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Статті в журналах з теми "WCAG 2":
1
Wangpaiboon, Karan, Pasunee Laohawuttichai, Sun-Yong Kim, Tomoyuki Mori, Santhana Nakapong, Rath Pichyangkura, Piamsook Pongsawasdi, Toshio Hakoshima та Kuakarun Krusong. "A GH13 α-glucosidase from Weissella cibaria uncommonly acts on short-chain maltooligosaccharides". Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 77, № 8 (29 липня 2021): 1064–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205979832100677x.
Анотація:
α-Glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) is a carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzyme which generally cleaves α-1,4-glycosidic bonds of oligosaccharides and starch from the nonreducing ends. In this study, the novel α-glucosidase from Weissella cibaria BBK-1 (WcAG) was biochemically and structurally characterized. WcAG belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 13 (GH13) and to the neopullanase subfamily. It exhibits distinct hydrolytic activity towards the α-1,4 linkages of short-chain oligosaccharides from the reducing end. The enzyme prefers to hydrolyse maltotriose and acarbose, while it cannot hydrolyse cyclic oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. In addition, WcAG can cleave pullulan hydrolysates and strongly exhibits transglycosylation activity in the presence of maltose. Size-exclusion chromatography and X-ray crystal structures revealed that WcAG forms a homodimer in which the N-terminal domain of one monomer is orientated in proximity to the catalytic domain of another, creating the substrate-binding groove. Crystal structures of WcAG in complexes with maltose, maltotriose and acarbose revealed a remarkable enzyme active site with accessible +2, +1 and −1 subsites, along with an Arg–Glu gate (Arg176–Glu296) in front of the active site. The −2 and −3 subsites were blocked by Met119 and Asn120 from the N-terminal domain of a different subunit, resulting in an extremely restricted substrate preference.
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Hou, Fa Qiu, Ning Qing, and Yong Jun Chen. "The Study of nano-SiO2/Polyacrylate Core-Shell Hybrid Emulsions." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 986–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.986.
Анотація:
nano-SiO2 modified core-shell polyacrylate composite emulsion was synthesized by seeded semi-continuous starved pre-emulsion polymerization and sol-gel technique. The influence of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane(KH-570), tetraethoxysilane(TEOS) on the properties of emulsion and film were studied. The SiO2/silicone polyacrylate composite latex and the resultant films were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), differential scanning calorimeter(DSC), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), water contact angle goniometer (WCAG). The results showed that organic silicon and nano-SiO2 were effectively grafted to the polyacrylate molecular chain. We can observed there are two glass transition temperatures (Tg) in the DSC curve. The water contact angle (WCA) on the PAE film and SSPAE film separately attained 62.5°and 85.5°.
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Souza, Edson Rufino de, and Cláudia Mont’Alvão. "AVALIAÇÃO DA CONFORMIDADE COM O WEB CONTENT ACCESSIBILITY GUIDELINES (WCAG)." Ergodesign & HCI 6, Especial (June 30, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22570/ergodesignhci.v6iespecial.519.
Анотація:
Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar etapas de uma pesquisa que estudou a relação entre uma técnica de avaliação de acessibilidade – a verificação de conformidade de sítios eletrônicos com o WCAG 2.0 – com as características do perfil do avaliador. Para este fim, preliminarmente foram feitos dois estudos exploratórios: primeiro com diferentes perfis de expertise de avaliadores e roteiro predeterminado e segundo com avaliador com alto nível de expertise e roteiro livre, sendo predefinida apenas a técnica a ser utilizada. Os estudos indicaram (1) a confirmação de uma alta relação de um perfil mais aderente aos conhecimentos sobre acessibilidade e tecnologias web com os resultados da avaliação e (2) a possibilidade de interpretações equivocadas da aplicação de uma técnica sem predefinição de todos os passos a serem seguidos. A partir disso, com roteiro predefinido a partir do documento WCAG-EM 1.0, foi feito um terceiro estudo, apenas com voluntários avaliadores com nível adequado de conhecimento e experiência relacionados à acessibilidade, recrutados por meio de questionário on-line. Dos 83 respondentes, houve 62 respostas válidas e 25 preencheram os critérios para serem considerados aptos à etapa de avaliação de acessibilidade. Dentre estes, nove voluntários realizaram avaliações individuais pela técnica estudada segundo roteiro predefinido, e os resultados foram comparados entre si. Houve muitas inconsistências de entendimento e na maneira de informar os problemas, destacando-se de forma significativa um dos avaliadores que teve melhor autoavaliação em relação aos demais. Os resultados confirmaram a importância do perfil do avaliador para a efetividade da técnica de verificação de conformidade.
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Mochimaru, Mari, Hajime Masukawa, Takashi Maoka, Hatem E. Mohamed, Wim F. J. Vermaas та Shinichi Takaichi. "Substrate Specificities and Availability of Fucosyltransferase and β-Carotene Hydroxylase for Myxol 2′-Fucoside Synthesis in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120 Compared with Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803". Journal of Bacteriology 190, № 20 (15 серпня 2008): 6726–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01881-07.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT To elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids, especially myxol 2′-glycosides, in cyanobacteria, Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 (also known as Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120) and Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 deletion mutants lacking selected proposed carotenoid biosynthesis enzymes and GDP-fucose synthase (WcaG), which is required for myxol 2′-fucoside production, were analyzed. The carotenoids in these mutants were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography, field desorption mass spectrometry, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The wcaG (all4826) deletion mutant of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 produced myxol 2′-rhamnoside and 4-ketomyxol 2′-rhamnoside as polar carotenoids instead of the myxol 2′-fucoside and 4-ketomyxol 2′-fucoside produced by the wild type. Deletion of the corresponding gene in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 (sll1213; 79% amino acid sequence identity with the Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 gene product) produced free myxol instead of the myxol 2′-dimethyl-fucoside produced by the wild type. Free myxol might correspond to the unknown component observed previously in the same mutant (H. E. Mohamed, A. M. L. van de Meene, R. W. Roberson, and W. F. J. Vermaas, J. Bacteriol. 187:6883-6892, 2005). These results indicate that in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120, but not in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, rhamnose can be substituted for fucose in myxol glycoside. The β-carotene hydroxylase orthologue (CrtR, Alr4009) of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 catalyzed the transformation of deoxymyxol and deoxymyxol 2′-fucoside to myxol and myxol 2′-fucoside, respectively, but not the β-carotene-to-zeaxanthin reaction, whereas CrtR from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 catalyzed both reactions. Thus, the substrate specificities or substrate availabilities of both fucosyltransferase and CrtR were different in these species. The biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 are discussed.
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Bae, Hee-Sung, M. Elizabeth Holmes, Jeffrey P. Chanton, K. Ramesh Reddy, and Andrew Ogram. "Distribution, Activities, and Interactions of Methanogens and Sulfate-Reducing Prokaryotes in the Florida Everglades." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 21 (August 14, 2015): 7431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01583-15.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTTo gain insight into the mechanisms controlling methanogenic pathways in the Florida Everglades, the distribution and functional activities of methanogens and sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRPs) were investigated in soils (0 to 2 or 0 to 4 cm depth) across the well-documented nutrient gradient in the water conservation areas (WCAs) caused by runoff from the adjacent Everglades Agricultural Area. The methyl coenzyme M reductase gene (mcrA) sequences that were retrieved from WCA-2A, an area with relatively high concentrations of SO42−(≥39 μM), indicated that methanogens inhabiting this area were broadly distributed within the ordersMethanomicrobiales,Methanosarcinales,Methanocellales,Methanobacteriales, andMethanomassiliicoccales. In more than 3 years of monitoring, quantitative PCR (qPCR) using newly designed group-specific primers revealed that the hydrogenotrophicMethanomicrobialeswere more numerous than theMethanosaetaceaeobligatory acetotrophs in SO42−-rich areas of WCA-2A, while theMethanosaetaceaewere dominant over theMethanomicrobialesin WCA-3A (with relatively low SO42−concentrations; ≤4 μM). qPCR ofdsrBsequences also indicated that SRPs are present at greater numbers than methanogens in the WCAs. In an incubation study with WCA-2A soils, addition of MoO42−(a specific inhibitor of SRP activity) resulted in increased methane production rates, lower apparent fractionation factors [αapp; defined as (amount of δ13CO2+ 1,000)/(amount of δ13CH4+ 1,000)], and higherMethanosaetaceaemcrAtranscript levels compared to those for the controls without MoO42−. These results indicate that SRPs play crucial roles in controlling methanogenic pathways and in shaping the structures of methanogen assemblages as a function of position along the nutrient gradient.
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Mao, Ying, Michael P. Doyle, and Jinru Chen. "Insertion Mutagenesis of wca Reduces Acid and Heat Tolerance of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coliO157:H7." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 12 (June 15, 2001): 3811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.12.3811-3815.2001.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Strains of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7 produce under stress copious amounts of exopolysaccharide (EPS) composed of colanic acid (CA). Studies were performed to evaluate the association of production of CA with survival of EHEC under adverse environmental conditions. A CA-deficient mutant, M4020, was obtained from a CA-proficient parental strain, E. coli O157:H7 W6-13, by inserting a kanamycin resistance gene cassette (kan) into wcaD and wcaE, 2 of the 21 genes required for CA biosynthesis. M4020 was defective in CA production as determined from the ratio of uronic acid to protein (UA/P) of cells grown from 1 to 4 days at 25°C on minimal glucose agar (MGA), MacConkey agar, and sorbitol-MacConkey agar, and by colony morphology on MGA. The results of stress treatment revealed that M4020 was substantially less tolerant to acid (pH 4.5 and 5.5) and heat (55 and 60°C) in comparison to W6-13, indicating that CA confers onE. coli O157:H7 a protective effect from the environmental stresses of acid and heat.
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Lagarrigue, Robin, Marie Houot, Matgéné workgroup, Mounia El Yamani, and Corinne Pilorget. "O2D.2 Occupational exposure to oxygenated, petroleum-based and chlorinated solvents of women in childbearing age in france in 2013." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A18.2—A18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.48.
Анотація:
ObjectiveOccupational exposure to chemical agents including solvents is sparsely described among women although they constitute a vulnerable population at certain points in life and particularly during the procreative period. The aim of this study is to document the occupational exposure to oxygenated, petroleum-based and chlorinated solvents in women of childbearing age (WCA).MethodsWe linked 17 job-exposure matrices describing exposure to oxygenated, petroleum-based and chlorinated solvents from the MATGÉNÉ programme to the 2013 French census. The occupational exposure prevalence was estimated in women aged from 15 to 44 years. The occupational exposure prevalence was described by 5 year age group, occupation and worker status (salaried or self-employed).ResultsThe most frequently used solvents in French workplace in 2013 by WCA are oxygenated solvents (15% of WCA at work, n=1,112,000), then petroleum-based solvents (1%, n=73,000) and chlorinated solvents (0.1%, n=9,000). The younger WCA (15–29 years) are more exposed to oxygenated solvents than their elders (19.9% vs 14.9%). On the contrary, the elderly (35–44 years) are more exposed to petroleum-based and chlorinated solvents. Three quarters of the WCA exposed to at least one oxygenated solvent are civil and public servants (41%), health and social workers (21%) or direct personal services staff (19%). Half of WCA exposed to at least one petroleum-based solvent are drivers (20%) and skilled workers of industrial and artisanal fields (13% respectively). For WCA exposed to at least one chlorinated solvent, nearly half worked as non-skilled workers of industrial and artisanal type (17% respectively) and health and social workers (15%).ConclusionsThis study is the first describing occupational exposure to three major solvents’ families for the entire working WCA in France regardless of working status or occupation. These information will help in the surveillance of this occupational risk and to prioritize prevention actions.
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Asari, N. V., L. R. Vega, A. Garcia-Rissmann, R. M. González Delgado, T. Storchi-Bergmann, and R. Cid Fernandes. "Stellar Populations and Kinematics in Seyfert Galaxies." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S235 (August 2006): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921306005126.
Анотація:
AbstractOur aim is to study the stellar kinematics in hosts of AGN. We do so by measuring nuclear stellar velocity dispersions (σ⋆). Our sample comprises spectra of 78 objects, 69 of which are Seyfert galaxies, in the region around the λλ8498.02, 8542.09, 8662.14 Calcium triplet (CaT). We investigate two methods to measure σ⋆: (1) the direct fitting method (DFM), which makes use of our stellar population synthesis code Starlight, and (2) the cross-correlation method (CCM), for which we use the fxcor package in IRAF. Both methods yield velocity dispersions consistent to within 19 km/s on-average. We have also measured the CaT equivalent width (WCaT) and the λ3933 CaII K equivalent width (WK) for the objects in our sample. Other studies have shown that WK is a powerful tracer of starbursts in Seyfert nuclei, so we check if WCaT can be used in the same way. We have also analysed a sub-sample of 34 spatially resolved objects with reasonably good off-nuclear signal-to-noise. We study the spatial variations of both σ⋆ and WCaT. We see no dilution in WCaT for composite starburst + Seyfert 2 galaxies, in contrast to the dilution in the WK (studied by other authors) for the same objects.
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Wang, Shifeng, Huoying Shi, Yuhua Li, Zhaoxing Shi, Xin Zhang, Chang-Ho Baek, Tabor Mothershead, and Roy Curtiss. "A Colanic Acid Operon Deletion Mutation Enhances Induction of Early Antibody Responses by Live Attenuated Salmonella Vaccine Strains." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 9 (June 17, 2013): 3148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00097-13.
Анотація:
ABSTRACTColanic acid (CA) is a common exopolysaccharide produced by many genera in theEnterobacteriaceae. It is critical for biofilm formation on HEp-2 cells and on chicken intestinal tissue bySalmonella. In this study, we generated different CA synthesis gene mutants and evaluated the immune responses induced by these mutants. One of these mutations, Δ(wza-wcaM)8, which deleted the whole operon for CA synthesis, was introduced into twoSalmonellavaccine strains attenuated by auxotrophic traits or by the regulated delayed attenuation strategy (RDAS). The mice immunized with the auxotrophicSalmonellavaccine strain with the deletion mutation Δ(wza-wcaM)8developed higher vaginal IgA titers against the heterologous protective antigen and higher levels of antigen-specific IgA secretion cells in lungs. InSalmonellavaccine strains with RDAS, the strain with the Δ(wza-wcaM)8mutation resulted in higher levels of protective antigen production duringin vitrogrowth. Mice immunized with this strain developed higher serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibody responses at 2 weeks. This strain also resulted in better gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses than the strain without this deletion at doses of 108and 109CFU. Thus, the mutation Δ(wza-wcaM)8will be included in various recombinant attenuatedSalmonellavaccine (RASV) strains with RDAS derived fromSalmonella entericaserovar Paratyphi A andSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi to induce protective immunity against bacterial pathogens.
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Schulz, Christoph, Philipp Eiden, Petra Klose, Andreas Ermantraut, Michael Schmidt, Arnd Garsuch, and Ingo Krossing. "Homoleptic borates and aluminates containing the difluorophosphato ligand – [M(O2PF2)x]y− – synthesis and characterization." Dalton Transactions 44, no. 15 (2015): 7048–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5dt00469a.
Анотація:
A new class of WCAs…? The difluoro-phosphato ligand (O2PF2) was used for the synthesis of borates and aluminates of the [M(O2PF2)x]y−-type in order to generate weakly coordinating anions.
Дисертації з теми "WCAG 2":
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Friman, Evelina. "Äldre vuxnas användarupplevelse från WAI-AGE riktlinjer för navigation." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20561.
Анотація:
Äldre vuxna tillhör en målgrupp som har en bred inomgruppsvariation som framställs från en negativ stereotyp; en målgrupp i behov av hjälp. Samhället har förutfattade meningar att äldre vuxna är “resistenta” till teknologi med anledning av deras åldersrelaterade funktionsvariationer inom kognition och motorik. Detta resulterar till att de exkluderas från framtagning av ny teknologi. Att sträva efter tillgänglig design blir mer vanligt samtidigt som praktiker anser att tillgänglig design bidrar till tråkig och ointressant design, samt en begränsning i deras kreativitet. EU införde ett webbtillgänglighetsdirektiv som följer World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) etablerade designriktlinjer för tillgänglighet, mer känt som WCAG. Web Accessibility Initiative “WAI” plockade ut riktlinjer från WCAG som bidrar till bättre webbdesign för äldre; WAI-AGE. Fyra designriktlinjer för navigation valdes ut från WAI-AGE för att implementeras inom en prototyp som ska testas på äldre vuxna i ett användarupplevelsetest på distans med anledning av COVID-19. Inför testet sattes fem användarupplevelse- och användbarhetsmål för att bedöma upplevelsen från WAI-AGE riktlinjer. För studien rekryterades fyra testdeltagare i åldrarna 60-65 år. Deltagarna fick genomföra två scenarier och besvara tre enkäter. Studien tillämpade metodtriangulering för att stärka upp datainsamlingen med hjälp av tänka högt-metoden och observation. Data insamlad från testet genomgick en deduktiv analys som granskades från ett holistiskt perspektiv. Resultatet påvisade att WAI-AGE riktlinjer för navigation främjar en positiv användarupplevelse med majoriteten av satta mål uppnådda. Då rekryterade deltagare var snarlika varandra inom behov och vanor finns det fortfarande utrymme att testa på äldre vuxna från 65 år och uppåt. Detta examensarbete strävar efter att uppmärksamma äldre vuxnas behov att inkluderas vid framtagning av ny teknik.Older adults belong to a target group that has a broad intra-group variation that is presented from a negative stereotype; a target group in need of help. Society has preconceived notions that older adults are "resistant" to technology due to their age-related declines in cognition and motor skills. This results in them being excluded from the development of new technology. Striving for accessible design is becoming more common at the same time as practitioners believe that accessibility contributes to boring and uninteresting design, as well as a limitation in their creativity. The EU introduced a Web Accessibility Directive that follows the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) established design guidelines for accessibility, better known as WCAG. Web Accessibility Initiative “WAI” picked out guidelines from WCAG that are said to contribute to better design for older adults; WAI-AGE. Four design guidelines for navigation were selected from WAI-AGE to be implemented within a prototype to be tested on older adults in a remote user experience test due to COVID-19. Prior to the test, five user experience goals were set to be able to assess whether WAI-AGE guidelines work. For the study, four test participants aged 60-65 years were recruited. The participants had to complete two scenarios and answer three questionnaires. The study applied method triangulation to enhance data collection using the think aloud-method and observation. Data collected from the test underwent a deductive analysis that was examined from a holistic perspective. The results showed that WAI-AGE guidelines for navigation promote a positive user experience with a majority of goals achieved. As the participants had similar needs, there is still room to test on older adults aged 65 and up. This thesis strives to draw attention to the need for older adults to be included in the development of new technology.
Частини книг з теми "WCAG 2":
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Kous, Katja, and Gregor Polančič. "An Empirical Investigation of the Accessibility of Official European Tourism Websites." In ICT Tools and Applications for Accessible Tourism, 169–95. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6428-8.ch008.
Анотація:
This chapter presents an investigation into the accessibility of official tourism websites of 26 EU member states. It is divided into two main parts. The first part is focused on the theoretical background of web accessibility, where the definition of accessibility, accessibility laws, accessibility recommendations, accessibility automatic tools, and related research are presented. The second part includes an empirical investigation with the main focus being on evaluating the compliance of tourism websites with web content accessibility guidelines 2.1 (WCAG 2.1) and the identification of the most commonly violated WCAG 2.1 success criteria. The results, which are based on automatic tool multiguideline accessibility usability validation environment (MAUVE), show that all investigated websites included at least one error. The most frequently identified errors were related to success criteria (1) reflow; (2) name, role, value; (3) link purpose (in context); and (4) purpose identification. Based on the acquired knowledge, the recommendations for improving web accessibility are presented.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "WCAG 2":
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Pimenta, Josiane Rosa de Oliveira Gaia, Emanuel Felipe Duarte, and Maria Cecília Calani Baranauskas. "Evaluating Accessibility in Ubiquitous Environments: a Case Study with Museum Installations." In Seminário Integrado de Software e Hardware. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/semish.2021.15810.
Анотація:
Ubiquitous environments dynamics brings new possibilities of interaction with technology and with people in the same environment. This paper investigates accessibility challenges in ubiquitous environments through existing formal principles (Universal Design principles, WCAG 2.1 and Good Practices of Urban Design). A case study at a museum scenario sheds light on the need for adaptations and lack of coverage of the principles. The main contributions of this paper are: 1) suitability analysis of existing principles and formal standards for accessibility transposed to the analyzed scenario; 2) from the analysis result, insights on missing aspects that might be brought to the design of ubiquitous computing scenarios accessible for all.
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Figueredo de Santana, Vagner, Leonelo Dell Anhol Almeida, and Maria Cecília Calani Baranauskas. "Compartilhar para Alcançar: Desenvolvimento Web Acessível na Prática, no Dia a Dia." In XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Fatores Humanos em Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação (SBC), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/ihc.2018.4171.
Анотація:
As diretrizes de acessibilidade de conteúdo (WCAG 2.0) do World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) completam neste ano 10 anos com o status de recomendação. Entretanto, a Web ainda conta com muitas barreiras relacionadas a problemas básicos de codificação. Estudo aponta que 85% dos websites apresentam problemas como falta de rótulos em formulários e de descrição textual para imagens [1]. Outro ponto crítico é que nem sempre profissionais sabem como converter diretrizes em ações. Neste minicurso apresentaremos resultados relacionados ao projeto WARAU (Websites Atendendo a Requisitos de Acessibilidade e Usabilidade). O projeto teve início em 2008 e envolveu o estudo sobre os desafios que pequenas equipes de desenvolvimento enfrentam ao envolver aspectos relacionados à acessibilidade e usabilidade no dia a dia de suas atividades. O projeto resultou em um livro publicado recentemente [2] que poderá ser obtido gratuitamente pelos participantes do minicurso. O minicurso envolverá dinâmicas e exposição de cenários de criação e avaliação de conteúdo web acessível.
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Lu, Taoran, Fangjun Pu, Peng Yin, Tao Chen, and Walt Husak. "Conversion and Coding Practices for HDR/WCG ICTCP 4:2:0 Video." In 2017 Data Compression Conference (DCC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcc.2017.45.
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Wayllace, Christabel, Ping Hou, and William Yeoh. "New Metrics and Algorithms for Stochastic Goal Recognition Design Problems." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/622.
Анотація:
Goal Recognition Design (GRD) problems involve identifying the best ways to modify the underlying environment that agents operate in, typically by making a subset of feasible actions infeasible, in such a way that agents are forced to reveal their goals as early as possible. The Stochastic GRD (S-GRD) model is an important extension that introduced stochasticity to the outcome of agent actions. Unfortunately, the worst-case distinctiveness (wcd) metric proposed for S-GRDs has a formal definition that is inconsistent with its intuitive definition, which is the maximal number of actions an agent can take, in the expectation, before its goal is revealed. In this paper, we make the following contributions: (1) We propose a new wcd metric, called all-goals wcd (wcdag), that remedies this inconsistency; (2) We introduce a new metric, called expected-case distinctiveness (ecd), that weighs the possible goals based on their importance; (3) We provide theoretical results comparing these different metrics as well as the complexity of computing them optimally; and (4) We describe new efficient algorithms to compute the wcdag and ecd values.
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Parker, Stephen M., Nathan A. Palm, Paul R. Stevenson, and Bruce A. Bishop. "Risk-Informed Extension of the Reactor Vessel Nozzle Inservice Inspection Interval." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57971.
Анотація:
Section XI of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code specifies a 10-year interval between reactor vessel (RV) nozzle weld inspections. The industry has expended significant cost and man-rem exposure performing inspections that have found no service-induced flaws in ASME Section XI Category B-F or B-J RV nozzle welds that do not contain Alloy 82/182. Furthermore, many plants have implemented a 20-year inspection interval for the RV shell-to-shell and shell-to-nozzle welds in accordance with WCAP-16168-NP-A, Revision 2. For many of these plants, continuing to inspect the RV nozzle welds on a 10-year interval presents a significant hardship without a corresponding increase in safety from performing the inspections. This paper will provide a summary of the technical basis and methodology developed by Westinghouse for extending the Section XI inspection interval from the current 10 years to 20 years for Category B-F and B-J RV nozzle-to-safe-end and safe-end-to-pipe welds that are not fabricated with Alloy 82/182 materials. Bounding change-in-failure-frequency values have been calculated for use in plant-specific implementation of the extended inspection interval. Plant-specific pilot studies have been performed and the results show that the change in risk associated with extending the interval from 10 to 20 years after the initial 10-year inservice inspection (ISI) satisfies the guidelines specified in Regulatory Guide 1.174 for an acceptably low change in risk for core damage frequency (CDF) and large early release frequency (LERF). Further, the pilot-plant results show that the effect of the extended inspection interval on the plant’s risk-informed inservice inspection (RI-ISI) program for piping, if any, would also be acceptable.