Готові списки джерел за темами / Wage disparity

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Wage disparity"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 19 червня 2021
Оновлено: 10 лютого 2022

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Зміст

  1. Статті в журналах
  2. Дисертації
  3. Книги
  4. Частини книг
  5. Тези доповідей конференцій
  6. Звіти організацій

Статті в журналах з теми "Wage disparity":

1

SAKAMOTO, Hiroshi. "Wage Disparity in China: Disparity across Region and Sector." Studies in Regional Science 39, no. 4 (2009): 927–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2457/srs.39.927.

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2

Julien, Benoit, John Kennes, and Ian King. "RESIDUAL WAGE DISPARITY AND COORDINATION UNEMPLOYMENT*." International Economic Review 47, no. 3 (August 2006): 961–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2354.2006.00402.x.

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3

Kerr, Craig, and Randall Walsh. "Racial Wage Disparity in US Cities." Race and Social Problems 6, no. 4 (September 24, 2014): 305–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12552-014-9127-0.

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4

Sattinger, Michael, and Howard Botwinick. "Persistent Inequalities: Wage Disparity under Capitalist Competition." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48, no. 1 (October 1994): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524633.

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5

Beck, E. M., and Howard Botwinick. "Persistent Inequalities: Wage Disparity under Capitalist Competition." Contemporary Sociology 23, no. 4 (July 1994): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2076371.

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6

Madhavan, M. C., Louis C. Green, and Ken Jung. "A Note on Black-White Wage Disparity." Review of Black Political Economy 13, no. 4 (March 1985): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02899889.

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7

Deitrick, Sabina, and Christopher Briem. "Gender Wage Disparity in the Pittsburgh Region." American Behavioral Scientist 53, no. 2 (September 17, 2009): 239–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764209338811.

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8

Tandrayen-Ragoobur, Verena, and Rajeev Pydayya. "Gender wage differential in private and public sector employment." Gender in Management: An International Journal 31, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 222–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/gm-08-2014-0071.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyse the magnitude of the gender wage disparity in the public and private sectors in Mauritius across both mean differentials and overall wage distribution. The paper then decomposed the gender wage differential using the Oaxaca and Blinder (1973) decomposition technique. Design/methodology/approach The study uses cross-sectional data from the Continuous Multi-Purpose Household Budget Survey (CMPHS), from 2006 to 2013. The sample size on average is around 12,000 households surveyed per year. Findings The results reveal that that gender wage differentials are prevalent in both economic sectors; however, the disparity is more pronounced in the private sector. In addition, the differences in wages are larger at the bottom compared to the top end of the wage distribution, suggesting the presence of sticky floors. Lastly, it was observed that the unexplained wage gap (discrimination) is higher in the private sector than in public sector across the years. Originality/value The literature on the gender wage gap in Africa is limited. This paper adds to the existing literature on gender wage differential with an analysis of the gender wage disparity across the public and private sectors in Mauritius.
9

Lanning, Jonathan A. "Opportunities Denied, Wages Diminished: Using Search Theory to Translate Audit-Pair Study Findings into Wage Differentials." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 13, no. 2 (August 28, 2013): 921–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2012-0055.

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Abstract This article proposes a framework with which to estimate the impact on labor market outcomes implied by audit-pair study findings. I present a search model with discrimination and calibrate the model with experimental data from audit studies of the U.S. labor market and the NLSY79 to estimate the wage and unemployment implications of documented hiring disparity. All simulated results are highly consistent with the hypothesis that hiring discrimination may be an important component of the observed labor market disparity between African American and white workers in the U.S. Additionally, while the simulations only generate a small proportion of the observed gaps in unemployment, it proves to be one of the few models capable of explaining simultaneous wage in unemployment gaps. The most robust finding of the article is that non-trivial wage gaps can result even from the seemingly small differences in hiring rates documented in these studies.
10

Torres Bernal, Aníbal, William F. Vásquez, Lindsay L. Edwards, and Madison Giles. "Exploring Gender Wage Disparity in MFT Academic Programs." Contemporary Family Therapy 40, no. 4 (March 13, 2018): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10591-018-9462-1.

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Також вас можуть зацікавити розширені добірки на тему "Wage disparity" для конкретних типів джерел:
Статті в журналах Дисертації Книги

Дисертації з теми "Wage disparity":

1

Hua, Yue. "Three Essays on Regional Income Disparity." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405616536.

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2

Williamson, Russell. "WAGE DISPARITY IN THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION AND INFORMATION QUALITY." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/accountancy_etds/11.

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Does wage disparity, measured as the difference between highest and lowest paid workers, affect the quality of reported financial information? I collect accounting professional wage data from an international accounting and finance employment placement firm for the period of 1972 to 2017. I investigate to what degree wage disparity in corporate and public accounting has affected accounting information quality by testing predictions derived from equity theory and tournament theory. I find that vertical wage disparity within, as well as horizontal wage disparity between, corporate and public accounting is associated with measures of the relevance and reliability of accounting information. Specifically, pay disparity within corporate accounting is associated with a significant reduction in earnings persistence, in the earnings-returns relationship, in the accruals-cashflow relationship, and with higher levels of absolute abnormal accruals. In tests of pay disparity within the public accounting profession I find evidence of improved information quality associated with higher pay disparity. These findings are consistent with the different structures of employment and career advancement within the corporate and public accounting professions.
3

Yapici, Selim. "The relationship between intra-team wage disparity and team performance." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Management and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2565.

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As far as wage disparity and its social, political and economic consequences are concerned, one can easily see that it is a popular topic on which many studies and research have been conducted. The recent financial turmoil drew the people`s attention on the issue of wage disparity, and the people started to discuss this issue on the equity and fairness grounds, but the only thing that economists can do is to examine the economic consequences of the wide wage disparities. It is much easier to conduct a study on the issue of wage disparity by using the data on the professional sport teams due to their several advantages and in this paper I chose to study the relationship between intra-team wage dispersion and teams` performance by using data on randomly chosen 16 teams from the National Football League over the sample period of 2000-2008. First of all, a general introduction to the issue takes place. Then a detailed theoretical background is provided. After mentioning some previous evidence and methodology, empirical results are revealed. Those results show us that Ramaswamy`s and Rowthorn`s Damage Potential Hypothesis is supported over Levine`s Cohesiveness Hypothesis by the data.

4

Dennis, Garnise Ann. "Gender Pay Disparity Among Women." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2281.

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Irrespective of professional experience and educational background, gender pay disparity is a problem in the federal government. Women have to overcome salary barriers, such as agency segregation, position segregation, and invisible barriers known as the glass ceiling and the glass wall. Recent studies have indicated that human capital variables, people skills, discrimination, and policies all contribute to gender pay disparity in America's workforce. However, there are limited studies that focus on the indirect factors that also contribute to gender pay inequality. The purpose of this quantitative research was to investigate the relationship between wages and job responsibility (as defined by an employee's job series) for all federal employees within the GS14 pay grade working in the state of Virginia. The data source for this retrospective study came from the December 2014 archived federal employee records that were retrieved from the Office of Personnel Management website. Ordinary least square regression modeling was used to analyze the data collected from the Office of Personnel Management central personnel data file. The results from the data analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between job responsibility and wages. The results from the data analysis demonstrated that men earned higher wages than did their female counterparts and were given more authority in the technical and professional job series. This study promotes positive social change because it confirms and extends understanding of the gender wage gap in the federal workforce. The findings from this research encourage policy makers to revisit existing policies and implement new policies aimed at ensuring women receive pay equal to their male counterparts.
5

Toney, Jason W. "Executive Minority Employment and Compensation Gap in the S&P500: Is Compensation Disparity More Prevalent in Certain Industries?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/145.

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Minorities hold a significantly smaller percentage of executive positions in companies within the S&P500. However, whether these minorities are under compensated relative to their non-minority counterparts has not been previously investigated. Using Compustat data, this paper documents the differences in compensation between minorities and non-minorities as a whole, minority and non-minority CEOs, and the differences in compensation for minorities and non-minorities within industries. I show that there is no minority/white wage gap overall, and in some cases, minorities earn a premium compared to non-minorities.
6

Self, Jonathan. "Impacts of COVID-19 on the Relationships Between Local and International Humanitarian Actors: The Case of Lebanon and the 4 August 2020 Beirut Port Explosions." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445120.

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This thesis analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on relationships between international and local humanitarian actors responding to the 4 August 2020 Beirut Port Explosion. The concepts of “the local”, localization, inequality, and remote management provide a theoretical framework for this analysis. Data collection for this case study research includes a review of published and grey literature, and five video interviews with staff of local and international humanitarian organizations in Beirut. Empirical findings show that local-international inequalities—in the forms of limited access, recognition,and control—have been observed in Beirut and Lebanon for decades, and persisted during the port explosion response. This research further suggests that COVID-19 has contributed to an increase in inequality, most notably by reducing the participation of local actors in humanitarian coordination meetings, and disproportionately transferring risk from international to local actors due to a reliance on remote management. Findings also show that the port explosion caused an influx of funding that was disproportionately directed to international actors, and the economic crisis created a currency devaluation that has exacerbated local-international wage disparities and threatened to limit the reach of local NGO activities. Despite the strength of the civil society—shaped by a strong education system, decades of working through crisis, and government inaction—local actors have often been excluded from humanitarian practice in Beirut and Lebanon. At the same time, findings highlight increases in equality: some local actors adapted more quickly than international actors to COVID-19 and were able to leverage their strengths to receive more funding and greater leadership in the port explosion response. These movements demonstrate adaptability in humanitarian practice that would be critically required in any future reform. This thesis concludes with two recommendations: (1) the use of remote management due to COVID-19 is likely problematic and requires further research to identify best practices; and (2) critical localization provides a useful framework to analyze and mitigate the persistence of local-international inequalities infuture humanitarian responses, and helps to find a meaningful way forward.
7

Hankins, Chelsey Lynn. "Limitations of a law: the disparity between urban and suburban schools' athletic programs in the wake of Title IX, 1975-1990." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1413298837.

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8

Tarasonis, Linas. "Three essays on wage formation in imperfect labor markets." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010048.

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Le premier chapitre s’efforce de prendre en compte dans le cadre unique de l’existence de discriminations sur le marché du travail affectant à la fois les salaires et la probabilité d’embauche. Ce chapitre développe un modèle d’appariement dans lequel les firmes et les travailleurs se distinguent selon leur productivité, mais en termes de discrimination : les travailleurs appartiennent soit à une population discriminée, soit au groupe majoritaire ; les firmes quant à elles, se distinguent selon qu’elles traitent, ou non, ces deux catégories de travailleurs sur un plan d’égalité. Les firmes qui discriminent le font en raison d’une désutilité à embaucher un travailleur issu de la population discriminée. A l’équilibre stationnaire, les individus du groupe minoritaire subissent, à productivité égale, une double inégalité de traitement de la part des entreprises qui discriminent : leur salaire est plus faible, le bassin d’entreprises qui leur propose un emploi en cas de rencontre est plus étroit -induisant une probabilité de trouver un emploi plus faible. Ces bassins caractéristiques ont des conséquences inattendues sur les entreprises qui ne subissent aucune désutilité à embaucher un travailleur issu du groupe minoritaire : les travailleurs minoritaires acceptent un salaire plus faible, et sont par conséquent embauchés plus facilement dans ces entreprises, au détriment des travailleurs issus du groupe majoritaire. Le chapitre 2 vise à mesurer le degré d’exposition des employés du secteur privé aux chocs idiosyncratiques subis par les firmes. Dans une perspective assurantielle, répondre à cette question implique de distinguer les chocs permanents des chocs structurels, ce qui constitue un défi empirique important. La stratégie empirique s’appuie sur l’article de Guiso et al qui, bien que répliqué dans un certain nombre de pays européens, n’a jamais été appliquée à la France. La situation française pose à cet égard des questions particulières, en raison de la faiblesse fréquemment débattue de la flexibilité des salaires. L’estimation montre le marché du travail français offre une assurance très forte aux employés du secteur privé, qui n’absorbent les chocs structurels qu’à hauteur de 15 % et sont immunisés contre les chocs conjoncturels. Ce résultat semble indépendant de la taille des firmes. Le troisième et dernier essai s’intéresse à l’asymétrie de l’ajustement du salaire réel aux fluctuations conjoncturelles en fonction de la taille des firmes. Cette question s’inscrit dans une littérature en plein essor, sous l’impulsion notamment des travaux de Moscarini et Postel-Vinay qui montrent une forte asymétrie en fonction de la taille dans les ajustements des entreprises en termes de volume d’emploi. L’approche statistique de Carneiro et al. est appliquée au cas Britannique et montre que l’élasticité des salaires au niveau de chômage est plus élevée dans les entreprises de grande taille
It is well-known that in the US labor market the average black worker is exposed to a lower employment rate and earns a lower wage compared to his white counterpart ? Less attention has been given to the profile of these differences along workers’ skill distribution. Lang and Lehmann (2012) argue that wage and employment gaps are smaller for high-skill workers. Chapter 1 shows that a model of employer taste-based discrimination in a labor market characterized by search frictions and skill complementaries in production can replicate these regularities. It builds on Shimer and Smith (2000) and assume that a positive share of employers are prejudiced against workers of a certain race. The model generates sorting along two dimensions : race/prejudice and skill. The model is estimated with US data using simulated methods of moments. Chapter’s quantitative results portray the degree of employer prejudice in the US labor market as being strong widespead. Chapter 1 concludes that the ability distributions of black and white workers differ somewhat, but this explains little of the observed racial variation in labor market outcomes. Chapter 2 quantifies the responsiveness of French business sector wages to firm-level shocks. Following Guiso et al. (2005), the chapter offers the first estimates of this measure of wage flexibility using French data. The main finding is that French are partially exposed to permanent shocks and that firms provide insulation against temporary shocks. The economic implications of these facts are found to be small : the transmission of firm-level shocks acounts for about 15 percent of overall earnings variability. The final chapter presents new empirical evidence that of the fact that the strenght of real wage cyclicality in continuing jobs in the UK is negatively related to employer size measured by the number of employees in a firm. Specifically, it establishes that 1 percent increase in firm suize lowers the semi-elesticity of real wages in continuing jobs with respect to the unemployment rate by 0.18 points
9

Pan, Sobandith. "Employment and earnings gaps the disparity in labour market outcomes in New Zealand and the U.S. : a dissertation submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business, 2008." Abstract. Full dissertation, 2008.

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10

Tojerow, Ilan. "Industry wage differentials, rent sharing and gender: three empirical essays." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210526.

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This thesis focuses on the industry wage differentials, rent-sharing and the gender wage gap. I empirically investigate: i) the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, ii) how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector and iii) the existence of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, through the unobserved ability hypothesis.

The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, i.e. Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the U.K. To do so, we have relied on a unique harmonised matched employer-employee data set, the 1995 European Structure of Earnings Survey. As far as we know, this paper is the first to analyse with recent techniques, on a comparable basis, and from a European perspective: i) inter-industry wage differentials by gender, ii) gender wage gaps by industry, and iii) the contribution of industry effects to the overall gender wage gap. It is also one of the few, besides Kahn (1998), to analyse for both sexes the relationship between collective bargaining characteristics and the dispersion of industry wage differentials.

Empirical findings show that, in all countries and for both sexes, wage differentials exist between workers employed in different sectors, even when controlling for working conditions, individual and firm characteristics. We also find that the hierarchy of sectors in terms of wages is quite similar for male and female workers and across countries. Yet, the apparent similarity between male and female industry wage differentials is challenged by standard statistical tests. Indeed, simple t-tests show that between 43 and 71% of the industry wage disparities are significantly different for women and men. Moreover, Chow tests indicate that sectoral wage differentials are significantly different as a group for both sexes in all countries. Regarding the dispersion of the industry wage differentials, we find that results vary for men and women, although not systematically nor substantially. Yet, the dispersion of industry wage differentials fluctuates considerably across countries. It is quite large in Ireland, Italy and the U.K. and relatively moderate in Belgium, Denmark and Spain. For both sexes, results point to the existence of a negative and significant relationship between the degree of centralisation of collective bargaining and the dispersion of industry wage differentials.

Furthermore, independently of the country considered, results show that more than 80% of the gender wage gaps within industries are statistically significant. The average industry gender wage gap ranges between -.18 in the U.K. and -.11 in Belgium. This means that on average women have an inter-industry wage differential of between 18 and 11% below that for men. Yet, correlation coefficients between the industry gender wage gaps across countries are relatively small and often statistically insignificant. This finding suggests that industries with the highest and the lowest gender wage gaps vary substantially across Europe.

Finally, results indicate that the overall gender wage gap, measured as the difference between the mean log wages of male and female workers, fluctuates between .18 in Denmark and .39 in the U.K. In all countries a significant (at the .01 level) part of this gap can be explained by the segregation of women in lower paying industries. Yet, the relative contribution of this factor to the gender wage gap varies substantially among European countries. It is close to zero in Belgium and Denmark, between 7 and 8% in Ireland, Spain and the U.K. and around 16% in Italy. Differences in industry wage premia for male and female workers significantly (at the .05 level) affect the gender wage gap in Denmark and Ireland only. In these countries, gender differences in industry wage differentials account for respectively 14 and 20% of the gender wage gap. To sum up, findings show that combined industry effects explain around 29% of the gender wage gap in Ireland, respectively 14 and 16% in Denmark and Italy, around 7% in the U.K. and almost nothing in Belgium and Spain.

In conclusion, our results emphasize that the magnitude of the gender wage gap as well as its causes vary substantially among the European countries. This suggests that no single policy instrument will be sufficient to tackle gender pay inequalities in Europe. Our findings indicate that policies need to be tailored to the very specific context of the labour market in each country.

The second chapter examines investigates how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector. Empirical findings show that individual gross hourly wages are significantly and positively related to firm profits-per-employee even when controlling for group effects in the residuals, individual and firm characteristics, industry wage differentials and endogeneity of profits. Our instrumented wage-profit elasticity is of the magnitude 0.06 and it is not significantly different for men and women. Of the overall gender wage gap (on average women earn 23.7% less than men), results show that around 14% can be explained by the fact that on average women are employed in firms where profits-per-employee are lower. Thus, findings suggest that a substantial part of the gender wage gap is attributable to the segregation of women is less profitable firms.

The third and final chapter contributes to the understanding of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, taking advantage of access to a unique matched employer-employee data set covering the period 1995-2002. Findings show the existence of large and persistent wage differentials among workers with the same observed characteristics and working conditions, employed in different sectors. The unobserved ability hypothesis may not be rejected on the basis of Martins’ (2004) methodology. However, its contribution to the observed industry wage differentials appears to be limited. Further results show that ceteris paribus workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in more profitable firms. The instrumented wage-profit elasticity stands at 0.063. This rent-sharing phenomenon accounts for a large fraction of the industry wage differentials. We find indeed that the magnitude, dispersion and significance of industry wage differentials decreases sharply when controlling for profits.


Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Книги з теми "Wage disparity":

1

Botwinick, Howard. Persistent inequalities: Wage disparity under capitalist competition. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1993.

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2

Jain, Hansa. Wages and wage disparity in organized manufacturing industries: An analysis of post reforms era. Ahmedabad: Sardar Patel Institute of Economic & Social Research, 2013.

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3

Pollan, Wolfgang. Austrian exceptionalism: Labour market institutions and wage disparity : study by the Austrian Institute of Economic Research, supported by the Anniversary Fund of the Oesterreichische Nationalbank. Wien: Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung, 2004.

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4

Pelletier, Normand. Clauses de disparité de traitement: Étude d'impact. [Québec]: Ministère du travail, 1999.

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5

Bamezai, Anil. Rising earnings disparity and technological change. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corp., 1989.

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6

Long, Charles E. Joint wind wave height-frequency-direction statistics at two disparate sites. Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, 1998.

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7

Long, Charles E. Joint wind wave height-frequency-direction statistics at two disparate sites. Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, 1998.

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8

E, Long Charles. Joint wind wave height-frequency-direction statistics at two disparate sites. Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1998.

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9

Hyclak, Thomas. Wage flexibility and unemployment dynamics in regional labor markets. Kalamazoo, Mich: W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 1992.

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10

Drolet, Marie. The "who, what, when and where" of gender pay differentials. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2002.

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Частини книг з теми "Wage disparity":

1

Borooah, Vani Kant. "Wage Inequality." In Disparity and Discrimination in Labour Market Outcomes in India, 163–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16264-1_6.

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2

D’Souza, Errol. "Wage Disparity and Human Capital Accumulation." In Conceptualizing the Ubiquity of Informal Economy Work, 51–58. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7428-3_5.

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3

"Marginal Wage Disparity." In Efficiency and Effort, 112–23. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315013671-22.

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4

"THE MINIMUM WAGE LAW IS A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD." In Income Disparity in China, 231–65. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814525251_0010.

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5

Ben, Esther Ruiz. "Gendering Professionalism in the Internationalization of Information Work." In Globalization, Technology Diffusion and Gender Disparity, 51–69. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0020-1.ch005.

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Professionalism as a particular form of organizing work has been challenged by internationalization dynamics, globalization, and the development of information and communication technologies. Mixed forms of organisational professionalism adopting managerialism principles with a global customer scope beyond national boundaries and combining different control sources of work and knowledge are being adopted by large enterprises to confront international organisational challenges. The structures and dynamics of internationally operating organizations must be adapted to the emerging transnational work requirements, and strictly locally situated institutions are compared with each other in international and transnational arenas. Moreover, due to the rapid internationalization and standardization of working processes that facilitate the transfer of tasks to lower-wage-countries,1 the definition of technical areas and tasks changes, and with it, their connotations of prestige and power. Thus, the development of mixed professionalism could be seen as a kind of institutional work and as a new form of organizing international work. It can also represent an opportunity for women to enter in emerging occupations and to establish in particular jurisdictional fields through the control of educational and training resources and the opportunity of configuring governance claims.
6

Mercer, Hannah C., and Patrick S. Edwards. "An Analysis of Gender Inequality in Professional Tennis." In Applied Econometric Analysis, 121–40. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1093-3.ch006.

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This paper examines the gender wage gap in professional sports using a pooled cross-section of professional tennis players across the years 2011-2017. The dependent variable is the prize money earned by the top fifty male and top fifty female ranked tennis players throughout the world. This prize money is measured in 2017 real dollar value. The independent variables include: number of tournaments played, age, rank differentiation, gender, country and WTA/ATP score. Gender inequality is measured by determining the wage gap shown through the mean prize money earned by the professional tennis players from 2011-2017. While prize money for men and women has recently become equal in the Grand Slam tournaments, there is evidence to show that women's prize money is considerably lower in the less-publicized tournaments. Results of the ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions suggest that there is evidence for a gender-related pay disparity in professional tennis due to a number of statistically significant variables including WTA/ATP score (+), age (+), country (+) and the gender (-) and year (+) dummies.
7

Ngadi, Ngadi, Devi Asiati, Ade Latifa, and Nawawi Nawawi. "Gender Inequality in the Indonesian Labor Market." In Women Empowerment and Well-Being for Inclusive Economic Growth, 24–44. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3737-4.ch002.

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Indonesia has committed to embody gender equality in the labor market through gender mainstreaming programs in all sectors. Nevertheless, the reality indicates that gender inequality in the labor market still exists. This chapter aims to discuss various issues of gender inequality in the Indonesian labor market in the agriculture, manufacturing, and services sectors. The data used for the analysis is the 2016 national labor force survey. The survey covered 82,613 workers with 31,256 of them from the agricultural sector, 14,835 from the manufacturing sector and 36,522 from the services sector. The analysis shows the dominance of male labor in all the sectors with the lowest proportion of female workers occurs in the manufacturing sector (27.1%) followed by the agricultural sector (37.5%) and the services (46.5%). Based on the type of position, men are more dominant in strategic positions in all the three sectors. The highest wage disparity between women and men takes place in the agricultural sector followed by the manufacturing and the services.
8

Mattingly, Doreen J. "Indian Women Working in Call Centers." In Globalization, Technology Diffusion and Gender Disparity, 156–68. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0020-1.ch014.

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This chapter draws on recent (2005) interviews with 20 call center workers in the New Delhi metro area to analyze the impact of employment in international call centers for young middle-class Indian women. Providing a wide range of telephone and occasionally Internet services to customers in the US, UK, and Australia, call centers are a booming source of employment for young English-speaking Indians. Roughly half of the growing workforce is female, and the wages are high by Indian standards. Nevertheless, the need to work at night to service customers on other continents creates special hardships and complications, particularly for young women who traditionally would not be allowed to go out at night. While acknowledging the hardships and obstacles presented by the work, this chapter shows that that working in call centers changes the relationships between the young women workers and their parents. Specifically, it argues that young women working in call centers are implicitly rejecting traditional patterns of family control over daughters, and in doing so they are resisting subordination.
9

Moloney, Clint. "The Role of Wireless Technology in Addressing Sleeping Disorders in Aged Care." In Biomedical Knowledge Management, 279–88. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-266-4.ch020.

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Sleep problems are frequently witnessed in aged care facilities with a large proportion going undetected. Multiple factors are known to contribute many abnormal sleep/wake patterns for residents. A systematic review conducted by Haesler (2004) provided a guide to the direction of future research into sleep in older adults residing in care facilities. This chapter evaluates the effectiveness of implementing the following evidence based recommendation from Haesler (2004): Wrist actigraphy currently represents the most accurate objective sleep assessment tool for use in the population of interest. Factor analysis was utilized to study the patterns of relationship among many dependent variables, with the goal of discovering something about the nature of the independent variables that affect them. Wrist actigraphy showed a disparity between the actual bed time and wake time. One clear difference detected using the device was the increased detection of sleep during the day.
10

Moloney, Clint. "The Role of Wireless Technology in Addressing Sleeping Disorders in Aged Care." In Wireless Technologies, 1093–102. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61350-101-6.ch412.

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Sleep problems are frequently witnessed in aged care facilities with a large proportion going undetected. Multiple factors are known to contribute many abnormal sleep/wake patterns for residents. A systematic review conducted by Haesler (2004) provided a guide to the direction of future research into sleep in older adults residing in care facilities. This chapter evaluates the effectiveness of implementing the following evidence based recommendation from Haesler (2004): Wrist actigraphy currently represents the most accurate objective sleep assessment tool for use in the population of interest. Factor analysis was utilized to study the patterns of relationship among many dependent variables, with the goal of discovering something about the nature of the independent variables that affect them. Wrist actigraphy showed a disparity between the actual bed time and wake time. One clear difference detected using the device was the increased detection of sleep during the day.

Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Wage disparity":

1

Amiq, Bachrul, Liosten Rianna Roosida Ully Tampubolon, and Edy Widayat. "The Influence of Regional Minimum Wage Discretion on Wage Disparity and Company Relocation." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Community Development (ICCD 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccd-19.2019.28.

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2

Sant, Tonio, and Daniel Micallef. "Disparity Analysis for Three Floating Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Codes in Comparison." In ASME 2019 2nd International Offshore Wind Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iowtc2019-7509.

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Abstract This paper compares the predictions from three independent aerodynamic simulation tools modelling the time varying rotor thrust and shaft power of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) under different sea wave conditions. These include a Blade-Element-Momentum (BEM) model, a Free-Wake Vortex model (FWM) and a Navier-Stokes based Actuator Disc (AD) model. The study is based on the NREL1 5 MW baseline FOWT installed on the OC4 DeepCWind semi-submersible platform. The rotor speed is maintained constant throughout the analysis, though different rotor tip speeds and sea wave heights and periods are considered. While the three aerodynamic models apply different approaches for modelling the wake, they are all based on a blade element theory (BET) approach for simulating the blade loads. A common set of static aerofoil data is used and corrections to the data for unsteady effects such as dynamic stall are ignored. Thus disparity between the predictions for the surging rotor is primarily due to the different numerical approaches used for modelling the FOWT wake. The time-averaged rotor thrust and power coefficients predicted by the three models were found to be in close agreement with one another at low tip speed ratios and the sea state was found to have marginal effect on these results. However, the disparity in such predictions between the three models was found to increase at high tip speed ratios, with the FWM and the AD models yielding the largest and smallest rotor thrust and power coefficients, respectively. Furthermore, the AD model was observed to exhibit the highest sensitivity to sea state, with a significant increase in the time averaged power coefficient being predicted at the most extreme wave condition. The amplitudes in the thrust and power expressed as a percentage of the corresponding time-averaged values estimated by the three aerodynamic models were found to be in close agreement with one another for the optimal and high tip speed ratios. However, at low tip speed ratios, the BEM predictions were significantly smaller than those estimated by the FWM and AD models.
3

Peng, Shu-Qing, and De-Yun Chen. "Dynamic Composition of Disparate Services and Data." In 2009 WASE International Conference on Information Engineering (ICIE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icie.2009.167.

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4

Gururajan, Vyaas, Riccardo Scarcelli, Anand Karpatne, Douglas Breden, Laxminarayan Raja, Sayan Biswas, and Isaac Ekoto. "A Computational Study of the Thermodynamic Conditions Leading to Autoignition in Nanosecond Pulsed Discharges." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7260.

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Abstract Nanosecond pulsed discharges have attracted the attention of engine manufacturers due to the possibility of attaining distributed ignition sites that accelerate burn rates while resulting in very little electrode erosion. Multidimensional modeling tools currently capture the electrical structure of such discharges accurately, but resolving the chemical structure remains a challenging problem owing to the disparity of time-scales in streamer propagation (nanoseconds) and ignition phenomena (microseconds). The purpose of this study is to extend multidimensional results towards resolving the chemical structure in the wake of streamers (or the afterglow) by using a batch reactor model. This can afford the use of very detailed chemical kinetic information. The full non-equilibrium nature of the electrons is taken into account, along with fast gas heating, shock wave propagation, and thermal diffusion. The results shed light on ignition phenomena brought about by such discharges.
5

Gladin, Jonathan C., Brian K. Kestner, Jeff S. Schutte, and Dimitri N. Mavris. "Engine Design Strategy for Boundary Layer Ingesting Propulsion Systems With Multiple Non-Symmetric Engine Inlet Conditions." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95905.

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Boundary layer ingesting inlets for hybrid wing body aircraft have been investigated at some depth in recent years due to the theoretical potential for fuel burn savings. Such savings derive from the ingestion of a portion of the low momentum wake into the propulsor to reenergize the flow, thus yielding total power savings and reducing required block fuel burn. A potential concern for BLI is that traditional concepts such as “thrust” and “drag” become less clearly defined due to the interaction between the vehicle aerodynamics and the propulsive thrust achieved. One such interaction for the HWB concept is the lateral location of the inlet on the upper surface which determines the effective Reynolds number at the point of ingestion. This is an important factor in determining the amount of power savings achieved by the system, since the boundary layer, displacement, and momentum thicknesses are functions of the local chord length and airfoil shape which are all functions of the lateral location of the engine. This poses a design challenge for engine layouts with more than two engines as at least one or more of the total engines will be operating at a different set of changing inlet conditions throughout the flight envelope. As a result, the engine operating point and propulsive performance will be different between outboard and inboard engines at flight conditions with appreciable boundary layer influence including key flight conditions for engine design: takeoff, top of climb, and cruise. The optimal engine design strategy in terms of performance to address this issue is to design separate engines with similar thrust performance. This strategy has significant challenges such as requiring the manufacturing and certification of two different engines for one vehicle. A more practical strategy is to design a single engine that performs adequately at the different inlet conditions but may not achieve the full benefits of BLI. This paper presents a technique for cycle analysis which can account for the disparity between inlet conditions. This technique was used for two principal purposes: first to determine the effect of the inlet disparity on the performance of the system; second, to analyze the various design strategies that might mitigate the impact of this effect. It is shown that a single engine can be sized when considering both inboard and outboard engines simultaneously. Additionally, it is shown that there is a benefit to ingesting larger mass flows in the inboard engine for the case with large disparity between the engine inlets.
6

Maulina, Novi. "Gender Disparity In Awareness and Disease Control among Indonesia Hypertension Adults Aged 􀵒40: Study from Indonesia Family Life Survey Wave 5." In The 2nd Syiah Kuala International Conference on Medicine and Health Sciences. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008789201090113.

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7

Schmitt, Kyle P., Abby M. Pellman, and John C. Minichiello. "Cycle-Averaged Approximation of Heat Transfer Associated With Rayleigh-Plesset Gas Bubble Dynamics." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45971.

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The presence of entrained gas bubbles in a bubbly media leads to both dispersive and dissipative effects on a pressure wave traveling through the system. The complete set of equations used to model this process involves the combination of macroscopic pressure propagation and Rayleigh-Plesset oscillations of individual gas bubbles. This results in disparate temporal and spatial scales that are difficult to solve numerically inside of a CFD framework. This paper presents a simplification to the set of governing equations that specifically eliminates the need to model individual bubble oscillations by using a cycle-averaged approximation. Results generated with the simplified model are verified against equivalent results considering the full set of governing equations. The approximation is shown to capture the behavior of interest — e.g., the variation in gas phase volume that alters the bulk modulus of the bubbly media or the net transfer of mechanical energy to heat — without the additional effort required to model rapid dynamics that do not contribute substantially to the pressure wave decay.
8

Pichler, R., R. D. Sandberg, and V. Michelassi. "Assessment of Grid Resolution Requirements for Accurate Simulation of Disparate Scales of Turbulent Flow in Low-Pressure Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-56858.

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Direct numerical simulations (DNS) on different grids for two Reynolds numbers of the T106A turbine cascade have been conducted to understand the influence of resolution on the solution. The work was motivated by different resolutions used in previously published studies that could not only be explained by different numerical methods. Most of these published studies used mean blade pressure distribution and wake loss profiles for validation and grid convergence purposes. DNS for canonical cases in general use more stringent criteria based on turbulence statistics considering that those require higher resolution. Therefore, in this study the influence of grid resolution on disparate scales of DNS is discussed. It is discussed that mean blade pressure distribution and mean wake loss already show good agreement with experiments for large eddy simulations (LES) provided a sufficient part of the turbulence kinetic energy is resolved. However, to avoid modelling uncertainties of turbulence quantities, DNS is required as LES only resolves part of the turbulence kinetic energy. It is found that in order to achieve grid convergence for turbulence dissipation a six times larger resolution and more than 10 times the computational cost is required than if grid convergence was required for turbulence kinetic energy.
9

Zwiener, Kim, Cassie Carpenter, and Justin Hodges. "Conjugate Heat Transfer Simulation of an Industrial Gas Turbine Blade With Harmonic Balance Method." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-60276.

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Abstract The performance of turbomachines is often dependent on the unsteady flow fields they naturally produce, owing primarily to row-to-row interactions from both moving and stationary components, as well as the unsteady nature of the turbulent flow. When it comes to computational fluid dynamics, a disparity exists between steady state and transient simulation as far as accuracy is concerned, albeit the computational cost of transient simulation on fully complex industrial hardware can be overwhelming. This study bridges the gap by presenting a harmonic balance conjugate heat transfer simulation approach in Simcenter STAR-CCM+, to model the unsteady flow phenomena while also providing accurate temperature predictions throughout the gas turbine blade solid bodies. The harmonic balance method used is a mixed time domain and frequency domain technique, which is suitable for periodic unsteady flows and is much less expensive than transient simulation. With this method, the impact of capturing these unsteady flow structures, such as the wake interactions and secondary cooling flows, is quantified on the resulting metal temperature distribution. Such is investigated and characterized throughout an industrial gas turbine blade with fully complex internal cooling passages, as well as film cooling for the external blade surface. Comparisons to steady simulation and transient simulation are also made to quantify the relative fidelity of each approach. Regarding the final resulting blade heat transfer, analysis is also provided to differentiate between important sources: the unsteadiness in the primary gas path flow and the classical unsteady nature of turbulence. Often these effects are lumped together when analyzing the resulting heat transfer, which is incorrect and can be better understood with more detailed analysis.
10

Goldbach, Marc C., and Mesbah Uddin. "High Resolution Overset Structured Grid RANS Simulations of Flow Past a Surface Mounted Cube Using Eddy Viscosity Closure Models." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86480.

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While Reynolds-averaged simulatons (RAS) have found success in the evaluation of many canonical shear flows, and moderately separated flows, their application to highly separated flows have shown notable deficiencies. This study aims to investigate these deficiencies in the eddy-viscosity formulation of four commonly used turbulence models under separated flow in an attempt to aid in the improved formulation of such models. Analyses are performed on the flow field around a wall mounted cube at a Reynolds number of 40,000 based on the cube height, h, and free stream velocity, U0. While a common occurrence in industrial applications, this type of flow constitutes a complex structure exhibiting a large separated wake region, high anisotropy, and multiple vortex structures. As well, interactions between vortices developed off of different faces of the cube significantly alter the overall flow characteristics, posing a significant challenge for the commonly used industrial turbulence models. Comparison of mean flow characteristics show remarkable agreement between experimental values and turbulence models which are capable of predicting transitional flow. Evaluation of turbulence parameters show the general underestimation of Reynolds stress for transitional models, while fully turbulent models show this value to be overestimated, resulting in completely disparate representations of mean flow structures between the two classes of models (transitional and fully turbulent).

Звіти організацій з теми "Wage disparity":

1

Black, Dan A., Natalia A. Kolesnikova, Seth G. Sanders, and Lowell J. Taylor. The Role of Location in Evaluating Racial Wage Disparity. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2009.043.

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2

Zaki, Chahir. On trade policies and wage disparity in Egypt: Evidence from microeconomic data. Population Council, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2.1075.

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