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1
Jassim, Shaima’ Abdullah, Awfa Hussein Al-Doory, and Intisar Rassed Khalil. "The Conflict of Recalling Traumatic Memories in Mariette Kalinowski's "The Train"." Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities 28, no. 4, 1 (April 20, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jtuh.28.4.1.2021.25.
Анотація:
Traumatic experiences are characterized by its prelinguistic tendency. War fiction, however, refutes this statement when it reflects on the components of war so as to bear witness to its overwhelming nature as well as its ambiguous realities. Recalling the traumatic wounds of war, in this regard, is a testimonial avenue grounded on the desires of its narrators to be transformed from the confined scope of individuality into a more collective one. Written on the background of 2003 Iraq War, Mariette Kalinowski's "The Train" represents war's aftermath and the difficulty soldiers faced in adhering to ordinary life after being home. The conflict is a psychological one; it is shaped within the consciousness of a female soldier whose traumatized memory struggles against the ghost of past that haunts present. The study argues that Mariette Kalinowski's "The Train” follows the traumatized consciousness of an American veteran whose narrative line is marked by fragmentation, nonlinear plot, and the fluctuation between the past and the present. It also argues that the story itself is a testimonial narrative that aims at recordings individual suffering and thus placing it within a collective framework that motivates solidarity among wounded victims. The study relies on the psychological and literary aspects of trauma theory. It significantly draws on Cathy Caruth's Unclaimed Experiences, Ann Whitehead Trauma Fiction, Shoshana Felman's Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalysis, and History, and other theorists in the field of trauma theory.
2
Ismail Mousa, Sayed M., and Ghassan Nawaf Jaber Alhomoud. "Exploring the Literary Representation of Trauma in Contemporary Iraqi Fiction from Socio-historical Perspective." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n1p162.
Анотація:
The present study aims to critically review the aspects of war in selected Iraqi war novels— Sinan Antoon, The Baghdad Eucharist (2017), Corpse Washer (2013) Zauhair Jabouri, The Corpse Hunter (2014)—that focus on depicting vividly the traumatic experiences of Iraqi, particularly after the US-led invasion of Iraq 2003 and how these novels could recur constantly to humanist themes and traumatized figures, the psychological suffering of minorities and the oppressed. In other words, it aims to make visible specific historical instances of trauma in Iraqi war fiction. The present study undertakes an in-depth investigation of the socio-political and historical dimensions of Cathy Caruth’s literary trauma simply because trauma experiences in Iraq were emanated from several causes such as social injustice, the oppression of minorities, political despotism, and the persecution of religious minorities, the displacement of Iraqis from the homeland, and the genocidal policies of jihadist. The study has found that Iraqi war fiction depends on the stylistic technique of repeating certain expressions, phrases, and lexical items to intensify the extraordinary events. It is a narrative of traumatic haunting known for its non-linear and circular style that often leads to ambiguity where readers are often unable to decode the authorial intentions, deriving its ambiguity from the traits of dreams and nightmares, the interpretations of which are continually and unredeemably haunted by the memory of loss.
3
Seitenova, A., and G. Bolatova. "CONCEPTUAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ARRAY OF COLOURS IN A WORK OF FICTION." BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 75, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-1.1728-7804.48.
Анотація:
Based on the novels of Sherkhan Murtaza - “The Moon and Aisha”, “The Red Arrow”, “War with no Weapons”, and “A Black Pearl”, the article discusses the concept-forming significance of the nature of colors in the narrative system. In the course of the analysis, the emotional, psychological, philosophical, and mythological foundations of colors in portraying the hero's spiritual world, the author's ideas, and historical reality are being comprehended. The analysis was carried out on the basis of textual and typological systemic functional techniKues. The research results reveal multifold prospects of the concept-forming potential of the array of colors in a semiotic aspect. The psychological and ideological conceptual significance of the color array in the piece of work was contemplated within the framework of the literary poetic style of Sherkhan Murtaza.
4
Zekri Masson, Souhir. "Autobiography through Anecdotes in Joe Pieri’s Isle Of The Displaced." European Journal of Life Writing 11 (April 21, 2022): AN120—AN134. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/ejlw.11.38661.
Анотація:
Associated with such life writing genres as (auto)biographies and memoirs, anecdotes are described as stories which “illustrate particular ideas, concepts, and views of the way a life is lived, making considerable editorial commentary on the nature of a particular ideological moment and the effect of that moment on individual lives.”(Encyclopedia of Life Writing) Anecdotes thus focus on, and highlight, episodes of a person’s life by transforming them into tales and stories using fictional narrative techniques and suspenseful plot twists.
Having emigrated from Italy to Scotland at the beginning of the twentieth century and established his fish and chip shop in Glasgow, Joe Pieri was then interned and turned into an “enemy alien” on the day Italy declared war on Britain in 1940. In Isle of the Displaced, his book about this traumatic event, Pieri turns the most marking aspects of his journey to, and life in “Camp S” in Canada into a series of witty and comic anecdotes. This paper focuses on the definitions and history of anecdotal theory in order to analyse Pieri’s fictionalisation strategies and the way these stories function as a psychological dam in times of crisis, in addition to re-inscribing these important events in British and Italian histories. The main contention of this article is that the appeal of fiction increases during life’s most difficult times mainly thanks to the imaginative and tragic-comic powers of literariness.
5
Wagner, Richard V., James Thompson, and Ralph K. White. "Psychological Aspects of Nuclear War." Political Psychology 8, no. 3 (September 1987): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3791049.
6
Middleton, H. "Psychological aspects of nuclear war." Psychiatric Bulletin 12, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.12.5.203-a.
7
White, S. "Psychological aspects of nuclear war." Psychiatric Bulletin 12, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.12.8.338-a.
8
Middleton, Hugh. "Psychological aspects of nuclear war." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 12, no. 5 (May 1988): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0140078900020150.
9
White, Stephen. "Psychological aspects of nuclear war." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 12, no. 8 (August 1988): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0140078900021088.
10
Aleshchenko, V. "Psychological aspects of the information war." Visnyk Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Military-Special Sciences, no. 2(50) (2022): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2217.2022.50.27-31.
Анотація:
The article has analyzed views of domestic and foreign authors on the essence and content of the concepts of "information warfare", "psychological war" and "information-psychological war" as components of a hybrid war. Within the psychological paradigm, information warfare is understood as the latent impact of information on individual, group and mass consciousness through methods of propaganda, misinformation, manipulation to form new views on the socio-political organization of society through changes in values and basic attitudes. The concept of "world psychological warfare", various theoretical approaches, tools of information and theoretical approach are considered. The tools of the information warfare against Ukraine are propaganda; manipulation; attempts to change public opinion; psychological and psychotropic pressure; spreading rumors, blocking TV and radio broadcasts; removal of Ukrainian channels in the occupied territories; disinformation and distribution of fake news; distribution of fake information. The defining features of the concepts of "information warfare" and "psychological war" are that information warfare is conducted mostly in cyberspace, while psychological – in social space. The organizational differences of the information influence of the Russian Federation in the basic training of law enforcement specialists are investigated. The main directions of work, forms of information warfare activities which were carried out by the Russian party are characterized. The main psychological challenges of modern information wars are shown. The psychological challenges caused by the war are identified, which are conditionally divided into the following four groups: challenges to Ukrainians as a community; challenges to the mental health of the individual; challenges to psychological well-being; challenges to Ukrainian psychologists as a professional community. In the course of the study, recommendations for confrontation in the information warfare were formed. The main necessary measures to counteract the information aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine are suggested.
11
Jadoon, Aisha, Samia Wasif, and Uzma Imtiaz. "Literary Responses to the War on Terror: A Psychological Analysis." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. IV (December 30, 2018): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-iv).25.
Анотація:
Politics as theory and practice of the power, and the existence of authoritative structures for the governance of a country remains among the staple contents of imaginative literature. The catastrophic incident of 9/11 at the turn of the new millennium has not only impacted the international politics but also resulted in the proliferation of political ideas in the literary writings. Glut production of fiction on War on Terror exposes the readers to the wide range of ideological constructions regarding the issue. Compared to the theoretical discourse, fiction serves as a better medium to persuasively depict the emotional and psychological traumas of the local population whose lives continue to suffer years after the 9/11 tragedy. In particular, Fatima Bhutto’s novel The Shadow of the Crescent Moon (2013) counters the fixed ideas about War on Terror. By portraying the social and political relationships and institutions within which this evil conflict thrives, she draws into our imagination the understanding and reality of the War on Terror, and to those who are its worst victims. For Bhutto, the psychological understanding of the worst victims of war on terror reveal that neither West nor the Pakistani state has suffered those dire consequences that the youth of the tribal areas face. As a consequence of this unending war, their fate is sealed as ‘lost generation’, both as a result of denial of justice, and the destruction caused by war on terror.
12
Sumaira Akbar, Dr Sumaira Akbar. "Starting Point of Stream of Consciousness in Urdu Fiction." Tasdiqتصدیق۔ 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.56276/tasdiq.v1i1.15.
Анотація:
Stream of consciousness is a psychological theory which is presented by Professor William James in his book "The Principles of Psychology". Stream of consciousness is a continuous flow of sense-perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and memories in the human mind. This term is reserved for indicating an approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of character in fiction. In Urdu fiction, Syed Sajjad Zaheer first used this technique in his novel "London ki Aik Raat" very well.
13
Liu, Yuhuan. "Mental Writing and Mental Health and Cultural Identity in Doris Lessing’s Science Fiction." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (August 27, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2215829.
Анотація:
As one of the most outstanding female writers in post-war Britain, Doris Lessing, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, has a strong spirit of the times in her works. In order to further understand the characteristics and spirit of the times in Doris Lessing’s novels, Doris Lessing’s science fiction is taken as the research object in this study, through in-depth research on novel storytelling, philosophical psychology, thematic forms, etc., from the perspective of emotional psychology model, to deeply analyze the characteristics of psychological writing, mental health, and cultural identity in their science fiction. Doris Lessing’s science fiction reflects the political, cultural, and historical background of the times, and on this basis, it reflects humanitarian concerns through characters’ psychological writing and cultural identity. It is shown in the results of the study.
14
Ratele, K. "The Interior Life of Mtutu: Psychological Fact or Fiction?" South African Journal of Psychology 35, no. 3 (September 2005): 555–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630503500310.
Анотація:
This article seeks to understand the routes to, and pasts, possibilities and forms of, the interior world of the African or black person in its relations to the politics and economy of superiority and separation. The world that is explored is primarily sexual, and therefore, incorporates embodied life, but of necessity widens to include affective, cognitive, and purposeful aspects. In the face of the scarcity of scholarly psychological literature in the area of the intimate lives of black individuals, particularly when seen against the backcloth of colonial and apartheid arrangements, the article begins by arguing for the importance of turning to other, imaginative, sources for help in trying to comprehend African interiors. It then turns to meanings of intimacy on which interiority is indexed, going on to discuss the notion in relation to the social, political and economic history of South Africa, while taking in the notion of soul along the way. Next, the interest of colonial and apartheid regimes in intimacy is traced, showing that this interest stretched beyond interpersonal relations to the very calculus of discrimination and domination. The article concludes by urging African scholars to take black inner life a little more seriously and without abandoning creativity, still locating such efforts within radical and ethical theoretical frameworks.
15
Shyrobokov, Yurii. "THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY CHARACTERISTIC FOR PRISONERS OF WAR." Psychological journal 5, no. 12 (December 28, 2019): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2019.5.12.17.
16
Mehdiyev, E. "Psychological and psychiatric aspects of rehabilitation participants in the karabakh war." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73296-5.
Анотація:
Most often in combat environment adaptive and disadaptive registers of prepathologic level as well as prenosologic registers of pathologic level of psychic disorders are observed in servicemen. Acute psychologic and pathologic reactions of prenosologic level are predominant, with a considerable decrease of reactive psychoses, especially of their persisting forms.Principal peculiarity of the system of psychological correction and medicopsychological rehabilitation of combatants with combat stress reactions is, alongside with the detection and treatment of psychic disorders, its orientation to the restoration of their combat ability, if they are to participate in combat actions, and the restoration of their working ability, if they are to resume peaceful life. The author worked out approaches to the creation of a system of medicopsychologic and psychocorrective rehabilitation measures for this group’ of persons and suggested a number of original psychotherapeutic methods.The realization of psychocorrective and medicopsychologic rehabilitation measures oversteps the competence limits of psychiatrists alone and can be effective if their efforts are combined with the activity of specialists in psychophysiology, social and medical psychology, narcology and some other fields.
17
Zubair, Hassan Bin, Bakhtawar Salim, and Saima Larik. "Autocracy, Displacement and Struggle for Independence Presented in the Selected Bangladeshi Literary Fiction." Global Language Review VI, no. II (June 30, 2021): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2021(vi-ii).23.
Анотація:
This research explores Tahmima Anam’s A Golden Age as political writing in the context of the Bangladesh independence war, depicting an ideological conflict between Bangladesh's social democracy and Pakistani political leaders. Bengali people's participation in social democracy justifies their appeal for social equality and moral responsibility. During the divested civil conflict, they bear witness to physical pain, anxiety, displacement, and psychological fragmentation. Anam represents the traumatized Bangladesh self totally through the ongoing war of Bangladesh. The conflict of Bangladesh implies not only pain, victims, suffering, and struggling but also apparently visible through their persistent creed in social democracy. The major character Rehana becomes a traumatized individual because her life is triggered by traumatic experiences of war devastation in Dhaka thus feels the nightmare horrors of her son, who is involved in the war as a freedom fighter.Similarly, her anxiety, witnessing of destructed scenes, nightmare, and fragmented psychology generate a traumatized individual.
18
Ageenkova, Ekaterina Kuz'minichna, and Natallia Fedorovna Нreben. "Sociopathic Aspects of Waging War in “Islamic State” Terrorist Group." Islamovedenie 12, no. 2 (June 2, 2021): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2077-8155-2021-12-2-45-56.
Анотація:
In modern publications on the activities of ISIS terrorist group, its ideology is most often viewed as a version of Islam, modified and distorted from the perspective of extremism. However, a perverse human nature, that can be defined as sociopathy, is also revealed in the nature of execu-tions by a number of ISIS fighters. The article presents the results of a medical and psychological analysis of the discourse of official information materials of this group, i. e. videos with graphic vio-lence. Analysis of these messages showed that they promote super-cruelty and revealed that execu-tioners take a delight therein. The materials contain, firstly, a self-presentation of a tendency to-wards sadism, secondly, a focus on attracting people with personal deformities to their ranks, and, thirdly, provoking manifestations of sadistic inclinations in people and changing the moral state of modern society. The article provides a psychological, psychiatric and legal assessment of ISIS execu-tioners.
19
Glittenberg, JoAnn. "Socioeconomic and Psychological Aspects of Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 4, no. 1 (September 1989): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00038498.
Анотація:
Recovery and reconstruction following major sociocultural upheavals, such as natural disasters and war, result in multiple changes. In addition to loss of life and property, social structures and ways of life are temporarily and sometimes permanently altered. Sources of change are both from within due to loss and damage as well as from the outside through new ideas, relief, and economic aid. Some aspects of change may be viewed positively, as a society measures the benefits, while still other aspects may be worthless or detrimental to the survival of the group.Because of the magnitude of the 1976 Guatemalan Earthquake, as well as the unprecedented outpouring of disaster relief and reconstruction aid, a longitudinal study funded by National Science Foundation was begun in 1977 (18 months after the event) and extended through 1982 (in selected areas). Chiefly because of financial expense, most research studies of disasters are limited to short-term follow-up studies of several weeks to a year after the traumatic event. However, many scientists have urged the importance of doing longitudinal studies (1–3). This study had as an overall goal, the study of the process of recovery over a five year period post-Earthquake. A quasiexperimental design was used to compare the recovery process in 19 experimental and 7 control sites. The overall guiding research question was: Does a catastrophy or social upheaval stimulate the recovery of the society so that the level of living post-disaster is higher than the pre-disaster state? Level of Living was operationalized to include housing conditions, cost of living, as well as quality of life measures. The results of a specific portion of the 1976 Guatemalan Earthquake Study (as it is popularly called), the urban resettlements, is presented in this paper.
20
Mortimer, Mildred. "Zoulikha, the Martyr of Cherchell, in Film and Fiction." Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 1 (January 2016): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.1.134.
Анотація:
Readers of assia djebar's oeuvre are well aware of her commitment to restoring algerian women to their proper place in the history of their nation's anticolonial struggle. Beginning with her third novel, Les enfants du nouveau monde (1965; Children of the New World), a text offering a panoramic view of women's participation in the Algerian War, Djebar signaled her intent to chart women's political and psychological awakening during the anticolonial struggle. In contrast to this early text, Djebar's penultimate work, La femme sans sépulture (2002; “Woman without a Tomb”), focuses on one revolutionary figure: Yamina Echaïb Oudaï, known as Zoulikha, the martyr of Cherchell.
21
Giza, Barbara. "Silent hero. The metaphorical role of the ruins of Warsaw in Polish fiction films from 1949 to 1960." Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 22, no. 31 (January 8, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/i.2017.31.06.
Анотація:
The article is an analysis of the image of ruins of Warsaw in Polish feature films after World War II. There is a strong tendency to connect this image with the current political (and psychological) situation, from the enthusiasm of rebuilding Warsaw just after the war to the depressive moods of the late fifties and sixties. The ruins of the city are depicted as a symbol of political and social changes in Poland in this article.
22
Burger, Willie. "Historiese korrektheid en historiese fiksie: ’n respons." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 52, no. 2 (February 17, 2015): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tvl.v52i2.6.
Анотація:
Historical correctness and historical fiction: a responseIn this article the relationship between history and fiction is examined in response to the historian, Fransjohan Pretorius’s criticism of recent Afrikaans fiction about the Anglo-Boer War in Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 52.2 (2015). The intricate relationship between history and fiction is examined by pointing, on the one hand to the problematic of the relationship between history and the past and on the one hand, to the difference between fiction and history. The function of aesthetic illusion, verisimilitude and conceptions of reference is investigated theoretically before turning to the specific novels that Pretorius discusses. The article shows that historical fiction cannot be restricted to novelized versions of accepted history, but that historical fiction also reminds the reader that the past is always culturally mediated and that the primary aim of novels is not to represent the past but to examine aspects of human existence. A comparison between fiction and history can therefore not be used as a norm to assess novels.
23
DOBRE, Cristian. "War Psychology and the Military Moral Dilemmas." Romanian Military Thinking 2022, no. 4 (December 2022): 294–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.4.17.
Анотація:
"The article presents one of the most significant psychological aspects experienced by the military during their operations – ethics and morality. Thus, it dives deeper into the idea of “war psychology”, to then analyse the biggest ethical and moral dilemmas of the military during battle. Far from exhausting the subject, the article wants to draw attention to the fact that, in the end, the military is still human, and in the absence of adequate preparation for combat and adequate post-action psychological support at the end of the conflict, moral wounds can appear, which, most of the time, are as painful and devastating as the physical ones."
24
Ullah, Inayat. "War Memory, Psychological Trauma, and Literary Witnessing: Afghan Cultural Production in Focus." SAGE Open 10, no. 3 (July 2020): 215824402096112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020961128.
Анотація:
As non-literary accounts of post-traumatic stress disorder victims depict, and contribute to, history and memory, the present study uses the theoretical underpinnings of the psychological trauma theory to reflect on the flashbacks of Afghan trauma survivors, portrayed in the selected Afghan Anglophone fiction. The research project attempts to see how far the flashbacks of the traumatic memories of these characters contribute to the oft-quoted factual history. Borrowing from Caruth, Herman, Tal and LaCapra for the analysis, the study investigates the selected literary text to see how cultural productions from this war-torn country keep a record of the traumatic memories of the war that the Afghans were faced with during the Soviet invasion from 1979 to 1989. This trauma analysis of Atiq Rahimi’s Earth and Ashes (2002) shows that analyses of trauma-induced flashbacks in literary portrayals of traumatized characters may, simultaneously, contribute to the officially recorded history of the actual event of trauma. The study concludes that related literary texts may be studied in conjunction with factual historical documents to get a holistic picture of any traumatic event as well as the related memory.
25
Noskova, A. F. "Migration of the Germans after the second world war: Political and psychological aspects." Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 16, no. 1-2 (March 2000): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523270008415432.
26
Martins, Mauricio de Jesus Dias, and Nicolas Baumard. "The rise of prosociality in fiction preceded democratic revolutions in Early Modern Europe." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 46 (October 30, 2020): 28684–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009571117.
Анотація:
The English and French Revolutions represent a turning point in history, marking the beginning of the modern rise of democracy. Recent advances in cultural evolution have put forward the idea that the early modern revolutions may be the product of a long-term psychological shift, from hierarchical and dominance-based interactions to democratic and trust-based relationships. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by analyzing theater plays during the early modern period in England and France. We found an increase in cooperation-related words over time relative to dominance-related words in both countries. Furthermore, we found that the accelerated rise of cooperation-related words preceded both the English Civil War (1642) and the French Revolution (1789). Finally, we found that rising per capita gross domestic product (GDPpc) generally led to an increase in cooperation-related words. These results highlight the likely role of long-term psychological and economic changes in explaining the rise of early modern democracies.
27
Samoshchuk, Oksana. "PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SALVADOR DALÍ'S PERSONALITY AND CREATIVE PROCESS." PSYCHOLOGICAL JOURNAL 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/1.2020.6.1.17.
Анотація:
The article is devoted to the study of the psychological aspects of Salvador Dalí’s personality and creative process. Based on the analyzed data taken from cultural and historical conditions of the artist's life, as well as from biographical, autobiographical facts and works of art, the following groups of factors were found that influenced both the psychological characteristics and elements of the artist's creative products. The group of macro factors includes geographical, in particular the tendency to portray the landscape, where the artist lived, as the background image in his paintings; global events (the image of the Civil War was used in the painting "Soft Construction with Boiled Beans: Premonition of Civil War" (1936)). Micro factors include two subcategories: close social environment and personal events. The death of the elder brother had seemingly an intense influence on artist's personality and creativity that led to the development of guilt in the parents who treated Dalí in a special way, as their second and only son. This situation formed a sense of permissiveness and uniqueness that, becoming Dalí’s fixed personality traits, were manifested in art: the widespread use of free associations and a surrealistic approach in paintings. Freud's ideas had an exceptional influence on Salvador Dalí, and led to the development of a unique method in his works of art - a paranoid-critical method that allows mixing real objects in paintings with the fantastic ones. It is worth noting the influence of two strong childhood emotional impressions that have signs of psychological trauma: contemplation of the decomposition process of a hedgehog’s corpse and entomophobia of grasshoppers. These two events formed individual images that the artist often used in his surrealist paintings. Therefore, based on these facts we can talk about the existence of a certain mechanism that transform the image of psychological trauma into a permanent element of creativity. The results of the study showed the presence of the following Dalí’s main personality traits: shyness (especially in childhood and adolescence), narcissistic personality type, alienation and closed nature, ambition and the desire for recognition. Thus, it can be argued that there is a certain mechanism in the creative process that transforms the formed psychological traumas and phobias into stable symbolic elements of creative products. The consistent effect of certain events in a life on personality structure was established and, accordingly, the impact of such events on a choice of a certain style in creativity was revealed.
28
Crew, David F. "Sleeping with the Enemy? A Fiction Film for German Television about the Bombing of Dresden." Central European History 40, no. 1 (February 27, 2007): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938907000301.
Анотація:
Dealing with the Nazi past has become a permanent component (some would say obsession) of contemporary German national identity. Almost every day, the German print and visual media carry stories related to Hitler, World War II, and the Holocaust. Each new major anniversary sets in motion another round of discussion, argument, and controversy. Each new autobiography and each new film on Nazism generates extensive media commentary. Among the most interesting aspects of recent discussions of the Nazi past is the new prominence afforded to depictions of Germans as victims of “Hitler's War.” Nowhere has this predilection for presenting Germans as victims been more apparent and pronounced than in the flood of recent popular books and made-for-TV documentaries about the bombing war.
29
Strizoe, Aleksandr. "The Origins of the Stalingrad Victory: Psychological Aspect." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2019): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.1.13.
Анотація:
Introduction. The article points out the need for a special study of psychological aspects of the reasons for the victory of the Red Army at Stalingrad, which for a long time remained undervalued due to the traditional attention of researchers paid to the role of ideological factors. These aspects are revealed in the process of radical change in the moods of soldiers and commanders of the Red Army in the period between the issuance of Order No. 227 in July 1942 and the formation of new urban combat tactics in the winter of 1942-1943. The author notes the need to evaluate measures of command and practices of soldiers’ and commanders’ behaviour in war, taking into account the achievements of modern psychology. Methods. The author presents a methodological scheme for analysing the process of changing moods, the transition from confusion and panic to the formation of readiness for active defence and attack. Its elements include studying adaptation to the everyday difficulties of war, interpersonal trust and rational organization of various aspects of life in war as prerequisites for a psychological break in the moods of soldiers and commanders. Analysis and results. The article emphasizes the role of formation of self-organization and liberation of personal initiative of soldiers as one of the manifestations of positive psychological changes. These changes are conceptualized in a new understanding of courage. Along with the ‘courage of self-sacrifice’ characteristic of archaic culture and traditional society, the ‘courage of self-affirmation’, which is rooted in the values of the Renaissance and the early modern period and focused on success in military confrontation and preservation of the lives of soldiers and commanders, arises and spreads. The emergence and spread of new psychological attitudes and orientations during the Stalingrad battle can be assessed as the beginning of moral and psychological break in the Red Army, the beginning of the formation of the ‘psychology of victory’ as a powerful mobilizing factor.
30
Ladygina, Yuliya. "Beyond the Trenches: Ol'ha Kobylians'ka’s Literary Response to the First World War." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 2, no. 2 (September 8, 2015): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/t2s888.
Анотація:
<p class="EW-abstract"><strong>Abstract:</strong> Ol'ha Kobylians'ka’s short stories about the First World War constitute a rare case of a Ukrainian woman writing on one of the greatest catastrophes in modern history, a subject neglected even in Ukraine. Drawing on recent scholarship on First World War literature, this research proves that Kobylians'ka’s war stories deserve a re-evaluation, not as long-ignored curiosities from the pen of Ukraine’s most sophisticated writer of the time, but as insightful psychological studies of Western Ukrainians and as valuable cultural documents that present an original perspective on the common European experience of 1914-1918. The article pays particular attention to Kobylians'ka’s creative assessment of the Austrian and Russian treatment of Western Ukrainians during different stages of the First World War, which exposes anew fatal political weaknesses in Europe’s old imperial order and facilitates a better understanding of why Ukrainians, like many other ethnic groups in Europe without a state of their own, began to pursue their national goals more aggressively as the war progressed. Alongside popular texts, such as “Na zustrich doli” (“To Meet Their Fate,” 1917), “Iuda” (“Judas,” 1917), and “Lyst zasudzhenoho voiaka do svoiei zhinky” (“A Letter from a Convicted Soldier to His Wife,” 1917), this article examines Kobylians'ka’s three little-known stories—“Lisova maty” (“The Forest Mother,” 1915), “Shchyra liubov” (“Sincere Love,” 1916), and “Vasylka” (“Vasylka,” 1922)—thus presenting the most complete analysis of Kobylians'ka’s war fiction in any language.</p><p class="EW-Keyword">Keywords: Modernist Literature, Literature of the First World War, Women Writings of the First World War, Ol'ha Kobylians'ka’s War Fiction</p>
31
Nguyen, Thuy Thi Phuong. "Creative non-fiction in Cochin-Chinese Cities from 1945 to 1954." Science and Technology Development Journal 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2013): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v16i2.1465.
Анотація:
From 1945 to 1954, creative non-fiction writing makes a noticeable contribution to Cochin-chinese literature. Works of this genre focus on various prominent topics such as economy, politics, culture and war. The authors are not only those who grew up in the area but also those who came from the northern part of the country. They contributed greatly to the variety of literary styles in Cochinchina during this period. In this paper, various works of creative non-fiction published from 1945 to 1954 will be studied on different aspects such as content, structure, and style to highlight their values and position in a special literary period of our country.
32
Benson, Jarlath F. "The Secret War in the Dis-United Kingdom: Psychological Aspects of the Ulster Conflict." Group Analysis 28, no. 1 (March 1995): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316495281004.
33
Mallan, Kerry. "Everything You Do: Young Adult Fiction and Surveillance in an Age of Security." International Research in Children's Literature 7, no. 1 (July 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2014.0110.
Анотація:
Espionage, surveillance and clandestine operations by secret agencies and governments were something of an East–West obsession in the second half of the twentieth century, a fact reflected in literature and film. In the twenty-first century, concerns of the Cold War and the threat of Communism have been rearticulated in the wake of 9/11. Under the rubric of ‘terror’ attacks, the discourses of security and surveillance are now framed within an increasingly global context. As this article illustrates, surveillance fiction written for young people engages with the cultural and political tropes that reflect a new social order that is different from the Cold War era, with its emphasis on spies, counter espionage, brainwashing and psychological warfare. While these tropes are still evident in much recent literature, advances in technology have transformed the means of tracking, profiling and accumulating data on individuals’ daily activities. Little Brother, The Hunger Games and Article 5 reflect the complex relationship between the real and the imaginary in the world of surveillance and, as this paper discusses, raise moral and ethical issues that are important questions for young people in our age of security.
34
Richani, Nazih. "The Political Economy of Violence: The War-System in Colombia." Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 39, no. 2 (1997): 37–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166511.
Анотація:
Violence, in its criminal and political aspects, largely reflects the contradictory impulses set in motion by modernization and serves as an expression of the various dislocations — social, economic, psychological and cultural — which accompany that process. Violence increases when the prevailing institutions fail to mediate among the various antagonistic forces unleashed by socio-economic and political change. Colombia represents a country where violence has risen overwhelmingly in recent years, reaching extremes of both extent and duration. A phenomenon well worth scholarly attention, the subject of violence has given rise to an impressive body of literature concerned with exploring its many aspects: its causes, trajectory, and variety of manifestations (see Sánchez, 1991).
35
RAGACHEWSKAYA, Marina. "POETICS OF DESIRE IN D.H. LAWRENCE’S SHORTER FICTION." Astraea 2, no. 1 (2021): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/astraea.2021.2.1.04.
Анотація:
Desire is a specific subject of research in many areas, including literary studies and text analysis. The representation of desire in fiction is an inseparable part of the sub-genre of psychological prose; its interpretation by readers and scholars requires an interdisciplinary approach and relies on psychoanalytic theories and terminology for elucidation. Shorter psychological fiction – novellas and short stories – depend on the authors’ mastery of language use, while the formal textual length is limited. Therefore, the study of desire encoded in a short fictional piece is both difficult due to laconism and suggestiveness, and fruitful as a revelation of most subtle nuances of human nature through the examination of artistic discourse. D.H. Lawrence’s novellas and short stories articulate desire as the unconscious wish to obtain the object of love. It is the merit of the writer’s art to employ various artistic means that may serve as the manifest content. Interpreting imagery and symbolism, bodily consciousness and characters’ “syncopated” dialogues, opens up such aspects of a textual embodiment of desire as its elusiveness, impossibility to verbalize and often its “forbidden” nature. Instead, the Ragachewskaya Marina writer resorts to heavy suggestiveness, gaps and silences to be filled with the reader’s intuitive or professional knowledge, meaning-charged adjectives, metaphors and analytical intrusions. Examples from a selection of D.H. Lawrence’s short fictional works reveal defense mechanisms that balance the fulfilment of desire. The mastery of D.H. Lawrence’s shorter fiction rests on the skill to reveal the unnamable, to show the inner conflict working through desire fulfilment, to bring to consciousness the shame, guilt and pleasure irrespective of moral judgment.
36
Koznova, I. E. "The image of the Russian peasantry in A. Platonov’s the stories and plays during the Great Patriotic War." Vestnik of Samara University. History, pedagogics, philology 27, no. 3 (November 26, 2021): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-0445-2021-27-3-8-16.
Анотація:
Fiction embodies the diverse cultural and historical memory of society and offers its own answers about the impact of war on a person, the long-term humanitarian consequences of the war. In his military stories and plays A. Platonov presented a wide panorama of images of the fighting people, among which the image of peasantry occupies a central place. Memory is considered as the leading concept of the writers creativity. Features of perception of war, life and death, good and evil by ordinary soldiers are revealed. A. Platonovs military stories are very significant for the cultural memory of Russian society. Focusing on the peasant roots of the fighting people, the writer warned of the danger of forgetting this. Platonovs constant interest in the memorial aspects of culture is realized in his military prose largely from the point of view of the world picture of Russian peasants. Village and its inhabitants, faith and family, land, bread, labor-symbols of the Motherland in Platonov, the embodiment of historical continuity. These aspects were reflected later in popular memories of the war, in the peasant perception of the war as sacrificial heroism.
37
Vinogradov, M. V., and O. A. Ulyanina. "Psychological aspects of information impact on employees of internal affairs Officers." Psychology and Law 10, no. 1 (2020): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2020100102.
Анотація:
The article analyzes the processes of intensive informatization and technologization of modern society, affecting the vector of development of the social, economic, political and military spheres of the state. In this context, the problem of informational impact on a human personality, his consciousness, mindset, spiritual and value orientations is considered. On the scale of the geopolitical interaction of the world community at the information-psychological level, this problem is revealed through the prism of describing the nature and content of the information war carried out in the interests of achieving political and military goals. Areas of informational influence on police officers are specified. In this regard, the need for the formation of information literacy of law enforcement specialists is being updated; the directions of information and psychological counteraction and protection against information attacks are highlighted. Psychological resistance, critical thinking, information security are named among the priority solutions to the highlighted issue.
38
Genter, Robert. "Constructing a Plan for Survival: Scientology as Cold War Psychology." Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 27, no. 2 (2017): 159–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.2017.27.2.159.
Анотація:
AbstractDeveloped in the early 1950s by science fiction writer L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology was part of the larger postwar therapeutic culture that blended religion and psychology in a search for mental well-being. Unlike contemporaneous self-help gurus such as Norman Vincent Peale and Harry Overstreet, however, Hubbard painted a much bleaker portrait of modern life, one rife with forces of psychological and social control. Railing against communists, homosexuals, and feminists as well as against the decay of the family and the rise of the welfare state, Hubbard argued that Americans suffered from a waning sense of ontological security, living in a world that provided no support for self-identity. Hubbard refused, however, to shrink from such changes and lapse into nostalgia for a pre-modern, pre-technological world like Peale and others did; instead, he offered a way for individuals to appropriate the dynamism of modernity for themselves. As advanced industrialization erased distances between societies, revolutionized transportation, and computerized information systems, Hubbard reimagined the self as spiritual being possessing precisely those powers to manipulate time and space and to remake the world at large. Borrowing freely from Eastern religious ideas, cybernetic theory, and German idealism, Hubbard produced a philosophy that was staunchly libertarian, spiritual, and future-oriented, one that tapped into Cold War fears about psychological manipulation and waning personal autonomy and into dreams about the immanent power of human beings.
39
Keefe, Terry. "Commitment, re-commitment and puzzlement: aspects of the Cold War in the fiction of Simone de Beauvoir." French Cultural Studies 8, no. 22 (February 1997): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095715589700802212.
40
Grigore, Rodica. "Memory, Fiction and Reality in Antonio Muñoz Molina’s Novels." Sæculum 47, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/saec-2019-0009.
Анотація:
AbstractOften compared to Jorge Luis Borges or even to William Faulkner for the intricate and symbolic structure of his work, the Spanish writer Antonio Muñoz Molina always tried to evaluate within his novels the complex relationship between reality and fiction. The Spanish Rider (1991), one of his most exquisite creations also deals with the significance of memory as far as his protagonist’s evolution and decisions are concerned. Above all these, the novelist analyzes the influence of history on common people’s life and underlines the necessary balance that has to be established between the historical great events and everyday’s choices. His next novel, Full Moon (1997) uses the same aesthetic points of departure, but complicates everything with the details of a specific kind of psychological thriller, the author proving how the seemingly very simple structure of a crime story may turn into an unexpected evaluation of the tragic aspects definying contemporary human condition.
41
Arsahanova, Zina, Yuriy Bokov, and Alexander Larin. "The impact of wars on the economy of countries: theoretical and practical aspects." Economic Annals-ХХI 182, no. 3-4 (April 15, 2020): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v182-04.
Анотація:
Wars leave deep traces in the country’s economy during and after the war, as well as social and psychological consequences. At the beginning of the economic consequences of war, there is a loss of labour. The withdrawal of skilled labour from the country due to the war, the reduction of the population as a result of injuries and deaths leads to serious losses in production and national income. The decline in production leads to inflation and the emergence of a «black» market, faced with difficulties in meeting the needs of the population, whose incomes are falling due to the war. The division of resources into army and defence needs during this period leads to bottlenecks in meeting the resource needs of many sectors, especially basic consumer goods. With war, it becomes impossible to provide new production tools, find loans, continue working without interruption in the face of possible enemy attacks, and increase production within the optimal norms of leasing. This study is intended to discuss the economic consequences of wars. The basic macroeconomic effects of war on the economy are discussed, and the economic costs of war through experiences of the most significant countries are explained with regard to World War I and II. The effects of the Syrian war on the Turkish economy are opened up, and political and economic recommendations are given.
42
Sharkey, Rodney. "‘Local’ Anaesthetic for a ‘Public’ Birth: Beckett, Parturition and the Porter Period." Journal of Beckett Studies 21, no. 2 (September 2012): 193–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2012.0046.
Анотація:
This essay proposes that psychological difficulties experienced by Beckett in the early 1930s led him to study psychology texts that were then incorporated into his fiction at both a manifest and latent level. It argues that the manifest material is used as part of a parody of psychoanalytic discourse, but also as part of a complex semiotic in which Beckett attempts to overcome his own birth trauma by displacing the maternal imago onto the Irish public house. This in turn gives rise to latent unconscious impulses which function as signs of both wombing and weaning in Beckett's early fiction. In relation to alcohol, Ireland and identity, the essay also constitutes a humorous but nonetheless important intervention in current studies regarding Beckett's cultural identity. It concludes by suggesting that Beckett's post-war style of writing betrays a ‘psychic-geography’ that one might reasonably describe as ‘Irish.’
43
Serrano Alvarez, Jose Manuel. "The paradigm of war in the 20th century." Revista Científica General José María Córdova 16, no. 23 (June 30, 2018): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21830/19006586.305.
Анотація:
This article analyzes the evolution of the concept of war in the 20th century from different views. The analysis explores the aspects that have characterized war and the different perceptions it has aroused in the last century, as the changes in these perceptions have, in turn, generated an alteration in the instrumental use of the war conflict. Ultimately, the study seeks to analyze the extent to which war is an instrument of change in societies to the beginning of the 21st century, especially in the fields of psychological perception, state forms, the structure of societies, and international relationships.
44
Apalkov, Vitalii. "THE ARMY BEHIND BARBED WIRE. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR IN CAPTIVITY." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 42, no. 5 (February 12, 2021): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/4218.
Анотація:
The article examines the psychological features of humans entering and the subsequent stay in a hostile environment and its consequences. We made the analysis of psychological factors influencing the behavior of a soldier in captivity. The genesis of captivity was analyzed, and the mechanisms of destructive psychological influence of captors on persons who were captured were investigated. The results of the research allow forming a holistic view of the psychological factors that affect military personnel from the moment of capture to the moment of their release. Activities of international humanitarian organizations and missions, does not fully protect prisoners of war from violence. The state of constant mental stress reduces the inner life of the individual to a primitive level. It was found that the events of the captivity were extreme. They go beyond the usual human experiences and cause intense fear for their lives, as well as create feelings of helplessness. Preparations for possible capture are mandatory for all servicemen. Post-captive reintegration will help to restore mental health and return the person to a full life and performance of duties. We identified the factors that help to endure conditions of the forced isolation with minimal loss to the physical and mental health.
45
WILSON, ANDREW. "Pentagon Pictures: The Civil Divide in Norman Mailer's The Armies of the Night." Journal of American Studies 44, no. 4 (March 30, 2010): 725–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875809991319.
Анотація:
This paper focusses on Norman Mailer's treatment of the 1967 March on the Pentagon in his Pulitzer Prize-winning work of non-fiction The Armies of the Night. The visual and linguistic properties developed by the author throughout the first book of The Armies of the Night are identified and assessed in relation to the anti-war movements and counterculture temperament of the 1960s. Comparisons are made with post-war writers and earlier North American authors as a means of clarifying “American” aspects of Mailer's handling of his material. Mailer's journalistic techniques, his often spontaneous and engaged responses, are also defined within the context of the social conflicts of the late 1960s.
46
Dickson, David. "Continuing Trends in Popular Holocaust Fiction: Heather Morris and the Corporealization of Women’s Suffering." Genealogy 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4010006.
Анотація:
This article explores the problematic representation of female sufferers in works of fiction relating to the Holocaust. Specifically, I contend that modern fiction fails to engage with the moral and emotional complexity of wartime sexual compromise and instead replaces a cognitive understanding of history with a bodily connection to women’s wartime pain. I do so by focusing on Heather Morris’s two Holocaust-themed texts: The Tattooist of Auschwitz (2018) and Cilka’s Journey (2019). Morris, the article contends, cannot connect to the psychological or moral reality of Cilka’s wartime abuse and so instead focuses on the corporealization of her suffering. Having established the existence of the trend in Morris’s fiction, the article then also addresses Morris’s associated need to morally contextualise Cilka’s actions. In order to maintain her connection with Cilka’s body, I assert, Morris must frame Cilka’s actions using the incompatible morality of the post-war present day. To provide the character with depth would block Morris’s engagement with Cilka’s body as a post-memorial nonwitness. This is profoundly problematic as, rather than informing our understanding of the Holocaust past, Morris merely perpetuates a view of the event that is objectifying, de-humanising and frequently misogynistic.
47
Ikramov, D. B. "System-communication aspects of the military-sociological approach to the assessment of information and psychological security of Russian army." Communicology 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21453/2311-3065-2022-10-4-94-105.
Анотація:
The paper is dedicated to substantiation of the starting positions for determining the theoretical and methodological foundations for the system of information and psychological protection of the Armed Forces as an object of development and military sociological analysis. This study is the first in a planned series of articles devoted to this problem, as well as the beginning of a scientific discussion about the conceptual foundations for improving the “traditional” mechanisms for ensuring the information security of the Russian army and sociological support for the implementation of this process. As a result of the analysis, the author determines the essence and functional role of the information war as an information and psychological component of the hybrid war strategy, and reveals its structural elements as a process of implementation of communicative practices by competing subjects of world politics at various levels. Based on the analysis of modern methods and mechanisms of damaging information and psychological impact, the following are determined: (1) levels (contours) of the protection system against these threats and (2) security objects corresponding to these levels, the state of which may be the subject of military sociological analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of protection measures.
48
Ayer, Lynsay, Brinda Venkatesh, Robert Stewart, Daniel Mandel, Bradley Stein, and Michael Schoenbaum. "Psychological Aspects of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict: A Systematic Review." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 18, no. 3 (October 27, 2015): 322–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838015613774.
Анотація:
Despite ongoing local and international peace efforts, the Jews, Arabs, and other residents of Israel and the Palestinian territories (i.e., the West Bank and Gaza) have endured decades of political, social, and physical upheaval, with periodic eruptions of violence. It has been theorized that the psychological impact of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict extends beyond the bounds of psychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Exposure to the ongoing conflict may lead to changes in the way Israelis and Palestinians think, feel, and act; while these changes may not meet the thresholds of PTSD or depression, they nonetheless could have a strong public health impact. It is unclear whether existing studies have found associations between exposure to the conflict and nonclinical psychological outcomes. We conducted a systematic review to synthesize the empirical research on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and its psychological consequences. As a whole, the body of literature we reviewed suggests that exposure to regional political conflict and violence may have detrimental effects on psychological well-being and that these effects likely extend beyond the psychiatric disorders and symptoms most commonly studied. We found evidence that exposure to the conflict informs not only the way Israelis and Palestinians think, feel, and act but also their attitudes toward different religious and ethnic groups and their degree of support for peace or war. We also found that Palestinians may be at particularly high risk of experiencing psychological distress as a result of the conflict, though more research is needed to determine the extent to which this is due to socioeconomic stress. Our review suggests the need for more studies on the nonclinical psychological aspects of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as well as for longitudinal studies on the impact of the conflict on both Israelis and Palestinians.
49
Zieliński, Jan, and Joanna Rostropowicz Clark. "The Dividing Lines." Polish Review 67, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23300841.67.3.12.
Анотація:
Abstract This article points at the significance of sharp contrasts in Andrzej Bobkowski's depiction of various aspects of reality, both material and psychological. The demarcation lines run along civilizational differences, social status, nationality, as well as age and former experiences, even, metaphorically, phenomena of nature. Such contrasts provide dramatic context to the events in Bobkowski's short stories while also illuminating seemingly paradoxical elements in his rebellious worldview and turbulent biography. The argument is made on the extent to which Bobkowski's use of contraposition informs both the content and the structure of his fiction.
50
Ali, Syed Masroor. "War for Peace in Pakistan." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2013): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol1.iss2.106.
Анотація:
Pakistan because of its geographical location became a front line state in the war against terror since the attack on the World Trade Centre on September 11, 2001. Pakistan decided to align with USA to combat the fundamentalist. It’s a war whose main purpose is to save people from terrorism but now lives of Pakistan own citizens are at stake. Innocent citizens have become the targets of deadly attacks. It has resulted in much more loss of lives than 9/11 attack. One obvious and tragic price of this open war is the toll of death and destruction. But there is an additional cost, a psychological cost borne by the survivors of war. The civilian population, and the children who have lost their parents in this war are the real casualties we need to take into consideration. This article will highlight the psycho-social aspects of war which could not achieve peace yet.