add grout between the separated beds during mining. Physical simulations indicated that this technique is efficient in controlling sliding of the HMKS and avoiding strong dynamic loading, with the peak abutment stress reduced by 59%. Grouting stations were set up at a spacing of 150 m behind the advancing work face based on the principles and key parameters of the technique and the geological conditions at Majialiang coal mine. Before the HMKS began to slide, we injected high-water content materials with a water to cement ratio of 1.5:1 into the bed separation space to prevent breaking of the key strata.

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Seedsman, Ross. "Back-analysis of roof conditions in the Great Northern Seam, Newcastle Coal Measures, Australia, using voussoir beam theory." International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering 5, no. 1 (March 1987): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01553530.

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Wang, Xufeng, Dongdong Qin, Dongsheng Zhang, Weiming Guan, Mengtang Xu, Xuanlin Wang, and Chengguo Zhang. "Evolution Characteristics of Overburden Strata Structure for Ultra-Thick Coal Seam Multi-Layer Mining in Xinjiang East Junggar Basin." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020332.

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The efficient and safe extraction of ultra-thick coal seam in the Xinjiang East Junggar Basin has been a major focus in the future of mining in China. This paper systematically studied the overburden strata fracturing process and the structure evolution characteristics based on a typical ultra-thick coal seam condition in Xinjiang, using both physical and numerical modeling studies. The interactions between shields and the roof strata were also examined, from the perspective of ground support. The results indicated that roof structure was mainly in the form of voussoir beam at the early mining stage, where overburden stability was affected by the rock mass properties and mining parameters. The support load mainly included top coal and immediate roof gravity load and the load caused by main roof rotary consolidation. As a result of mining disturbance and strata movement, the overlying strata re-fractured in the later mining stage. The roof structure changed from beam to arch gradually and propagates upwards with the increase of multi-layer mining times. The support load was mainly the gravity load of the friable rock mass within compression arch. The results will provide a guideline for the improvement of roof stability under similar mining conditions in Xinjiang.

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Hong-Sheng, Tu, Tu Shi-Hao, Zhang Cun, Zhang Lei, and Zhang Xiao-Gang. "Characteristics of the Roof Behaviors and Mine Pressure Manifestations During the Mining of Steep Coal Seam." Archives of Mining Sciences 62, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 871–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2017-0060.

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Abstract A steep seam similar simulation system was developed based on the geological conditions of a steep coal seam in the Xintie Coal Mine. Basing on similar simulation, together with theoretical analysis and field measurement, an in-depth study was conducted to characterize the fracture and stability of the roof of steep working face and calculate the width of the region backfilled with gangue in the goaf. The results showed that, as mining progressed, the immediate roof of the steep face fell upon the goaf and backfilled its lower part due to gravity. As a result, the roof in the lower part had higher stability than the roof in the upper part of the working face. The deformation and fracture of main roof mainly occurred in the upper part of the working face; the fractured main roof then formed a “voussoir beam” structure in the strata’s dip direction, which was subjected to the slip- and deformation-induced instability. The stability analysis indicated that, when the dip angle increased, the rock masses had greater capacity to withstand slip-induced instability but smaller capacity to withstand deformation-induced instability. Finally, the field measurement of the forces exerted on the hydraulic supports proved the characteristics of the roof’s behaviors during the mining of a steep seam.

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Yang, Daming, Wenbing Guo, and Yi Tan. "Study on the Evolution Characteristics of Two-Zone Failure Mode of the Overburden Strata under Shallow Buried Thick Seam Mining." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (April 7, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9874769.

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There are risks of water burst and sand inrush in the working face of the Northwest Mining Area in China. Based on the 22407 working face of Halagou coal mine, the evolution characteristics and mechanism of a two-zone failure mode of the overburden strata in shallow buried thick seam mining were thoroughly analysed using physical modelling, theoretical analysis, on-site observation, and other research methods. A method to calculate the overburden fissure width was also proposed. The analysis results indicated that the evolution of a two-zone failure mode of the overburden strata mainly includes four stages: gestation, formation, transformation, and stabilization. In the transformation stage, a fracture zone is transformed into a caving zone. The caving zone and fracture zone are separately transferred to the working face direction based on the structure type of key strata of voussoir beam and cantilever beam after the heights of the two zones stabilize, and the “two-belt” cracks are mainly composed of inclined and horizontal fissures. Based on this study, the mechanism of the two-zone failure mode of overburden strata development was analysed according to the mining height and overburden strata key layer structure. This paper serves as a guide for safe and green mining on shallow buried thick seams.

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Xiao, Zhang, and Kang Hongpu. "Pressure Relief Mechanism of Directional Hydraulic Fracturing for Gob-Side Entry Retaining and Its Application." Shock and Vibration 2021 (April 10, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6690654.

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In order to make clear the pressure relief mechanism and application effect of directional hydraulic fracturing for gob-side entry retaining, the directional hydraulic fracturing was carried out by 400 m in haulage gateway remaining along the goaf in 50108 working face of Hejiata Coal Mine. Taking this as the engineering background, a mechanical model of roof cutting was established and the pressure relief mechanism was clarified. The theoretical research shows that it is the moments of gravity FG of the curved triangular roof plate at the face end, the pressure q of the overlying soft rock, and the transverse force TCB in the “voussoir beam” structure to the left endpoint of the triangular block, that is, M F G , M q , and M T CB , which determines the roadside supporting resistance. Hydraulic fracturing can reduce the lateral cantilever length of the basic roof, thus greatly reducing the values of M F G , M T CB , and M q , and significantly reduce the roadside supporting resistance. The field test shows that the directional hydraulic fracturing technology can effectively improve the stress environment of the face end and reduce the deformation of the roadway, and it has a good application effect on the gob-side entry retaining.

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Xiang, Zhe, Nong Zhang, Zhengzheng Xie, Feng Guo, and Chenghao Zhang. "Cooperative Control Mechanism of Long Flexible Bolts and Blasting Pressure Relief in Hard Roof Roadways of Extra-Thick Coal Seams: A Case Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 4125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094125.

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The higher strength of a hard roof leads to higher coal pressure during coal mining, especially under extra-thick coal seam conditions. This study addresses the hard roof control problem for extra-thick coal seams using the air return roadway 4106 (AR 4106) of the Wenjiapo Coal Mine as a case study. A new surrounding rock control strategy is proposed, which mainly includes 44 m deep-hole pre-splitting blasting for stress releasing and flexible 4-m-long bolt for roof supporting. Based on the new support scheme, field tests were performed. The results show that roadway support failure in traditional scenarios is caused by insufficient bolt length and extensive rotary subsidence of the long cantilever beam of the hard roof. In the new proposed scheme, flexible 4-m-long bolts are shown to effectively restrain the initial expansion deformation of the top coal. The deflection of the rock beam anchored by the roof foundation are improved. Deep-hole pre-splitting blasting effectively reduces the cantilever distance of the “block B” of the voussoir beam structure. The stress environment of the roadway surrounding rock is optimized and anchorage structure damage is inhibited. The results provide insights regarding the safe control of roadway roofs under extra-thick coal seam conditions.

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